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Andersson PA, Vartanova I, Västfjäll D, Tinghög G, Strimling P, Wu J, Hazin I, Akotia CS, Aldashev A, Andrighetto G, Anum A, Arikan G, Bagherian F, Barrera D, Basnight-Brown D, Batkeyev B, Berezina E, Björnstjerna M, Boski P, Bovina I, Huyen BTT, Čekrlija Đ, Choi HS, Contreras-Ibáñez CC, Costa-Lopes R, de Barra M, de Zoysa P, Dorrough AR, Dvoryanchikov N, Engelmann JB, Euh H, Fang X, Fiedler S, Foster-Gimbel OA, Fülöp M, Gardarsdottir RB, Gill CMHD, Glöckner A, Graf S, Grigoryan A, Gritskov V, Growiec K, Halama P, Hartanto A, Hopthrow T, Hřebíčková M, Iliško D, Imada H, Kapoor H, Kawakami K, Khachatryan N, Kharchenko N, Kiyonari T, Kohút M, Leslie LM, Li Y, Li NP, Li Z, Liik K, Maitner AT, Manhique B, Manley H, Medhioub I, Mentser S, Nejat P, Nipassa O, Nussinson R, Onyedire NG, Onyishi IE, Panagiotopoulou P, Perez-Floriano LR, Persson M, Pirttilä-Backman AM, Pogosyan M, Raver J, Rodrigues RB, Romanò S, Romero PP, Sakki I, San Martin A, Sherbaji S, Shimizu H, Simpson B, Szabo E, Takemura K, Teixeira MLM, Thanomkul N, Tiliouine H, Travaglino GA, Tsirbas Y, Widodo S, Zein R, Zirganou-Kazolea L, Eriksson K. Anger and disgust shape judgments of social sanctions across cultures, especially in high individual autonomy societies. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5591. [PMID: 38454068 PMCID: PMC10920647 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55815-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
When someone violates a social norm, others may think that some sanction would be appropriate. We examine how the experience of emotions like anger and disgust relate to the judged appropriateness of sanctions, in a pre-registered analysis of data from a large-scale study in 56 societies. Across the world, we find that individuals who experience anger and disgust over a norm violation are more likely to endorse confrontation, ostracism and, to a smaller extent, gossip. Moreover, we find that the experience of anger is consistently the strongest predictor of judgments of confrontation, compared to other emotions. Although the link between state-based emotions and judgments may seem universal, its strength varies across countries. Aligned with theoretical predictions, this link is stronger in societies, and among individuals, that place higher value on individual autonomy. Thus, autonomy values may increase the role that emotions play in guiding judgments of social sanctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per A Andersson
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden.
- JEDILab, Division of Economics, Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Irina Vartanova
- Institute for Futures Studies, Box 591, 101 31, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Västfjäll
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Gustav Tinghög
- JEDILab, Division of Economics, Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- JEDILab, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Pontus Strimling
- Institute for Futures Studies, Box 591, 101 31, Stockholm, Sweden
- The Institute for Analytical Sociology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Junhui Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lincui Road 16, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Isabela Hazin
- Institute for Futures Studies, Box 591, 101 31, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Charity S Akotia
- Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, Legon, P.O. Box LG 84, Accra, Ghana
| | - Alisher Aldashev
- International School of Economics, Kazakh-British Technical University, 59 Tole Bi Street, 050000, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Giulia Andrighetto
- Institute for Futures Studies, Box 591, 101 31, Stockholm, Sweden
- Mälardalen University, 721 23, Västerås, Sweden
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Adote Anum
- Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, Legon, P.O. Box LG 84, Accra, Ghana
| | - Gizem Arikan
- Department of Political Science, Trinity College Dublin, 2-3 College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Fatemeh Bagherian
- Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, 1983969411, Iran
| | - Davide Barrera
- University of Turin and Collegio Carlo Alberto, Lungo Dora Siena 100, 10124, Turin, Italy
| | - Dana Basnight-Brown
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, United States International University Africa, Box 14634 00800, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Birzhan Batkeyev
- International School of Economics, Kazakh-British Technical University, 59 Tole Bi Street, 050000, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Elizaveta Berezina
- Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | | | - Paweł Boski
- SWPS University, Chodakowska 19-31, 03-815, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Inna Bovina
- Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Sretenka Str., 29, 127051, Moscow, Russia
| | - Bui Thi Thu Huyen
- Hanoi National University of Education, 136 Xuan Thuy Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Đorđe Čekrlija
- Faculty of Philosophy, University of Banja Luka, Vojvode Petra Bojovića 1A, 78000, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Institute of Psychology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Hoon-Seok Choi
- Department of Psychology, Sungkyunkwan University, 25-2, Sungkyunkwan-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03063, Republic of Korea
| | - Carlos C Contreras-Ibáñez
- Departamento de Sociología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Unidad Iztapalapa, Av. Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, 09340, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rui Costa-Lopes
- Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Anibal de Bettencourt, 9, 1600-189, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mícheál de Barra
- Center for Culture and Evolution, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Piyanjali de Zoysa
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Kynsey Road, Colombo 8, Sri Lanka
| | - Angela R Dorrough
- Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Richard-Strauss-Str. 2, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nikolay Dvoryanchikov
- Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Sretenka Str., 29, 127051, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jan B Engelmann
- Center for Research in Experimental Economics and Political Decision Making (CREED), Amsterdam School of Economics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 15867, 1001 NJ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hyun Euh
- Gies College of Business, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 S 6Th St., Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Xia Fang
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, 148 Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Susann Fiedler
- Vienna University of Economics and Business, Welthandelsplatz 1, 1020, Vienna, Austria
| | - Olivia A Foster-Gimbel
- Stern School of Business, New York University, 40 West 4Th Street, Tisch Hall, Suite 700, New York, NY, 10012, USA
| | - Márta Fülöp
- HUN-REN Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre of Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Károli Gáspár University of the Reformed Church, Bécsi Út 324, Budapest, 1034, Hungary
| | - Ragna B Gardarsdottir
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Iceland, Nyi Gardur, Saemundargata 12, IS-102, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - C M Hew D Gill
- Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
- Universal College Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Andreas Glöckner
- Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Richard-Strauss-Str. 2, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Kurt-Schumacher-Str. 10, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sylvie Graf
- Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ani Grigoryan
- Department of Personality Psychology, Yerevan State University, Alex Manoogian 1, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Vladimir Gritskov
- Saint Petersburg State University, 7-9 Universitetskaya Emb., St Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | | | - Peter Halama
- Center for Social and Psychological Sciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 841 04, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andree Hartanto
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, 90 Stamford Road, Singapore, 178903, Singapore
| | - Tim Hopthrow
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NP, UK
| | - Martina Hřebíčková
- Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dzintra Iliško
- Daugavpils University, Latvia, Parades Street 1, Room 432, Daugvapils, 5400, Latvia
| | - Hirotaka Imada
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Hansika Kapoor
- Department of Psychology, Monk Prayogshala, 4114, C Wing, Oberoi Garden Estates, Off Saki Vihar Road, Andheri East, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400072, India
| | - Kerry Kawakami
- Department of Psychology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Narine Khachatryan
- Department of Personality Psychology, Yerevan State University, Alex Manoogian 1, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Natalia Kharchenko
- Kyiv International Institute of Sociology, Voloska Str., 8/5, Build. 4, Kyiv, 04070, Ukraine
| | - Toko Kiyonari
- Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1, Fuchinobe, Chuo-Ku, Sagamihara-City, Kanagawa, 252-5258, Japan
| | - Michal Kohút
- Faculty of Philosophy and Arts, University of Trnava, Hornopotočná 23, 918 43, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Lisa M Leslie
- Stern School of Business, New York University, 40 West 4Th Street, Tisch Hall, Suite 700, New York, NY, 10012, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Melbourne School of Psychological Science, University of Melbourne, 1116 Redmond Barry Building, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Norman P Li
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, 90 Stamford Road, Singapore, 178903, Singapore
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, N6A 5C2, Canada
| | - Kadi Liik
- School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Narva Rd 25, 10120, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Angela T Maitner
- Department of Psychology, American University of Sharjah, PO Box 26666, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bernardo Manhique
- Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Department of Sociology, Eduardo Mondlane University, Av. Julius Nyerere, 3453, Main Campus, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Harry Manley
- Faculty of Behavioral Sciences, Education, & Languages, HELP University Subang 2, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
- Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Imed Medhioub
- Department of Finance, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), P.O. Box 5701, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sari Mentser
- Department of Education and Psychology, The Open University of Israel, 1 University Road, 4353701, Raanana, Israel
| | - Pegah Nejat
- Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, 1983969411, Iran
| | - Orlando Nipassa
- Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Department of Sociology, Eduardo Mondlane University, Av. Julius Nyerere, 3453, Main Campus, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Ravit Nussinson
- Department of Education and Psychology, The Open University of Israel, 1 University Road, 4353701, Raanana, Israel
- Institute of Information Processing and Decision Making, University of Haifa, Abba Khoushy Ave 199, 3498838, Haifa, Israel
| | - Nneoma G Onyedire
- Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 41000, Nigeria
| | - Ike E Onyishi
- Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 41000, Nigeria
| | - Penny Panagiotopoulou
- Department of Education and Social Work, University of Patras, 26500, Rion, Patras, Greece
| | - Lorena R Perez-Floriano
- Facultad de Economía y Empresa, Universidad Diego Portales, Av. Sta. Clara 797, Huechuraba, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Minna Persson
- Institute for Futures Studies, Box 591, 101 31, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna-Maija Pirttilä-Backman
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Social Psychology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 54 (Unioninkatu 37), 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marianna Pogosyan
- Leadership and Management, Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 15953, 1001 NB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jana Raver
- Queen's University, Goodes Hall, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Ricardo Borges Rodrigues
- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa ISCTE-IUL, CIS, Avenida das Forças Armadas, 1649-026, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Romanò
- Department of Culture, Politics and Society, University of Turin, 10135, Turin, Italy
| | - Pedro P Romero
- Experimental and Computational Economics Lab (ECEL), School of Economics, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Diego de Robles y Pampite, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Inari Sakki
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Social Psychology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 42 (Unioninkatu 33), 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alvaro San Martin
- IESE Business School, Camino del Cerro del Águila, 3, 28023, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Sherbaji
- Department of International Studies, American University of Sharjah, PO Box 26666, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Hiroshi Shimizu
- Kwansei Gakuin University, 1-155 Uegahara 1Bancho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 662-8501, Japan
| | - Brent Simpson
- Department of Sociology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Erna Szabo
- Department of International Management, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Str. 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Kosuke Takemura
- Faculty of Economics, Shiga University, 1-1-1 Banba, Hikone, Shiga, 522-8522, Japan
| | - Maria Luisa Mendes Teixeira
- Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Business Administration Postgraduate Program, Consolação St, 930, São Paulo, CEP 01302-000, Brazil
| | - Napoj Thanomkul
- Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Habib Tiliouine
- Labo-PECS, Faculty of Social Sciences, Université d'Oran 2, 31000, Oran, Algeria
| | - Giovanni A Travaglino
- Department of Law and Criminology, Institute for the Study of Power, Crime, and Society, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Yannis Tsirbas
- Department of Political Science and Public Administration, University of Athens, 6 Themistokleous Street, 10678, Athens, Greece
| | - Sita Widodo
- Department of Psychology, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus B Unair Jalan Airlangga 4-6, Surabaya, 60286, Indonesia
| | - Rizqy Zein
- Department of Psychology, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus B Unair Jalan Airlangga 4-6, Surabaya, 60286, Indonesia
| | - Lina Zirganou-Kazolea
- Department of Political Science and Public Administration, University of Athens, 6 Themistokleous Street, 10678, Athens, Greece
| | - Kimmo Eriksson
- Institute for Futures Studies, Box 591, 101 31, Stockholm, Sweden
- Mälardalen University, 721 23, Västerås, Sweden
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Andrighetto G, Szekely A, Guido A, Gelfand M, Abernathy J, Arikan G, Aycan Z, Bankar S, Barrera D, Basnight-Brown D, Belaus A, Berezina E, Blumen S, Boski P, Bui HTT, Cárdenas JC, Čekrlija Đ, de Barra M, de Zoysa P, Dorrough A, Engelmann JB, Euh H, Fiedler S, Foster-Gimbel O, Freitas G, Fülöp M, Gardarsdottir RB, Gill CMHD, Glöckner A, Graf S, Grigoryan A, Growiec K, Hashimoto H, Hopthrow T, Hřebíčková M, Imada H, Kamijo Y, Kapoor H, Kashima Y, Khachatryan N, Kharchenko N, León D, Leslie LM, Li Y, Liik K, Liuzza MT, Maitner AT, Mamidi P, McArdle M, Medhioub I, Teixeira MLM, Mentser S, Morales F, Narayanan J, Nitta K, Nussinson R, Onyedire NG, Onyishi IE, Osin E, Özden S, Panagiotopoulou P, Pereverziev O, Perez-Floriano LR, Pirttilä-Backman AM, Pogosyan M, Raver J, Reyna C, Rodrigues RB, Romanò S, Romero PP, Sakki I, Sánchez A, Sherbaji S, Simpson B, Spadoni L, Stamkou E, Travaglino GA, Van Lange PAM, Winata FF, Zein RA, Zhang QP, Eriksson K. Changes in social norms during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic across 43 countries. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1436. [PMID: 38365869 PMCID: PMC10873354 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44999-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of COVID-19 dramatically changed social behavior across societies and contexts. Here we study whether social norms also changed. Specifically, we study this question for cultural tightness (the degree to which societies generally have strong norms), specific social norms (e.g. stealing, hand washing), and norms about enforcement, using survey data from 30,431 respondents in 43 countries recorded before and in the early stages following the emergence of COVID-19. Using variation in disease intensity, we shed light on the mechanisms predicting changes in social norm measures. We find evidence that, after the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, hand washing norms increased while tightness and punishing frequency slightly decreased but observe no evidence for a robust change in most other norms. Thus, at least in the short term, our findings suggest that cultures are largely stable to pandemic threats except in those norms, hand washing in this case, that are perceived to be directly relevant to dealing with the collective threat.
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Grants
- 2016.0167. Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse (Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation)
- 20178TRM3F Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca (Ministry of Education, University and Research)
- 019.183SG.001 Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research)
- Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca (Ministry of Education, University and Research)
- Czech Science Foundation, 20-01214S Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, RVO: 68081740 Grant 23-061770S of the Czech Science Foundation RVO: 68081740 of the Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences
- Shimabara Science Promotion Foundation
- RA Science Committee, research project N.20TTSH-020
- Open University of Israel, 511687
- HSE University Basic Research Program
- US Army Research Office Grant W911NF-19-1-910281
- Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, 019.183SG.001 Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, VI.Veni.201G.013 European Commission, Horizon 2020-ID 870827
- UKRI Grant “Secret Power” No. EP/X02170X/1 awarded under the European Commission’s “European Research Council - STG” Scheme
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Andrighetto
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy.
- Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Institute for Analytical Sociology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Aron Szekely
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
- Collegio Carlo Alberto, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Guido
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
- Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, Sweden
- CEREN EA 7477, Burgundy School of Business, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Michele Gelfand
- Graduate School of Business and Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Jered Abernathy
- Department of Sociology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
| | - Gizem Arikan
- Department of Political Science, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Zeynep Aycan
- Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Faculty of Management, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Davide Barrera
- Collegio Carlo Alberto, Turin, Italy
- Department of Culture, Politics, and Society, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Anabel Belaus
- Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIPsi), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); CABA, Córdoba, Argentina
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Sheyla Blumen
- Departamento de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Perú
| | | | | | - Juan Camilo Cárdenas
- Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, USA
| | - Đorđe Čekrlija
- Faculty of Philosophy, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Institute of Psychology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mícheál de Barra
- Centre for Culture and Evolution, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | | | - Angela Dorrough
- Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan B Engelmann
- Center for Research in Experimental Economics and Political Decision Making (CREED), Amsterdam School of Economics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hyun Euh
- Gies College of Business, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, USA
| | - Susann Fiedler
- Vienna University of Economics and Business, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Gonçalo Freitas
- Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marta Fülöp
- HUN-REN Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre of Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Psychology, Karoli Gáspár University of the Reformed Churches, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Andreas Glöckner
- Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sylvie Graf
- Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ani Grigoryan
- Department of Personality Psychology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | | | | | - Tim Hopthrow
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Martina Hřebíčková
- Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Hansika Kapoor
- Department of Psychology, Monk Prayogshala, Mumbai, India
| | - Yoshihisa Kashima
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Narine Khachatryan
- Department of Personality Psychology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | | | | | - Lisa M Leslie
- Stern School of Business, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kadi Liik
- School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Marco Tullio Liuzza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, "Magna Græcia" University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Angela T Maitner
- Department of Psychology, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Michele McArdle
- Department of Political Science, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Imed Medhioub
- Department of Finance and Investment, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Sari Mentser
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Ravit Nussinson
- Department of Education and Psychology, The Open University of Israel, Ra'anana, Israel
- Institute of Information Processing and Decision Making (IIPDM), University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Ike E Onyishi
- Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | | | - Seniha Özden
- Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | - Marianna Pogosyan
- Leadership and Management, Amsterdam Business School (ABS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jana Raver
- Queen's University at Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cecilia Reyna
- Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIPsi), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); CABA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Borges Rodrigues
- Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Social, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Romanò
- Department of Culture, Politics, and Society, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Pedro P Romero
- School of Economics, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
- Experimental and Computational Economics Lab (ECEL), Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Inari Sakki
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Social Psychology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Angel Sánchez
- Grupo Interdisciplinar de Sistemas Complejos (GISC), Departamento de Matemáticas, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganés, Spain
- Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sara Sherbaji
- Department of Psychology, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Brent Simpson
- Department of Sociology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
| | - Lorenzo Spadoni
- Department of Economics and Law, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino (FR), Italy
| | - Eftychia Stamkou
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Paul A M Van Lange
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Kimmo Eriksson
- Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Cultural Evolution, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Malardalens University, Vasteras, Sweden
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Eriksson K, Strimling P, Gelfand M, Wu J, Abernathy J, Akotia CS, Aldashev A, Andersson PA, Andrighetto G, Anum A, Arikan G, Aycan Z, Bagherian F, Barrera D, Basnight-Brown D, Batkeyev B, Belaus A, Berezina E, Björnstjerna M, Blumen S, Boski P, Bou Zeineddine F, Bovina I, Huyen BTT, Cardenas JC, Čekrlija Đ, Choi HS, Contreras-Ibáñez CC, Costa-Lopes R, de Barra M, de Zoysa P, Dorrough A, Dvoryanchikov N, Eller A, Engelmann JB, Euh H, Fang X, Fiedler S, Foster-Gimbel OA, Fülöp M, Gardarsdottir RB, Gill CMHD, Glöckner A, Graf S, Grigoryan A, Gritskov V, Growiec K, Halama P, Hartanto A, Hopthrow T, Hřebíčková M, Iliško D, Imada H, Kapoor H, Kawakami K, Khachatryan N, Kharchenko N, Khoury N, Kiyonari T, Kohút M, Linh LT, Leslie LM, Li Y, Li NP, Li Z, Liik K, Maitner AT, Manhique B, Manley H, Medhioub I, Mentser S, Mohammed L, Nejat P, Nipassa O, Nussinson R, Onyedire NG, Onyishi IE, Özden S, Panagiotopoulou P, Perez-Floriano LR, Persson MS, Pheko M, Pirttilä-Backman AM, Pogosyan M, Raver J, Reyna C, Rodrigues RB, Romanò S, Romero PP, Sakki I, San Martin A, Sherbaji S, Shimizu H, Simpson B, Szabo E, Takemura K, Tieffi H, Mendes Teixeira ML, Thanomkul N, Tiliouine H, Travaglino GA, Tsirbas Y, Wan R, Widodo S, Zein R, Zhang QP, Zirganou-Kazolea L, Van Lange PAM. Perceptions of the appropriate response to norm violation in 57 societies. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1481. [PMID: 33674587 PMCID: PMC7935962 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21602-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Norm enforcement may be important for resolving conflicts and promoting cooperation. However, little is known about how preferred responses to norm violations vary across cultures and across domains. In a preregistered study of 57 countries (using convenience samples of 22,863 students and non-students), we measured perceptions of the appropriateness of various responses to a violation of a cooperative norm and to atypical social behaviors. Our findings highlight both cultural universals and cultural variation. We find a universal negative relation between appropriateness ratings of norm violations and appropriateness ratings of responses in the form of confrontation, social ostracism and gossip. Moreover, we find the country variation in the appropriateness of sanctions to be consistent across different norm violations but not across different sanctions. Specifically, in those countries where use of physical confrontation and social ostracism is rated as less appropriate, gossip is rated as more appropriate. Little is known about people’s preferred responses to norm violations across countries. Here, in a study of 57 countries, the authors highlight cultural similarities and differences in people’s perception of the appropriateness of norm violations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimmo Eriksson
- Center for Cultural Evolution, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden.
| | | | - Michele Gelfand
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Junhui Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Jered Abernathy
- Department of Sociology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Charity S Akotia
- Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 84 Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Alisher Aldashev
- New School of Economics, Satbayev University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Per A Andersson
- Center for Cultural Evolution, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Giulia Andrighetto
- Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden.,Institute for Futures Studies, Box 591, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
| | - Adote Anum
- Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 84 Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Gizem Arikan
- Department of Political Science, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Zeynep Aycan
- Koç University, Rumelifeneri, Sarıyer Rumelifeneri Yolu, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatemeh Bagherian
- Department of Psychology and Education, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davide Barrera
- University of Turin and Collegio Carlo Alberto, Turin, Italy
| | - Dana Basnight-Brown
- United States International University - Africa, Box 14634 00800, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Birzhan Batkeyev
- International School of Economics, Kazakh-British Technical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Anabel Belaus
- Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIPsi), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), CABA, República Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC). Facultad de Psicología (UNC), Ciudad Universitaria, Bv. de la Reforma esquina, Enfermera Gordillo s/n, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Elizaveta Berezina
- Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | | | - Sheyla Blumen
- Departamento de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, San Miguel, Lima, Peru
| | - Paweł Boski
- SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Chodakowska, Poland
| | | | - Inna Bovina
- Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - Bui Thi Thu Huyen
- Hanoi National University of Education, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Đorđe Čekrlija
- Faculty of philosophy, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Hoon-Seok Choi
- Department of Psychology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Carlos C Contreras-Ibáñez
- Departamento de Sociología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Unidad Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rui Costa-Lopes
- Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mícheál de Barra
- Center for Culture and Evolution, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | | | - Angela Dorrough
- Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Anja Eller
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Av. Universidad 3004, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jan B Engelmann
- Center for Research in Experimental Economics and Political Decision Making (CREED), Amsterdam School of Economics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 15867, Amsterdam, NJ, The Netherlands
| | - Hyun Euh
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Xia Fang
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Susann Fiedler
- Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Márta Fülöp
- Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre of Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Eötvös Loránd University, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - C M Hew D Gill
- Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Andreas Glöckner
- Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sylvie Graf
- Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ani Grigoryan
- Department of Personality Psychology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | | | - Katarzyna Growiec
- SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Chodakowska, Poland
| | - Peter Halama
- Center for Social and Psychological Sciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andree Hartanto
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tim Hopthrow
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Martina Hřebíčková
- Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Hirotaka Imada
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | | | - Kerry Kawakami
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Narine Khachatryan
- Department of Personality Psychology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | | | | | - Toko Kiyonari
- Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara-city, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Michal Kohút
- Faculty of Philosophy and Arts, University of Trnava, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Lê Thuỳ Linh
- National Economics University, Hai Ba Trung, Dong Tam District, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Lisa M Leslie
- New York University, Stern School of Business, New York, NY, 10012, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.,Melbourne School of Psychological Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Norman P Li
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Kadi Liik
- School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Angela T Maitner
- Department of International Studies, American University of Sharjah, PO Box 26666, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bernardo Manhique
- Eduardo Mondlane University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Department of Sociology, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Harry Manley
- Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Imed Medhioub
- Department of Finance and Investment, Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), P.O. Box 5701, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Linda Mohammed
- Institute of Criminology and Public Safety, Valsayn Campus, Graver Road, Valsayn, University of Trinidad and Tobago, Arima, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Pegah Nejat
- Department of Psychology and Education, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Orlando Nipassa
- Eduardo Mondlane University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Department of Sociology, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Ravit Nussinson
- The Open University of Israel, Raanana, Israel.,University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Nneoma G Onyedire
- Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Ike E Onyishi
- Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Seniha Özden
- Koç University, Rumelifeneri, Sarıyer Rumelifeneri Yolu, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | | | - Mpho Pheko
- Department of Psychology, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 00705, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Anna-Maija Pirttilä-Backman
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Social Sciences, Social Psychology, PO Box 54 (Unioninkatu 37), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marianna Pogosyan
- Politics, Psychology, Law and Economics (PPLE), University of Amsterdam, PO Box 15575, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jana Raver
- Queen's University, Goodes Hall, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Cecilia Reyna
- Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIPsi), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), CABA, República Argentina
| | | | - Sara Romanò
- Department of Culture, Politics and Society, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Pedro P Romero
- Experimental and Computational Economics Lab (ECEL), School of Economics, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles y Pampite, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Inari Sakki
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Social Sciences, P.O. Box 162770211, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Sara Sherbaji
- Department of International Studies, American University of Sharjah, PO Box 26666, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Brent Simpson
- Department of Sociology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Erna Szabo
- Department of International Management, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Kosuke Takemura
- Faculty of Economics, Shiga University, Hikone, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hassan Tieffi
- Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny Cocody-Abidjan, Centre Ivoirien d'Etude et de Recherche en Psychologie Appliquée (CIERPA), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - Napoj Thanomkul
- Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Habib Tiliouine
- Labo-PECS, Faculty of Social Sciences, Université d'Oran 2, Oran, Algeria
| | - Giovanni A Travaglino
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.,School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Longgang District, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Yannis Tsirbas
- University of Athens, Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Athens, Greece
| | - Richard Wan
- Department of International Management, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Sita Widodo
- Department of Personality and Social Psychology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Rizqy Zein
- Department of Personality and Social Psychology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Qing-Peng Zhang
- Guangzhou University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Lina Zirganou-Kazolea
- University of Athens, Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Athens, Greece
| | - Paul A M Van Lange
- VU Amsterdam, Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam (IBBA), Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Yentekakis IV, Goula G, Kampouri S, Betsi-Argyropoulou I, Panagiotopoulou P, Taylor MJ, Kyriakou G, Lambert RM. Ir-Catalysed Nitrous oxide (N2O) Decomposition: Effect of Ir Particle Size and Metal–Support Interactions. Catal Letters 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-017-2233-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bond MH, Leung K, Au A, Tong KK, de Carrasquel SR, Murakami F, Yamaguchi S, Bierbrauer G, Singelis TM, Broer M, Boen F, Lambert SM, Ferreira MC, Noels KA, van Bavel J, Safdar S, Zhang J, Chen L, Solcova I, Stetovska I, Niit T, Niit KK, Hurme H, Böling M, Franchi V, Magradze G, Javakhishvili N, Boehnke K, Klinger E, Huang X, Fulop M, Berkics M, Panagiotopoulou P, Sriram S, Chaudhary N, Ghosh A, Vohra N, Iqbal DF, Kurman J, Thein RD, Comunian AL, Ae SK, Austers I, Harb C, Odusanya JOT, Ahmed ZA, Ismail R, van deVijver F, Ward C, Mogaji A, Sam DL, Khan MJZ, Cabanillas WE, Sycip L, Neto F, Cabecinhas R, Xavier P, Dinca M, Lebedeva N, Viskochil A, Ponomareva O, Burgess SM, Oceja L, Campo S, Hwang KK, D’souza JB, Ataca B, Furnham A, Lewis JR. Culture-Level Dimensions of Social Axioms and Their Correlates across 41 Cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022104268388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Leung and colleagues have revealed a five-dimensional structure of social axioms across individuals from five cultural groups. The present research was designed to reveal the culture level factor structure of social axioms and its correlates across 41 nations. An ecological factor analysis on the 60 items of the Social Axioms Survey extracted two factors: Dynamic Externality correlates with value measures tapping collectivism, hierarchy, and conservatism and with national indices indicative of lower social development. Societal Cynicism is less strongly and broadly correlated with previous values measures or other national indices and seems to define a novel cultural syndrome. Its national correlates suggest that it taps the cognitive component of a cultural constellation labeled maleficence, a cultural syndrome associated with a general mistrust of social systems and other people. Discussion focused on the meaning of these national level factors of beliefs and on their relationships with individual level factors of belief derived from the same data set.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Al Au
- City University of Hong Kong
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xu Huang
- Hong Kong Polytechnic University
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ly Sycip
- University of Philippines-Diliman, Philippines
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7
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Yentekakis IV, Goula G, Panagiotopoulou P, Katsoni A, Diamadopoulos E, Mantzavinos D, Delimitis A. Dry Reforming of Methane: Catalytic Performance and Stability of Ir Catalysts Supported on γ-Al2O3, Zr0.92Y0.08O2−δ (YSZ) or Ce0.9Gd0.1O2−δ (GDC) Supports. Top Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-015-0490-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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8
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Gelfand MJ, Raver JL, Nishii L, Leslie LM, Lun J, Lim BC, Duan L, Almaliach A, Ang S, Arnadottir J, Aycan Z, Boehnke K, Boski P, Cabecinhas R, Chan D, Chhokar J, D'Amato A, Subirats Ferrer M, Fischlmayr IC, Fischer R, Fülöp M, Georgas J, Kashima ES, Kashima Y, Kim K, Lempereur A, Marquez P, Othman R, Overlaet B, Panagiotopoulou P, Peltzer K, Perez-Florizno LR, Ponomarenko L, Realo A, Schei V, Schmitt M, Smith PB, Soomro N, Szabo E, Taveesin N, Toyama M, Van de Vliert E, Vohra N, Ward C, Yamaguchi S. Differences between tight and loose cultures: a 33-nation study. Science 2011; 332:1100-4. [PMID: 21617077 DOI: 10.1126/science.1197754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 878] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
With data from 33 nations, we illustrate the differences between cultures that are tight (have many strong norms and a low tolerance of deviant behavior) versus loose (have weak social norms and a high tolerance of deviant behavior). Tightness-looseness is part of a complex, loosely integrated multilevel system that comprises distal ecological and historical threats (e.g., high population density, resource scarcity, a history of territorial conflict, and disease and environmental threats), broad versus narrow socialization in societal institutions (e.g., autocracy, media regulations), the strength of everyday recurring situations, and micro-level psychological affordances (e.g., prevention self-guides, high regulatory strength, need for structure). This research advances knowledge that can foster cross-cultural understanding in a world of increasing global interdependence and has implications for modeling cultural change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele J Gelfand
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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9
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Katsinelos P, Dimiropoulos S, Paroutoglou G, Tsolkas P, Galanis I, Katsiba D, Baltagiannis S, Panagiotopoulou P, Miliou T, Capelidis P, Kamperis E. Endoscopic sphincterotomy for cholangitis after recent coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Surg Endosc 2003; 17:1499-500. [PMID: 12802658 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-002-4267-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2002] [Accepted: 10/17/2002] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
It is particularly attractive to perform endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with sphincterotomy for cholangitis due to common bile duct stone because of the increased morbidity and mortality of the alternative therapy of choledochal exploration. The safety of therapeutic ERCP after recent myocardial injury is unknown since there are only five previously reported cases. Three patients underwent therapeutic ERCP after recent coronary artery bypass graft surgery for indication of recent cholangitis due to choledochal stones. Initially, the cholangitis was managed medically in all patients. Endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) was performed 11, 17, and 14 days after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. The calculi were successfully extracted by sweeping the choledochus with a balloon-tipped catheter or basket in all cases. During ERCP the vital signs remained stable; no cardiac arrhythmias, hemorrhage, or pulmonary complications occurred. Our study demonstrates that therapeutic ERCP is not absolutely contraindicated after recent myocardial injury and suggests that ES is preferable to surgery for cholangitis due to common bile duct stones.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Katsinelos
- Department of Endoscopy and Motility Unit, Central Hospital, Ethnikis Aminis 41, TT 54635 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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10
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Mavrou A, Colialexi A, Tsangaris GT, Antsaklis A, Panagiotopoulou P, Tsenghi C, Metaxotoy C. Fetal cells in maternal blood: isolation by magnetic cell sorting and confirmation by immunophenotyping and FISH. In Vivo 1998; 12:195-200. [PMID: 9627802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fetal cells entering the maternal circulation during pregnancy constitute a potential source for safe and reliable non invasive prenatal diagnosis. However, selecting the appropriate fetal cell type and methods of enrichment are areas of paramount importance. Most investigators consider fetal nucleated red blood cells (NRBCs) to be the cell type of choice, since they are mononuclear, abundant in fetal blood, relatively well differentiated and have a limited life span. Twenty ml of peripheral blood samples were collected from 40 pregnant women in the 16th to 18th week of pregnancy. To enrich for NRBCs, found within an excess of maternal cells, negative magnetic cell sorting (MACS) was used. Leukocytes were depleted from maternal blood by treatment with anti CD45 monoclonal antibody, as this surface antigen is not expressed in NRBCs. NRBCs were detected in 35 of the 40 maternal samples with May Grunwald-Giemsa staining. In 30 cases UCH gamma positive cells were identified after immunophenotyping with a monoclonal antibody directed against the gamma chain of fetal hemoglobin. The mean number of isolated NRBCs was 6 (range 1-15). In 5 cases we were able to successfully perform FISH on the immunophenotyped cells and determine correctly the fetal gender using X and Y chromosome specific probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mavrou
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Athens University, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Greece
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11
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Metaxotou C, Antsaklis A, Panagiotopoulou P, Benetou M, Mavrou A, Matsaniotis N. Prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities from chorionic biopsy samples: improved success rate using a modified direct method. Prenat Diagn 1987; 7:461-9. [PMID: 3671333 DOI: 10.1002/pd.1970070702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Several methods for fetal chromosome analysis using chorionic biopsy samples were compared. A modified direct method for culturing villi was considered to be the method of choice and details are presented of 186 pregnancies tested prenatally. The success rate in obtaining a fetal karyotype with the direct method was 93 per cent. The fetal loss rate in the prenatal series was 4.3 per cent and congenital abnormalities in the babies already born did not differ from the expected incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Metaxotou
- First Department of Pediatrics, Athens University, Greece
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12
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Metaxotou C, Ikkos D, Panagiotopoulou P, Alevizaki M, Mavrou A, Tsenghi C, Matsaniotis N. A familial X/Y translocation in a boy with ichthyosis, hypogonadism and mental retardation. Clin Genet 1983; 24:380-3. [PMID: 6652948 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1983.tb00089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A 14-year-old boy is described with hypogonadism, ichthyosis and mental retardation. His karyotype was 46,Y, der(X),t(X;)(p22;q11). His mother's karyotype was 46,X,der(X),t(X;Y)(p22;q11). Thus the son is nullisomic for the region Xp22 leads to pter and the mother is monosomic for the same region. The steroid sulfatase activity in this boy is discussed in relationship to the enzyme's locus on the X chromosome and the manifestation of ichthyosis.
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13
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Metaxotou C, Antsaklis A, Panagiotopoulou P, Tsenghi C, Benetou M, Mavrou A, Matsaniotis N. Fetal karyotypes from fetoscopy blood samples. Prenat Diagn 1983; 3:173-5. [PMID: 6578501 DOI: 10.1002/pd.1970030219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The fetal karyotype was determined in 42 out of 45 cases from fetal blood obtained by fetoscopy for prenatal diagnosis of beta-thalassemia. The procedure described is quick and reliable and it is recommended for women over 35 years of age undergoing prenatal diagnosis for haemoglobinopathies.
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