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Ho J, Yeoh YK, Barua N, Chen Z, Lui G, Wong SH, Yang X, Chan MCW, Chan PKS, Hawkey PM, Ip M. Systematic review of human gut resistome studies revealed variable definitions and approaches. Gut Microbes 2020; 12:1700755. [PMID: 31942825 PMCID: PMC7524153 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2019.1700755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we highlight the variations of gut resistome studies, which may preclude comparisons and translational interpretations. Of 22 included studies, a range of 12 to 2000 antibiotic resistance (AR) genes were profiled. Overall, studies defined a healthy gut resistome as subjects who had not taken antibiotics in the last three to 12 months prior to sampling. In studies with de novo assembly, AR genes were identified based on variable nucleotide or amino acid sequence similarities. Different marker genes were used for defining resistance to a given antibiotic class. Validation of phenotypic resistance in the laboratory is frequently lacking. Cryptic resistance, collateral sensitivity and the interaction with repressors or promotors were not investigated. International consensus is needed for selecting marker genes to define resistance to a given antibiotic class in addition to uniformity in phenotypic validation and bioinformatics pipelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery Ho
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China,Centre for Gut Microbiota Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yun Kit Yeoh
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China,Centre for Gut Microbiota Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Nilakshi Barua
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zigui Chen
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China,Centre for Gut Microbiota Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Grace Lui
- Centre for Gut Microbiota Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China,Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sunny H Wong
- Centre for Gut Microbiota Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China,Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Martin CW Chan
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Paul KS Chan
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China,Centre for Gut Microbiota Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Peter M Hawkey
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Margaret Ip
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China,Centre for Gut Microbiota Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China,CONTACT Margaret Ip Department of Microbiology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
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Abdali ZI, Roberts TE, Barton P, Hawkey PM. Economic evaluation of Faecal microbiota transplantation compared to antibiotics for the treatment of recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection. EClinicalMedicine 2020; 24:100420. [PMID: 32637898 PMCID: PMC7327885 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a hospital acquired disease associated with significant morbidity, hospitalisation and mortality. Almost 30% of treated patients experience at least one recurrence after treatment of their first episode. Treatment of recurrent CDI (rCDI) utilises vancomycin or fidaxomicin, however, a newer treatment option is faecal microbial transplantation (FMT) administered by nasogastric tube (NGT) or colonoscopy. It is associated with higher cure and lower recurrence rates than fidaxomicin or vancomycin. The aim of this analysis is to evaluate the cost effectiveness of FMT for rCDI using the latest and best evidence. METHOD A cost utility analysis was conducted using a decision model representing the cost per additional Quality Adjusted Life Year (QALY) from a National Health Service (NHS) perspective. A Markov model was constructed to compare FMT NGT and colonoscopy to antibiotic treatment (fidaxomicin or vancomycin). The model was informed by a literature review of clinical evidence, specifically focussing on hospitalised patients with rCDI over 65 years. Both deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to assess uncertainties around the model inputs and assumptions. FINDINGS The base case analysis showed that FMT is a less costly and more effective treatment than either fidaxomicin or vancomycin. FMT colonoscopy was slightly more effective than FMT NGT leading to an additional 0.012 QALYs but more expensive and the incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) was £242,514/QALY. The Probabilistic sensitivity analysis based on 10,000 simulations suggested the probability of FMT NGT being cost effective was almost 78% at £20,000/QALY Willingness-To-Pay (WTP) threshold. INTERPRETATION FMT is both more effective and less costly option than antimicrobial therapy. FMT NGT was the preferred route of administration and is likely to be considered the most cost-effective strategy by decision makers given current acceptable thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab I Abdali
- Health Economics Unit, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Tracy E Roberts
- Health Economics Unit, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Pelham Barton
- Health Economics Unit, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Peter M Hawkey
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Kong KY, Kwong TNY, Chan H, Wong K, Wong SSY, Chaparala AP, Chan RCY, Zhang L, Sung JJY, Yu J, Hawkey PM, Ip M, Wu WKK, Wong SH. Biological characteristics associated with virulence in Clostridioides difficile ribotype 002 in Hong Kong. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:631-638. [PMID: 32183606 PMCID: PMC7144233 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1739564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a common cause of nosocomial diarrhea and can sometimes lead to pseudo-membranous colitis and toxic megacolon. We previously reported that the PCR ribotype 002 was a common C. difficile ribotype in Hong Kong that was associated with increased mortality. In this study, we assessed in vitro bacteriological characteristics and in vivo virulence of ribotype 002 compared to other common ribotypes, including ribotypes 012, 014 and 046. We observed significantly higher toxin A (p < 0.05) and toxin B (p < 0.05) production, sporulation (p < 0.001) and germination rates (p < 0.0001) in ribotype 002 than other common ribotypes. In a murine model of C. difficile infection, ribotype 002 caused significantly more weight loss (p < 0.001) and histological damage (p < 0.001) than other common ribotypes. These findings may have contributed to the higher prevalence and mortality observed, and provided mechanistic insights that can help public surveillance and develop novel therapeutics to combat against this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Yi Kong
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Thomas N. Y. Kwong
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Hung Chan
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Kristine Wong
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Samuel S. Y. Wong
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Anu P. Chaparala
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Raphael C. Y. Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Joseph J. Y. Sung
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peter M. Hawkey
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Margaret Ip
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - William K. K. Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sunny H. Wong
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
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Zhang L, Calvo-Bado L, Murray AK, Amos GCA, Hawkey PM, Wellington EM, Gaze WH. Novel clinically relevant antibiotic resistance genes associated with sewage sludge and industrial waste streams revealed by functional metagenomic screening. Environ Int 2019; 132:105120. [PMID: 31487611 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates that anthropogenic activities can result in increased prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in bacteria in natural environments. Many environmental studies have used next-generation sequencing methods to sequence the metagenome. However, this approach is limited as it does not identify divergent uncharacterized genes or demonstrate activity. Characterization of ARGs in environmental metagenomes is important for understanding the evolution and dissemination of resistance, as there are several examples of clinically important resistance genes originating in environmental species. The current study employed a functional metagenomic approach to detect genes encoding resistance to extended spectrum β-lactams (ESBLs) and carbapenems in sewage sludge, sludge amended soil, quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) impacted reed bed sediment and less impacted long term curated grassland soil. ESBL and carbapenemase genes were detected in sewage sludge, sludge amended soils and QAC impacted soil with varying degrees of homology to clinically important β-lactamase genes. The flanking regions were sequenced to identify potential host background and genetic context. Novel β-lactamase genes were found in Gram negative bacteria, with one gene adjacent to an insertion sequence ISPme1, suggesting a recent mobilization event and/ the potential for future transfer. Sewage sludge and quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) rich industrial effluent appear to disseminate and/or select for ESBL genes which were not detected in long term curated grassland soils. This work confirms the natural environment as a reservoir of novel and mobilizable resistance genes, which may pose a threat to human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, ESI, Penryn Campus, Cornwall, UK.
| | - L Calvo-Bado
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Micropathology Ltd, Venture Centre, Sir William Lyons Road, Coventry, UK
| | - A K Murray
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, ESI, Penryn Campus, Cornwall, UK
| | - G C A Amos
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control
| | - P M Hawkey
- University of Birmingham, Division of Immunity & Infection, Birmingham, UK
| | - E M Wellington
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - W H Gaze
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, ESI, Penryn Campus, Cornwall, UK.
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Mullish BH, Quraishi MN, Segal JP, McCune VL, Baxter M, Marsden GL, Moore D, Colville A, Bhala N, Iqbal TH, Settle C, Kontkowski G, Hart AL, Hawkey PM, Williams HR, Goldenberg SD. The use of faecal microbiota transplant as treatment for recurrent or refractory Clostridium difficile infection and other potential indications: joint British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) and Healthcare Infection Society (HIS) guidelines. J Hosp Infect 2019; 100 Suppl 1:S1-S31. [PMID: 30173851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2018.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H Mullish
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK; Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Paddington, London, UK
| | - Mohammed Nabil Quraishi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jonathan P Segal
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK; Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, St Mark's Hospital, Harrow, London, UK
| | - Victoria L McCune
- Public Health England, Public Health Laboratory Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Melissa Baxter
- Department of Microbiology, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | | | - David Moore
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alaric Colville
- Department of Microbiology, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Neeraj Bhala
- Department of Gastroenterology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK; Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Tariq H Iqbal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK; Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christopher Settle
- Department of Microbiology, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland, UK
| | | | - Ailsa L Hart
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK; Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, St Mark's Hospital, Harrow, London, UK
| | - Peter M Hawkey
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Horace Rt Williams
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK; Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Paddington, London, UK
| | - Simon D Goldenberg
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Microbiology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London UK.
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McNulty CAM, Lecky DM, Xu-McCrae L, Nakiboneka-Ssenabulya D, Chung KT, Nichols T, Thomas HL, Thomas M, Alvarez-Buylla A, Turner K, Shabir S, Manzoor S, Smith S, Crocker L, Hawkey PM. CTX-M ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae: estimated prevalence in adults in England in 2014. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019. [PMID: 29514211 PMCID: PMC5909627 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBLPE) are increasing in prevalence worldwide and are more difficult to treat than non-ESBLPE. Their prevalence in the UK general population is unknown, as the only previous UK ESBLPE faecal colonization study involved patients with diarrhoea. Objectives To estimate the prevalence of CTX-M ESBLPE faecal colonization in the general adult population of England in 2014, and investigate risk factors. Methods A stratified random sample of 58 337 registered patients from 16 general practices within four areas of England were invited to participate by returning faeces specimens and self-completed questionnaires. Specimens were tested for ESBLPE and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE). Results 2430 individuals participated (4% of those invited). The estimated prevalence of colonization with CTX-M ESBLPE in England was 7.3% (95% CI 5.6%–9.4%) (Shropshire 774 participants, 4.9% colonization; Southampton City 740 participants, 9.2%; Newham 612 participants, 12.7%; Heart of Birmingham 234 individuals, 16.0%) and was particularly high in: those born in Afghanistan (10 participants, 60.0% colonization, 95% CI 29.7%–84.2%); those born on the Indian subcontinent (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh or Sri Lanka) (259 participants, 25.0% colonization, 95% CI 18.5%–32.9%); travellers to South Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka or Nepal) in the last year (140 participants, 38.5% colonization, 95% CI 27.8%–50.5%); and healthcare domestics (8 participants, unweighted 37.5% colonization, 95% CI 8.5%–75.5%). Risk factors identified included: being born in the Indian subcontinent (aOR 5.4, 95% CI 3.0–9.7); travel to South Asia (aOR 2.9, 95% CI 1.8–4.8) or to Africa, China, South or Central America, South East or Pacific Asia or Afghanistan (aOR 2.6, 95% CI 1.7–4.1) in the last year; and working as a healthcare domestic (aOR 6.2, 95% CI 1.3–31). None of the 48 participants who took co-amoxiclav in the last year was colonized with CTX-M ESBLPE. blaCTX-M-15 accounted for 66% of CTX-M ESBLPE positives. 0.1% (two participants) were colonized with CPE. Conclusions CTX-M ESBLPE are established in the general population in England and prevalence is particularly high in people from certain countries of birth or with recent travel. We recommend that these findings be taken into account in guidance on the empirical management of patients presenting with a likely Enterobacteriaceae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cliodna A M McNulty
- Public Health England, Primary Care Unit, Microbiology Department, Gloucester Royal Hospital, Great Western Road, Gloucester GL1 3NN, UK
| | - Donna M Lecky
- Public Health England, Primary Care Unit, Microbiology Department, Gloucester Royal Hospital, Great Western Road, Gloucester GL1 3NN, UK
| | - Li Xu-McCrae
- Public Health England, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Public Health Laboratory, Bordesley Green E, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK
| | - Deborah Nakiboneka-Ssenabulya
- Public Health England, Primary Care Unit, Microbiology Department, Gloucester Royal Hospital, Great Western Road, Gloucester GL1 3NN, UK
| | - Keun-Taik Chung
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Tom Nichols
- Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | | | - Mike Thomas
- University of Southampton, Aldermoor Health Centre, Aldermoor Close, Southampton SO16 5ST, UK
| | - Adela Alvarez-Buylla
- Public Health England, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Public Health Laboratory, Bordesley Green E, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK
| | - Kim Turner
- Public Health England, Primary Care Unit, Microbiology Department, Gloucester Royal Hospital, Great Western Road, Gloucester GL1 3NN, UK
| | - Sahida Shabir
- Public Health England, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Public Health Laboratory, Bordesley Green E, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK
| | - Susan Manzoor
- Public Health England, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Public Health Laboratory, Bordesley Green E, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK
| | - Stephen Smith
- University Hospitals of Coventry & Warwickshire NHS Trust, Midlands & NW Bowel Cancer Screening Hub, Hospital of St Cross, Barby Road, Rugby CV22 5PX, UK
| | - Linda Crocker
- Public Health England, Primary Care Unit, Microbiology Department, Gloucester Royal Hospital, Great Western Road, Gloucester GL1 3NN, UK
| | - Peter M Hawkey
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Woodford N, Xu-McCrae L, Mushtaq S, Wu HHT, Ellington MJ, Lancaster O, Davies F, Donaldson H, Rao GG, Verma A, Wareham DW, Ciesielczuk H, Stone GG, Irani PM, Bracher S, Hawkey PM. Prevalence of carbapenem resistance and carbapenemase production among Enterobacteriaceae isolated from urine in the UK: results of the UK infection-Carbapenem Resistance Evaluation Surveillance Trial (iCREST-UK). J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 73:698-702. [PMID: 29253163 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Although carbapenem susceptibility testing has been recommended for all Enterobacteriaceae from clinical specimens, for practical reasons a carbapenem is not included in many primary antibiotic panels for urine specimens. The 'iCREST' study sought carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) in routine urine specimens yielding Gram-negative growth in five diagnostic laboratories in the UK. We sought also to compare locally and centrally determined MICs of meropenem and ceftazidime/avibactam. Methods Positive growth from up to 2000 urine specimens per laboratory was plated onto chromID® CARBA SMART agar. Suspected CPE colonies were tested locally by Etest for susceptibility to meropenem and ceftazidime/avibactam, and referred to central laboratories for PCR confirmation of CPE status and microbroth MIC determination. Results Twenty-two suspected CPE were identified from 7504 urine specimens. Ten were confirmed by PCR to have NDM (5), IMP (2), KPC (2) or OXA-48-like (1) carbapenemases. Locally determined ceftazidime/avibactam MICs showed complete categorical agreement with those determined centrally by microbroth methodology. The seven ceftazidime/avibactam-resistant isolates (MICs ≥256 mg/L) had NDM or IMP metallo-carbapenemases. Conclusions The frequency of confirmed CPE among Gram-negative urinary isolates was low, at 0.13% (10/7504), but CPE were found in urines at all five participating sites and the diversity of carbapenemase genes detected reflected the complex epidemiology of CPE in the UK. These data can inform local policies about the cost-effectiveness and clinical value of testing Gram-negative bacteria from urine specimens routinely against a carbapenem as part of patient management and/or infection prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Woodford
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infections (AMRHAI) Reference Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Li Xu-McCrae
- Specialist Microbiology Service, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK
| | - Shazad Mushtaq
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infections (AMRHAI) Reference Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Houdini Ho Tin Wu
- Specialist Microbiology Service, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Matthew J Ellington
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infections (AMRHAI) Reference Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Owen Lancaster
- Specialist Microbiology Service, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK
| | | | | | - G Gopal Rao
- London North West Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Anita Verma
- King's College Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - David W Wareham
- Division of Infection, Barts Health NHS Trust, London E1 2ES, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Peter M Hawkey
- Specialist Microbiology Service, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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8
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Ironmonger D, Edeghere O, Verlander NQ, Gossain S, Hopkins S, Hilton B, Hawkey PM. Effect of general practice characteristics and antibiotic prescribing on Escherichia coli antibiotic non-susceptibility in the West Midlands region of England: a 4 year ecological study. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 73:787-794. [PMID: 29309593 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To assess the effect of general practice characteristics and antibiotic prescribing on the number of non-susceptible Escherichia coli isolated from urine specimens submitted from community settings, we undertook an ecological study of the general practice population in the West Midlands. Methods Descriptive analysis and multilevel modelling of temporal trends in antibiotic prescribing and non-susceptibility of E. coli urine isolates to a range of antibiotics prescribed in the community over a 4 year period. Results Nine of the 16 antibiotic prescribing/non-susceptibility combinations demonstrated a significant statistical linear correlation with non-susceptibility either for prescribing in a quarter or for prescribing within the previous 12 months. The magnitude of the effect varied, from a 0.3% increase in the odds of non-susceptibility to ampicillin/amoxicillin (when prescribing ampicillin/amoxicillin) to a 6.3% increase in the odds of non-susceptibility to nitrofurantoin (when prescribing nitrofurantoin) for an increase of 50 DDDs per 1000 practice population within a quarter (equivalent to ∼10 courses of antibiotics). In all 16 models, single-handed general practices were shown to have a significant association with increased numbers of non-susceptible E. coli urine isolates (adjusted ORs 1.083-1.657). Increased prescribing of ampicillin/amoxicillin in winter periods was associated with increased non-susceptibility of E. coli isolated from urine specimens. Conclusions Small increases in antibiotic prescribing in individual general practices reduce the number of susceptible bacteria in the practice population. To maintain the effectiveness of available treatment, antibiotic stewardship should be encouraged and supported within each practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Ironmonger
- Field Epidemiology Service, Public Health England, Birmingham, UK
| | - Obaghe Edeghere
- Field Epidemiology Service, Public Health England, Birmingham, UK
| | - Neville Q Verlander
- Statistics, Modelling and Economics Department, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Savita Gossain
- Public Health Laboratory, Public Health England, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Susan Hopkins
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Healthcare Associated Infections Surveillance, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Bridget Hilton
- Field Epidemiology Service, Public Health England, Birmingham, UK
| | - Peter M Hawkey
- Public Health Laboratory, Public Health England, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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9
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Hawkey PM, Warren RE, Livermore DM, McNulty CAM, Enoch DA, Otter JA, Wilson APR. Treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria: report of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy/Healthcare Infection Society/British Infection Association Joint Working Party. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019. [PMID: 29514274 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Working Party makes more than 100 tabulated recommendations in antimicrobial prescribing for the treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) and suggest further research, and algorithms for hospital and community antimicrobial usage in urinary infection. The international definition of MDR is complex, unsatisfactory and hinders the setting and monitoring of improvement programmes. We give a new definition of multiresistance. The background information on the mechanisms, global spread and UK prevalence of antibiotic prescribing and resistance has been systematically reviewed. The treatment options available in hospitals using intravenous antibiotics and in primary care using oral agents have been reviewed, ending with a consideration of antibiotic stewardship and recommendations. The guidance has been derived from current peer-reviewed publications and expert opinion with open consultation. Methods for systematic review were NICE compliant and in accordance with the SIGN 50 Handbook; critical appraisal was applied using AGREE II. Published guidelines were used as part of the evidence base and to support expert consensus. The guidance includes recommendations for stakeholders (including prescribers) and antibiotic-specific recommendations. The clinical efficacy of different agents is critically reviewed. We found there are very few good-quality comparative randomized clinical trials to support treatment regimens, particularly for licensed older agents. Susceptibility testing of MDR GNB causing infection to guide treatment needs critical enhancements. Meropenem- or imipenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae should have their carbapenem MICs tested urgently, and any carbapenemase class should be identified: mandatory reporting of these isolates from all anatomical sites and specimens would improve risk assessments. Broth microdilution methods should be adopted for colistin susceptibility testing. Antimicrobial stewardship programmes should be instituted in all care settings, based on resistance rates and audit of compliance with guidelines, but should be augmented by improved surveillance of outcome in Gram-negative bacteraemia, and feedback to prescribers. Local and national surveillance of antibiotic use, resistance and outcomes should be supported and antibiotic prescribing guidelines should be informed by these data. The diagnosis and treatment of both presumptive and confirmed cases of infection by GNB should be improved. This guidance, with infection control to arrest increases in MDR, should be used to improve the outcome of infections with such strains. Anticipated users include medical, scientific, nursing, antimicrobial pharmacy and paramedical staff where they can be adapted for local use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Hawkey
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Cliodna A M McNulty
- Microbiology Department, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Great Western Road, Gloucester GL1 3NN, UK
| | - David A Enoch
- Public Health England, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - A Peter R Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
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10
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Vynnycky E, Keen AR, Evans JT, Khanom S, Hawkey PM, White RG, Abubakar I. Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission in an ethnically-diverse high incidence region in England, 2007-11. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:26. [PMID: 30616539 PMCID: PMC6323781 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3585-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transmission patterns in high tuberculosis incidence areas in England are poorly understood but need elucidating to focus contact tracing. We study transmission within and between age, ethnic and immigrant groups using molecular data from the high incidence West Midlands region. METHODS Isolates from culture-confirmed tuberculosis cases during 2007-2011 were typed using 24-locus Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Unit-Variable Number Tandem Repeats (MIRU-VNTR). We estimated the proportion of disease attributable to recent transmission, calculated the proportion of isolates matching those from the two preceding years ("retrospectively clustered"), and identified risk factors for retrospective clustering using multivariate analyses. We calculated the ratio (RCR) between the observed and expected proportion clustered retrospectively within or between age, ethnic and immigrant groups. RESULTS Of the 2159 available genotypes (79% of culture-confirmed cases), 34% were attributed to recent transmission. The percentage retrospectively clustered decreased from 50 to 24% for 0-14 and ≥ 65 year olds respectively (p = 0.01) and was significantly lower for immigrants than the UK-born. Higher than expected clustering occurred within 15-24 year olds (RCR: 1.4 (95% CI: 1.1-1.8)), several ethnic groups, and between UK-born or long-term immigrants with the UK-born (RCR: 1.8 (95% CI: 1.1-2.4) and 1.6 (95% CI: 1.2-1.9) respectively). CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to consider "who clusters with whom" in a high incidence area in England, laying the foundation for future whole-genome sequencing work. The higher than expected clustering seen here suggests that preferential mixing between some age, ethnic and immigrant groups occurs; prioritising contact tracing to groups with which cases are most likely to cluster retrospectively could improve TB control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Vynnycky
- Statistics, Modelling and Economics Department, 61 Colindale Avenue, Colindale, London, NW9 5HT, UK. .,TB Modelling Group, Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, TB Centre and Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Adrienne R Keen
- Statistics, Modelling and Economics Department, 61 Colindale Avenue, Colindale, London, NW9 5HT, UK.,TB Modelling Group, Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, TB Centre and Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jason T Evans
- PHE West Midlands Public Health Laboratory, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.,Public Health Wales Microbiology Cardiff, Llandough Hospital, Penlan Road, Penarth, CF64 2XX, UK
| | - Shaina Khanom
- PHE West Midlands Public Health Laboratory, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Richard G White
- TB Modelling Group, Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, TB Centre and Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ibrahim Abubakar
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
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11
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Mullish BH, Quraishi MN, Segal JP, McCune VL, Baxter M, Marsden GL, Moore DJ, Colville A, Bhala N, Iqbal TH, Settle C, Kontkowski G, Hart AL, Hawkey PM, Goldenberg SD, Williams HRT. The use of faecal microbiota transplant as treatment for recurrent or refractory Clostridium difficile infection and other potential indications: joint British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) and Healthcare Infection Society (HIS) guidelines. Gut 2018; 67:1920-1941. [PMID: 30154172 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Interest in the therapeutic potential of faecal microbiota transplant (FMT) has been increasing globally in recent years, particularly as a result of randomised studies in which it has been used as an intervention. The main focus of these studies has been the treatment of recurrent or refractory Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), but there is also an emerging evidence base regarding potential applications in non-CDI settings. The key clinical stakeholders for the provision and governance of FMT services in the UK have tended to be in two major specialty areas: gastroenterology and microbiology/infectious diseases. While the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidance (2014) for use of FMT for recurrent or refractory CDI has become accepted in the UK, clear evidence-based UK guidelines for FMT have been lacking. This resulted in discussions between the British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) and Healthcare Infection Society (HIS), and a joint BSG/HIS FMT working group was established. This guideline document is the culmination of that joint dialogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H Mullish
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Mohammed Nabil Quraishi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jonathan P Segal
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, St Mark's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Victoria L McCune
- Public Health England, Public Health Laboratory Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Melissa Baxter
- Department of Microbiology, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | | | - David J Moore
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alaric Colville
- Department of Microbiology, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Neeraj Bhala
- Department of Gastroenterology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.,Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Tariq H Iqbal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.,Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christopher Settle
- Department of Microbiology, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland, Sunderland, UK
| | | | - Ailsa L Hart
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, St Mark's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Peter M Hawkey
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Simon D Goldenberg
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Microbiology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Horace R T Williams
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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12
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Abstract
The widespread use of antibacterial drugs over the last 70 years has brought immense benefits to human health at the price of increasing drug inefficacy. Antibacterial agents have a strong selective effect in both favouring resistant strains and allowing particular species and families of bacteria to prosper, especially in the healthcare setting. Whilst important Gram-positive bacterial pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae caused concern over the last 20 years because of the spread of antibiotic-resistant strains, Enterobacteriaceae have become the biggest challenge. They have very efficient mechanisms for genetic exchange, as illustrated by the emergence and rapid spread of CTX-M β-lactamases and the carbapenemases. The unique epidemiology of Enterobacteriaceae, with substantial numbers colonizing the mammalian gut and subsequent release into and spread in the environment, presents a significant threat to human health because of the high levels of exposure for the whole community. The use of antimicrobials in agriculture combined with global movements of people, animals and food, arising from worldwide industrialization, generates a diversity and level of resistance not seen previously. Control will require globally coordinated interventions similar to those needed to ameliorate climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Hawkey
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Department of Microbiology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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13
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Leonard AFC, Zhang L, Balfour AJ, Garside R, Hawkey PM, Murray AK, Ukoumunne OC, Gaze WH. Exposure to and colonisation by antibiotic-resistant E. coli in UK coastal water users: Environmental surveillance, exposure assessment, and epidemiological study (Beach Bum Survey). Environ Int 2018; 114:326-333. [PMID: 29343413 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) present a global public health problem. With numbers of community-acquired resistant infections increasing, understanding the mechanisms by which people are exposed to and colonised by ARB can help inform effective strategies to prevent their spread. The role natural environments play in this is poorly understood. This is the first study to combine surveillance of ARB in bathing waters, human exposure estimates and association between exposure and colonisation by ARB in water users. METHODS 97 bathing water samples from England and Wales were analysed for the proportion of E. coli harbouring blaCTX-M. These data were used to estimate the likelihood of water users ingesting blaCTX-M-bearing E. coli. Having identified surfers as being at risk of exposure to ARB, a cross-sectional study was conducted. Regular surfers and non-surfers were recruited to assess whether there is an association between surfing and gut colonisation by blaCTX-M-bearing E. coli. RESULTS 11 of 97 bathing waters sampled were found to contain blaCTX-M-bearing E. coli. While the percentage of blaCTX-M-bearing E. coli in bathing waters was low (0.07%), water users are at risk of ingesting these ARB. It is estimated that over 2.5 million water sports sessions occurred in 2015 resulting in the ingestion of at least one blaCTX-M-bearing E. coli. In the epidemiological survey, 9/143 (6.3%) surfers were colonised by blaCTX-M-bearing E. coli, as compared to 2/130 (1.5%) of non-surfers (risk ratio=4.09, 95% CI 1.02 to 16.4, p=0.046). CONCLUSIONS Surfers are at risk of exposure to and colonisation by clinically important antibiotic-resistant E. coli in coastal waters. Further research must be done on the role natural environments play in the transmission of ARB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne F C Leonard
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro TR1 3HD, UK.
| | - Lihong Zhang
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro TR1 3HD, UK.
| | - Andrew J Balfour
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro TR1 3HD, UK
| | - Ruth Garside
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro TR1 3HD, UK
| | - Peter M Hawkey
- Institution of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Aimee K Murray
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro TR1 3HD, UK
| | - Obioha C Ukoumunne
- National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care South West Peninsula, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - William H Gaze
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro TR1 3HD, UK.
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14
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Amos GCA, Ploumakis S, Zhang L, Hawkey PM, Gaze WH, Wellington EMH. The widespread dissemination of integrons throughout bacterial communities in a riverine system. ISME J 2018; 12:681-691. [PMID: 29374269 PMCID: PMC5864220 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-017-0030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Anthropogenic inputs increase levels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the environment, however, it is unknown how these inputs create this observed increase, and if anthropogenic sources impact AMR in environmental bacteria. The aim of this study was to characterise the role of waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) in the dissemination of class 1 integrons (CL1s) in the riverine environment. Using sample sites from upstream and downstream of a WWTP, we demonstrate through isolation and culture-independent analysis that WWTP effluent significantly increases both CL1 abundance and antibiotic resistance in the riverine environment. Characterisation of CL1-bearing isolates revealed that CL1s were distributed across a diverse range of bacteria, with identical complex genetic resistance determinants isolated from both human-associated and common environmental bacteria across connected sites. Over half of sequenced CL1s lacked the 3′-conserved sequence ('atypical’ CL1s); surprisingly, bacteria carrying atypical CL1s were on average resistant to more antibiotics than bacteria carrying 3′-CS CL1s. Quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) resistance genes were observed across 75% of sequenced CL1 gene cassette arrays. Chemical data analysis indicated high levels of boron (a detergent marker) downstream of the WWTP. Subsequent phenotypic screening of CL1-bearing isolates demonstrated that ~90% were resistant to QAC detergents, with in vitro experiments demonstrating that QACs could solely select for the transfer of clinical antibiotic resistance genes to a naive Escherichia coli recipient. In conclusion, this study highlights the significant impact of WWTPs on environmental AMR, and demonstrates the widespread carriage of clinically important resistance determinants by environmentally associated bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lihong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital, UK
| | | | - William H Gaze
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital, UK
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15
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Bevan ER, Jones AM, Hawkey PM. Global epidemiology of CTX-M β-lactamases: temporal and geographical shifts in genotype. J Antimicrob Chemother 2018; 72:2145-2155. [PMID: 28541467 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 467] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, rates of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae are rising. We undertook a literature review, and present the temporal trends in blaCTX-M epidemiology, showing that blaCTX-M-15 and blaCTX-M-14 have displaced other genotypes in many parts of the world. Explanations for these changes can be attributed to: (i) horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of plasmids; (ii) successful Escherichia coli clones; (iii) ESBLs in food animals; (iv) the natural environment; and (v) human migration and access to basic sanitation. We also provide explanations for the changing epidemiology of blaCTX-M-2 and blaCTX-M-27. Modifiable anthropogenic factors, such as poor access to basic sanitary facilities, encourage the spread of blaCTX-M and other antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, such as blaNDM, blaKPC and mcr-1. We provide further justification for novel preventative and interventional strategies to reduce transmission of these AMR genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward R Bevan
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.,Public Health England, West Midlands Public Health Laboratory, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B5 9SS, UK
| | - Annie M Jones
- Magus Strategic Communications Ltd, Marr House, Scagglethorpe, Malton YO17?8ED, UK
| | - Peter M Hawkey
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.,Public Health England, West Midlands Public Health Laboratory, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B5 9SS, UK
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16
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Chalmers J, Campling J, Ellsbury G, Hawkey PM, Madhava H, Slack M. Community-acquired pneumonia in the United Kingdom: a call to action. Pneumonia (Nathan) 2017; 9:15. [PMID: 29043150 PMCID: PMC5628444 DOI: 10.1186/s41479-017-0039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal disease has a high burden in adults in the United Kingdom (UK); however, the total burden is underestimated, principally because most cases of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) are non-invasive. Research into pneumonia receives poor funding relative to its disease burden (global mortality, disability-adjusted life years, and years lived with disability), ranking just 20 out of 25 for investment in infectious diseases in the UK. The current accuracy of data for establishing incidence rates is questionable, and it is a reflection of the paucity of research that much of the background information available derives from nearly 30 years ago. Given the relationship between CAP and mortality (pneumonia accounts for 29,000 deaths per annum in the UK, and 5-15% of patients hospitalised with CAP die within 30 days of admission), and the increasing threat of antimicrobial resistance associated with inappropriate antibiotic prescribing, such neglect of a highly prevalent problem is concerning. In this Call to Action, we explore the poorly understood burden of CAP in the UK, discuss the importance of an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment, and suggest how national collaboration could improve the management of an often life-threatening, yet potentially preventable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Chalmers
- University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY UK
- Division of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY UK
| | | | | | - Peter M. Hawkey
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Mary Slack
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Campus, Gold Coast, QLD 4222 Australia
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17
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Rosello A, Hayward AC, Hopkins S, Horner C, Ironmonger D, Hawkey PM, Deeny SR. Impact of long-term care facility residence on the antibiotic resistance of urinary tract Escherichia coli and Klebsiella. J Antimicrob Chemother 2017; 72:1184-1192. [PMID: 28077671 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Long-term care facilities (LTCFs) are thought to be important reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria; however, there is no routine surveillance of resistance in LTCF residents, or large population-based studies comparing AMR in LTCFs with the community, so the relative burden of AMR in LTCFs remains unknown. Objectives To compare the frequency of antibiotic resistance of urinary tract bacteria from residents of LTCFs for the elderly and adults aged 70 years or older living in the community. Methods Positive urine specimens reported to any diagnostic microbiology laboratory in the West Midlands region (England) from 1 April 2010 to 31 March 2014 collected from individuals aged 70 years or older were analysed. The resistance of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella to trimethoprim, nitrofurantoin, third-generation cephalosporins and ciprofloxacin and the rate of laboratory-confirmed E. coli and Klebsiella urinary tract infection (UTI) were assessed in LTCF residents and in the community. Results LTCF residents had a laboratory-confirmed E. coli and Klebsiella UTI rate of 21 per 100 person years compared with 8 per 100 person years in the elderly living in the community [rate ratio (RR)=2.66, 95% CI = 2.58-2.73] and a higher rate of developing E. coli and Klebsiella UTIs caused by bacteria resistant to trimethoprim (RR = 4.41, 95% CI = 4.25-4.57), nitrofurantoin (RR = 4.38, 95% CI = 3.98-4.83), ciprofloxacin (RR = 5.18, 95% CI = 4.82-5.57) and third-generation cephalosporins (RR = 4.49, 95% CI = 4.08-4.94). Conclusions Residents of LTCFs for the elderly had more than double the rate of E. coli and Klebsiella UTI and more than four times the rate of E. coli and Klebsiella UTI caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria compared with those living in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Rosello
- Modelling and Economics Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London NW9 5EQ, UK.,Institute of Health Informatics, Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, UCL, London NW1 2DA, UK
| | - Andrew C Hayward
- Institute of Health Informatics, Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, UCL, London NW1 2DA, UK
| | - Susan Hopkins
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London NW3 2QG, UK.,Healthcare Associated Infections Surveillance, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Carolyne Horner
- Regional Laboratory Leeds, Public Health England, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK
| | - Dean Ironmonger
- Field Epidemiology Service, Public Health England, Birmingham B3 2PW, UK
| | - Peter M Hawkey
- Institute of Microbiology & Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.,Public Health England Public Health Laboratory, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK
| | - Sarah R Deeny
- Data analytics, The Health Foundation, London WC2E 9RA, UK.,Modelling and Economics Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England and Health Protection Research Unit in Modelling Methodology, London NW9 5EQ, UK
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18
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Findlay J, Hopkins KL, Alvarez-Buylla A, Meunier D, Mustafa N, Hill R, Pike R, McCrae LX, Hawkey PM, Woodford N. Characterization of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in the West Midlands region of England: 2007-14. J Antimicrob Chemother 2017; 72:1054-1062. [PMID: 28073969 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) have been increasingly reported in the UK since 2003. We analysed patient and isolate data for CPE confirmed by the national reference laboratory from laboratories in the West Midlands region from November 2007 to December 2014. Methods MICs were determined by BSAC agar dilution methodology and isolates exhibiting resistance to one or more carbapenems were screened for carbapenemase genes by PCR. Plasmid analyses were performed after electro-transformation of carbapenemase-encoding plasmids. WGS was performed on both transformants and clinical isolates. Patient data provided by the sending laboratories were reviewed. Results During the study period, CPE ( n = 139) were submitted from 13 laboratories in the West Midlands region, originating from 108 patients and including one environmental isolate. CPE submissions increased significantly from 2009 onwards. Isolates were predominantly Klebsiella pneumoniae (89/139) obtained from inpatients. WGS was performed on all clinical isolates and transformants. After deduplication 119 isolates and 96 transformants remained for analysis. Within these, four families of carbapenemase genes were identified: bla NDM (69/119), bla KPC (26/119), bla OXA-48-like (16/119) and bla VIM (7/119); one isolate carried both bla NDM and bla OXA-48-like . Isolates represented diverse STs and plasmid replicon types. Plasmid analyses identified plasmids of different replicon types encoding bla KPC , bla NDM and bla OXA-48-like genes, found across several species and STs. Conclusions CPE have been reported increasingly in the West Midlands region over a 7 year period. bla NDM , bla KPC and bla OXA-48-like were the dominant carbapenemase genes and were found in a range of diverse genomic/plasmid environments, highlighting their ability to mobilize across different plasmids, often impeding the detection of outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Findlay
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infections Reference Unit, National Infection Service, PHE, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Katie L Hopkins
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infections Reference Unit, National Infection Service, PHE, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Adela Alvarez-Buylla
- PHE Public Health Laboratory Birmingham, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK
| | - Daniéle Meunier
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infections Reference Unit, National Infection Service, PHE, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Nazim Mustafa
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infections Reference Unit, National Infection Service, PHE, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Robert Hill
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infections Reference Unit, National Infection Service, PHE, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Rachel Pike
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infections Reference Unit, National Infection Service, PHE, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Li-Xu McCrae
- PHE Public Health Laboratory Birmingham, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK
| | - Peter M Hawkey
- PHE Public Health Laboratory Birmingham, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK
| | - Neil Woodford
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infections Reference Unit, National Infection Service, PHE, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
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McMurray CL, Hardy KJ, Calus ST, Loman NJ, Hawkey PM. Staphylococcal species heterogeneity in the nasal microbiome following antibiotic prophylaxis revealed by tuf gene deep sequencing. Microbiome 2016; 4:63. [PMID: 27912796 PMCID: PMC5134057 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-016-0210-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococci are a major constituent of the nasal microbiome and a frequent cause of hospital-acquired infection. Antibiotic surgical prophylaxis is administered prior to surgery to reduce a patient's risk of postoperative infection. The impact of surgical prophylaxis on the nasal staphylococcal microbiome is largely unknown. Here, we report the species present in the nasal staphylococcal microbiome and the impact of surgical prophylaxis revealed by a novel culture independent technique. Daily nasal samples from 18 hospitalised patients, six of whom received no antibiotics and 12 of whom received antibiotic surgical prophylaxis (flucloxacillin and gentamicin or teicoplanin +/- gentamicin), were analysed by tuf gene fragment amplicon sequencing. RESULTS On admission to hospital, the species diversity of the nasal staphylococcal microbiome varied from patient to patient ranging from 4 to 10 species. Administration of surgical prophylaxis did not substantially alter the diversity of the staphylococcal species present in the nose; however, surgical prophylaxis did impact on the relative abundance of the staphylococcal species present. The dominant staphylococcal species present in all patients on admission was Staphylococcus epidermidis, and antibiotic administration resulted in an increase in species relative abundance. Following surgical prophylaxis, a reduction in the abundance of Staphylococcus aureus was observed in carriers, but not a complete eradication. CONCLUSIONS Utilising the tuf gene fragment has enabled a detailed study of the staphylococcal microbiome in the nose and highlights that although there is no change in the heterogeneity of species present, there are changes in abundance. The sensitivity of the methodology has revealed that the abundance of S. aureus is reduced to a low level by surgical prophylaxis and therefore reduces the potential risk of infection following surgery but also highlights that S. aureus does persist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L McMurray
- Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham, B9 5SS, UK.
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, The College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Katherine J Hardy
- Public Health England Birmingham Laboratory, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham, B9 5SS, UK
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, The College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Szymon T Calus
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, The College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Present address: Infrastructure and Environment Research Division, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Nicholas J Loman
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, The College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Peter M Hawkey
- Public Health England Birmingham Laboratory, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham, B9 5SS, UK
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, The College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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20
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Freeman R, Ironmonger D, Puleston R, Hopkins K, Staves P, Cleary P, Hope R, Muller-Pebody B, Hopkins S, Hawkey PM, Woodford N, Johnson AP. Carbapenemase-Producing Gram-Negative Bacteria in England: Results From the First Year of Enhanced Surveillance. Open Forum Infect Dis 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofw172.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Freeman
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dean Ironmonger
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Puleston
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Hopkins
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Staves
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Cleary
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Russell Hope
- Healthcare Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Susan Hopkins
- Public Health Strategy Division, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter M. Hawkey
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Woodford
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alan P. Johnson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
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21
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Hardy KJ, Oppenheim BA, Gossain S, Gao F, Hawkey PM. A Study of the Relationship Between Environmental Contamination with Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) and Patients' Acquisition of MRSA. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016; 27:127-32. [PMID: 16465628 DOI: 10.1086/500622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2005] [Accepted: 05/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective.The study aimed to examine the presence of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) in the environment and its relationship to patients' acquisition of MRSA.Design.A prospective study was conducted in a 9-bed intensive care unit for 14 months. At every environmental screening, samples were obtained from the same 4 sites in each bed space. Patients were screened at admission and then 3 times weekly. All environmental and patient strains were typed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.Results.MRSA was isolated from the environment at every environmental screening, when both small and large numbers of patients were colonized. Detailed epidemiological typing of 250 environmental and 139 patient isolates revealed 14 different pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles, with variants of EMRSA-15 being the predominant type. On only 20 (35.7%) of 56 occasions were the strains isolated from the patients and the strains isolated from their immediate environment indistinguishable. There was strong evidence to suggest that 3 of 26 patients who acquired MRSA while in the intensive care unit acquired MRSA from the environment.Conclusions.This study reveals widespread contamination of the hospital environment with MRSA, highlights the complexities of the problem of contamination, and confirms the need for more-effective cleaning of the hospital environment to eliminate MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Hardy
- West Midlands Public Health Laboratory, Health Protection Agency, Heartlands Hospital, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham, B9 5SS, UK.
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22
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Gupta I, Codd JE, Hardy KJ, Thomson C, Hawkey PM. Use of Whole-Genome Sequencing to Identify Linkage of a Healthcare Worker to a Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Outbreak. Am J Infect Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2016.04.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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Ironmonger D, Edeghere O, Gossain S, Hawkey PM. Use of antimicrobial resistance information and prescribing guidance for management of urinary tract infections: survey of general practitioners in the West Midlands. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:226. [PMID: 27221321 PMCID: PMC4877747 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1559-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a marked variation in both antibiotic prescribing practice and urine sampling rates for diagnostic microbiology across general practices in England. To help understand factors driving this variation, we undertook a survey in 2012/13 to determine sampling protocols and antibiotic formularies used by general practitioners (GPs) for managing urinary tract infections (UTIs) in the West Midlands region of England. METHOD Cross-sectional survey of all eligible general practices in the West Midlands region of England undertaken in November 2012. GPs were invited to complete an online survey questionnaire to gather information on policies used within the practice for urine sampling for microbiological examination, and the source of antibiotic formularies used to guide treatment of UTIs. The questionnaire also gathered information on how they would manage five hypothetical clinical scenarios encountered in the community. RESULTS The response rate was 11.3 % (409/3635 GPs), equivalent to a practice response rate of 26 % (248/950). Only 50 % of GPs reported having a practice policy for urine sampling. Although there was good agreement from GPs regarding collecting specimens in scenarios symbolising treatment failure (98 %), UTI in an adult male (98 %) and asymptomatic UTI in pregnancy (97 %), there was variation in GPs requesting a specimen for the scenarios involving a suspected uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI) and an asymptomatic catheterised elderly patient; with 40 and 38 % respectively indicating they would collect a specimen for microbiological examination. CONCLUSION Standardised evidence based clinical management policies and antibiotic formularies for GPs should be readily available. This will promote the rational use of diagnostic microbiology services, improve antimicrobial stewardship and aid the interpretation of ongoing antimicrobial resistance surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Ironmonger
- Field Epidemiology Service, Public Health England, 5 St Philips Place, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Obaghe Edeghere
- Field Epidemiology Service, Public Health England, 5 St Philips Place, Birmingham, UK
| | - Savita Gossain
- Public Health Laboratory, Public Health England, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Peter M Hawkey
- Public Health Laboratory, Public Health England, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK. .,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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McMurray CL, Hardy KJ, Verlander NQ, Hawkey PM. Antibiotic surgical prophylaxis increases nasal carriage of antibiotic-resistant staphylococci. J Med Microbiol 2015; 64:1489-1495. [PMID: 26445858 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococci are a significant cause of hospital-acquired infection. Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus is an important risk factor for infection in surgical patients and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are a major cause of prosthetic joint infections. The impact that antibiotic surgical prophylaxis has on the nasal carriage of staphylococci has not been studied. Daily nasal swabs were taken from 63 patients who received antibiotic surgical prophylaxis and 16 patients who received no antibiotics. Total aerobic bacterial count, S. aureus and CNS were enumerated by culture from nasal swabs. Representative isolates were typed by staphylococcal interspersed repeat units (SIRU) typing and PFGE, and MICs to nine antibiotics were determined. After antibiotic administration, there was a reduction in S. aureus counts (median - 2.3 log(10)c.f.u. ml(- 1)) in 64.0 % of S. aureus carriers, compared with only a 0.89 log(10)c.f.u. ml(- 1) reduction in 75.0 % of S. aureus carriers who did not receive antibiotics. A greater increase in the nasal carriage rate of meticillin-resistant CNS was observed after antibiotic surgical prophylaxis compared with hospitalization alone, with increases of 16.4 and 4.6 %, respectively. Antibiotic-resistant S. epidermidis carriage rate increased by 16.6 % after antibiotic administration compared with 7.5 % with hospitalization alone. Antibiotic surgical prophylaxis impacts the nasal carriage of both S. aureus and CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L McMurray
- Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Heartlands Hospital, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Katherine J Hardy
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.,Public Health England Birmingham Laboratory, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK
| | - Neville Q Verlander
- Statistics Unit, Statistics, Modelling and Economics Department, Public Health England, Colindale, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Peter M Hawkey
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.,Public Health England Birmingham Laboratory, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK
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25
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Munang ML, Browne C, Khanom S, Evans JT, Smith EG, Hawkey PM, Kunst H, Welch SB, Dedicoat MJ. Tuberculosis microepidemics among dispersed migrants, Birmingham, UK, 2004-2013. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 21:524-7. [PMID: 25695328 PMCID: PMC4344256 DOI: 10.3201/eid2103.140209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine if local transmission was responsible for rising tuberculosis incidence in a recently dispersed migrant community in Birmingham, UK, during 2004–2013, we conducted enhanced epidemiologic investigation of molecular clusters. This technique identified exact locations of social mixing and chains of apparent recent transmission, which can be helpful for directing resources.
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26
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Amos GCA, Gozzard E, Carter CE, Mead A, Bowes MJ, Hawkey PM, Zhang L, Singer AC, Gaze WH, Wellington EMH. Validated predictive modelling of the environmental resistome. ISME J 2015; 9:1467-76. [PMID: 25679532 PMCID: PMC4438333 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2014.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Multi-drug-resistant bacteria pose a significant threat to public health. The role of the environment in the overall rise in antibiotic-resistant infections and risk to humans is largely unknown. This study aimed to evaluate drivers of antibiotic-resistance levels across the River Thames catchment, model key biotic, spatial and chemical variables and produce predictive models for future risk assessment. Sediment samples from 13 sites across the River Thames basin were taken at four time points across 2011 and 2012. Samples were analysed for class 1 integron prevalence and enumeration of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant bacteria. Class 1 integron prevalence was validated as a molecular marker of antibiotic resistance; levels of resistance showed significant geospatial and temporal variation. The main explanatory variables of resistance levels at each sample site were the number, proximity, size and type of surrounding wastewater-treatment plants. Model 1 revealed treatment plants accounted for 49.5% of the variance in resistance levels. Other contributing factors were extent of different surrounding land cover types (for example, Neutral Grassland), temporal patterns and prior rainfall; when modelling all variables the resulting model (Model 2) could explain 82.9% of variations in resistance levels in the whole catchment. Chemical analyses correlated with key indicators of treatment plant effluent and a model (Model 3) was generated based on water quality parameters (contaminant and macro- and micro-nutrient levels). Model 2 was beta tested on independent sites and explained over 78% of the variation in integron prevalence showing a significant predictive ability. We believe all models in this study are highly useful tools for informing and prioritising mitigation strategies to reduce the environmental resistome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory CA Amos
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Emma Gozzard
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, UK
| | | | - Andrew Mead
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Applied Statistics Group, Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Rothamsted Research, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Mike J Bowes
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, UK
| | - Peter M Hawkey
- Health Protection Agency, West Midlands Public Health Laboratory, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lihong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | | | - William H Gaze
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, UK
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Zhong YM, Liu WE, Liang XH, Li YM, Jian ZJ, Hawkey PM. Emergence and spread of O16-ST131 and O25b-ST131 clones among faecal CTX-M-producing Escherichia coli in healthy individuals in Hunan Province, China. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 70:2223-7. [PMID: 25957581 PMCID: PMC4500775 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The objectives of this study were to determine CTX-M-producing Escherichia coli ST131 strain prevalence in stool specimens from healthy subjects in central China and to molecularly characterize clonal groups. Methods From November 2013 to January 2014, stool specimens from healthy individuals in Hunan Province were screened for ESBL-producing E. coli using chromogenic medium and CTX-M genotypes and phylogenetic groups were determined. ST131 clonal groups were detected by PCR and characterized for antibiotic resistance, fimH, gyrA and parC alleles, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants, virulence genotypes and PFGE patterns. Results Among 563 subjects, 287 (51.0%) exhibited the presence of faecal ESBL-producing E. coli, all of which produced CTX-M enzymes. The most common CTX-M genotypes were CTX-M-14 (48.4%), CTX-M-15 (27.5%) and CTX-M-27 (15.0%). Of the 287 CTX-M-producing isolates, 32 (11.1%) belonged to the ST131 clone. O16-ST131 isolates were dominant (75%) and contained the fimH41 allele. The remaining eight (25%) ST131 isolates were of the O25b subgroup and contained fimH30 or fimH41. Ciprofloxacin resistance was found in 100% of the O25b-ST131 isolates, whereas only 8% of the O16-ST131 isolates were resistant. All of the O25b-ST131 isolates except one showed gyrA1AB and parC1aAB mutations; most of the O16-ST131 isolates had gyrA1A and parC1b mutations. The virulence genotypes of O16-ST131 resembled those of the O25b-ST131 isolates. The 32 ST131 isolates formed one large group at the 64% similarity level. They comprised 15 PFGE groups (defined at ≥85% similarity). Conclusions O16-ST131 isolates have emerged as the predominant type of ST131 isolate in faecal CTX-M-producing E. coli in healthy individuals in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ming Zhong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wen-En Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiang-Hui Liang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yan-Ming Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zi-Juan Jian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Peter M Hawkey
- PHE Public Health Laboratory Birmingham, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Ironmonger D, Edeghere O, Bains A, Loy R, Woodford N, Hawkey PM. Surveillance of antibiotic susceptibility of urinary tract pathogens for a population of 5.6 million over 4 years. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 70:1744-50. [PMID: 25733586 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To retrospectively analyse routine susceptibility testing data to describe antimicrobial non-susceptibility trends in isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from urine samples in a population of 5.6 million people over a 4 year period. METHODS De-duplicated laboratory data submitted to the AmSurv surveillance system from the West Midlands region of England and results of submissions to the Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infections Reference Unit were extracted for the period 2010-13. Descriptive analysis of the non-susceptibility of selected Gram-negative organisms to key antibiotics, as recommended for monitoring in the UK Five Year Antimicrobial Resistance Strategy, was undertaken. RESULTS During the study period, there were 431 461 reports for E. coli, 23 786 for K. pneumoniae and 6985 for P. aeruginosa from urine specimens. These represented 61%, 3% and 1%, respectively, of all organisms isolated from urine specimens. There was a linear increase in non-susceptibility to third-generation cephalosporins for E. coli and K. pneumoniae, and to ciprofloxacin for E. coli, in specimens from both hospital and community settings (P < 0.001). The proportions of E. coli and K. pneumoniae reported non-susceptible to meropenem and/or imipenem remained low during the study period, with no evidence of linear trend (P ≥ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Automated antimicrobial resistance surveillance enabled, for the first time in England, the systematic monitoring of resistance in bacteria responsible for urinary tract infections in a defined population, and thereby provided a representative indication of the burden of resistance in Gram-negative bacteria in hospital and community settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Ironmonger
- Field Epidemiology Service, Public Health England, Birmingham, UK
| | - Obaghe Edeghere
- Field Epidemiology Service, Public Health England, Birmingham, UK
| | - Amardeep Bains
- Field Epidemiology Service, Public Health England, Birmingham, UK
| | - Richard Loy
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infections Reference Unit, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Neil Woodford
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infections Reference Unit, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Peter M Hawkey
- Public Health Laboratory, Public Health England, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK Institute of Microbiology and Infection, Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Abstract
Objectives Multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae pose a significant threat to public health. We aimed to study the impact of sewage treatment effluent on antibiotic resistance reservoirs in a river. Methods River sediment samples were taken from downstream and upstream of a waste water treatment plant (WWTP) in 2009 and 2011. Third-generation cephalosporin (3GC)-resistant Enterobacteriaceae were enumerated. PCR-based techniques were used to elucidate mechanisms of resistance, with a new two-step PCR-based assay developed to investigate blaCTX-M-15 mobilization. Conjugation experiments and incompatibility replicon typing were used to investigate plasmid ecology. Results We report the first examples of blaCTX-M-15 in UK river sediment; the prevalence of blaCTX-M-15 was dramatically increased downstream of the WWTP. Ten novel genetic contexts for this gene were identified, carried in pathogens such as Escherichia coli ST131 as well as indigenous aquatic bacteria such as Aeromonas media. The blaCTX-M-15 gene was readily transferable to other Gram-negative bacteria. We also report the first finding of an imipenem-resistant E. coli in a UK river. Conclusions The high diversity and host range of novel genetic contexts proves that evolution of novel combinations of resistance genes is occurring at high frequency and has to date been significantly underestimated. We have identified a worrying reservoir of highly resistant enteric bacteria in the environment that poses a threat to human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C A Amos
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - P M Hawkey
- Health Protection Agency, West Midlands Public Health Laboratory, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham, UK Institute of Microbiology and Infection, Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - W H Gaze
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - E M Wellington
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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Szczepura A, Manzoor S, Hardy K, Stallard N, Parsons H, Gossain S, Hawkey PM. How do hospital professionals involved in a randomised controlled trial perceive the value of genotyping vs. PCR-ribotyping for control of hospital acquired C. difficile infections? BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:154. [PMID: 24656142 PMCID: PMC3997920 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite scientific advances in typing of C. difficile strains very little is known about how hospital staff use typing results during periods of increased incidence (PIIs). This qualitative study, undertaken alongside a randomised controlled trial (RCT), explored this issue. The trial compared ribotyping versus more rapid genotyping (MLVA or multilocus variable repeat analysis) and found no significant difference in post 48 hour cases (C difficile transmissions). Methods In-depth qualitative interviews with senior staff in 11/16 hospital trusts in the trial (5 MLVA and 6 Ribotyping). Semi-structured interviews were conducted at end of the trial period. Transcripts were content analysed using framework analysis supported by NVivo-8 software. Common sub-themes were extracted by two researchers independently. These were compared and organised into over-arching categories or ‘super-ordinate themes’. Results The trial recorded that 45% of typing tests had some impact on infection control (IC) activities. Interviews indicated that tests had little impact on initial IC decisions. These were driven by hospital protocols and automatically triggered when a PII was identified. To influence decision-making, a laboratory turnaround time < 3 days (ideally 24 hours) was suggested; MLVA turnaround time was 5.3 days. Typing results were predominantly used to modify initiated IC activities such as ward cleaning, audits of practice or staff training; major decisions (e.g. ward closure) were unaffected. Organisational factors could limit utilisation of MLVA results. Results were twice as likely to be reported as ‘aiding management’ (indirect benefit) than impacting on IC activities (direct effect). Some interviewees considered test results provided reassurance about earlier IC decisions; others identified secondary benefits on organisational culture. An underlying benefit of improved discrimination provided by MLVA typing was the ability to explore epidemiology associated with CDI cases in a hospital more thoroughly. Conclusions Ribotyping and MLVA are both valued by users. MLVA had little additional direct impact on initial infection control decisions. This would require reduced turnaround time. The major impact is adjustments to earlier IC measures and retrospective reassurance. For this, turnaround time is less important than discriminatory power. The potential remains for wider use of genotyping to examine transmission routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala Szczepura
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
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Hingley-Wilson SM, Casey R, Connell D, Bremang S, Evans JT, Hawkey PM, Smith GE, Jepson A, Philip S, Kon OM, Lalvani A. Undetected multidrug-resistant tuberculosis amplified by first-line therapy in mixed infection. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 19:1138-41. [PMID: 23764343 DOI: 10.3201/1907.130313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with >1 Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain(s) are underrecognized. We show, in vitro and in vivo, how first-line treatment conferred a competitive growth advantage to amplify a multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis strain in a patient with mixed infection. Diagnostic techniques that identify mixed tubercle bacilli populations are needed to curb the spread of multidrug resistance.
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Hingley-Wilson SM, Casey R, Connell D, Bremang S, Evans JT, Hawkey PM, Smith GE, Jepson A, Philip S, Kon OM, Lalvani A. Undetected multidrug-resistant tuberculosis amplified by first-line therapy in mixed infection. Emerg Infect Dis 2014. [PMID: 23764343 PMCID: PMC3713993 DOI: 10.3201/eid1907.130313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with >1 Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain(s) are underrecognized. We show, in vitro and in vivo, how first-line treatment conferred a competitive growth advantage to amplify a multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis strain in a patient with mixed infection. Diagnostic techniques that identify mixed tubercle bacilli populations are needed to curb the spread of multidrug resistance.
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Collins DA, Hawkey PM, Riley TV. Epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infection in Asia. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2013; 2:21. [PMID: 23816346 PMCID: PMC3718645 DOI: 10.1186/2047-2994-2-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
While Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) has come to prominence as major epidemics have occurred in North America and Europe over the recent decade, awareness and surveillance of CDI in Asia have remained poor. Limited studies performed throughout Asia indicate that CDI is also a significant nosocomial pathogen in this region, but the true prevalence of CDI remains unknown. A lack of regulated antibiotic use in many Asian countries suggests that the prevalence of CDI may be comparatively high. Molecular studies indicate that ribotypes 027 and 078, which have caused significant outbreaks in other regions of the world, are rare in Asia. However, variant toxin A-negative/toxin B-positive strains of ribotype 017 have caused epidemics across several Asian countries. Ribotype smz/018 has caused widespread disease across Japan over the last decade and more recently emerged in Korea. This review summarises current knowledge on CDI in Asian countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre A Collins
- Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
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Ironmonger D, Edeghere O, Gossain S, Bains A, Hawkey PM. AmWeb: a novel interactive web tool for antimicrobial resistance surveillance, applicable to both community and hospital patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 68:2406-13. [PMID: 23687187 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is recognized as one of the most significant threats to human health. Local and regional AMR surveillance enables the monitoring of temporal changes in susceptibility to antibiotics and can provide prescribing guidance to healthcare providers to improve patient management and help slow the spread of antibiotic resistance in the community. There is currently a paucity of routine community-level AMR surveillance information. METHODS The HPA in England sponsored the development of an AMR surveillance system (AmSurv) to collate local laboratory reports. In the West Midlands region of England, routine reporting of AMR data has been established via the AmSurv system from all diagnostic microbiology laboratories. The HPA Regional Epidemiology Unit developed a web-enabled database application (AmWeb) to provide microbiologists, pharmacists and other stakeholders with timely access to AMR data using user-configurable reporting tools. RESULTS AmWeb was launched in the West Midlands in January 2012 and is used by microbiologists and pharmacists to monitor resistance profiles, perform local benchmarking and compile data for infection control reports. AmWeb is now being rolled out to all English regions. CONCLUSIONS It is expected that AmWeb will become a valuable tool for monitoring the threat from newly emerging or currently circulating resistant organisms and helping antibiotic prescribers to select the best treatment options for their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Ironmonger
- Public Health England, Regional Epidemiology Unit, Birmingham, UK
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Wellington EMH, Boxall AB, Cross P, Feil EJ, Gaze WH, Hawkey PM, Johnson-Rollings AS, Jones DL, Lee NM, Otten W, Thomas CM, Williams AP. The role of the natural environment in the emergence of antibiotic resistance in gram-negative bacteria. Lancet Infect Dis 2013; 13:155-65. [PMID: 23347633 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(12)70317-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 606] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
During the past 10 years, multidrug-resistant Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae have become a substantial challenge to infection control. It has been suggested by clinicians that the effectiveness of antibiotics is in such rapid decline that, depending on the pathogen concerned, their future utility can be measured in decades or even years. Unless the rise in antibiotic resistance can be reversed, we can expect to see a substantial rise in incurable infection and fatality in both developed and developing regions. Antibiotic resistance develops through complex interactions, with resistance arising by de-novo mutation under clinical antibiotic selection or frequently by acquisition of mobile genes that have evolved over time in bacteria in the environment. The reservoir of resistance genes in the environment is due to a mix of naturally occurring resistance and those present in animal and human waste and the selective effects of pollutants, which can co-select for mobile genetic elements carrying multiple resistant genes. Less attention has been given to how anthropogenic activity might be causing evolution of antibiotic resistance in the environment. Although the economics of the pharmaceutical industry continue to restrict investment in novel biomedical responses, action must be taken to avoid the conjunction of factors that promote evolution and spread of antibiotic resistance.
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Walker TM, Ip CLC, Harrell RH, Evans JT, Kapatai G, Dedicoat MJ, Eyre DW, Wilson DJ, Hawkey PM, Crook DW, Parkhill J, Harris D, Walker AS, Bowden R, Monk P, Smith EG, Peto TEA. Whole-genome sequencing to delineate Mycobacterium tuberculosis outbreaks: a retrospective observational study. Lancet Infect Dis 2012; 13:137-46. [PMID: 23158499 PMCID: PMC3556524 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(12)70277-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 638] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis incidence in the UK has risen in the past decade. Disease control depends on epidemiological data, which can be difficult to obtain. Whole-genome sequencing can detect microevolution within Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. We aimed to estimate the genetic diversity of related M tuberculosis strains in the UK Midlands and to investigate how this measurement might be used to investigate community outbreaks. Methods In a retrospective observational study, we used Illumina technology to sequence M tuberculosis genomes from an archive of frozen cultures. We characterised isolates into four groups: cross-sectional, longitudinal, household, and community. We measured pairwise nucleotide differences within hosts and between hosts in household outbreaks and estimated the rate of change in DNA sequences. We used the findings to interpret network diagrams constructed from 11 community clusters derived from mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit–variable-number tandem-repeat data. Findings We sequenced 390 separate isolates from 254 patients, including representatives from all five major lineages of M tuberculosis. The estimated rate of change in DNA sequences was 0·5 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) per genome per year (95% CI 0·3–0·7) in longitudinal isolates from 30 individuals and 25 families. Divergence is rarely higher than five SNPs in 3 years. 109 (96%) of 114 paired isolates from individuals and households differed by five or fewer SNPs. More than five SNPs separated isolates from none of 69 epidemiologically linked patients, two (15%) of 13 possibly linked patients, and 13 (17%) of 75 epidemiologically unlinked patients (three-way comparison exact p<0·0001). Genetic trees and clinical and epidemiological data suggest that super-spreaders were present in two community clusters. Interpretation Whole-genome sequencing can delineate outbreaks of tuberculosis and allows inference about direction of transmission between cases. The technique could identify super-spreaders and predict the existence of undiagnosed cases, potentially leading to early treatment of infectious patients and their contacts. Funding Medical Research Council, Wellcome Trust, National Institute for Health Research, and the Health Protection Agency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Walker
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Wilcox MH, Shetty N, Fawley WN, Shemko M, Coen P, Birtles A, Cairns M, Curran MD, Dodgson KJ, Green SM, Hardy KJ, Hawkey PM, Magee JG, Sails AD, Wren MWD. Changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infection following the introduction of a national ribotyping-based surveillance scheme in England. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 55:1056-63. [PMID: 22784871 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cis614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marked increases in Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) incidence, driven by epidemic strain spread, is a global phenomenon. METHODS The Clostridium difficile Ribotyping Network (CDRN) was established in 2007 as part of enhanced CDI surveillance in England, to facilitate the recognition and control of epidemic strains. We report on changes in CDI epidemiology in England in the first 3 years of CDRN. RESULTS CDRN received 12,603 fecal specimens, comprising significantly (P < .05) increasing numbers and proportions of national CDI cases in 2007-2008 (n = 2109, 3.8%), 2008-2009 (n = 4774, 13.2%), and 2009-2010 (n = 5720, 22.3%). The C. difficile recovery rate was 90%, yielding 11,294 isolates for ribotyping. Rates of 9 of the 10 most common ribotypes changed significantly (P < .05) during 2007-2010. Clostridium difficile ribotype 027 predominated, but decreased markedly from 55% to 36% and 21% in 2007-2008, 2008-2009, and 2009-2010, respectively. The largest regional variations in prevalence occurred for ribotypes 027, 002, 015, and 078. Cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone use in CDI cases was reported significantly (P < .05) less frequently during 2007-2010. Mortality data were subject to potential reporting bias, but there was a significant decrease in CDI-associated deaths during 2007-2010, which may have been due to multiple factors, including reduced prevalence of ribotype 027. CONCLUSIONS Access to C. difficile ribotyping was associated with significant changes in the prevalence of epidemic strains, especially ribotype 027. These changes coincided with markedly reduced CDI incidence and related mortality in England. CDI control programs should include prospective access to C. difficile typing and analysis of risk factors for CDI and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Wilcox
- Department of Microbiology, Old Medical School, Leeds General Infirmary, Thoresby Place, Leeds LS1 3EX, United Kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Hawkey
- School of Immunity and Infection, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK.
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Gaze WH, Zhang L, Abdouslam NA, Hawkey PM, Calvo-Bado L, Royle J, Brown H, Davis S, Kay P, Boxall ABA, Wellington EMH. Impacts of anthropogenic activity on the ecology of class 1 integrons and integron-associated genes in the environment. ISME J 2011; 5:1253-61. [PMID: 21368907 PMCID: PMC3146270 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2011.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The impact of human activity on the selection for antibiotic resistance in the environment is largely unknown, although considerable amounts of antibiotics are introduced through domestic wastewater and farm animal waste. Selection for resistance may occur by exposure to antibiotic residues or by co-selection for mobile genetic elements (MGEs) which carry genes of varying activity. Class 1 integrons are genetic elements that carry antibiotic and quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) resistance genes that confer resistance to detergents and biocides. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and diversity of class 1 integron and integron-associated QAC resistance genes in bacteria associated with industrial waste, sewage sludge and pig slurry. We show that prevalence of class 1 integrons is higher in bacteria exposed to detergents and/or antibiotic residues, specifically in sewage sludge and pig slurry compared with agricultural soils to which these waste products are amended. We also show that QAC resistance genes are more prevalent in the presence of detergents. Studies of class 1 integron prevalence in sewage sludge amended soil showed measurable differences compared with controls. Insertion sequence elements were discovered in integrons from QAC contaminated sediment, acting as powerful promoters likely to upregulate cassette gene expression. On the basis of this data, >1 × 10(19) bacteria carrying class 1 integrons enter the United Kingdom environment by disposal of sewage sludge each year.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Gaze
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, Coventry, Warwickshire, UK.
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Evans JT, Serafino Wani RL, Anderson L, Gibson AL, Smith EG, Wood A, Olowokure B, Abubakar I, Mann JS, Gardiner S, Jones H, Sonnenberg P, Hawkey PM. A geographically-restricted but prevalent Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain identified in the West Midlands Region of the UK between 1995 and 2008. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17930. [PMID: 21464965 PMCID: PMC3064665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We describe the identification of, and risk factors for, the single most prevalent Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain in the West Midlands region of the UK. Methodology/Principal Findings Prospective 15-locus MIRU-VNTR genotyping of all M. tuberculosis isolates in the West Midlands between 2004 and 2008 was undertaken. Two retrospective epidemiological investigations were also undertaken using univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis. The first study of all TB patients in the West Midlands between 2004 and 2008 identified a single prevalent strain in each of the study years (total 155/3,056 (5%) isolates). This prevalent MIRU-VNTR profile (32333 2432515314 434443183) remained clustered after typing with an additional 9-loci MIRU-VNTR and spoligotyping. The majority of these patients (122/155, 79%) resided in three major cities located within a 40 km radius. From the apparent geographical restriction, we have named this the “Mercian” strain. A multivariate analysis of all TB patients in the West Midlands identified that infection with a Mercian strain was significantly associated with being UK-born (OR = 9.03, 95%CI = 4.56–17.87, p<0.01), Black Caribbean (OR = 5.68, 95%CI = 2.96–10.91, p<0.01) resident in Wolverhampton (OR = 9.29, 95%CI = 5.69–15.19, p<0.01) and negatively associated with age >65 years old (OR = 0.25, 95%CI = 0.09–0.67, p<0.01). A second more detailed investigation analyzed a cohort of 82 patients resident in Wolverhampton between 2003 and 2006. A significant association with being born in the UK remained after a multivariate analysis (OR = 9.68, 95%CI = 2.00–46.78, p<0.01) and excess alcohol intake and cannabis use (OR = 6.26, 95%CI = 1.45–27.02, p = .01) were observed as social risk factors for infection. Conclusions/Significance The continued consistent presence of the Mercian strain suggests ongoing community transmission. Whilst significant associations have been found, there may be other common risk factors yet to be identified. Future investigations should focus on targeting the relevant risk groups and elucidating the biological factors that mediate continued transmission of this strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T Evans
- Health Protection Agency West Midlands Laboratory, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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Harbarth S, Hawkey PM, Tenover F, Stefani S, Pantosti A, Struelens MJ. Update on screening and clinical diagnosis of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Int J Antimicrob Agents 2011; 37:110-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
DNA fingerprinting data for 4,207 Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates were combined with data from a computer program (Origins). Largest population groups were from England (n = 1,031) and India (n = 912), and most prevalent strains were the Euro-American (45%) and East African–Indian (34%) lineages. Combining geographic and molecular data can enhance cluster investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T Evans
- Health Protection Agency West Midlands Laboratory, Birmingham, UK
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Hardy K, Price C, Szczepura A, Gossain S, Davies R, Stallard N, Shabir S, McMurray C, Bradbury A, Hawkey PM. Reduction in the rate of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus acquisition in surgical wards by rapid screening for colonization: a prospective, cross-over study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2010; 16:333-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02899.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Hardy KJ, Gossain S, Thomlinson D, Pillay DG, Hawkey PM. Reducing Clostridium difficile through early identification of clusters and the use of a standardised set of interventions. J Hosp Infect 2010; 75:277-81. [PMID: 20227140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2009.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In recent years the rates of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) have increased worldwide with several large outbreaks occurring within the UK. New guidance from the UK Department of Health describes measures to investigate periods of increased incidence (PII) of CDI which include informing staff, ribotyping isolates, enhanced cleaning, audits and monitoring of antibiotic prescribing. This study aimed to determine whether a standardised set of measures could be used to control the incidence of CDI within an acute hospital setting over an 18 month period. During the study period a total of 102 PII involving 439 patients were investigated. The number of PII per month ranged from 14 in February 2008 to one in June 2009. From January 2008 to September 2008, ribotyping of patient isolates was only carried out on PII involving more than 10 patients, but from October 2008 it was carried out on all PII. During the period October 2008 to June 2009, 28 PII were investigated on 21 different wards, with seven wards having two PII. Ribotyping of the isolates confirmed nine (32%) of these PII to be outbreaks, with three being due to ribotype 027, two ribotype 078 and the others distinct ribotypes. Use of a set of standardised interventions has resulted in a decrease in the incidence of PII and a reduction in the number of patients involved. By taking early action with a set of standardised measures the incidence of hospital-acquired CDI can be reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Hardy
- West Midlands Public Health Laboratory, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK.
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Abstract
Vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus has emerged over the last ten years due to varying mechanisms and giving variable levels of resistance to vancomycin. The most resistant strains (fortunately rare) bear the vanA gene cluster and these are generally recognisable as MICs of vancomycin are usually found to be in the range 32-64mg/L. It should be noted that some automated systems have failed to detect these isolates. The much more commonly encountered GISA and hGISA vancomycin resistant strains of MRSA and methicillin sensitive Staph. aureus (MSSA) exhibit lower levels of resistance and difficulty is encountered in reliably defining and identifying these strains in clinical laboratories. No single completely reliable, convenient test either phonotypical genetic currently exists which can be readily applied in the clinical laboratory for the detection of hGISA/GISA. The population analysis profile (PAP) method is currently regarded as the reference method but is slow and tedious to perform on a large number of isolates. This enables the differentiation of hGISA and GISA from fully vancomycin sensitive strains. In the clinical laboratory the use of Meuller-Hinton agar with 5mg/L teicoplanin and a 10microL innoculum of MacFarland 0.5 incubated for 48h represents the most reliable and economical screening test. Further confirmation would be required using either macrodilution Etest methodology using an MIC >or= 8mg/L of vancomycin and/or teicoplanin as the cut off for hGISA or the newer GRD (glycopeptide resistance detection) strip.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Hawkey
- Division of Immunity and Infection, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, and Health Protection Agency West Midlands Public Health Laboratory, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.
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Shabir S, Hardy KJ, Abbasi WS, McMurray CL, Malik SA, Wattal C, Hawkey PM. Epidemiological typing of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from Pakistan and India. J Med Microbiol 2010; 59:330-337. [PMID: 19926728 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.014910-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The levels of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Pakistan and India are known to be high, but few studies have described the epidemiology of the different MRSA clones present. In order to gain an understanding of the epidemiology of MRSA within this region, 60 MRSA isolates from Pakistan (49) and India (11) were genotyped. All isolates were typed using PFGE, staphylococcal interspersed repeat units (SIRUs), a restriction–modification method and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing. A subset of isolates that were distinct by PFGE and SIRUs were typed using multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Clonal complex (CC) 8 was the dominant clonal complex (57/60) and was present in both Pakistan and India. Within CC8, there were 10 SIRU profiles and 24 PFGE profiles. Two SIRU profiles were present in isolates from both India and Pakistan, whilst seven were distinct for Pakistan and one for India. All PFGE profiles were distinct for each of the two countries. Thirty-four of the 57 isolates carried SCCmec type III/IIIa and the remainder carried type IV SCCmec. MLST analysis of 14 CC8 isolates with diverse SIRU and PFGE profiles showed that all were single-locus variants, with nine belonging to sequence type (ST) 239, three to ST8 and two to ST113. From a single hospital in Pakistan, three isolates belonged to CC30 and all were indistinguishable by PFGE and SIRUs and carried the Panton–Valentine leukocidin gene. Thus, epidemiological typing of strains from three distinct locations in India and Pakistan revealed the predominance of one clonal complex and highly related STs. The ability of SIRUs and PFGE to differentiate within ST239 demonstrates their utility in defining local epidemiology in these countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahida Shabir
- West Midlands Public Health Laboratory, Health Protection Agency, Heart of England Foundation Trust, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK
| | - Katherine J. Hardy
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- West Midlands Public Health Laboratory, Health Protection Agency, Heart of England Foundation Trust, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK
| | - Waseem S. Abbasi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Quaid-E-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Claire L. McMurray
- West Midlands Public Health Laboratory, Health Protection Agency, Heart of England Foundation Trust, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK
| | - Salman A. Malik
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Quaid-E-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Chand Wattal
- Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi 10061, India
| | - Peter M. Hawkey
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- West Midlands Public Health Laboratory, Health Protection Agency, Heart of England Foundation Trust, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK
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McMurray CL, Hardy KJ, Hawkey PM. Rapid, automated epidemiological typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Microbiol Methods 2009; 80:109-11. [PMID: 19895854 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2009.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The QIAxcel is an accurate, automated DNA sizing system that can be used as an alternative to agarose gel electrophoresis for rapid, high throughput epidemiological typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus using staphylococcal interspersed repeating unit (SIRU) typing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L McMurray
- Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Heartlands Hospital, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham, B9 5SS, United Kingdom.
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Wozniak MA, Maude RJ, Innes JA, Hawkey PM, Itzhaki RF. Apolipoprotein E-ɛ2 confers risk of pulmonary tuberculosis in women from the Indian subcontinent – A preliminary study. J Infect 2009; 59:219-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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