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Darnerud PO, Bergman Å. Critical review on disposition of chlorinated paraffins in animals and humans. Environ Int 2022; 163:107195. [PMID: 35447436 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Even though the chlorinated paraffins (CPs) have been on the environmental pollution agenda throughout the last 50 years it is a class of chemicals that only now is discussed in terms of an emerging issue with extensive annual publication rates. Major reviews on CPs have been produced, but a deeper understanding of the chemical fate of CPs, including formation of metabolites in animals and humans, is still missing. Thus, the present review aims to critically compile our present knowledge on the disposition, i.e. Adsorption, Disposition, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME) of CPs in biota and to identify research needs. We conclude that CPs could be effectively absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract (GI) tract, and probably also from the lungs, and transported to various organs. A biphasic elimination is suggested, with a rapid initial phase followed by a terminal phase, the latter (e.g., fat tissues) covering half-lives of weeks and months. CPs are metabolized in the liver and excreted mainly via the bile and faeces, and the metabolic rate and type of metabolites are dependent on chlorine content and chain length. Results that strengthen CP metabolism are in vivo findings of phase II metabolites in bile, and CP degradation to carbon fragments in experimental animals. Still the metabolic transformations of CPs are poorly studied, and no metabolic scheme has yet been presented. Further, toxicokinetic mass balance calculations suggest that a large part of a given dose (not found as parent compound) is transformation products of CPs, and in vitro metabolism studies present numerous CP metabolites (e.g., chloroalkenes, chlorinated ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids).
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Ola Darnerud
- Department of Organismal Biology, Environmental Toxicology, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Åke Bergman
- Department of Environmental Science (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 92 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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Kollander B, Sand S, Almerud P, Ankarberg EH, Concha G, Barregård L, Darnerud PO. Inorganic arsenic in food products on the Swedish market and a risk-based intake assessment. Sci Total Environ 2019; 672:525-535. [PMID: 30965265 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic (iAs) and total arsenic (tAs) were determined in common food from the Swedish market. Special focus was on rice, fish and shellfish products. For the speciation of iAs the European standard EN:16802 based on anion exchange chromatography coupled to ICP-MS was used. The two market basket food groups cereals (including rice), and sweets and condiments (a mixed group of sugar, sweets, tomato ketchup and dressings), contained the highest iAs levels (means 9 and 7 μg iAs/kg), whereas other food groups, including fish, did not exceed 2 μg iAs/kg. Varying levels of iAs were found in separate samples of tomato ketchup, 2.4-26 μg/kg, and is suggested to be one reason of the rather high average level of iAs in the food group sweets and condiments. Some specific food products revealed iAs levels much higher, i.e. rice crackers 152 and Norway lobster 89 μg iAs/kg. The intake of iAs via food was estimated by data from two national consumption surveys, performed in 2010-11 (1797 adults) and 2003 (2259 children). The estimated median iAs intakes in adults and children were 0.047 and 0.095 μg/kg body weight and day, respectively. The iAs intake for rice eaters was about 1.4 times higher than for non-rice eaters. Validation of the consumption survey-based iAs intake, using food purchase and market basket data mainly from 2015, resulted in a per capita intake of a similar magnitude, i.e. 0.056 μg/kg body weight and day. The estimated cancer risk for adults using low-dose linear extrapolation is <1 per 100,000 per year.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kollander
- National Food Agency (NFA), P.O. Box 622, SE-75126 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - S Sand
- National Food Agency (NFA), P.O. Box 622, SE-75126 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - P Almerud
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | | | - G Concha
- Swedish Chemicals Agency, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - L Barregård
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - P O Darnerud
- National Food Agency (NFA), P.O. Box 622, SE-75126 Uppsala, Sweden
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Yuan B, Strid A, Darnerud PO, de Wit CA, Nyström J, Bergman Å. Chlorinated paraffins leaking from hand blenders can lead to significant human exposures. Environ Int 2017; 109:73-80. [PMID: 28941391 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlorinated paraffins (CPs, polychlorinated n-alkanes) are versatile, high-production-volume chemicals. A previous study indicated that hand blenders leak CPs into prepared food. OBJECTIVES (1) to estimate exposure to CPs from hand blender use compared to background CP exposure from diet; (2) to assess the risk from human dietary exposure to CPs from hand blender use; (3) to investigate how hand blenders leak out CPs. METHODS CPs were analyzed in food market baskets, in cooking oil/water samples (1g oil/100mL water) mixed using 16 different hand blenders, and in dismantled components of the hand blenders. RESULTS Dietary intake of CPs from food market baskets was calculated to be 4.6μg/day per capita for Swedish adults. Total CP amounts in oil/water leakage samples ranged from <0.09 to 120μg using the hand blenders once. CP leakage showed no decreasing levels after 20 times of hand blender usage. CP profiles in the leakage samples matched those of self-lubricating bearings and/or polymer components disassembled from the hand blenders. CONCLUSIONS Usage of 75% of the hand blenders tested will lead to increased human exposure to CPs. The intake of CPs for Swedish adults by using hand blenders once a day can raise their daily dietary intake by a factor of up to 26. The 95th percentile intake of CPs via using the hand blenders once a day exceeded the TDI for Swedish infants with a body weight <7.2kg. CP leakage came from blender components which contain CPs. The leakage may last several hundred times of hand blender use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yuan
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Anna Strid
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Ola Darnerud
- Risk Benefit Assessment Department, National Food Agency, Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cynthia A de Wit
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jessica Nyström
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åke Bergman
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; Swetox, Karolinska Institutet, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, SE-151 36 Södertälje, Sweden
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Gyllenhammar I, Glynn A, Jönsson BAG, Lindh CH, Darnerud PO, Svensson K, Lignell S. Diverging temporal trends of human exposure to bisphenols and plastizisers, such as phthalates, caused by substitution of legacy EDCs? Environ Res 2017; 153:48-54. [PMID: 27898309 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates and phenolic substances were investigated in urine samples from first-time mothers in Uppsala, Sweden, collected between 2009 and 2014. These substances have a comparably fast metabolism and urinary metabolites are predominantly analysed. The main aim was to investigate if measures to decrease production and use of certain phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) have resulted in decreased human exposure, and to determine if exposures to replacement chemicals have increased. Temporal trends were evaluated for metabolites (n=13) of seven phthalates, a phthalate replacer, four different bisphenols, triclosan, one organophosphate-based flame retardant, and for two pesticides. The results showed downward trends of several phthalates which are in the process of being regulated and phased out. Concomitantly, an increasing trend was seen for a metabolite of the phthalate replacer Di-iso-nonylcyclohexane 1,2-dicarboxylate (DiNCH). Bisphenol A (BPA) showed a downward trend, whereas bisphenol F, identified as one of the substitutes for BPA, showed an increasing trend. The decreasing trend of triclosan is likely due to declining use within the EU. Temporal trend studies of urine samples make it possible to investigate human exposure to rapidly metabolised substances and study how measures taken to regulate and replace problematic chemicals affect human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anders Glynn
- National Food Agency, P.O. Box 622, 751 26, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bo A G Jönsson
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christian H Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Sanna Lignell
- National Food Agency, P.O. Box 622, 751 26, Uppsala, Sweden
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Bjermo H, Aune M, Cantillana T, Glynn A, Lind PM, Ridefelt P, Darnerud PO. Serum levels of brominated flame retardants (BFRs: PBDE, HBCD) and influence of dietary factors in a population-based study on Swedish adults. Chemosphere 2017; 167:485-491. [PMID: 27750173 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate associations between serum concentrations of brominated flame retardants and personal characteristics, including diet, in adults participating in a population-based study in Sweden 2010-11. Moreover, observed concentrations were used in a health risk assessment, using published health-based reference values. Serum samples of 170 adult individuals of both sexes were analyzed for 10 PBDE congeners and HBCD by GC-MS. When including concentrations between LOD and LOQ, highest median serum concentration was observed for BDE-153 (1.2 ng/g serum lipid), followed by BDE-209 (0.95 ng/g lipid), BDE-47 (0.49 ng/g lipid) and BDE-100 (0.21 ng/g lipid). Median concentration of HBCD was 0.10 ng/g lipid. A few markedly elevated concentrations of BDE-209, HBCD (77-78 ng/g lipid) and BDE-47 (44 ng/g lipid) were observed. The only statistical significant findings were higher BDE-153 concentrations in men than in women, and positive associations between serum BDE-153 concentrations and consumption of fish (total), beef, mutton and poultry. PBDE concentrations were in accordance with concentrations reported in other European countries but generally lower than those found in North America. Median PBDE serum concentrations observed in adults from Sweden suggest sufficient health protection, when compared with published health-based reference values, although some outliers with high serum concentrations had lower safety margins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie Aune
- Swedish National Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - P Monica Lind
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Ridefelt
- Clinical Medicine and Pharmacology (at Akademiska Hospital), Uppsala University, Sweden
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Lignell S, Aune M, Darnerud PO, Stridsberg M, Hanberg A, Larsson SC, Glynn A. Maternal body burdens of PCDD/Fs and PBDEs are associated with maternal serum levels of thyroid hormones in early pregnancy: a cross-sectional study. Environ Health 2016; 15:55. [PMID: 27114094 PMCID: PMC4845384 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-016-0139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormones (THs) regulate many biological functions in the human body and are essential for normal brain development. Epidemiological studies have observed diverging associations between halogenated persistent organic pollutant (POP) exposure and concentrations of THs in pregnant women and their infants. We investigated whether background exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) is related to TH status in a Swedish population of pregnant women and their infants. Furthermore, we examined associations between polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and TH status in early pregnancy as an extension of an earlier study focusing on late pregnancy TH status. METHODS Free thyroxine (T4), total triiodo-thyronine (T3) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were analysed in serum from first-time mothers (N = 220-281) in the first and third trimester, and in infants (N = 115-150) 3 weeks and 3 months after delivery. Antibodies to thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) (N = 260) were measured in maternal third trimester serum. Maternal body burdens of PCBs (N = 281) were estimated from serum lipid PCB concentrations in late pregnancy, and PCDD/F (N = 97) and PBDE (N = 186) body burdens were estimated from concentrations in mother's milk lipids 3 weeks after delivery. Linear regression models allowed for covariate adjustment of the associations between ln-transformed POP body burdens and concentrations of TH and anti-TPO. RESULTS Maternal body burden of BDE-153 was inversely associated with first trimester total T3, otherwise no associations between PBDEs and first and second trimester THs were observed. No associations were found between maternal PBDE body burdens and infant THs. Maternal body burden of PCDD/Fs were inversely associated with first trimester total T3. No associations were observed between PCBs and first trimester THs. Third trimester anti-TPO was not associated with maternal PCBs, PCDD/Fs and PBDEs. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that maternal PCDD/F and BDE-153 body burdens influence maternal TH status in early pregnancy, which is a critical period when maternal TH status influences fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Lignell
- Risk Benefit Assessment Department, National Food Agency, Box 622, SE-751 26, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Marie Aune
- Chemistry Department, National Food Agency, Box 622, SE-751 26, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Ola Darnerud
- Risk Benefit Assessment Department, National Food Agency, Box 622, SE-751 26, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Stridsberg
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Annika Hanberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanna C Larsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Glynn
- Risk Benefit Assessment Department, National Food Agency, Box 622, SE-751 26, Uppsala, Sweden
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Merino L, Darnerud PO, Toldrá F, Ilbäck NG. Time-dependent depletion of nitrite in pork/beef and chicken meat products and its effect on nitrite intake estimation. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:186-92. [PMID: 26743589 PMCID: PMC4784486 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1125530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
The food additive nitrite (E249, E250) is commonly used in meat curing as a food preservation method. Because of potential negative health effects of nitrite, its use is strictly regulated. In an earlier study we have shown that the calculated intake of nitrite in children can exceed the acceptable daily intake (ADI) when conversion from dietary nitrate to nitrite is included. This study examined time-dependent changes in nitrite levels in four Swedish meat products frequently eaten by children: pork/beef sausage, liver paté and two types of chicken sausage, and how the production process, storage and also boiling (e.g., simmering in salted water) and frying affect the initial added nitrite level. The results showed a steep decrease in nitrite level between the point of addition to the product and the first sampling of the product 24 h later. After this time, residual nitrite levels continued to decrease, but much more slowly, until the recommended use-by date. Interestingly, this continuing decrease in nitrite was much smaller in the chicken products than in the pork/beef products. In a pilot study on pork/beef sausage, we found no effects of boiling on residual nitrite levels, but frying decreased nitrite levels by 50%. In scenarios of time-dependent depletion of nitrite using the data obtained for sausages to represent all cured meat products and including conversion from dietary nitrate, calculated nitrite intake in 4-year-old children generally exceeded the ADI. Moreover, the actual intake of nitrite from cured meat is dependent on the type of meat source, with a higher residual nitrite levels in chicken products compared with pork/beef products. This may result in increased nitrite exposure among consumers shifting their consumption pattern of processed meats from red to white meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Merino
- a Chemistry Department , National Food Agency , Uppsala , Sweden.,b Department of Food Science, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (CSIC) , Paterna (Valencia) , Spain.,c Department of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Per Ola Darnerud
- d Risk Benefit Assessment Department , National Food Agency , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Fidel Toldrá
- b Department of Food Science, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (CSIC) , Paterna (Valencia) , Spain
| | - Nils-Gunnar Ilbäck
- d Risk Benefit Assessment Department , National Food Agency , Uppsala , Sweden.,e Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Medicine, Dept. of Medical Sciences , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
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Sahlström LM, Sellström U, de Wit CA, Lignell S, Darnerud PO. Estimated intakes of brominated flame retardants via diet and dust compared to internal concentrations in a Swedish mother–toddler cohort. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2015; 218:422-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Darnerud PO, Lignell S, Aune M, Isaksson M, Cantillana T, Redeby J, Glynn A. Time trends of polybrominated diphenylether (PBDE) congeners in serum of Swedish mothers and comparisons to breast milk data. Environ Res 2015; 138:352-60. [PMID: 25769124 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present study our main focus was blood serum levels and time trends of the fully brominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) BDE-209 in Swedish first-time mothers, as relatively a few human data on this congener are currently available. Also, levels and temporal trends in serum of other more commonly reported PBDE congeners and HBCD were studied. In an ongoing study on POPs in Uppsala Primiparas (POPUP), serum samples (N=413) from first-time mothers from 1996 to 2010 were used. Pooling of individual samples (5-25 individuals/pool, approx. 3 pools/year) resulted in 36 pooled samples used for PBDE/HBCD analysis on GC-LRMS. In addition, serum/breast milk correlations for PBDE and HBCD levels in 30 paired samples from individual mothers sampled 2010 were studied. The mean serum level of BDE-209 (1.3ng/g lipid wt.) was highest of all studied PBDE congeners, followed by BDE-47 and BDE-153. There was no significant temporal trend for BDE-209 during the study period, whereas the levels of BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100 and of HBCD decreased significantly in pooled serum 1996-2010. After omission of one outlier, a significant increasing trend was observed for BDE-153. The serum/milk PBDE quotients in paired individual samples from 2010 ranged from 0.83 to 17, with the highest quotient for BDE-209. Differences in PBDE transfer from blood to milk are probably related to molecular weight or size. The correlations between serum and milk levels of tetra- to hexa-brominated congeners were generally strong (r=0.83-0.97), but weaker for BDE-183 (r=0.57) and BDE-209 (r=0.38). Regarding HBCD, serum levels in 2010 were mostly beneath LOQ which made serum/milk quotients impossible. The decreasing levels of some BFR compounds in serum over time show that exposures have decreased after the production and use of some of these substances have been restricted. The lack of temporal trend of BDE-209 suggests that the human exposure to this congener in Sweden has been stable for more than a decade.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sanna Lignell
- National Food Agency, P.O. Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marie Aune
- National Food Agency, P.O. Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Isaksson
- National Food Agency, P.O. Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Johan Redeby
- National Food Agency, P.O. Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Glynn
- National Food Agency, P.O. Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
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Gebbink WA, Glynn A, Darnerud PO, Berger U. Perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in Swedish food: The relative importance of direct and indirect dietary exposure. Environ Pollut 2015; 198:108-115. [PMID: 25590128 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed food market basket samples obtained in Sweden from 1999, 2005, and 2010 for perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and a range of precursor compounds. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) precursors were detected in all food year pools with the highest concentrations in 1999. Six polyfluoroalkyl phosphate diesters (diPAPs, 4:2/6:2, 6:2/6:2, 6:2/8:2, 8:2/8:2, 6:2/10:2, and 10:2/10:2) were detected in the year pools with the highest ∑diPAP concentrations in 1999 and 2005. All precursors were predominantly found in meat, fish, and/or eggs based on analysis of individual food groups from 1999. Based on year pools, PFOS precursors contributed between 4 and 1% as an indirect source to total dietary PFOS intakes between 1999 and 2010. Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) exposure originated entirely from diPAPs, whereas for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), diPAPs contributed between 1 and 19% to total exposure. The lowest precursor contributions were generally seen in food samples from 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter A Gebbink
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, SE 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Anders Glynn
- Department of Risk and Benefit Assessment, National Food Agency, SE 75126 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Ola Darnerud
- Department of Risk and Benefit Assessment, National Food Agency, SE 75126 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Urs Berger
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, SE 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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Sahlström LMO, Sellström U, de Wit CA, Lignell S, Darnerud PO. Feasibility study of feces for noninvasive biomonitoring of brominated flame retardants in toddlers. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:606-615. [PMID: 25493574 DOI: 10.1021/es504708c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the feasibility of using feces as a noninvasive matrix to estimate serum concentrations of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in toddlers for biomonitoring purposes. Tri- to decabrominated diphenyl ethers (tri-decaBDEs), isomer-specific hexabromocyclododecanes, and 16 emerging BFRs were determined in feces from 22 toddlers (11-15 months of age), and results were compared to previously analyzed matched serum samples. BDE-47, -153, -196, -197, -203, -206, -207, -208, and -209 were detected in the feces creating a matched data set (feces-serum, n = 21). Tetra-octaBDE concentrations were significantly higher (Student's paired comparisons t test, α = 0.05) in serum versus feces with BDE-153 having the highest mean difference between the sample matrices. BDE-209 was found in significantly higher concentrations in feces compared to serum. Significant correlations (Pearson's, α = 0.05) between congener-specific concentrations in feces and serum were found for all BDEs except BDE-197 and -203. The feces-serum associations found can be used to estimate serum concentrations of tetra-decaBDEs from feces concentrations and enable a noninvasive sampling method for biomonitoring BDEs in toddlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena M O Sahlström
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Abramsson-Zetterberg L, Darnerud PO, Wretling S. Low intake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Sweden: Results based on market basket data and a barbecue study. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 74:107-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sahlström LMO, Sellström U, de Wit CA, Lignell S, Darnerud PO. Brominated flame retardants in matched serum samples from Swedish first-time mothers and their toddlers. Environ Sci Technol 2014; 48:7584-7592. [PMID: 24927135 DOI: 10.1021/es501139d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Tri-decabrominated diphenyl ethers and 21 other flame retardants were determined in matched serum samples from 24 Swedish mothers (Uppsala county) and their toddlers (11-15 months of age). The median concentrations of individual polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) ranged from 0.036 to 0.95 ng/g lipid in mothers and from 0.057 to 1.5 ng/g lipid in toddlers. BDE-209 was detected in all but one sample. BDE-153 was the predominant congener in the mothers while in toddlers, BDE-209 was found in the highest concentrations. The levels of BDE-47, -100, -207, -208, and -209 in toddlers were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those in their mothers. Dechlorane Plus (anti- and syn-) and α- and β-tetrabromoethylcyclohexane were detected in a few (2-4) serum samples from both mothers and toddlers. This study also reports concentrations of α-HBCD and eight emerging brominated flame retardants (EBFRs) in the standard reference material serum (SRM 1958, NIST). Lack of correlations between the matched serum samples indicate different exposure routes for octa-decaBDEs in mothers versus toddlers. Congener-to-congener correlations within the mother or toddler cohorts suggest diet as an important exposure pathway for tetra-nonaBDEs for mothers, breastfeeding as a predominant exposure pathway for tetra-hexaBDEs, and dust for octa-decaBDEs for toddlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena M O Sahlström
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Johansson JH, Berger U, Vestergren R, Cousins IT, Bignert A, Glynn A, Darnerud PO. Temporal trends (1999-2010) of perfluoroalkyl acids in commonly consumed food items. Environ Pollut 2014; 188:102-108. [PMID: 24583389 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine how dietary exposure to PFAAs has changed over the period when major production changes occurred. Archived samples (1999-2010) of eggs, milk and farmed rainbow trout were analyzed by ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Statistically significant decreasing trends were observed for concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) in fish (p < 0.002 and p < 0.032, respectively) and eggs (p < 0.001 for both compounds). Concentrations of PFOS in fish and eggs decreased by a factor of 10 and 40, respectively. In eggs there was also a statistically significant decreasing trend in concentrations of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). The results of this study demonstrate that PFAA concentrations in food items from agricultural food chains and aquatic food chains close to sources respond rapidly to changes in environmental emissions. Implications for the overall understanding of human exposure are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana H Johansson
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Urs Berger
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robin Vestergren
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Framsenteret, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ian T Cousins
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Bignert
- Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Glynn
- Swedish National Food Agency, Box 622, 751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
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Bjermo H, Darnerud PO, Pearson M, Barbieri HE, Lindroos AK, Nälsén C, Lindh CH, Jönsson BAG, Glynn A. Serum concentrations of perfluorinated alkyl acids and their associations with diet and personal characteristics among Swedish adults. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:2206-15. [PMID: 23934649 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE In this study, food is suggested as a major source of human exposure to perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAA). We investigated relations between serum levels of PFAA in adults and diet/lifestyle factors nationwide in Sweden. METHODS AND RESULTS In 2010-2011, adults (18-80 years, N = 270) recorded their diet for 4 days and answered a food frequency questionnaire. PFAA were measured in blood serum as well as v-3 fatty acids in plasma phospholipids as a biomarker for fish consumption. Higher levels of PFAA were associated with male sex, increased age, and higher education. Women reporting full breastfeeding for ≥12 months had 32-44% lower levels of perfluorooctane sulfonate, perfluorooctanoic acid, and perfluorohexane sulfonate than women who never nursed their infants full-time. Serum perfluorooctane sulfonate, perfluorononanoic acid, perfluorodecanoic acid, and perfluoroundecanoic acid were positively related to n-3 fatty acids in plasma (partial r = 0.19-0.34, p ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION The relatively strong correlations between biomarkers of fish consumption and certain PFAA suggest that PFAA exposure should be taken into account in health risk and benefit assessment of fish consumption. Breastfeeding appears to be a major source of elimination of certain PFAA among women, and consequently PFAA exposure of nursed infants could be significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Bjermo
- Department of Risk and Benefit Assessment, National Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
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Lundgren M, Darnerud PO, Ilbäck NG. The flame-retardant BDE-99 dose-dependently affects viral replication in CVB3-infected mice. Chemosphere 2013; 91:1434-1438. [PMID: 23427858 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The flame retardant component 2,2',4,4',5-penta-BDE (BDE-99) is found in the environment and in human tissues and fluids. In mice the common human coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection has been shown to change the tissue distribution of BDE-99. We now investigate how CVB3 infection in mice affects liver uptake of (14)C at two doses of radiolabelled BDE-99, and whether increased tissue levels are related to changed virus replication and gene expression of the proinflammatory chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). Mice were infected on day 0, orally treated either with 200μg or 20mg (14)C-BDE-99/kgbw on day 1, and euthanised on day 3. Serum and liver levels of (14)C-BDE-99, as well as virus levels and gene expressions of MCP-1 in the liver, were measured. In non-infected mice, there was a dose-dependent uptake of BDE-99 in both liver and serum, and in infected animals the liver BDE-99 levels was further increased. When comparing infected mice exposed to the two BDE-99 doses, the higher BDE dose resulted in increased virus amounts in the liver, and decreased infection-induced expression of MCP-1. Consequently, a high enough dose/tissue concentration of BDE-99 may result in a disturbed mobilisation of immune cells into infected tissues that could explain higher virus titres and a possibly altered clinical course of the disease. Moreover, the fact that CVB3 infection increased the BDE-99 levels in liver but not in serum may impair the risk assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in subclinical and clinically infected individuals, as serum levels is the common marker of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Lundgren
- Risk Benefit Assessment Department, National Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
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Lignell S, Aune M, Darnerud PO, Hanberg A, Larsson SC, Glynn A. Prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) may influence birth weight among infants in a Swedish cohort with background exposure: a cross-sectional study. Environ Health 2013; 12:44. [PMID: 23724965 PMCID: PMC3673870 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-12-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants, e.g. polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) has been suggested to negatively affect birth weight although epidemiological evidence is still inconclusive. We investigated if prenatal exposure to PCBs and PBDEs is related to birth weight in a Swedish population with background exposure. METHODS Breast milk was sampled during the third week after delivery from first-time mothers in Uppsala county, Sweden 1996-2010 (POPUP cohort) (N = 413). Samples were analysed for di-ortho PCBs (CB-138, 153, 180) and tetra- to hexa- brominated PBDEs (BDE-47, 99, 100, 153). Simple and multiple linear regression models were used to investigate associations between lipid-adjusted, ln-transformed PCB and PBDE concentrations, and birth weight. Covariates included in the multivariate regression model were PCB and PBDE exposure, maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, weight gain during pregnancy, education, smoking, gender of the infant and gestational length. The effect of including fish consumption was also investigated. RESULTS In the multivariate model, prenatal exposure to di-ortho PCBs was significantly associated with increased birth weight (β = 137; p = 0.02). The result did not change when gestational length was added to the model. An inverse association between PBDE(4) (sum of BDE-47, -99, -100 and -153) and birth weight was observed in the multivariate model including gestational length (β = -106; p = 0.04). Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and weight gain during pregnancy were important confounders of the association between di-ortho PCBs and birth weight. The associations were not alleviated after adjustment for fish consumption, a major source of PCB and PBDE exposure. The observed associations were stronger for boys than for girls. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that prenatal exposure to di-ortho PCBs and PBDE(4) may influence birth weight in different directions, i.e. PCB exposure was associated with higher birth weight and PBDE exposure with lower birth weight. Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and weight gain during pregnancy were important confounders that may hide positive association between di-ortho PCB exposure and birth weight if they are not included in the statistical model. We speculate that even small PCB- and PBDE-induced shifts in the distribution of birth weight may influence future public health in populations with background exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Lignell
- Risk Benefit Assessment Department, National Food Agency, Box 622, Uppsala SE-751 26, Sweden
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Marie Aune
- Science Department, National Food Agency, Box 622, Uppsala SE-751 26, Sweden
| | - Per Ola Darnerud
- Science Department, National Food Agency, Box 622, Uppsala SE-751 26, Sweden
| | - Annika Hanberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Susanna C Larsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Anders Glynn
- Risk Benefit Assessment Department, National Food Agency, Box 622, Uppsala SE-751 26, Sweden
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Bjermo H, Sand S, Nälsén C, Lundh T, Enghardt Barbieri H, Pearson M, Lindroos AK, Jönsson BAG, Barregård L, Darnerud PO. Lead, mercury, and cadmium in blood and their relation to diet among Swedish adults. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 57:161-9. [PMID: 23537601 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the body burden of lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and cadmium (Cd) in blood among Swedish adults and the association between blood levels, diet and other lifestyle factors. The study was based on a subgroup (n=273) of the national survey Riksmaten 2010-2011 (4-day food records and questionnaire). Lead, Hg, and Cd were measured in whole blood, and Cd additionally in urine, by mass or fluorescence spectrometry methods. The median values (5-95th percentiles) of the metals in blood were as follows; Pb: 13.4 (5.8-28.6) μg/L, Hg: 1.13 (0.31-3.45) μg/L, and Cd: 0.19 (0.09-1.08) μg/L. All three metals increased with increasing age. Lead levels in blood were positively associated with intakes of game and alcohol, Hg was related to fish intake, and blood Cd related to smoking and low iron stores and to a low meat intake. Body burdens of the studied metals were generally below health based reference values, but several individuals had blood Pb levels above the reference point for possible nephrotoxic and developmental neurotoxic effects. As health effects cannot be excluded, individuals with high Pb exposure should aim at decreasing their body burden, both from food and from other exposure routes.
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Glynn A, Lignell S, Aune M, Darnerud PO. O-190. Epidemiology 2012. [DOI: 10.1097/01.ede.0000416847.29522.c6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Glynn A, Berger U, Bignert A, Ullah S, Aune M, Lignell S, Darnerud PO. Perfluorinated alkyl acids in blood serum from primiparous women in Sweden: serial sampling during pregnancy and nursing, and temporal trends 1996-2010. Environ Sci Technol 2012; 46:9071-9. [PMID: 22770559 DOI: 10.1021/es301168c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We investigated temporal trends of blood serum levels of 13 perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) in primiparous women (N = 413) from Uppsala County, Sweden, sampled 3 weeks after delivery 1996-2010. Levels of the short-chain perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) increased 11%/y and 8.3%/y, respectively, and levels of the long-chain perfluorononanoate (PFNA) and perfluorodecanoate (PFDA) increased 4.3%/y and 3.8%/y, respectively. Concomitantly, levels of FOSA (22%/y), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS, 8.4%/y), perfluorodecane sulfonate (PFDS, 10%/y), and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA, 3.1%/y) decreased. Thus, one or several sources of exposure to the latter compounds have been reduced or eliminated, whereas exposure to the former compounds has recently increased. We explored if maternal levels of PFOS, PFOA, and PFNA during the early nursing period are representative for the fetal development period, using serial maternal serum samples, including cord blood (N = 19). PFAA levels in maternal serum sampled during pregnancy and the nursing period as well as in cord blood were strongly correlated. Strongest correlations between cord blood levels and maternal levels were observed for maternal serum sampled shortly before or after the delivery (r = 0.70-0.89 for PFOS and PFOA). A similar pattern was observed for PFNA, although the correlations were less strong due to levels close to the method detection limit in cord blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Glynn
- Department of Research and Development, National Food Agency, P.O. Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Gyllenhammar I, Glynn A, Darnerud PO, Lignell S, van Delft R, Aune M. 4-Nonylphenol and bisphenol A in Swedish food and exposure in Swedish nursing women. Environ Int 2012; 43:21-28. [PMID: 22466019 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
4-Nonylphenol (NP) and bisphenol A (BPA) are phenolic substances used in high volumes by the industry. Studies on cells and in experimental animals have shown that both these compounds can be classified as estrogenic hormone disrupters. Information about the exposure of humans to NP and BPA is still scarce, especially regarding levels in human blood. The first aim of this study was to investigate possible sources of NP and BPA exposure from food, by analyzing the levels of NP and BPA from a Swedish food market basket, based on the Swedish per capita food consumption. A second aim was to investigate blood serum levels of NP and BPA, as well as NP-ethoxylates, among young women in Sweden (n=100). Moreover, associations between food consumption and blood NP and BPA levels were studied. In food, NP was to some extent found at levels above limit of quantification (LOQ 20 ng/g fresh weight) in fruits, cereal products, vegetables, and potatoes. BPA levels above LOQ (2 ng/g fresh weight) were found in fish, meats, potatoes, and dairy products. The estimated mean intakes per capita were (medium bound) 27 μg NP/day and 3.9 μg BPA/day, showing that food is a source of BPA and NP in the general Swedish population. In blood serum, free NP above limit of detection (LOD 0.5 ng/g) was detected in 46% of the study participants while detectable levels of total NP (LOD 0.8 ng/g) were observed in 43%. The corresponding percentages for BPA were 25% and 22%, respectively. The results indicate that there is a continuous source of exposure to NP and BPA that is high enough for free NP and BPA to be detected in some consumers. Among the participants with quantifiable levels of free and total NP (n=38), 85% (median, range: 38-112%) of the NP was present as free NP. For BPA 76% (49-109%) was detected as free BPA (n=15). All women had levels of ethoxylates of NP below LOD (0.1-0.7 ng/g). A significantly higher total consumption of fruits and vegetables was reported in questionnaires by participants with NP levels at or above LOD than among women with levels below LOD. This result is supporting the market basket results of relatively high NP levels in these types of food.
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Björklund JA, Sellström U, de Wit CA, Aune M, Lignell S, Darnerud PO. Comparisons of polybrominated diphenyl ether and hexabromocyclododecane concentrations in dust collected with two sampling methods and matched breast milk samples. Indoor Air 2012; 22:279-288. [PMID: 22212125 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2011.00765.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Household dust from 19 Swedish homes was collected using two different sampling methods: from the occupant's own home vacuum cleaner after insertion of a new bag and using a researcher-collected method where settled house dust was collected from surfaces above floor level. The samples were analyzed for 16 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and total hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). Significant correlations (r = 0.60-0.65, Spearman r = 0.47-0.54, P < 0.05) were found between matched dust samples collected with the two sampling methods for ∑OctaBDE and ∑DecaBDE but not for ∑PentaBDE or HBCD. Statistically significantly higher concentrations of all PBDE congeners were found in the researcher-collected dust than in the home vacuum cleaner bag dust (VCBD). For HBCD, however, the concentrations were significantly higher in the home VCBD samples. Analysis of the bags themselves indicated no or very low levels of PBDEs and HBCD. This indicates that there may be specific HBCD sources to the floor and/or that it may be present in the vacuum cleaners themselves. The BDE-47 concentrations in matched pairs of VCBD and breast milk samples were significantly correlated (r = 0.514, P = 0.029), indicating that one possible exposure route for this congener may be via dust ingestion. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS The statistically significant correlations found for several individual polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, ∑OctaBDE and ∑DecaBDE between the two dust sampling methods in this study indicate that the same indoor sources contaminate both types of dust or that common processes govern the distribution of these compounds in the indoor environment. Therefore, either method is adequate for screening ∑OctaBDE and ∑DecaBDE in dust. The high variability seen between dust samples confirms results seen in other studies. For hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), divergent results in the two dust types indicate differences in contamination sources to the floor than to above-floor surfaces. Thus, it is still unclear which dust sampling method is most relevant for HBCD as well as for ∑PentaBDE in dust and, further, which is most relevant for determining human exposure to PBDEs and HBCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Björklund
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden National Food Administration, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Darnerud PO, Lignell S, Glynn A, Aune M, Isaksson M, Redeby J. Time trends of BDE congeners in serum of Swedish mothers and comparisons to breast milk. Toxicol Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.03.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Darnerud PO, Aune M, Larsson L, Lignell S, Mutshatshi T, Okonkwo J, Botha B, Agyei N. Levels of brominated flame retardants and other pesistent organic pollutants in breast milk samples from Limpopo Province, South Africa. Sci Total Environ 2011; 409:4048-4053. [PMID: 21708397 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The non-occupational exposure to brominated flame retardants, and other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) was studied by collecting human breast milk samples from mothers residing in Thohoyandou area, a rural district in the Limpopo Province, northern part of South Africa (SA). Of all collected samples to be analysed (n=28), those with large enough milk volumes, (n=14) were quantified for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (9 congeners: BDE-28, 47, 66, 99, 100, 138, 153, 154, and 183) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) on a GC equipped with dual capillary columns and dual electron-capture detectors (ECD). The levels of PBDE congeners (median sumBDE 1.3 ng/g of lipids) and of HBCD were not far from levels generally found in European studies, and this study may be the first report on the presence of PBDEs and HBCD in SA breast milk. On a congener basis, the finding of comparably high BDE-183 levels suggests a specific PBDE usage, or contamination situation in SA. Apart from BFRs, the high DDT levels found in the breast milk from this area (median and maximum sumDDT levels of about 4600 and over 20,000 ng/g of lipids, respectively; n=28) have earlier been reported. In addition, other POPs (PCBs, HCB and HCHs) were found in SA breast milk, at relatively low levels. To conclude, measurable levels of PBDEs and HBCD, and a specific BDE congener pattern, were found in breast milk from the Limpopo province, SA. A number of other POPs, including DDTs in high levels, were also present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Ola Darnerud
- Toxicology Division, National Food Administration, P.O. Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Glynn A, Larsdotter M, Aune M, Darnerud PO, Bjerselius R, Bergman A. Changes in serum concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hydroxylated PCB metabolites and pentachlorophenol during pregnancy. Chemosphere 2011; 83:144-51. [PMID: 21208638 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We studied pregnancy-related changes in serum concentrations of five polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs, CB 118, CB 138, CB 153, CB 156, CB 180), three hydroxylated PCB metabolites (4-OH-CB107, 4-OH-CB146, 4-OH-CB187), and pentachlorophenol (PCP). Median serum lipid content increased 2-fold between early (weeks 9-13) and late pregnancy (weeks 35-36) (N=10), whereas median PCB levels in serum lipids decreased 20-46%, suggesting a dilution of PCB concentrations in serum lipids. Nevertheless, strong positive intra-individual correlations (Spearman's r=0.61-0.99) were seen for PCBs during the whole study period. Thus, if samples have been collected within the same relative narrow time window during pregnancy, PCB results from one single sampling occasion can be used in assessment of relative differences in body burdens during the whole pregnancy period. Concentrations of OH-PCBs in blood serum tended to decline as pregnancy progressed, although among some women the concentrations increased at the end of pregnancy. Positive intra-individual correlations (r=0.66-0.99) between OH-PCB concentrations were observed during the first and second trimester, whereas correlations with third trimester concentrations were more diverging (r=-0.70-0.85). No decline in PCP concentrations was observed during pregnancy and no significant correlations were found between concentrations at different sampling periods. Our results suggest that for both OH-PCBs and PCP, sampling has to be more specifically timed depending on the time period during pregnancy that is of interest. The differences in patterns of intra- and inter-individual variability of the studied compounds may be due to a combination of factors, including lipid solubility, persistence of the compounds, distribution in blood, metabolic formation, and pregnancy-related changes in body composition and physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Glynn
- Swedish National Food Administration, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Törnkvist A, Glynn A, Aune M, Darnerud PO, Ankarberg EH. PCDD/F, PCB, PBDE, HBCD and chlorinated pesticides in a Swedish market basket from 2005--levels and dietary intake estimations. Chemosphere 2011; 83:193-199. [PMID: 21269658 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Based on consumption data statistics, food items from four regions in Sweden were sampled in a so-called market basket study. Food items from five food groups, i.e. fish, meat, dairy products, eggs and fat/oils, were analyzed for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) followed by per capita intake calculations. The highest levels of PCDD/F, PCB, PBDE, HBCD and chlorinated pesticides were found in the fish/fish products. The estimated market basket per capita intake of PCDD/F and dl-PCB was 0.7pg WHO-TEQ kg bw(-1) d(-1) (TEFs from 1998). The intake of ∑PCB was estimated to 4.9 ng kg bw(-1) d(-1) and fish was found to be the major contributor with 64%. The intake of ∑PBDE was found to be 0.7 ng kg bw(-1) d(-1). Fish (38%) and dairy products (31%) were the largest contributors to the total PBDE intake. The intake of HBCD was estimated to 0.14 ng kg bw(-1) d(-1). HBCD mainly came from fish (65%), but also dairy products (24%) and meat (10%) contributed. Also regarding the chlorinated pesticides, fish was found to be the major contributor, with 51% of the ∑DDT coming from fish. The intake of ∑DDT, ∑HCH and HCB was 4.0, 1.0 and 1.1 ng kg bw(-1) d(-1), respectively. Most of the ∑HCH and HCB originate from dairy products (43% and 55%, respectively). This study shows that the levels, and intake, of different POPs from food of animal origin in the market basket of 2005 seem to have decreased since the market basket study in 1999.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Törnkvist
- Swedish National Food Administration, Research and Development Department, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Lignell S, Aune M, Darnerud PO, Soeria-Atmadja D, Hanberg A, Larsson S, Glynn A. Large variation in breast milk levels of organohalogenated compounds is dependent on mother's age, changes in body composition and exposures early in life. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:1607-16. [DOI: 10.1039/c1em10151j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Glynn A, Lignell S, Darnerud PO, Aune M, Halldin Ankarberg E, Bergdahl IA, Barregård L, Bensryd I. Regional differences in levels of chlorinated and brominated pollutants in mother's milk from primiparous women in Sweden. Environ Int 2011; 37:71-79. [PMID: 20805003 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Early life exposure to halogenated persistent organic pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), the DDT metabolite p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (p,p'-DDE), polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs), and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), may affect human health. We determined if there are regional differences in mother's milk levels of these compounds in Sweden. In year 2000-2004, milk was sampled from 204 randomly recruited primiparas from four regions of Sweden. Levels of the compounds were measured by gas chromatography with dual electron-capture detectors. Women were recruited at delivery in three hospitals located in urban areas in southern and central Sweden (Lund, Gothenburg and Uppsala), and in one hospital located in a more rural area in northern Sweden (Lycksele). Information about dietary habits and medical/life-style factors were collected by questionnaires. Among PCB congeners, CB 153, CB 138 and CB 180 showed the highest median concentrations (18-48 ng/g mother's milk lipid), whereas more than 50% of the women had CB 52, CB 101, CB 114, and CB 157 levels below the LOQ (0.3-1.5 ng/g lipid). Median p,p'-DDE levels were in the range of 46-78 ng/g lipid. BDE 47 showed the highest median concentrations (1-2 ng/g lipid) among the brominated compounds, whereas more than 50% of the women had levels of BDE 28, BDE 66, BDE 138, BDE 154, and HBCD below the LOQ (0.05-0.10 ng/g lipid). Regional differences in median organohalogen compound concentrations were small, less than 2-fold. Lycksele women generally had the lowest levels of Σmono-and Σdi-ortho PCBs, mainly due to a lower average age. In contrast, these women had higher tetra- to penta-brominated PBDE levels, but no diet or life-style factor could explain this finding. Wide ranges of PBDEs and HBCD levels (up to 200-fold) were found, especially in the Lycksele area. The highest levels of PBDE were in the range of average levels found in mother's milk from North America, suggesting that food may not be the only source of exposure to PBDEs among some individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Glynn
- Swedish National Food Administration, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Harrad S, de Wit CA, Abdallah MAE, Bergh C, Björklund JA, Covaci A, Darnerud PO, de Boer J, Diamond M, Huber S, Leonards P, Mandalakis M, Ostman C, Haug LS, Thomsen C, Webster TF. Indoor contamination with hexabromocyclododecanes, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and perfluoroalkyl compounds: an important exposure pathway for people? Environ Sci Technol 2010; 44:3221-31. [PMID: 20387882 DOI: 10.1021/es903476t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This review underlines the importance of indoor contamination as a pathway of human exposure to hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs). There is ample evidence of substantial contamination of indoor dust with these chemicals and that their concentrations in indoor air exceed substantially those outdoors. Studies examining the relationship between body burden and exposure via indoor dust are inconsistent; while some indicate a link between body burdens and PBDE and HBCD exposure via dust ingestion, others find no correlation. Likewise, while concentrations in indoor dust and human tissues are both highly skewed, this does not necessarily imply causality. Evidence suggests exposure via dust ingestion is higher for toddlers than adults. Research priorities include identifying means of reducing indoor concentrations and indoor monitoring methods that provide the most "biologically-relevant" measures of exposure as well as monitoring a wider range of microenvironment categories. Other gaps include studies to improve understanding of the following: emission rates and mechanisms via which these contaminants migrate from products into indoor air and dust; relationships between indoor exposures and human body burdens; relevant physicochemical properties; the gastrointestinal uptake by humans of these chemicals from indoor dust; and human dust ingestion rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Harrad
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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Darnerud PO, Lignell S, Glynn A, Aune M, Törnkvist A, Stridsberg M. POP levels in breast milk and maternal serum and thyroid hormone levels in mother-child pairs from Uppsala, Sweden. Environ Int 2010; 36:180-187. [PMID: 19954849 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Revised: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In experimental studies, it has frequently been observed that the homeostasis of thyroid hormones (THs) is affected by exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as dioxins and PCBs. In man, similar effects have been indicated in several epidemiological studies. In order to investigate the possible effect on THs at low background exposures found among the Swedish population the following study was performed. Primiparous women (n=395) in the Uppsala region were recruited between 1996 and 1999. Of these, 325 mothers agreed to donate a serum sample in late pregnancy and breast milk was obtained from 211 women 3 weeks after delivery. Babies were sampled for blood at 3 weeks (n=150) and 3 months (n=115) after birth. In connection to the sampling, questions on personal characteristics were asked. Levels of low (tri- to penta-) chlorinated PCB, di-ortho PCB, p,p'-DDE, (mono-ortho) PCB TEQ and PCDD/DF TEQ were monitored in breast milk and in mother's blood (not PCDD/DF). The results showed that the measured TH levels (thyroid-stimulating hormone - TSH, total tri-iodothyronine - TT3, free thyroxine - FT4) in mothers and children were within the reference range. Some significant associations were seen between POP exposures and TH levels in mother or child after simple regression analysis. Following adjustment for important confounding factors, the significant associations mostly disappeared. However, significantly decreasing TT3 levels with increasing prenatal low-chlorinated PCB exposure were still seen in 3 week old children, and on TT3 in mothers exposed to PCDD/DF. In conclusion, the study clearly shows the importance of adjustment for important confounding factors in the analysis of possible associations between POP exposure and hormonal effects. The remaining associations are weak in both children and mothers and the clinical consequences of these alterations are uncertain. When comparing studies that investigate associations between TH levels and POP levels during the perinatal stage, no obvious between-study concordance was seen regarding the critical dose for hormonal effects to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- P O Darnerud
- National Food Administration, PO Box 622, 751 26 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Lignell S, Aune M, Darnerud PO, Cnattingius S, Glynn A. Persistent organochlorine and organobromine compounds in mother's milk from Sweden 1996-2006: compound-specific temporal trends. Environ Res 2009; 109:760-7. [PMID: 19477439 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2009.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
High body burdens of persistent halogenated organic pollutants (POPs) among pregnant and nursing women are of concern because of exposure of the growing foetus and breast-feeding infant. We examined the temporal trends of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in milk samples from Swedish women. POPs were analysed in individual mother's milk samples from randomly recruited primiparas (N=335) who lived in Uppsala County and delivered between 1996 and 2006. Results were adjusted for life-style factors that are associated with POP body burdens. PCB levels declined 3.9-8.6% per year. The levels of PCDDs decreased faster (6-9% per year) than the levels of PCDFs (3-6% per year). Temporal trends of PBDEs did not follow any consistent pattern. Concentrations of BDE-47 and BDE-99 decreased, while the concentrations of BDE-153 increased. No change in BDE-100 concentrations was observed. In most samples, concentrations of HBCD were below the quantification limit (<0.20 ng/g lipid). Generally, adjustment of the temporal trends of PCBs and PCDD/Fs for personal characteristics of the mothers (age, body mass index (BMI), weight changes during and after pregnancy) resulted in faster declining rates, with age having the greatest influence. The age of the participating mothers increased during the study period, and since the POP levels increased with increasing age, this counteracted the decreasing temporal trends in the unadjusted model. It is consequently important to include personal characteristics in the analysis of temporal trends of POPs. Compound-specific temporal trends are probably caused by differences in sources of exposure, as well as by differences in persistence between compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Lignell
- National Food Administration, P.O. Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
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Lundgren M, Darnerud PO, Blomberg J, Friman G, Ilbäck NG. Sequential Changes in Serum Cytokines Reflect Viral RNA Kinetics in Target Organs of a Coxsackievirus B Infection in Mice. J Clin Immunol 2009; 29:611-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-009-9294-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Glynn A, Aune M, Nilsson I, Darnerud PO, Ankarberg EH, Bignert A, Nordlander I. Declining levels of PCB, HCB and p,p'-DDE in adipose tissue from food producing bovines and swine in Sweden 1991-2004. Chemosphere 2009; 74:1457-1462. [PMID: 19121836 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Revised: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The official control programme for organochlorine (OC) contaminants in food producing animals in Sweden was used to study temporal and spatial trends of the polychlorinated biphenyl CB 153, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and p,p'-DDE in adipose tissue from bovines and swine 1991-2004. Our results show that efforts to decrease OC contamination of animal feed and the environment have had a positive impact on the contamination of the animal production. OC concentrations declined significantly in almost all studied regions of Sweden. OC temporal trends were slower in bovines (6-8% per year) than in swine (10-12%). Power analyses showed that data from more than 10 years of sampling were needed for a detection of an annual OC level change of 5% in both species in the control programme, due to large within- and between-year variation in OC levels. CB 153 and p,p'-DDE levels were higher in southern than in northern Sweden. Levels decreased with age in milk cows, but not in young nulliparous cows (heifers) and bulls. Moreover, milk cows and bulls had significantly lower OC levels than heifers. Levels were not age-dependent among swine, but castrated male swine (barrows) had significantly lower OC levels than young female swine (gilts). Levels of the studied OCs are now in many cases below the LOQ of the analytical method used. Future time trend studies of these OCs thus depend on lowered LOQs in the control programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Glynn
- Swedish National Food Administration, Toxicology Division, Research and Development Department, P.O. Box 622, SE-75122 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Glynn A, Thuvander A, Aune M, Johannisson A, Darnerud PO, Ronquist G, Cnattingius S. Immune cell counts and risks of respiratory infections among infants exposed pre- and postnatally to organochlorine compounds: a prospective study. Environ Health 2008; 7:62. [PMID: 19055819 PMCID: PMC2637846 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-7-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-life chemical exposure may influence immune system development, subsequently affecting child health. We investigated immunomodulatory potentials of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and p,p'-DDE in infants. METHODS Prenatal exposure to PCBs and p,p'-DDE was estimated from maternal serum concentrations during pregnancy. Postnatal exposure was calculated from concentrations of the compounds in mother's milk, total number of nursing days, and percentage of full nursing each week during the 3 month nursing period. Number and types of infections among infants were registered by the mothers (N = 190). White blood cell counts (N = 86) and lymphocyte subsets (N = 52) were analyzed in a subgroup of infants at 3 months of age. RESULTS Infants with the highest prenatal exposure to PCB congeners CB-28, CB-52 and CB-101 had an increased risk of respiratory infection during the study period. In contrast, the infection odds ratios (ORs) were highest among infants with the lowest prenatal mono-ortho PCB (CB-105, CB-118, CB-156, CB-167) and di-ortho PCB (CB-138, CB-153, CB-180) exposure, and postnatal mono- and di-ortho PCB, and p,p'-DDE exposure. Similar results were found for pre- and postnatal CB-153 exposure, a good marker for total PCB exposure. Altogether, a negative relationship was indicated between infections and total organochlorine compound exposure during the whole pre- and postnatal period. Prenatal exposure to CB-28, CB-52 and CB-101 was positively associated with numbers of lymphocytes and monocytes in infants 3 months after delivery. Prenatal exposure to p,p'-DDE was negatively associated with the percentage of eosinophils. No significant associations were found between PCB and p,p'-DDE exposure and numbers/percentages of lymphocyte subsets, after adjustment for potential confounders. CONCLUSION This hypothesis generating study suggests that background exposure to PCBs and p,p'-DDE early in life modulate immune system development. Strong correlations between mono- and di-ortho PCBs, and p,p'-DDE exposures make it difficult to identify the most important contributor to the suggested immunomodulation, and to separate effects due to pre- and postnatal exposure. The suggested PCB and p,p'-DDE modulation of infection risks may have consequences for the health development during childhood, since respiratory infections early in life may be risk factors for asthma and middle ear infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Glynn
- National Food Administration, Research and Development Department, PO Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ann Thuvander
- National Food Administration, Research and Development Department, PO Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
- The National Board of Health and Welfare, SE-106 30 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Aune
- National Food Administration, Research and Development Department, PO Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Johannisson
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7070, SE- 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Ola Darnerud
- National Food Administration, Research and Development Department, PO Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Ronquist
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Uppsala, SE- 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sven Cnattingius
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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Lundgren M, Darnerud PO, Blomberg J, Friman G, Ilbäck NG. Polybrominated diphenyl ether exposure suppresses cytokines important in the defence to coxsackievirus B3 infection in mice. Toxicol Lett 2008; 184:107-13. [PMID: 19022362 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Revised: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/26/2008] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollutants can adversely affect the immune system. The host defence during infection depends on cytokine signalling and proper function of immune cells. However, no studies have addressed how polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) affect cytokine responses. We investigated the combined effects in Balb/c mice of human coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection and exposure to PBDEs (BDE-99 or Bromkal mixture) on 21 serum cytokines. The mice were infected (i.p.) on day 0, orally treated with BDE-99 or Bromkal on day 1 (20mg/kg bw) and put to death on day 3. CVB3 was quantitatively measured in the liver and pancreas by RT-PCR. The Luminex 200 multi-analyte system was used for cytokine analysis. High numbers of viral copies were found in the liver and pancreas. Infection increased TNF-alpha, IL-6, MCP-1, IL-12p40, KC and RANTES levels. Notably, PBDE-exposure resulted in a marked decrease, or even lack, of IL-13, MIP-1beta, RANTES, IFN-gamma and KC levels in non-infected mice. However, the effects of PBDE-exposure on cytokines did not affect viral replication during early CVB3 infection. In conclusion, PBDEs causes a selective block in immune signalling pathways but the consequences of this need to be further studied in different host resistance models of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Lundgren
- Toxicology Division, National Food Administration, Hamnesplanaden, 751 26 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Lignell S, Darnerud PO, Aune M, Cnattingius S, Hajslova J, Setkova L, Glynn A. Temporal trends of synthetic musk compounds in mother's milk and associations with personal use of perfumed products. Environ Sci Technol 2008; 42:6743-6748. [PMID: 18800558 DOI: 10.1021/es800626n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed two nitro musks (musk xylene and musk ketone) and five polycyclic musks (HHCB, AHTN, ADBI, ATII, and AHDI) in mother's milk from primiparae women (N = 101) living in Uppsala County, Sweden, 1996-2003. Possible temporal trends in musk concentrations and associations with lifestyle/medical factors, such as use of perfumed products during pregnancy were studied. HHCB showed the highest median concentration (63.9 ng/g lipid) followed by AHTN (10.4 ng/g) and musk xylene (MX) (9.5 ng/g). Concentrations of the other substances were, in most cases, below the quantification limit (2.0-3.0 ng/g). Women with a high use of perfume during pregnancy had elevated milk concentrations of HHCB, and elevated concentrations of AHTN were observed among women reporting use of perfumed laundry detergent. This strongly suggests that perfumed products are important sources of musk exposure both among the mothers and the nursed infants. Concentrations of AHTN and MX declined significantly between 1996 and 2003, suggesting a decline in the industrial use of the compounds in consumer products, or alterations in the consumer use pattern of perfumed products. No temporal trend in HHCB concentrations was seen. The lack of toxicity data makes it difficult to generalize about the safety of musk exposure of breast-fed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Lignell
- National Food Administration, P.O. Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
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Abstract
Brominated flame retardants (BFR) are endocrine disrupters in experimental systems, both in vitro and in vivo. Although BFR effects on thyroid hormones are well confirmed, studies of effects on oestrogen/androgen systems are fewer but today growing in numbers. The effects of BFR on other hormone systems are still unknown. Hormonal effect levels in animals start from ca 1 mg/kg b.w., but there are exceptions: effects on spermatogenesis, suggesting hormonal causes, have been observed at a low dose (60 microg/kg b.w.) of a polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congener, BDE-99. It could be concluded that hormonal effects are of importance in risk assessment, and in some cases where effects are seen at low levels safety margins may be insufficient. One additional uncertainty is the lack of reliable human data that could be used to support animal BFR observations. In spite of the recent regulation of PBDE production, levels of both PBDE and of other BFR groups are still present in environmental samples. Thus, we have to deal with the possible effects of human BFR exposure for times to come. In order to reduce BFR exposure, the routes of exposure should be carefully examined and ways to reduce levels in major exposure routes considered.
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Abstract
Brominated flame retardants (BFR) are endocrine disrupters in experimental systems, both in vitro and in vivo. Although BFR effects on thyroid hormones are well confirmed, studies of effects on oestrogen/androgen systems are fewer but today growing in numbers. The effects of BFR on other hormone systems are still unknown. Hormonal effect levels in animals start from ca 1 mg/kg b.w., but there are exceptions: effects on spermatogenesis, suggesting hormonal causes, have been observed at a low dose (60 microg/kg b.w.) of a polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congener, BDE-99. It could be concluded that hormonal effects are of importance in risk assessment, and in some cases where effects are seen at low levels safety margins may be insufficient. One additional uncertainty is the lack of reliable human data that could be used to support animal BFR observations. In spite of the recent regulation of PBDE production, levels of both PBDE and of other BFR groups are still present in environmental samples. Thus, we have to deal with the possible effects of human BFR exposure for times to come. In order to reduce BFR exposure, the routes of exposure should be carefully examined and ways to reduce levels in major exposure routes considered.
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Lundgren M, Darnerud PO, Molin Y, Lilienthal H, Blomberg J, Ilbäck NG. Viral infection and PBDE exposure interact on CYP gene expression and enzyme activities in the mouse liver. Toxicology 2007; 242:100-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Revised: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lundgren M, Darnerud PO, Molin Y, Lilienthal H, Blomberg J, Ilbäck NG. Coxsackievirus B3 infection and PBDE exposure causes organ-specific effects on CYP-gene expression in the mouse. Toxicology 2007; 242:91-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2007] [Revised: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
In experimental models, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a group of brominated flame retardants, have caused effects in a number of biological end-points, including neurobehavioural effects, disturbances in thyroid and steroid hormone homeostasis, and other steroid-related effects. Almost exclusively, only external dose metrics (dose per body weight basis) have been studied in connection to the observed effects. In this study we report on new analyses of plasma PBDE levels in surplus samples from earlier studies on thyroid hormones (TH) in exposed rodents. Female, 7-week old Sprague-Dawley rats were given either Bromkal 70-5 DE (Study I; 18 or 36 mg/kg bw/day) or BDE-47 (Study II; 1, 6 or 18 mg/kg bw/day) daily by gavage for two weeks. At an external dose of 18 mg/kg bw/day significant TH effects (decreased plasma free thyroxin levels) were observed in both studies, corresponding to an internal (plasma) dose of 463 microg sumPBDE/g lipid (Study I) or 421 microg BDE-47/g lipid (Study II). If we compare the contribution of different BDE congeners to the total BDE level in rat plasma after Bromkal exposure (Study II), and in the Bromkal mixture itself, the most important congener in the Bromkal mixture were also found in plasma. However, the relative concentration of BDE-99 was lower, and that of BDE-153 was higher, than that of the mixture, indicating selectivity in uptake, metabolism and/or excretion of the individual BDE congeners. Explicitly, the possible in vivo conversion of BDE-99 to BDE-47, and of BDE-154 to BDE-153 could not be excluded. The internal dose in the present rat study could be compared to reported human serum doses of PBDE. Human serum/blood levels have a wide range, from 3 to 6 ng sumPBDE/g lipid in background samples from Europe, about 10 times higher in US sample, and up to 100 times higher (300-600 ng/g lipid) in upper-end levels in collected samples from USA. As a consequence, the margin between effects levels in the rat and exposure levels in man varies widely, with a quotient roughly from 1000 to 100,000. Generally, it could be expected that this margin is lower than if external dose metrics would be used. An even lower margin could be expected as recent studies have shown effects in offspring at lower doses than those giving effects in our studies. Lastly, it should be noted that humans are already exposed to a mixture of chemicals in daily life, a fact that complicates this kind of comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Ola Darnerud
- National Food Administration, P.O. Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Kärrman A, Ericson I, van Bavel B, Darnerud PO, Aune M, Glynn A, Lignell S, Lindström G. Exposure of perfluorinated chemicals through lactation: levels of matched human milk and serum and a temporal trend, 1996-2004, in Sweden. Environ Health Perspect 2007; 115:226-30. [PMID: 17384769 PMCID: PMC1831521 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Only limited data exist on lactation as an exposure source of persistent perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) for children. OBJECTIVES We studied occurrence and levels of PFCs in human milk in relation to maternal serum together with the temporal trend in milk levels between 1996 and 2004 in Sweden. Matched, individual human milk and serum samples from 12 primiparous women in Sweden were analyzed together with composite milk samples (25-90 women/year) from 1996 to 2004. RESULTS Eight PFCs were detected in the serum samples, and five of them were also above the detection limits in the milk samples. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS) were detected in all milk samples at mean concentrations of 0.201 ng/mL and 0.085 ng/mL, respectively. Perfluorooctanesulfonamide (PFOSA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) were detected less frequently. DISCUSSION The total PFC concentration in maternal serum was 32 ng/mL, and the corresponding milk concentration was 0.34 ng/mL. The PFOS milk level was on average 1% of the corresponding serum level. There was a strong association between increasing serum concentration and increasing milk concentration for PFOS (r(2) = 0.7) and PFHxS (r(2) = 0.8). PFOS and PFHxS levels in composite milk samples were relatively unchanged between 1996 and 2004, with a total variation of 20 and 32% coefficient of variation, respectively. CONCLUSION The calculated total amount of PFCs transferred by lactation to a breast-fed infant in this study was approximately 200 ng/day. Lactation is a considerable source of exposure for infants, and reference concentrations for hazard assessments are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kärrman
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, Orebro University, Orebro, Sweden.
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Glynn A, Aune M, Darnerud PO, Cnattingius S, Bjerselius R, Becker W, Lignell S. Determinants of serum concentrations of organochlorine compounds in Swedish pregnant women: a cross-sectional study. Environ Health 2007; 6:2. [PMID: 17266775 PMCID: PMC1797162 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-6-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We performed a cross-sectional study of associations between personal characteristics and lipid-adjusted serum concentrations of certain PCB congeners and chlorinated pesticides/metabolites among 323 pregnant primiparous women from Uppsala County (age 18-41 years) sampled 1996-1999. METHODS Extensive personal interviews and questionnaires about personal characteristics were performed both during and after pregnancy. Concentrations of organochlorine compounds in serum lipids in late pregnancy were analysed by gas chromatography. Associations between personal characteristics and serum levels of organochlorine compounds were analysed by multiple linear regression. RESULTS Participation rate was 82% (325 of 395 women). Serum concentrations of PCB congeners IUPAC no. 28, 52, 101, 105 and 167, and o, p'-DDT and -DDE, p, p'-DDT and -DDD, oxychlordane, and gamma- and alpha-HCH were in many cases below the limit of quantification (LOQ). No statistical analysis of associations with personal characteristics could be performed for these substances. Concentrations of PCB congeners IUPAC no. 118, 138, 153, 156 and 180, HCB, beta-HCH, trans-nonachlor and p, p'-DDE increased with increased age and were highest in women sampled early during the 4 year study period. This shows that older women and women sampled early in the study had experienced the highest life-time exposure levels, probably mainly during childhood and adolescence. The importance of early exposures was supported by lower PCB concentrations and higher beta-HCH and p, p'-DDE concentrations among women born in non-Nordic countries. Moreover, serum concentrations of certain PCBs and pesticide/metabolites were positively associated with consumption of fatty fish during adolescence, and concentrations of CB 156, CB 180 and p, p'-DDE increased significantly with number of months women had been breast-fed during infancy. Short-term changes in bodily constitution may, however, also influence serum concentrations, as suggested by negative associations between concentrations of organochlorine compounds and BMI before pregnancy and weight change during pregnancy. CONCLUSION Although some of the associations could be caused by unknown personal characteristics confounding the results, our findings suggest that exposures to organochlorine compounds during childhood and adolescence influence the body burdens of the compounds during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Glynn
- Swedish National Food Administration, P.O. Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marie Aune
- Swedish National Food Administration, P.O. Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Ola Darnerud
- Swedish National Food Administration, P.O. Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sven Cnattingius
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rickard Bjerselius
- Swedish National Food Administration, P.O. Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Wulf Becker
- Swedish National Food Administration, P.O. Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sanna Lignell
- Swedish National Food Administration, P.O. Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
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Frisk P, Ola Darnerud P, Friman G, Blomberg J, Ilbäck NG. Sequential trace element changes in serum and blood during a common viral infection in mice. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2007; 21:29-36. [PMID: 17317523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2006.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2005] [Accepted: 11/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
When trace elements are used as diagnostic tools during disease, it is important to know whether the balance is changed in free or bound elements. Although acute infections are associated with changed trace element balance in serum/plasma, it is not known whether changes occur concomitantly in serum and blood. In the present study the human coxsackievirus B3 (CB3), here adapted to Balb/c mice, was used to study whether infection alters the normal physiological trace element balance in blood and serum. Virus was quantitatively measured in two target organs (pancreas and liver) of this infection by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), showing high concentrations of virus proving ongoing infection. Concentrations of 14 elements were measured in whole blood and serum using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) on days 3, 6 and 9 of the infection. Free and total thyroxine were measured in serum to prove metabolic changes associated with the infection. The thyroxine decreased, while iron and the Cu/Zn ratio in serum increased as a response to the infection. No clear changes in these elements were observed in blood. Cd and Hg tended to decrease in serum but to increase in blood, indicating accumulation in blood cells. Moreover, Al showed a similar decreasing trend in both serum and blood. A correlation between serum and blood levels was observed at different time points of the disease for 9 of the elements. However, As was the only element indicating correlations between serum and blood during the entire course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Frisk
- Research in Metal Biology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, S-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
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45
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Abstract
Monitoring of nitrate in Swedish-produced lettuce and spinach over the past 10 years (1996-2005) showed that more than 95% of the samples were below the maximum levels established by the European Commission in 1997. The good agricultural practices used by Swedish farmers may partly explain these results. Analytical results of organic farming production of lettuce from 2000 showed low nitrate levels compared with conventional production. The 10 years of Swedish experience has shown good compliance with the European Union maximum levels, but even lower nitrate levels may be achieved by organic farming methods, at least regarding fresh lettuce grown under cover.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Merino
- Chemistry Division 2, National Food Administration, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Darnerud PO, Atuma S, Aune M, Bjerselius R, Glynn A, Grawé KP, Becker W. Dietary intake estimations of organohalogen contaminants (dioxins, PCB, PBDE and chlorinated pesticides, e.g. DDT) based on Swedish market basket data. Food Chem Toxicol 2006; 44:1597-606. [PMID: 16730400 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2005] [Revised: 01/26/2006] [Accepted: 03/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
By use of a Swedish Market basket study from 1999, in which foods were sampled from four regions, the dietary intake of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) was assessed. Based on earlier data, six food groups (fish, meat, dairy products, egg, fats/oils, and pastries; comprising 52 food items) were selected for POP analyses. Homogenates from these six groups were subjected to POP analyses and levels presented on dioxins (PCDD/PCDFs), dioxin-like PCBs, PCB-153, summation operatorPCBs, BDE-47, summation operatorPBDEs, DDE, summation operatorDDTs, HCB, summation operatorHCHs, and summation operatorchlordanes, after adjusting non-quantified levels to 1/2 LOQ. For all compounds, the fish homogenate contained the comparatively highest levels, on a fresh weight basis. Intake calculations based on the six food groups showed that summation operatorPCBs and summation operatorDDTs gave per capita intakes of 615 and 523 ng/day, respectively, that the estimated summation operatorPBDE intake was 51 ng/day and that of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs was 96 pg WHO-TEQ/day. The estimated mean intakes were below (total-TEQ: 1.3 pg/kgbw/day) or well below (summation operatorDDTs: 8.9 ng/kgbw/day) internationally agreed intake limits (total-TEQ: 2 pg/kgbw/day; summation operatorDDTs: 10,000 ng/kgbw/day). A number of uncertainty factors, including analytical limitations due to low POP levels in food, give reason for caution in the use of the presented intake data. However, the intake estimations of dioxins, summation operatorPCBs and summation operatorPBDEs are well in accordance to calculations of POP intakes in Sweden made by alternate methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- P O Darnerud
- Toxicology Division, National Food Administration, P.O. Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden.
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47
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Darnerud PO, Risberg S. Tissue localisation of tetra- and pentabromodiphenyl ether congeners (BDE-47, -85 and -99) in perinatal and adult C57BL mice. Chemosphere 2006; 62:485-93. [PMID: 15893803 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2004] [Revised: 03/21/2005] [Accepted: 04/05/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners was followed in C57BL mice. The animals were subjected to whole-body autoradiography using (14)C-labelled 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), 2,2',3,4,4'-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-85) and 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99). Labelled BDE-85 and -99 were also used in quantitative studies on milk transfer and tissue concentrations during the neonatal period (12-15 days post partum), by use of liquid scintillation technique. The results show that in adult mice the studied PBDEs were effectively taken up, retained in fatty tissues and concentrated in some specific organs, i.e. the liver, adrenal cortex, ovary, lung and (initially) the brain. At longer post-injection time, the concentration in most tissues was considerably lower, and radioactivity was mainly found in fat depots and the liver. No significant difference in distribution between the three studied congeners was observed. Following maternal exposure, the foetal uptake was limited. On the other hand, during lactation a considerable fraction of the dose (about 20% of the studied penta-BDEs) given to the dam was transferred to the offspring. As in several cases the presently observed organ accumulation corresponds with earlier reports on PBDE effects in the same organs, the present results should be taken into consideration in the risk assessment of this compound group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Ola Darnerud
- National Food Administration, Toxicology Division, P.O. Box 622, Hamnesplanaden 5, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden.
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48
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Darnerud PO, Wong J, Bergman A, Ilbäck NG. Common viral infection affects pentabrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) distribution and metabolic and hormonal activities in mice. Toxicology 2005; 210:159-67. [PMID: 15840429 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2005.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2004] [Revised: 01/17/2005] [Accepted: 01/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A murine model infection with the human coxsackievirus B3 (CB3) has been shown to change uptake and tissue distribution of several environmental pollutants, in some cases followed by an aggravated disease. In this study, the model was tested for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), which we know are absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract and further distributed throughout the body. On day 0, female Balb/c mice were infected with CB3; on day 1 of the infection, they were dosed orally with approximately 200 microg/kgbody weight (bw) (ca. 0.52 microCi) of 14C-labelled 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (14C-BDE-99); and on day 3 of the infection, they were sacrificed for studies of 14C-BDE-99 distribution. In comparison with control values, 14C-BDE-99 concentrations were altered in the liver (186%, p < 0.05), lungs (47%, p < 0.05) and pancreas (51%, p < 0.05), but no change was seen in the blood, brain, heart, spleen, thymus or kidneys. Moreover, on day 3, plasma thyroxine (T4) levels (33%, p < 0.001), as well as ethoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase (EROD) (17%, p < 0.001) and pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylase (PROD) (31%, p < 0.001) activities were much lower in infected compared to non-infected control mice. It is suggested that the change in tissue distribution of 14C-BDE-99 as a result of the infection may be caused by an infection-induced specific change in the hepatic enzyme activities affecting this PBDE congener. The mechanism for virally induced T4 changes remains, however, unclear. The presented infection-induced alteration in distribution, which is different from other environmental pollutants (e.g., dioxin, acrylamide and cadmium), may have consequences for PBDEs toxicity, especially in relation to microsomal enzyme and thyroid hormone activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Ola Darnerud
- Toxicology Division, National Food Administration, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
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49
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Skarman E, Darnerud PO, Ohrvik H, Oskarsson A. Reduced thyroxine levels in mice perinatally exposed to polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2005; 19:273-281. [PMID: 21783486 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2004.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2003] [Accepted: 08/03/2004] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to follow plasma thyroxine levels and hepatic enzyme activities in offspring after maternal gestational and lactational exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls. Mice were given 10 equimolar oral doses from gestational day (GD) 4 to postnatal day (PND) 17 of either Bromkal 70-5DE, 2,2',4,4',5-pentabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-99) or Aroclor 1254 (total dose of 0.80mmol/kg, b.w.). Plasma thyroxine levels were reduced in offspring in the Aroclor and Bromkal groups on PND11 but had returned to control levels by PND37. No effects on thyroxine levels were seen in the dams. Hepatic activity of EROD was increased in all treated offspring groups and so was UDP-GT in Aroclor-exposed offspring on PND11 and PND18. This study shows that PBDEs and PCBs, probably after microsomal transformation, have endocrine disrupting properties in perinatally exposed juvenile mice, most pronounced at PND11. However, BDE-99 had no effect on thyroxine levels, suggesting that other components in Bromkal are responsible for the hypothyroxinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Skarman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7078, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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50
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Lind Y, Darnerud PO, Atuma S, Aune M, Becker W, Bjerselius R, Cnattingius S, Glynn A. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in breast milk from Uppsala County, Sweden. Environ Res 2003; 93:186-194. [PMID: 12963403 DOI: 10.1016/s0013-9351(03)00049-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The breast milk concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs; sum of five congeners: BDE-47, -99, -100, -153, and -154) were determined (by GC-ECD) in samples from 93 primiparous women collected from 1996 to 1999 in Uppsala County, Sweden. Dietary and lifestyle factors were also recorded. The mean PBDE concentration was 4.0 ng/g fat and the distribution of samples was skewed with few high values (maximum 28.2 ng/g fat). BDE-47 was the major congener and constituted 59% of the mean concentration of PBDEs. No significant relationship was found between breast milk concentrations of PBDEs and dietary intake of PBDE, age, body mass index, alcohol consumption, or computer usage. After adjustments for these factors, a weak but significant association between PBDE concentrations and smoking was observed. The dietary intake of PBDE for these women was estimated at 27 ng/day, of which fish contributed almost half. After inclusion of 31 additional samples, collected from 2000 to 2001, time trends were studied. The changes in breast milk PBDE levels between 1996 and 2001, similar to the results from another Swedish study on milk from Stockholm mothers, suggest a peak in PBDE concentrations around 1998 and thereafter decreasing levels. However, far-reaching conclusions about PBDE time trends in milk cannot be drawn from this short study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylva Lind
- Swedish National Food Administration, PO Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
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