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Caburnay CA, Babb P, Kaphingst KA, Roberts J, Rath S. Characteristics of genetics-related news content in Black weekly newspapers. Public Health Genomics 2013; 17:7-15. [PMID: 24080971 DOI: 10.1159/000354867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND/AIMS/OBJECTIVES: The media are an important source of health information, especially for those with less access to regular health care. Black news outlets such as Black newspapers are a source of health information for African Americans. This study characterized media coverage of genetics-related information in Black weekly newspapers and general audience newspapers from the same communities. METHODS All health stories in a sample of 24 Black weekly newspapers and 12 general audience newspapers from January 2004 to December 2007 were reviewed for genetics-related stories. These stories were further coded for both journalistic and public health variables. RESULTS Of all health-related stories identified, only 2% (n = 357) were considered genetics related. Genetics-related stories in Black newspapers - compared to those in general audience newspapers - were larger, more locally and racially relevant, and more likely to contain recommendations or action steps to improve health or reduce disease risks and to mention the importance of knowing one's family history. Stories in general audience newspapers were more likely to discuss causes of disease, mention genetic testing or therapy, and suggest a high/moderate degree of genetic determinism. CONCLUSIONS Black newspapers are a viable communication channel to disseminate findings and implications of human genome research to African American audiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Caburnay
- Health Communication Research Laboratory, Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, Mo., USA
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Friedlaender J, Schurr T, Gentz F, Koki G, Friedlaender F, Horvat G, Babb P, Cerchio S, Kaestle F, Schenfield M, Deka R, Yanagihara R, Merriwether D. Expanding Southwest Pacific mitochondrial haplogroups P and Q. Mol Biol Evol 2005. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msj003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer incidence, mortality and survival statistics for the UK are routinely available; however, data on prevalence, which is generally regarded as an important measure for health planning and resource allocation, are relatively scarce. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight cancer registries in the UK, covering more than half the population, provided data based on >1.5 million cases of cancer. Total prevalence was calculated using methods developed for the EUROPREVAL study, based on modelling incidence and survival trends. The prevalence of cancers of the stomach, colon, rectum, lung, breast (in females), cervix uteri, corpus uteri and prostate, melanoma of skin, Hodgkin's disease, leukaemia and all malignant neoplasms combined, was estimated for the UK for the end of 1992. RESULTS Overall, approximately 1.5% of males and 2.5% of females in the UK population at the end of 1992 were living with a diagnosis of cancer. These proportions increased steeply with age, with approximately 7.5% (7.3% and 7.8%, in males and females, respectively) of people aged > or =65 years living with a diagnosis of cancer. Of the individual cancers, by far the highest prevalence (almost 1%) was seen for breast cancer in females; more than one in three of all living female cancer patients had been diagnosed with breast cancer. For males, around half of prevalent cases had been diagnosed >5 years previously and 30% >10 years previously; for females, these figures were both higher, at approximately 60% and 40%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The estimates of prevalence presented here comprise: recently diagnosed patients in need of treatment and monitoring; long-term survivors, some of whom will nevertheless eventually die from the cancer, while others may be cured of the disease; and patients in the terminal phase who are dying from the cancer. Further work should attempt to identify the proportions of patients in the different phases of care in order to optimise the use of prevalence estimates in health care planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Forman
- Northern and Yorkshire Cancer Registry and Information Service, Leeds, UK.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND In England and Wales, 7% of cancers diagnosed in 1997 were oesophageal or gastric cancer. AIM To review the epidemiology of these cancers in England and Wales using cancer registration data from 1971 to 1998 and mortality data from 1971 to 1999. METHODS We calculated age-specific and age-standardised incidence and mortality rates; crude and relative survival by age group; age-standardised relative survival; and relative survival by socio-economic status. RESULTS The age-standardised incidence of oesophageal cancer increased from 7.6 to 12.8 per 100,000 men and from 4.2 to 5.7 per 100,000 women. The incidence of gastric cancer decreased from 31.8 to 18.9 per 100,000 men and from 15.1 to 7.3 per 100,000 women. For both cancers, the 1- and 5-year age-standardised relative survival improved for men and women from 1971-1975 to 1992-1994; the 5-year age-standardised relative survival was significantly higher in women than in men diagnosed in 1992-1994; for some periods from 1971-1975 to 1986-1990, the 1-year relative survival was significantly higher in the least deprived men than in the most deprived men. CONCLUSIONS Survival improved for both cancers over the study period, but there were unexplained differences related to sex and deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Newnham
- Thames Cancer Registry, Division of Cancer Studies, Guy's, King's and St Thomas' School of Medicine, King's College London, UK.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus and gastric cardia has increased in many countries. AIM To describe the trends in the subsite and morphology of oesophageal and gastric cancer using cancer registry data from 1971 to 1998. METHODS We calculated the overall age-standardised incidence in each year; the age-standardised incidence by subsite, by morphology and by subsite and morphology; and the ratio of the rates in men and women in 1971 and 1998. RESULTS The incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma increased from 1.5 to 7.0 per 100,000 men and from 0.4 to 1.5 per 100,000 women. The incidence of cancer at the cardia also increased, from 2.0 to 5.4 per 100,000 men and from 0.6 to 1.4 per 100,000 women, but the incidence of gastric cancer without a specified subsite decreased markedly from 21.3 to 9.3 per 100,000 men and from 10.7 to 4.2 per 100,000 women. CONCLUSIONS Although some of the increase in the incidence of adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia is probably real, this interpretation is limited by the proportion of cancers without specified subsites or morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Newnham
- Thames Cancer Registry, Division of Cancer Studies, Guy's, King's and St Thomas' School of Medicine, King's College London, UK.
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Birch JM, Alston RD, Kelsey AM, Quinn MJ, Babb P, McNally RJQ. Classification and incidence of cancers in adolescents and young adults in England 1979-1997. Br J Cancer 2002; 87:1267-74. [PMID: 12439716 PMCID: PMC2408912 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2002] [Revised: 09/18/2002] [Accepted: 09/18/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer patients aged 15-24 years have distinct special needs. High quality cancer statistics are required for service planning. Data presented by primary site are inappropriate for this age group. We have developed a morphology-based classification and applied it to national cancer registration data for England 1979-1997. The study included 25,000 cancers and 134 million person-years at risk. Rates for each diagnostic group by age, sex and time period (1979-83, 1984-87, 1988-92, 1993-1997) were calculated. Overall rates in 15-19 and 20-24-year-olds were 144 and 226 per million person-years respectively. Lymphomas showed the highest rates in both age groups. Rates for leukaemias and bone tumours were lower in 20-24 year olds. Higher rates for carcinomas, central nervous system tumours, germ-cell tumours, soft tissue sarcomas and melanoma were seen in the older group. Poisson regression showed incidence increased over the study period by an average of 1.5% per annum (P<0.0001). Significant increases were seen in non-Hodgkins lymphoma (2.3%), astrocytoma (2.3%), germ-cell tumours (2.3%), melanoma (5.1%) and carcinoma of the thyroid (3.5%) and ovary (3.0%). Cancers common in the elderly are uncommon in adolescents and young adults. The incidence of certain cancers in the latter is increasing. Future studies should be directed towards aetiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Birch
- Cancer Research UK, Paediatric & Familial Cancer Research Group, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Stancliffe, Hospital Road, Manchester M27 4HA, UK.
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Hayne D, Brown RS, McCormack M, Quinn MJ, Payne HA, Babb P. Current trends in colorectal cancer: site, incidence, mortality and survival in England and Wales. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2002; 13:448-52. [PMID: 11824884 DOI: 10.1053/clon.2001.9311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to examine trends in colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality in England and Wales over the last 30 years. Age-standardized incidence, mortality and survival rates for CRC, based on data from the National Cancer Intelligence Centre at the Office for National Statistics, were calculated and trends assessed. Between 1971 and 1997 the total number of cases of CRC increased by 42%, from 20,400 to 28,900. The site distribution of CRC between 1971 and 1994 was: rectum 38%, sigmoid 29%, caecum 15%, transverse colon and flexures 10%, ascending colon 5%, and descending colon 3%. Between 1971 and 1997 the direct age-standardized incidence increased by 20% in males and by 5% in females. The direct age-standardized mortality fell by 24% in males and by 37% in females. Age-standardized relative 5-year survival in adults improved from 22%-27% for patients diagnosed during 1971-1975 to over 40% for those diagnosed during the period 1991-1993. In conclusion, the incidence of CRC in England and Wales has been steadily rising. It is more common in males and has increased more rapidly in males than in females. The reasons for these trends remain unclear. Five-year survival has improved substantially, but rates are still below those in comparable countries elsewhere in Europe and in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hayne
- University College London, UK.
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Abstract
The international patterns and trends in prostate cancer incidence, survival, prevalence and mortality were examined. Age-standardized incidence and death rates among men in a variety of countries worldwide were obtained from various sources, survival rates from European sources and elsewhere, and prevalence estimates from the EUROPREVAL study. Results from many published studies were summarized. The incidence of prostate cancer varies widely around the world, with by far the highest rates in the USA and Canada. There has been a gradual increase in the incidence of prostate cancer since the 1960s in many countries and in most continents; there were large increases in the late 1980s and early 1990s in the USA, but increases have also occurred in countries with comparatively low incidence, e.g. India. Survival from prostate cancer improved during the 1970s and 1980s; further increases in the 1990s may be largely a result of earlier diagnosis. There were wide differences in survival across Europe, with rates in the UK well below the average, but all European rates were far below those in the USA. There was wide variation in the prevalence of prostate cancer in Europe; in some countries with high incidence and high life-expectancy, prostate cancers formed approximately 15% of all prevalent cancers in men. Mortality from prostate cancer has also increased in many countries, but to a lesser extent than incidence; this is consistent with the observed trends in survival. Mortality decreased slightly in the mid to late 1990s in several countries, including the USA, Canada, England, France and Austria. Part of the apparent increases in the incidence of prostate cancer has been associated with diagnostic artefacts (particularly detecting preclinical tumours through the increased use of transurethral resection) which may also have had an effect on death certification through the incorrect attribution of prostate cancer as the underlying cause of death. However, the greatest effect on the registration of new cases of prostate cancer has been the increased availability of prostate specific antigen testing during the early- to mid-1990s. Possibly, in addition to the effect of attribution bias, the earlier diagnosis of prostate cancers has contributed to the recent slight decreases in mortality. However, this is unlikely to account for much of the reduction, given the slow development of the disease from onset to death. Changes in disease management are probably more important. There are many strong arguments against introducing population-based screening for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Quinn
- National Cancer Intelligence Centre, Office for National Statistics, London, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Quinn
- National Cancer Intelligence Centre, Office for National Statistics, London, UK.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine incidence, mortality and survival trends in England and Wales for testicular cancer, using the recently developed national cancer and national mortality databases. METHODS The directly age-standardized incidence rates for testicular cancer in England and Wales were calculated for the period 1971-97 and age-standardized mortality for years 1971-99. Trends in the data were then assessed, including the influence of social deprivation on testicular cancer incidence and survival. RESULTS The number of newly diagnosed cases of testicular carcinoma in 1971-97 in England and Wales increased from almost 650 to 1400. The age-standardized rates were 2.9 per 100000 cases in 1971 and 5.4 per 100000 in 1997, an increase of 88% over 26 years. There was a large decrease in mortality since the mid-1970s, with an age-standardized mortality of < 0.5 per 100000 since 1985. For men with testicular carcinoma diagnosed in 1991-93, the 1-year relative survival was almost 98% and 5-year relative survival almost 95%, compared with 82% and 69%, respectively, for men diagnosed during 1971-75. There is a 'deprivation gap' for the 5-year survival of > 6% in favour of the most affluent socio-economic group, with no significant change over recent years. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of testicular cancer is increasing in England and Wales, consistent with the trend documented in other developed countries. The reduction in mortality has been marked since the mid-1970s, reflecting improved cancer management, in particular the introduction of platinum-based chemotherapy regimens for advanced disease. Survival rates in England and Wales are as good as in other European countries. Further developments in chemotherapy are unlikely to produce such a marked improvement in survival rates again, and minimizing the effect of social status on survival rates should be an important target of future care.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Power
- Meyerstein Institute of Oncology, Middlesex Hospital, London, UK.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer survival often has been reported as lower for the poor than the rich, but, to the authors' knowledge, systematic national estimates of deprivation gradients in survival over long periods of time have not been available. METHODS The authors estimated national population-based survival rates for almost 3 million people who were diagnosed with 1 of 58 types of cancers (47 in adults, 11 in children) in England and Wales during the 20-year period 1971-1990 and followed through December 31, 1995. Cancer patients were assigned by their address at diagnosis to 1 of 5 categories (quintiles of the national distribution) of material deprivation by using a standard index derived from census data on unemployment, car ownership, household overcrowding, and social class that was available for all 109,000 census tracts in Great Britain. The authors used relative survival rates: the ratio of observed survival among the cancer patients to the survival that would have been expected if they had had the same background mortality as the general population. Background mortality differed widely among socioeconomic categories, and the authors constructed life tables from raw national mortality data by gender, single year of age, calendar period of death, and socioeconomic category to adjust for it. The authors used variance-weighted least squares regression to estimate both time trends in age standardized survival and socioeconomic gradients in survival. The number of avoidable deaths was estimated from the observed mortality excess compared with the expected mortality in each group of patients. RESULTS Survival rose steadily for most cancers over 25 years to 1995 in England and Wales, but inequalities in survival between patients living in rich and poor areas were geographically widespread and persistent over this period of time. These patterns existed for 44 of 47 adult cancers examined but not for 11 childhood cancers. These inequalities in survival represented more than 2500 deaths that would have been avoided each year if all cancer patients had had the same chance of surviving up to 5 years after diagnosis as patients in the most affluent group. CONCLUSIONS The largest national cancer survival study has provided strong evidence of systematic disadvantage in outcome among patients who lived in poorer districts compared with those who lived in wealthier districts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Coleman
- Cancer and Public Health Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England, UK.
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Baum M, Welch HG, Reynolds TM, Wierzbicki AS, Threlfall AG, Collins S, Woodman CBJ, Coleman MP, Stockton D, Babb P, Richards M. Survival and reduction in mortality from breast cancer. BMJ 2000. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.321.7274.1470/a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine trends in prostate cancer incidence and mortality in England and Wales between 1971 and 1998, using a newly developed and validated national cancer database and the national mortality database. METHODS Age-standardized incidence and death rates were calculated directly and trends in relative survival rates among men with prostate cancer registered during 1971-1990 were examined. RESULTS The annual number of new cases of prostate cancer registered in England and Wales increased by 179% between 1971 and 1993, from 6174 to 17 210. Directly age-standardized incidence rates increased by 104% between 1971 and 1993, from 29 to 59 per 100 000. The number of deaths from prostate cancer increased by 113% between 1971 and 1998, from 4027 to 8570. Directly age-standardized death rates increased by 49% between 1971 and 1995 and then decreased by 8% between 1995 and 1998, an overall increase of 38% (20 to 27 per 100 000) between 1971 and 1998. The relative survival rate for prostate cancer among men diagnosed during 1986-1990 was 77% at 1 year and 42% at 5 years, compared with 67% and 33%, respectively, for cases diagnosed during 1971-1975. The increase in survival rates was confined to men diagnosed with prostate cancer up to 1985 and no increase was seen for cases diagnosed after 1985. CONCLUSIONS Prostate cancer is becoming a growing burden on the health service. The explanation for the large increase in prostate cancer incidence and mortality is unclear and needs further investigation. The lack of any improvement in survival rates in cases diagnosed after 1985 is of concern, and suggests that the current management of prostate cancer in both primary and secondary care may need to be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Majeed
- School of Public Policy, University College London, and National Cancer Registration Bureau, Office for National Statistics, London, UK.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate how many deaths from cancer have been avoided in England and Wales because of recent improvements in survival. DESIGN Analysis of national statistics. SETTING England and Wales. SUBJECTS 1.5 million adults with diagnosis of one of 47 different cancers during 1981-5 or 1986-90. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Reduction in number of cancer deaths within five years of diagnosis among patients with cancer diagnosed during 1986-90 compared with patients with cancer diagnosed during 1981-5. RESULTS 17 041 deaths were avoided within five years of diagnosis among patients with cancer diagnosed during 1986-90. This represents 3.3% of the cancer deaths that would have been expected if survival had been the same as for patients with cancer diagnosed during 1981-5. Two thirds of the avoided deaths arose from improvements in survival for just five cancers: female breast cancer (4822), cancers of the colon (2560), rectum (1090), and bladder (1157), and melanoma of the skin (1098). The largest proportionate reductions in excess deaths were for melanoma of the skin (23%) and cancers of the testis (17%) and bone (17%). About 12 000 (70%) of the avoided deaths arose among adults aged under 75 at death. Improvements in survival from cancers of lung, prostate, stomach, ovary, and brain were small: they accounted for 33% of all cancers but only 11% of avoided deaths. CONCLUSIONS Small gains in survival from common cancers save more lives than larger gains for uncommon cancers. If recent rates of improvement in cancer survival continue, about 24 000 deaths within five years of diagnosis would be avoided in patents aged under 75 by the year 2010, representing about a quarter of the government's overall target of 100 000 fewer cancer deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Richards
- Department of Palliative Medicine, St Thomas's Hospital, London SE17 7EH, UK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of occupation and health commonly examine only men. This paper draws on reviews of inequalities in health carried out by the Office for National Statistics in London which in recent years have focused more on women. METHODS Many sources of official statistics such as censuses, surveys, vital registration and health service records are used to explore different ways of measuring and monitoring economic activity, education, socio-economic, and family status and their impact on fertility and health among women. RESULTS Taking a life cycle approach we first look at fertility and family formation, the time around childbirth, age 15-49, and finally 50+. Some relevant health issues are used to illustrate how we use available data to describe and monitor inequalities in health. CONCLUSIONS In Britain, there is a wealth of information and linked data sources which enable us to analyze patterns and trends in fertility, morbidity, and mortality. Nevertheless, none of the traditional data sources or methods of analysis are suitable for all purposes nor for keeping up with changes in society. Sources of official statistics and ways of linking and analyzing need then to be continuously developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dunnell
- Demography and Health Division, Office for National Statistics, London, United Kingdom.
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Quinn M, Babb P, Jones J, Allen E. Effect of screening on incidence of and mortality from cancer of cervix in England: evaluation based on routinely collected statistics. BMJ 1999; 318:904-8. [PMID: 10102852 PMCID: PMC27810 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.318.7188.904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/1999] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of screening on the incidence of and mortality from cervical cancer. DESIGN Comparison of age specific incidence and mortality before and after the introduction of the national call and recall system in 1988. SETTING England. SUBJECTS Women aged over 19 years. RESULTS From the mid-1960s, the number of smears taken rose continuously to 4.5 million at the end of the 1980s. Between 1988 and 1994, coverage of the target group doubled to around 85%. Registrations of in situ disease increased broadly in parallel with the numbers of smears taken. The overall incidence of invasive disease remained stable up to the end of the 1980s, although there were strong cohort effects; from 1990 incidence fell continuously and in 1995 was 35% lower than in the 1980s. The fall in overall mortality since 1950 accelerated at the end of the 1980s; there were strong cohort effects. Mortality in women under 55 was much lower in the 1990s than would have been expected. CONCLUSIONS The national call and recall system and incentive payments to general practitioners increased coverage to around 85%. This resulted in falls in incidence of invasive disease in all regions of England and in all age groups from 30 to 74. The falls in mortality in older women were largely unrelated to screening, but without screening there might have been 800 more deaths from cervical cancer in women under 55 in 1997.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Quinn
- National Cancer Registration Bureau, Office for National Statistics, Demography and Health Division, London SW1V 2QQ.
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Babb P. International perspective. City of clouded hope. Interview by Michael Day. Nurs Times 1995; 91:44-45. [PMID: 7603877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Babb P. A review of 1993. Popul Trends 1995:1-9. [PMID: 7614125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Sánchez A, Chávez R, Cárdenas M, Gaus0i C, Babb P. [Behavior of the serum enzymes and of the electrocardiogram after electroversion]. Arch Inst Cardiol Mex 1967; 37:431-8. [PMID: 6051546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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