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Yang PL, Yuan J, Chen Y, Yu JQ, Zheng QG, Chen Q. [Establishment of a predictive model of septic myocardiopathy based on left ventricular global longitudinal strain]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2022; 102:1100-1107. [PMID: 35436809 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20211105-02457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: To explore the risk factors associated with septic cardiomyopathy and establish a predictive model of the disease based on left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LV GLS). Methods: Data from sepsis patients without a history of cardiac dysfunction who were treated in the Critical Care Department of the Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital from September, 2019 to January, 2021 were included in the analysis. The LV GLS was measured by echocardiography within 72 hours and the patients were divided into a septic myocardiopathy group (LV GLS>-17%) and a normal cardiac function group (LV GLS≤-17%). Clinical data from two groups of patients were collected for univariate analysis. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of the factors that were statistically different were drawn for exploring the diagnostic and cut-off values. The continuous variable was converted to a dichotomous variable according to the cut-off value. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of sepsis cardiomyopathy was performed to screen the risk factors and create a predictive model. The predictive model was evaluated by ROC curve analysis and the Bootstrap method and shown as a nomograph. Results: Patients in the sepsis cardiomyopathy group had higher levels of high sensitive troponin I (Hs-TnI), procalcitonin (PCT), lactate (Lac), N-terminal pro-brain atriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), vasopressor dosing intensity (VDI) and sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) when compared to those in the normal cardiac function group (all P<0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that Hs-TnI≥0.131 μg/L (OR=6.71, 95%CI:2.67-16.88, P<0.001), PCT≥40 μg/L (OR=3.08, 95%CI:1.10-8.59, P=0.032), Lac≥4.2 mmol/L (OR=2.80, 95%CI:1.02-7.69, P=0.045), NT-proBNP≥3 270 ng/L (OR=2.67, 95%CI:1.06-6.74, P=0.038) were independent risk factors for septic myocardiopathy. The area under the ROC curve of the predictive model based on the four indexes up-mentioned was 0.838 (95%CI:0.766-0.910), and the C-index was 0.822 (95%CI:0.750-0.894) which indicated the utility of the nomogram. The model had a good predictive ability, accuracy and discrimination. Conclusions: Hs-TnI≥0.131 μg/L, PCT≥40 μg/L, Lac≥4.2 mmol/L and NT-proBNP≥3 270 ng/L are independent risk factors for septic myocardiopathy, and the septic cardiomyopathy predictive model constructed based on these factors has a good diagnostic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - J Yuan
- Department of Echocardiology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Y Chen
- Department of Echocardiology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - J Q Yu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Q G Zheng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Qihong Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jiangdu People's Hospital of Yangzhou, Yangzhou 225200, China Yang Penglei works now in Jiangdu People's Hospital of Yangzhou, Yangzhou 225200, China
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Wang CY, Yang PL, He Z, Sun L, Zhao M, Feng Y. Complete mitochondrial genome of giant cricket Tarbinskiellus portentosus (Orthoptera: Gryllinae) and phylogenetic analysis. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2022; 7:333-335. [PMID: 35141413 PMCID: PMC8820803 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2022.2030819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tarbinskiellus portentosus (Lichtenstein, 1796) is an agricultural and forestry pest, but people in some places use it as a delicacy. The complete mitogenome of T. portentosus (GenBank accession number MZ427921) is 15, 498 bp in size, including 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNAs, two ribosomal RNAs genes, and a noncoding A + T-rich region. The A + T-rich region is located between 12S rRNA and tRNAIle. The base composition of the whole T. portentosus mitogenome is 40.62% for A, 9.87% for G, 32.20% for T, and 17.31% for C, with a high AT content of 72.82%. The phylogeny analysis indicated that T. portentosus had a close relationship with Cardiodactylus muiri. The present data could contribute to further detailed diversity and phylogeographic analysis for this edible cricket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Ye Wang
- Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Kunming, PR China
| | - Pan-Li Yang
- Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Kunming, PR China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Zhao He
- Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Kunming, PR China
| | - Long Sun
- Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Kunming, PR China
| | - Min Zhao
- Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Kunming, PR China
| | - Ying Feng
- Institute of Highland Forest Science, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Kunming, PR China
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Zhao M, Wang CY, Sun L, He Z, Yang PL, Liao HJ, Feng Y. Edible Aquatic Insects: Diversities, Nutrition, and Safety. Foods 2021; 10:3033. [PMID: 34945584 PMCID: PMC8700862 DOI: 10.3390/foods10123033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Edible insects have great potential to be human food; among them, aquatic insects have unique characteristics and deserve special attention. Before consuming these insects, the nutrition and food safety should always be considered. In this review, we summarized the species diversity, nutrition composition, and food safety of edible aquatic insects, and also compared their distinguished characteristics with those of terrestrial insects. Generally, in contrast with the role of plant feeders that most terrestrial edible insect species play, most aquatic edible insects are carnivorous animals. Besides the differences in physiology and metabolism, there are differences in fat, fatty acid, limiting/flavor amino acid, and mineral element contents between terrestrial and aquatic insects. Furthermore, heavy metal, pesticide residue, and uric acid composition, concerning food safety, are also discussed. Combined with the nutritional characteristics of aquatic insects, it is not recommended to eat the wild resources on a large scale. For the aquatic insects with large consumption, it is better to realize the standardized cultivation before they can be safely eaten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; (M.Z.); (C.-Y.W.); (L.S.); (Z.H.); (P.-L.Y.)
| | - Cheng-Ye Wang
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; (M.Z.); (C.-Y.W.); (L.S.); (Z.H.); (P.-L.Y.)
| | - Long Sun
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; (M.Z.); (C.-Y.W.); (L.S.); (Z.H.); (P.-L.Y.)
| | - Zhao He
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; (M.Z.); (C.-Y.W.); (L.S.); (Z.H.); (P.-L.Y.)
| | - Pan-Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; (M.Z.); (C.-Y.W.); (L.S.); (Z.H.); (P.-L.Y.)
| | - Huai-Jian Liao
- Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Key Laboratory of Breeding and Utilization of Resource Insects of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; (M.Z.); (C.-Y.W.); (L.S.); (Z.H.); (P.-L.Y.)
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Wu YB, Li L, Wen ZG, Yan HJ, Yang PL, Tang J, Xie M, Hou SS. Dual functions of eicosapentaenoic acid-rich microalgae: enrichment of yolk with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and partial replacement for soybean meal in diet of laying hens. Poult Sci 2019; 98:350-357. [PMID: 30203026 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae (Nannochloropsis sp., NS), with high contents of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and crude protein, may be one of the important n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) sources and potential protein feed ingredient. The purposes of this study were to enrich yolk with n-3 PUFA by dietary EPA-rich NS supplementation and to evaluate whether it is feasible to partly substitute for soybean meal in laying hens diet. A total of 360 37-wk-old healthy Lohmann Brown laying hens, with similar laying rate and body weight, were randomly allotted to 5 groups (6 replicates, 12 birds/replicate) and fed 5 experimental diets (0, 1, 2, 4, and 8% NS) for 4 wk. The hen performance and egg quality (except yolk color) were not affected (P > 0.05) by the NS supplemental diets. Yolk color score was increased as NS supplementation in diets (P < 0.001), and peaked on about the seventh day in all NS supplemental groups. The concentration of total n-3 PUFA was increased (P < 0.001), while total n-6 PUFA and n-6/n-3 ratio were decreased (P < 0.001) in yolk with increasing NS levels in diets. The 8% NS group had highest docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and total n-3 PUFA levels, reaching 111.6 mg DHA and 148.6 mg total n-3 PUFA per egg. Maximum DHA, total n-3 PUFA, very long-chain (LC-) n-3 PUFA, and LC-PUFA levels were all observed at day 13 of NS supplementation. In conclusion, dietary NS supplementation enriched yolk with n-3 PUFA (especially DHA) and enhanced yolk color score without adverse effects on performance and egg quality, and indicated the practical feasibility of partial replacement for soybean meal in laying hens diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y B Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - L Li
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Z G Wen
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - H J Yan
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - P L Yang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - J Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - M Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - S S Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Shen T, Yang PL, Akehu A. [Research progress on the relationship between sarcopenia and cardiovascular diseases]. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi 2018; 46:168-170. [PMID: 29495244 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3758.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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6
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Yang PL, Zhang ZP. [Comparative study of intratympanic Dexamethasone injection for sudden deafness at different time intervals]. Lin Chung Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi 2017; 31:822-824. [PMID: 29774994 DOI: 10.13201/j.issn.1001-1781.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective:Comparative study of intratympanic Dexamethasone injection for sudden deafness at different time intervals. Method:One hundred and sixty cases which had been diagnosed sudden deafness were treated by vasodilatortrophic nerve drugs and high pressure oxygen and the same time dexamethasone injective in the middle ear. Injection time intervals were divided into qd, qod, and twice a week. Contral group is not use dexamethasone. Result:The cure rate of qd and qod groups were higher than twice a week group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion:Intratypanic Dexamethasone injection for sudden deafness qd or qod is effective and safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, 832008, China
| | - Z P Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, 832008, China
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7
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Cruz MP, Chu YH, Zhang JX, Yang PL, Zavaliche F, He Q, Shafer P, Chen LQ, Ramesh R. Strain control of domain-wall stability in epitaxial BiFeO3 (110) films. Phys Rev Lett 2007; 99:217601. [PMID: 18233258 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.99.217601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the stability of domains and domain walls in multiferroic BiFeO3 thin films using a combination of piezoelectric force microscopy and phase-field simulations. We have discovered that a film-substrate misfit strain may result in a drastically different thermodynamic stability of two parallel domain walls with the same orientation. A fundamental understanding of the underlying physics, the stress distribution in a domain structure, leads to a novel approach to control the ferroelastic domain stability in the multiferroic BiFeO3 system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Cruz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Yang PL, Peng HJ, Chen XG. [Progress in the research on the tachyzoite-bradyzoite conversion of Toxoplasma gondii]. Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 2003; 18:240-3. [PMID: 12567672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
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9
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Yin J, Mundorff EC, Yang PL, Wendt KU, Hanway D, Stevens RC, Schultz PG. A comparative analysis of the immunological evolution of antibody 28B4. Biochemistry 2001; 40:10764-73. [PMID: 11535051 DOI: 10.1021/bi010536c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to gain greater insight into the evolution of the redox active, catalytic antibody 28B4, the germline genes used by the mouse to generate this antibody were cloned and expressed, and the X-ray crystal structures of the unliganded and hapten-bound germline Fab of antibody 28B4 were determined. Comparison with the previously determined structures of the unliganded and hapten-bound affinity-matured Fab [Hsieh-Wilson, L. C., Schultz, P. G., and Stevens, R. C. (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93, 5363] shows that the germline antibody binds the p-nitrophenyl ring of hapten 3 in an orientation significantly different from that seen in the affinity-matured antibody, whereas the phosphonate moiety is bound in a similar mode by both antibodies. The affinity-matured antibody 28B4 has more electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions with hapten 3 than the germline antibody and binds the hapten in a lock-and-key fashion. In contrast, significant conformational changes occur in the loops of CDR H3 and CDR L1 upon hapten binding to the germline antibody, consistent with the notion of structural plasticity in the germline antibody-combining site [Wedemayer, G. J., Patten, P. A., Wang, L. H., Schultz, P. G., and Stevens, R. C. (1997) Science 276, 1665]. The structural differences are reflected in the differential binding affinities of the germline Fab (K(d) = 25 microM) and 28B4 Fab (K(d) = 37 nM) to hapten 3. Nine replacement mutations were found to accumulate in the affinity-matured antibody 28B4 compared to its germline precursor. The effects of each mutation on the binding affinity of the antibody to hapten 3 were characterized in detail in the contexts of both the germline and the affinity-matured antibodies. One of the mutations, Asp95(H)Trp, leads to a change in the orientation of the bound hapten, and its presence is a prerequisite for other somatic mutations to enhance the binding affinity of the germline antibody for hapten 3. Thus, the germline antibody of 28B4 acquired functionally important mutations in a stepwise manner, which fits into a multicycle mutation, affinity selection, and clonal expansion model for germline antibody evolution. Two other antibodies, 20-1 and NZA6, with very different antigen specificities were found to be highly homologous to the germline antibody of 28B4, consistent with the notion that certain germline variable-region gene combinations can give rise to polyspecific hapten binding sites [Romesberg, F. E., Spiller, B., Schultz, P. G., and Stevens, R. C. (1998) Science 279, 1929]. The ultimate specificity of the polyspecific germline antibody appears to be defined by CDR H3 variability and subsequent somatic mutation. Insights into the evolution of antibody-combining sites provided by this and other structural studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yin
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Abstract
The affinity maturation of antibody 48G7 from its germline predecessor 48G7g has been studied at a molecular level through a combination of structural and biochemical means. Each of the nine somatic mutations accumulated during affinity maturation has been assessed for gain or loss of function in both the germline and affinity-matured antibodies. Individual somatic mutations were found to be either positive or neutral in their effects on affinity for hapten JWJ1, with a marked context-dependence for some sites of mutation. In a number of cases significant cooperativity was found between pairs of somatically mutated residues. Interpretation of the structural changes introduced by many of the point mutations has been possible due to the availability of high-resolution crystal structures of 48G7g and 48G7, and mechanisms by which these structural changes may result in enhanced affinity for hapten have been identified. Precise dissection of structure-function relationships in this system provides additional insights into the role of cooperativity in the evolution of antibody affinity. Comparison of 48G7 with previously characterized systems provides a varied view of the structure-function mechanisms by which the humoral immune system produces large increases in affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Abstract
The germline genes used by the mouse to generate the esterolytic antibody 48G7 were cloned and expressed in an effort to increase our understanding of the detailed molecular mechanisms by which the immune system evolves catalytic function. The nine replacement mutations that were fixed during affinity maturation increased affinity for the transition state analogue by a factor of 10(4), primarily the result of a decrease in the dissociation rate of the hapten-antibody complex. There was a corresponding increase in the rate of reaction of antibody with substrate, k(cat)/k(m), from 1.7 x 10(2)M(-1) min(-1) to 1.4 x 10(4)M(-1) min(-1). The three-dimensional crystal structure of the 48G7-transition state analogue complex at 2.0 angstroms resolution indicates that one of the nine residues in which somatic mutations have been fixed directly contact the hapten. Thus, in the case of 48G7, affinity maturation appears to play a conformational role, either in reorganizing the active site geometry of limiting side-chain and backbone flexibility of the germline antibody. The crystal structure and analysis of somatic and directed active site mutants underscore the role of transition state stabilization in the evolution of this catalytic antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Patten
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Abstract
We have examined the positive influence of human constant regions on the folding and bacterial expression of active soluble mouse immunoglobulin variable domains derived from a number of catalytic antibodies. Expression yields of eight hybridoma- and myeloma-derived chimeric Fab fragments are compared in both shake flasks and high density fermentations. In addition the usefulness of this system for the generation of in vivo expression libraries is examined by constructing and expressing combinations of heavy and light chain variable regions that were not selected as a pair during an immune response. A mutagenesis study of one of the recombinant catalytic Fab fragments reveals that single amino acid substitutions can have dramatic effects on the expression yield. This system should be generally applicable to the production of Fab fragments of catalytic and other hybridoma-derived antibodies for crystallographic and structure-function studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H D Ulrich
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA
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Abstract
With very limited resources, China has developed perhaps the world's largest network of health care services. The health status of its peoples has risen dramatically during the past 40 years. The reasons for these achievements are complex and include an ideology of equity for all citizens, the near universal availability of adequate food, education, housing, jobs, and transport, and the universal availability of accessible and affordable treatment and preventive health services. Despite these achievements China is facing new problems. These include the aging of the population, continued growth of the population leading to ever increasing demands on all sectors of the economy including health services, urban-rural inequalities, low productivity in the health services, lack of legal safeguards for health protection, a continued burden of infectious and endemic diseases, weak infrastructure for prevention and primary health care, and an increasing burden of chronic diseases associated with tobacco smoking and atherosclerotic circulatory diseases and trauma due to traffic accidents and occupational hazards. Decentralized management, financial incentives for health workers, privatization of medical practitioners, health legislation, and changes to health insurance arrangements have been introduced as a means of addressing the issues. The outcomes have been uneven, with little or no improvements in some problems and good progress in others. Changes in the health system appear to be reflecting not only health reform measures but also general economic reforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Yang
- School of Health Services Management, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
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Yang PL. [A global glimpse at the development and future of family planning research]. Shengzhi Yu Biyun 1990; 10:6-9. [PMID: 12343596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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Yang PL. [A dynamic schematic eye for close work]. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi 1986; 22:132-4. [PMID: 3096647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Yang PL. [Preserved sclera as buckling material for the treatment of retinal detachment--report of 53 cases]. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi 1984; 20:81-3. [PMID: 6435970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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