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Klomp MJ, van den Brink L, van Koetsveld PM, de Ridder CMA, Stuurman DC, Löwik CWGM, Hofland LJ, Dalm SU. Applying HDACis to increase SSTR2 expression and radiolabeled DOTA-TATE uptake: from cells to mice. Life Sci 2023; 334:122173. [PMID: 37907154 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of our study was to determine the effect of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (HDACis) on somatostatin type-2 receptor (SSTR2) expression and [111In]In-/[177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE uptake in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS The human cell lines NCI-H69 (small-cell lung carcinoma) and BON-1 (pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor) were treated with HDACis (i.e. entinostat, mocetinostat (MOC), LMK-235, CI-994 or panobinostat (PAN)), and SSTR2 mRNA expression levels and [111In]In-DOTA-TATE uptake were measured. Furthermore, vehicle- and HDACi-treated NCI-H69 and BON-1 tumor-bearing mice were injected with radiolabeled DOTA-TATE followed by biodistribution studies. Additionally, SSTR2 and HDAC mRNA expression of xenografts, and of NCI-H69, BON-1, NCI-H727 (human pulmonary carcinoid) and GOT1 (human midgut neuroendocrine tumor) cells were determined. KEY FINDINGS HDACi treatment resulted in the desired effects in vitro. However, no significant increase in tumoral DOTA-TATE uptake was observed after HDACi treatment in NCI-H69 tumor-bearing animals, whereas tumoral SSTR2 mRNA and/or protein expression levels were significantly upregulated after treatment with MOC, CI-994 and PAN, i.e. a maximum of 2.1- and 1.3-fold, respectively. Analysis of PAN-treated BON-1 xenografts solely demonstrated increased SSTR2 mRNA expression levels. Comparison of HDACs and SSTR2 expression in BON-1 and NCI-H69 xenografts showed a significantly higher expression of 6/11 HDACs in BON-1 xenografts. Of these HDACs, a significant inverse correlation was found between HDAC3 and SSTR2 expression (Pearson r = -0.92) in the studied cell lines. SIGNIFICANCE To conclude, tumoral uptake levels of radiolabeled DOTA-TATE were not enhanced after HDACi treatment in vivo, but, depending on the applied inhibitor, increased SSTR2 expression levels were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Klomp
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lilian van den Brink
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M van Koetsveld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Corrina M A de Ridder
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Experimental Urology, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Debra C Stuurman
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Experimental Urology, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens W G M Löwik
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leo J Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simone U Dalm
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Steenaard RV, Feelders RA, Dogan F, van Koetsveld PM, Creemers SG, Ettaieb MHT, van Kemenade FJ, Haak HR, Hofland LJ. The Role of the IGF2 Methylation Score in Diagnosing Adrenocortical Tumors with Unclear Malignant Potential-Feasibility of Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2013. [PMID: 37509652 PMCID: PMC10377429 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11072013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The differentiation between benign and malignant adrenocortical tumors based on pathological assessment can be difficult. We present a series of 17 patients with unclear malignant tumors, of whom six had recurrent or metastatic disease. The assessment of the methylation pattern of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) regulatory regions in fresh frozen material has shown to be valuable in determining the malignancy of adrenocortical tumors, although this has not been elaborately tested in unclear malignant tumors. Since fresh frozen tissue was only available in six of the patients, we determined the feasibility of using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue for this method. We isolated DNA from FFPE tissue and matched the fresh frozen tissue of three patients with adrenocortical carcinoma. Methylation patterns of IGF2 regulatory regions were determined by pyrosequencing using different amounts of bisulfite-converted DNA (5 ng, 20 ng, 40 ng). Compared to fresh frozen tissue, FFPE tissue had a higher failure rate (fresh frozen 0%; FFPE 18.5%) and poor-to-moderate replicability (fresh frozen rho = 0.89-0.99, median variation 1.6%; FFPE rho = -0.09-0.85, median variation 7.7%). There was only a poor-to-moderate correlation between results from fresh frozen and FFPE tissue (rho = -0.28-0.70, median variation 13.2%). In conclusion, FFPE tissue is not suitable for determining the IGF2 methylation score in patients with an unclear malignant adrenocortical tumor using the currently used method. We, therefore, recommend fresh frozen storage of resection material for diagnostic and biobank purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca V Steenaard
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Máxima MC, 5504 DB Veldhoven, The Netherlands
- CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Ageing and Long-Term Care, Maastricht University, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Richard A Feelders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fadime Dogan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M van Koetsveld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sara G Creemers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Harm R Haak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Máxima MC, 5504 DB Veldhoven, The Netherlands
- CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Ageing and Long-Term Care, Maastricht University, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Leo J Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Haddaoui HE, van Eijck CWF, Doukas M, van den Bosch TPP, van Koetsveld PM, Hofland LJ, Mustafa DAM, van Eijck CHJ. Rintatolimod: a potential treatment in patients with pancreatic cancer expressing Toll-like receptor 3. Am J Cancer Res 2023; 13:2657-2669. [PMID: 37424830 PMCID: PMC10326577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has a dismal prognosis, and treatment options for patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease are limited. Early tumor progression after standard chemo- and or radiotherapy remains a major concern in managing these patients. Treating pancreatic cancer patients with the Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR-3) agonist rintatolimod (Ampligen®) was effective in boosting the immune response. Rintatolimod acts via the TLR-3 receptor on several immune cells. However, the TLR-3 expression pattern in pancreatic cancer cells and how rintatolimod affects pancreatic cancer cells have not yet been investigated. The TLR-3 protein and mRNA expression were evaluated in thirteen PDAC tissue samples as well as in the human PDAC (hPDAC) cell lines CFPAC-1, MIAPaCa-2, and PANC-1 using immunohistochemistry and multiplexed gene expression analysis, respectively. The direct anti-tumor effects of rintatolimod were investigated using a proliferation and migration assay after different incubation time points with increasing concentrations of rintatolimod (ranging from 0.05 to 0.4 mg/ml). The TLR-3 protein and mRNA expression were heterogeneous between the PDAC tissue samples and the three hPDAC cell lines. TLR-3 protein and mRNA expression were high in CFPAC-1, moderate in MIAPaCa-2, and undetectable in PANC-1. Rintatolimod three-day treatment resulted in significantly reduced proliferation of CFPAC-1 cells compared to vehicle-treated control cells. In addition, after 24 hours, rintatolimod-treated CFPAC-1 cells showed less cell migration compared to vehicle-treated control cells, although this difference was not statistically significant. Lastly, we identified fifteen genes, altered with a Log2 FOC > |1.0| in rintatolimod-treated CFPAC-1 cells, which were significantly related to three transcription factors (NFKB1, RELA, and SP1) regulating the TLR-3 signaling pathway. In conclusion, we propose that rintatolimod treatment might have a direct TLR-3-dependent anti-tumoral effect on pancreatic cancer cells expressing TLR-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassana El Haddaoui
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus University Medical CenterRotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Casper WF van Eijck
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus University Medical CenterRotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michail Doukas
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical CenterRotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter M van Koetsveld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical CenterRotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leo J Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical CenterRotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dana AM Mustafa
- Department of Pathology, Tumor Immuno-Pathology Laboratory, Erasmus University Medical CenterRotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Casper HJ van Eijck
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus University Medical CenterRotterdam, The Netherlands
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Klomp MJ, Refardt J, van Koetsveld PM, Campana C, Dalm SU, Dogan F, van Velthuysen MLF, Feelders RA, de Herder WW, Hofland J, Hofland LJ. Epigenetic regulation of SST 2 expression in small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1184436. [PMID: 37223009 PMCID: PMC10200989 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1184436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Somatostatin receptor type 2 (SST2) expression is critical for the diagnosis and treatment of neuroendocrine tumors and is associated with improved patient survival. Recent data suggest that epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation and histone modifications play an important role in regulating SST2 expression and tumorigenesis of NETs. However, there are limited data on the association between epigenetic marks and SST2 expression in small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors (SI-NETs). Methods Tissue samples from 16 patients diagnosed with SI-NETs and undergoing surgical resection of the primary tumor at Erasmus MC Rotterdam were analysed for SST2 expression levels and epigenetic marks surrounding the SST2 promoter region, i.e. DNA methylation and histone modifications H3K27me3 and H3K9ac. As a control, 13 normal SI-tissue samples were included. Results The SI-NET samples had high SST2 protein and mRNA expression levels; a median (IQR) of 80% (70-95) SST2-positive cells and 8.2 times elevated SST2 mRNA expression level compared to normal SI-tissue (p=0.0042). In comparison to normal SI-tissue, DNA methylation levels and H3K27me3 levels were significantly lower at five out of the eight targeted CpG positions and at two out of the three examined locations within the SST2 gene promoter region of the SI-NET samples, respectively. No differences in the level of activating histone mark H3K9ac were observed between matched samples. While no correlation was found between histone modification marks and SST2 expression, SST2 mRNA expression levels correlated negatively with DNA methylation within the SST2 promoter region in both normal SI-tissue and SI-NETs (p=0.006 and p=0.04, respectively). Conclusion SI-NETs have lower SST2 promoter methylation levels and lower H3K27me3 methylation levels compared to normal SI-tissue. Moreover, in contrast to the absence of a correlation with SST2 protein expression levels, significant negative correlations were found between SST2 mRNA expression level and the mean level of DNA methylation within the SST2 promoter region in both normal SI-tissue and SI-NET tissue. These results indicate that DNA methylation might be involved in regulating SST2 expression. However, the role of histone modifications in SI-NETs remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Klomp
- ENETS Center of Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center (MC) Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- ENETS Center of Excellence, Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Julie Refardt
- ENETS Center of Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center (MC) Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- ENETS Center of Excellence, Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter M. van Koetsveld
- ENETS Center of Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center (MC) Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Claudia Campana
- ENETS Center of Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center (MC) Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Simone U. Dalm
- ENETS Center of Excellence, Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Fadime Dogan
- ENETS Center of Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center (MC) Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Richard A. Feelders
- ENETS Center of Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center (MC) Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wouter W. de Herder
- ENETS Center of Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center (MC) Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Johannes Hofland
- ENETS Center of Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center (MC) Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Leo J. Hofland
- ENETS Center of Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center (MC) Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Gatto F, Feelders RA, van Koetsveld PM, Dogan F, Neggers SJCCMM, van der Lelij AJ, Amarù J, Ferone D, Hofland LJ. Dissecting the in vitro efficacy of octreotide and cabergoline in GH- and GH/PRL-secreting pituitary tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 108:e98-e109. [PMID: 36413489 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cabergoline (CAB) is an off-label medical therapy for acromegaly, overshadowed by first-generation somatostatin receptor ligands, e.g. octreotide (OCT). OBJECTIVE Head-to-head comparison between OCT and CAB in inhibiting growth hormone (GH) secretion in primary cultures of GH- and GH/PRL-secreting tumors. To investigate the role of somatostatin (SST) and dopamine type 2 (D2R) receptor expression. DESIGN To evaluate the antisecretory effect of OCT and CAB, together with receptor mRNA expression, in 23 tumor cultures. SETTING AND PATIENTS Acromegaly patients referred to the Erasmus Medical Center (Rotterdam, The Netherlands). INTERVENTIONS 72-hour OCT and CAB treatment (10 nM). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES GH concentrations in cell culture media. RESULTS OCT showed a slightly higher efficacy compared with CAB (GH decrease -39.5% vs. -32.5%, p = 0.079). The effect of the two drugs was superimposable in GH/PRL co-secreting tumors (-42.1% vs. -44.8%), where SST1 and D2R had a higher expression compared to the pure GH-secreting ones (p = 0.020 and p = 0.026). OCT was more effective than CAB in 8/23 cultures, while CAB was more effective than OCT in 3/23 (CAB + group). In CAB + tumors, SST1 expression was higher compared to the other groups (p = 0.034). At ROC curve analysis, SST1 and D2R discriminated between GH and GH/PRL co-secretion (AUC 0.856, p = 0.013; AUC 0.822, p = 0.024). SST1 was the best predictor of CAB response (≥50% GH reduction, AUC 0.913, p = 0.006; 80% sensitivity, 94% specificity). CONCLUSIONS OCT is 5-10% more effective than CAB in vitro. SST1 mRNA expression can represent a reliable marker of GH/PRL co-secreting tumors showing a preferential response to CAB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Gatto
- Endocrinology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology
- Pituitary Center Rotterdam, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard A Feelders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology
- Pituitary Center Rotterdam, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Fadime Dogan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology
| | - Sebastian J C C M M Neggers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology
- Pituitary Center Rotterdam, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aart-Jan van der Lelij
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology
- Pituitary Center Rotterdam, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica Amarù
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genova, Italy
| | - Diego Ferone
- Endocrinology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genova, Italy
| | - Leo J Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology
- Pituitary Center Rotterdam, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Campana C, van Koetsveld PM, Feelders RA, de Herder WW, Iyer AM, van Velthuysen MLF, Veenstra MJ, van den Dungen ESR, Franck SE, Ferone D, Gatto F, Hofland LJ. Digital quantification of somatostatin receptor subtype 2a immunostaining: a validation study. Eur J Endocrinol 2022; 187:399-411. [PMID: 35895707 PMCID: PMC9346267 DOI: 10.1530/eje-22-0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to develop an open-source and reproducible digital quantitative analysis (DIA) of somatostatin receptor subtype 2a (SST2) staining in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (panNETs) and growth hormone (GH)-secreting pituitary adenomas (GHomas). DESIGN SST2 immunostaining of 18 panNETs and 39 GHomas was assessed using a novel DIA protocol and compared with a widely used semi-quantitative immunoreactivity score (IRS). METHODS The DIA software calculates the staining intensity/area and the percentage of positive cells (%PC). Four representative images were selected for each sample by two independent selectors (S1 and S2), with the analysis performed by two independent analyzers (A1 and A2). Agreement between observers was calculated using the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC). RESULTS In panNETs, the CCC ranged 0.935-0.977 for intensity/area and 0.942-0.983 for %PC. In GHomas, the CCC ranged 0.963-0.997 for intensity/area and 0.979-0.990 for %PC. In both panNETs and GHomas, the DIA staining intensity was strongly correlated with the IRS (Spearman rho: 0.916-0.969, P < 0.001), as well as the DIA %PC with the IRS %PC (Spearman rh: 0.826-0.881, P < 0.001). In GHomas, the biochemical response to somatostatin receptor ligands correlated with SST2 expression, evaluated both as DIA intensity/area (Spearman rho: -0.448 to -0.527, P = 0.007-0.004) and DIA %PC (Spearman rho: -0.558 to -0.644, P ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The DIA has an excellent inter-observer agreement and showed a strong correlation with the widely used semi-quantitative IRS. The DIA protocol is an open-source, highly reproducible tool and provides a reliable quantitative evaluation of SST2 immunohistochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Campana
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Peter M van Koetsveld
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard A Feelders
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter W de Herder
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anand M Iyer
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Louise F van Velthuysen
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marije J Veenstra
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sanne E Franck
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Diego Ferone
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Federico Gatto
- Endocrinology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Leo J Hofland
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence should be addressed to L J Hofland;
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Cuny T, van Koetsveld PM, Mondielli G, Dogan F, de Herder WW, Barlier A, Hofland LJ. Reciprocal Interactions between Fibroblast and Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor Cells: Putative Impact of the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14143481. [PMID: 35884539 PMCID: PMC9321816 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PNENs) present with a fibrotic stroma that constitutes the tumor microenvironment (TME). The role played by stromal fibroblasts in the growth of PNENs and their sensitivity to the mTOR inhibitor RAD001 has not yet been established. Methods: We investigated reciprocal interactions between (1) human PNEN cell lines (BON-1/QGP-1) or primary cultures of human ileal neuroendocrine neoplasm (iNEN) or PNEN and (2) human fibroblast cell lines (HPF/HFL-1). Proliferation was assessed in transwell (tw) co-culture or in the presence of serum-free conditioned media (cm), with and without RAD001. Colony formation and migration of BON-1/QGP-1 were evaluated upon incubation with HPFcm. Results: Proliferation of BON-1 and QGP-1 increased in the presence of HFL-1cm, HPFcm, HFL-1tw and HPFtw (BON-1: +46−70% and QGP-1: +42−55%, p < 0.001 vs. controls) and HPFcm significantly increased the number of BON-1 or QGP-1 colonies (p < 0.05). This stimulatory effect was reversed in the presence of RAD001. Likewise, proliferation of human iNEN and PNEN primary cultures increased in the presence of HFL-1 or HPF. Reciprocally, BON-1cm and BONtw stimulated the proliferation of HPF (+90 ± 61% and +55 ± 47%, respectively, p < 0.001 vs. controls), an effect less pronounced with QGP-1cm or QGPtw (+19 to +27%, p < 0.05 vs. controls). Finally, a higher migration potential for BON-1 and QGP-1 was found in the presence of HPFcm (p < 0.001 vs. controls). Conclusions: Fibroblasts in the TME of PNENs represent a target of interest, the stimulatory effect of which over PNENs is mitigated by the mTOR inhibitor everolimus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Cuny
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (T.C.); (P.M.v.K.); (F.D.); (W.W.d.H.)
- Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital de la Conception, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares Hypophysaires HYPO, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Marseille, 13005 Marseille, France;
- DiPNET Team, U1251, INSERM, Marseille Medical Genetics, Aix-Marseille Université, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France;
| | - Peter M. van Koetsveld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (T.C.); (P.M.v.K.); (F.D.); (W.W.d.H.)
| | - Grégoire Mondielli
- DiPNET Team, U1251, INSERM, Marseille Medical Genetics, Aix-Marseille Université, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France;
| | - Fadime Dogan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (T.C.); (P.M.v.K.); (F.D.); (W.W.d.H.)
| | - Wouter W. de Herder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (T.C.); (P.M.v.K.); (F.D.); (W.W.d.H.)
| | - Anne Barlier
- Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital de la Conception, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares Hypophysaires HYPO, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Marseille, 13005 Marseille, France;
- DiPNET Team, U1251, INSERM, Marseille Medical Genetics, Aix-Marseille Université, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France;
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hôpital de la Conception, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Marseille, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Leo J. Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (T.C.); (P.M.v.K.); (F.D.); (W.W.d.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-10-703-46-33; Fax: +31-10-703-54-30
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Refardt J, Klomp MJ, van Koetsveld PM, Dogan F, Konijnenberg M, Brabander T, Feelders RA, de Herder WW, Hofland LJ, Hofland J. Effect of epigenetic treatment on SST 2 expression in neuroendocrine tumour patients. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e957. [PMID: 35866246 PMCID: PMC9304941 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Refardt
- ENETS Center of Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,ENETS Center of Excellence, Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria J Klomp
- ENETS Center of Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,ENETS Center of Excellence, Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M van Koetsveld
- ENETS Center of Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fadime Dogan
- ENETS Center of Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Konijnenberg
- ENETS Center of Excellence, Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tessa Brabander
- ENETS Center of Excellence, Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard A Feelders
- ENETS Center of Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter W de Herder
- ENETS Center of Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leo J Hofland
- ENETS Center of Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Hofland
- ENETS Center of Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Berk Ş, Janssen JAMJL, van Koetsveld PM, Dogan F, Değerli N, Özcan S, Kelestimur F, Hofland LJ. Modifying Effects of Glucose and Insulin/Insulin-Like Growth Factors on Colon Cancer Cells. Front Oncol 2021; 11:645732. [PMID: 34290976 PMCID: PMC8287530 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.645732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
There are only a few experimental studies which have investigated effects of glucose alone, and glucose in combination with insulin/insulin-like growth factors (IGF) on the growth of colon cancer. In the present study, we studied in vitro in human colorectal cancer cells originating from four Dukes' stages of colorectal cancer the effects of glucose, insulin and IGFs on proliferation, migration, cell cycle progression and gene expression of the IGF system. Growth of colon cancer cells originating from a Dukes' stage A was glucose-dependent, whereas growth of cancer cells from Dukes' stage B, C and D was glucose-independent. Stimulatory effects of insulin and IGFs on cell growth were observed only in colon cancer cells originating from Dukes' stage C and D. IGF-II stimulated migration in Dukes' stage B cells only. The growth stimulatory effects in Dukes' stage C and D colorectal cancer cells were accompanied by G2/M arrest and associated with an increased IGF-IR/IGF-II receptor ratio. In conclusion, our in vitro data suggest that the stimulating effects of glucose, IGFs and insulin on proliferation differ between colorectal cancer cells from early and late Dukes' stages. Stimulatory effects of glucose on proliferation appear predominantly present in stage Dukes' stage A colorectal cancer cells, while in contrast growth factor-mediated stimulation of cell proliferation is more pronounced in Dukes' late stage (metastasized) colorectal cancer cells. Moreover, our study suggests that a stringent glucose control may be important to control tumor growth in early stages of colorectal cancer, while inhibition of the endocrine actions of the IGFs and insulin become more important in the late (metastasized) stages of colorectal cancer to restrain growth of colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şeyda Berk
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joseph A M J L Janssen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter M van Koetsveld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Fadime Dogan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Naci Değerli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Servet Özcan
- Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Fahrettin Kelestimur
- Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.,Yeditepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Leo J Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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10
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Creemers SG, Feelders RA, de Jong FH, Franssen GJH, de Rijke YB, van Koetsveld PM, Hofland LJ. Levoketoconazole, the 2S,4R Enantiomer of Ketoconazole, a New Steroidogenesis Inhibitor for Cushing's Syndrome Treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e1618-e1630. [PMID: 33399817 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Racemic ketoconazole (RK) is a steroidogenesis inhibitor used for treatment of Cushing's syndrome. Levoketoconazole (COR-003), the pure 2S,4R enantiomer, is potentially more potent and safe compared to RK. We compared in vitro effects of levoketoconazole and RK on adrenocortical and pituitary adenoma cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS HAC15 cells and 15 primary human neoplastic adrenocortical cultures (+/- ACTH), and murine (AtT20) and human corticotroph adenoma cultures were incubated with levoketoconazole or RK (0.01-10 µM). Cortisol and ACTH were measured using a chemiluminescence immunoassay system, and steroid profiles by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). RESULTS In HAC15, levoketoconazole inhibited cortisol at lower concentrations (IC50: 0.300 µM) compared to RK (0.611 µM; P < 0.0001). IC50 values of levoketoconazole for basal cortisol production in primary adrenocortical cultures varied over a 24-fold range (0.00578-0.140 µM), with 2 patients having a higher sensitivity for levoketoconazole vs RK (2.1- and 3.7-fold). LC-MS/MS analysis in selected cases revealed more potent inhibition of cortisol and other steroid profile components by levoketoconazole vs RK. In AtT20, levoketoconazole inhibited cell growth and ACTH secretion (10 µM: -54% and -38%, respectively), and levoketoconazole inhibited cell number in 1 of 2 primary human corticotroph pituitary adenoma cultures (-44%, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Levoketoconazole potently inhibits cortisol production in adrenocortical cells, with a variable degree of suppression between specimens. Levoketoconazole inhibits adrenal steroid production more potently compared to RK and might also inhibit ACTH secretion and growth of pituitary adenoma cells. Together with previously reported potential advantages, this indicates that levoketoconazole is a promising novel pharmacotherapy for Cushing's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara G Creemers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Richard A Feelders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank H de Jong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gaston J H Franssen
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yolanda B de Rijke
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter M van Koetsveld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Leo J Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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11
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Blaauboer A, Booy S, van Koetsveld PM, Karels B, Dogan F, van Zwienen S, van Eijck CHJ, Hofland LJ. Interferon-beta enhances sensitivity to gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:913. [PMID: 32967656 PMCID: PMC7513525 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07420-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adjuvant gemcitabine for pancreatic cancer has limited efficacy in the clinical setting. Impaired drug metabolism is associated with treatment resistance. We aimed to evaluate the chemosensitising effect of interferon-beta (IFN-β). Methods BxPC-3, CFPAC-1, and Panc-1 cells were pre-treated with IFN-β followed by gemcitabine monotherapy. The effect on cell growth, colony formation, and cell cycle was determined. RT-qPCR was used to measure gene expression. BxPC-3 cells were used in a heterotopic subcutaneous mouse model. Results IFN-β increased sensitivity to gemcitabine (4-, 7.7-, and 1.7-fold EC50 decrease in BxPC-3, CFPAC-1, and Panc-1, respectively; all P < 0.001). Findings were confirmed when assessing colony formation. The percentage of cells in the S-phase was significantly increased after IFN-β treatment only in BxPC-3 and CFPAC-1 by 12 and 7%, respectively (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). Thereby, IFN-β upregulated expression of the drug transporters SLC28A1 in BxPC-3 (252%) and SLC28A3 in BxPC-3 (127%) and CFPAC-1 (223%) (all p < 0.001). In vivo, combination therapy reduced tumor volume with 45% (P = 0.01). Both ex vivo and in vivo data demonstrate a significant reduction in the number of proliferating cells, whereas apoptosis was increased. Conclusions For the first time, we validated the chemosensitising effects of IFN-β when combined with gemcitabine in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. This was driven by cell cycle modulation and associated with an upregulation of genes involving intracellular uptake of gemcitabine. The use of IFN-β in combination with gemcitabine seems promising in patients with pancreatic cancer and needs to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Blaauboer
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Room Ee-514, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015, GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Stephanie Booy
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Room Ee-514, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015, GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M van Koetsveld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Karels
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fadime Dogan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne van Zwienen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Casper H J van Eijck
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Room Ee-514, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015, GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leo J Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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van Koetsveld PM, Creemers SG, Dogan F, Franssen GJH, de Herder WW, Feelders RA, Hofland LJ. The Efficacy of Mitotane in Human Primary Adrenocortical Carcinoma Cultures. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5581636. [PMID: 31586196 PMCID: PMC7006231 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Patients with adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) often fail mitotane treatment and deal with severe toxicity, marking the relevance of predictive parameters for treatment outcome. OBJECTIVE Determine the effects of mitotane in primary ACC cultures, and correlate sensitivity with patient and tumor characteristics. METHODS In 32 primary ACC cultures, the effects of mitotane on cell growth and cortisol production were determined. RRM1, SOAT1, and CYP2W1 expression were assessed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The median percentage cell amount inhibition in primary ACC cultures at 50 µM mitotane was 57%. Seven patients were classified as nonresponders, 14 as partial responders, and 11 as responders. The mean median effective concentration (EC50) value of mitotane for inhibition of cell amount in responders was 14.2 µM (95% CI, 11.3-17.9), in partial responders 41.6 µM (95% CI, 33.5-51.8), and could not be calculated in nonresponders. The percentage cortisol-producing ACC was 14%, 43%, and 73% for nonresponders, partial responders, and responders (P = 0.068). Mitotane inhibited cortisol production with a mean EC50 of 1.4 µM (95% CI, 0.9-2.1), which was considerably lower than the EC50 on cell growth. RRM1, SOAT1, and CYP2W1 expression levels were not predictive for mitotane sensitivity in vitro. CONCLUSION Direct antitumor effects of mitotane on human primary ACC cultures are highly variable between patients, reflecting heterogeneous responses in patients. Cortisol was inhibited at lower concentrations, compared with its effect on cell amount. Cortisol secretion by ACC might be associated with enhanced mitotane sensitivity due to increased direct antitumor effects of mitotane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M van Koetsveld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sara G Creemers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fadime Dogan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gaston J H Franssen
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter W de Herder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard A Feelders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leo J Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: L.J. Hofland, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Room Ee514, Erasmus Medical Center, P.O. box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands. E-mail:
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13
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Herrera-Martínez AD, Feelders RA, Van den Dungen R, Dogan-Oruc F, van Koetsveld PM, Castaño JP, de Herder WW, Hofland LJ. Effect of the Tryptophan Hydroxylase Inhibitor Telotristat on Growth and Serotonin Secretion in 2D and 3D Cultured Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor Cells. Neuroendocrinology 2020; 110:351-363. [PMID: 31319410 DOI: 10.1159/000502200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin, a biologically active amine, is related to carcinoid syndrome in functioning neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). Telotristat ethyl is a novel inhibitor of the tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), a key enzyme in the production of serotonin. While its use in patients with carcinoid syndrome and uncontrolled diarrhea under somatostatin analogs (SSAs) has been recently approved, in vitro data evaluating its effectiveness are lacking. For this reason, we aimed to evaluate the effect of telotristat as monotherapy, and in combination with SSAs, on proliferation and secretion in a NET cell line model. The human pancreatic NET cell lines BON-1/QGP-1 were used as 2D and 3D cultured models; somatostatin receptor and TPH mRNA expression, as well as the potential autocrine effect of serotonin on tumor cell proliferation using a 3D culture system were evaluated. Telotristat decreased serotonin production in a dose-dependent manner at a clinically feasible concentration, without affecting cell proliferation. Its combination with pasireotide, but not with octreotide, had an additive inhibitory effect on serotonin secretion. The effect of telotristat was slightly less potent, when BON-1 cells were co-treated with octreotide. Octreotide and pasireotide had no effect on the expression of TPH. Telotristat did not have an effect on mRNA expression of somatostatin receptor subtypes. Finally, we showed that serotonin did not have an autocrine effect on NET cell proliferation on the 3D cell model. These results suggest that telotristat is an effective drug for serotonin inhibition, but the effectiveness of its combination with SST2 (somatostatin receptor subtype 2)-preferring SSA should be evaluated in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aura D Herrera-Martínez
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain,
| | - Richard A Feelders
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rosanna Van den Dungen
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fadime Dogan-Oruc
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M van Koetsveld
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Justo P Castaño
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Wouter W de Herder
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leo J Hofland
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Creemers SG, Feelders RA, de Jong FH, Franssen GJH, de Rijke YB, van Koetsveld PM, Hofland LJ. Osilodrostat Is a Potential Novel Steroidogenesis Inhibitor for the Treatment of Cushing Syndrome: An In Vitro Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:3437-3449. [PMID: 31127821 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Metyrapone and ketoconazole, frequently used steroidogenesis inhibitors for treatment of Cushing syndrome, can be associated with side effects and limited efficacy. Osilodrostat is a CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 inhibitor, with unknown effects on other steroidogenic enzymes. OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of osilodrostat, metyrapone, and ketoconazole on adrenal steroidogenesis, and pituitary adenoma cells in vitro. METHODS HAC15 cells, 17 primary human adrenocortical cell cultures, and pituitary adenoma cells were incubated with osilodrostat, metyrapone, or ketoconazole (0.01 to 10 µM). Cortisol and ACTH were measured using chemiluminescence immunoassays, and steroid profiles by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS In HAC15 cells, osilodrostat inhibited cortisol production more potently (IC50: 0.035 µM) than metyrapone (0.068 µM; P < 0.0001), and ketoconazole (0.621 µM; P < 0.0001). IC50 values of osilodrostat and metyrapone for basal cortisol production varied with a 25- and 18-fold difference, respectively, with comparable potency. Aldosterone production was inhibited more potently by osilodrostat vs metyrapone and ketoconazole. Osilodrostat and metyrapone treatment resulted in strong inhibition of corticosterone and cortisol, 11-deoxycortisol accumulation, and modest effects on adrenal androgens. No pituitary-directed effects of osilodrostat were observed. CONCLUSIONS Under our study conditions, osilodrostat is a potent cortisol production inhibitor in human adrenocortical cells, comparable with metyrapone. All steroidogenesis inhibitors showed large variability in sensitivity between primary adrenocortical cultures. Osilodrostat might inhibit CYP11B1 and CYP11B2, in some conditions to a lesser extent CYP17A1 activity, and a proximal step in the steroidogenesis. Osilodrostat is a promising treatment option for Cushing syndrome, and in vivo differences with metyrapone are potentially driven by pharmacokinetic differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara G Creemers
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, CA, Netherlands
| | - Richard A Feelders
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, CA, Netherlands
| | - Frank H de Jong
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, CA, Netherlands
| | - Gaston J H Franssen
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, CA, Netherlands
| | - Yolanda B de Rijke
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, CA, Netherlands
| | - Peter M van Koetsveld
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, CA, Netherlands
| | - Leo J Hofland
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, CA, Netherlands
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15
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De Martino MC, van Koetsveld PM, Feelders RA, de Herder WW, Dogan F, Janssen JAMJL, Hofste Op Bruinink D, Pivonello C, Waaijers AM, Colao A, de Krijger RR, Pivonello R, Hofland LJ. IGF and mTOR pathway expression and in vitro effects of linsitinib and mTOR inhibitors in adrenocortical cancer. Endocrine 2019; 64:673-684. [PMID: 30838516 PMCID: PMC6551351 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-01869-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The IGF and mTOR-pathways are considered as potential targets for therapy in patients with adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). This study aims to describe the IGF pathway in ACC and to explore the response to the combined treatment with the IGF1R/IR inhibitor linsitinib, and mTOR inhibitors (sirolimus and everolimus) in in vitro models of ACC. METHODS The protein expression level of IGF2, IGF1R and IGF2R was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 17 human ACCs and the mRNA expression level of IGF1, IGF2, IGF1R, IR isoforms A and B, IGF2R, IGF-Binding-Proteins[IGFBP]-1, 2, 3 and 6 was evaluated by RT-qPCR in 12 samples. In H295R and HAC15 ACC cell lines the combined effects of linsitinib and sirolimus or everolimus on cell survival were evaluated. RESULTS A high protein expression of IGF2, IGF1R and IGF2R was observed in 82, 65 and 100% of samples, respectively. A high relative expression of IGF2 mRNA was found in the majority of samples. The mRNA levels of the IRA were higher than that of IRB and IGF1R in the majority of samples (75%). Linsitinib inhibits cell growth in the H295R and HAC15 cell lines and, combined with sirolimus or everolimus, linsitinib showed a significant additive effect. CONCLUSIONS In addition to IGF2 and IGF1R, ACC express IGF2R, IRA and several IGFBPs, suggesting that the interplay between the different components of the IGF pathway in ACC could be more complex than previously considered. The addition of mTOR inhibitors to linsitinib may have stronger antiproliferative effects than linsitinib alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina De Martino
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Peter M van Koetsveld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard A Feelders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter W de Herder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fadime Dogan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph A M J L Janssen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Davine Hofste Op Bruinink
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - A Marlijn Waaijers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ronald R de Krijger
- Departments of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rosario Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Leo J Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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16
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Herrera-Martínez AD, van den Dungen R, Dogan-Oruc F, van Koetsveld PM, Culler MD, de Herder WW, Luque RM, Feelders RA, Hofland LJ. Effects of novel somatostatin-dopamine chimeric drugs in 2D and 3D cell culture models of neuroendocrine tumors. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:585-599. [PMID: 30939452 DOI: 10.1530/erc-19-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Control of symptoms related to hormonal hypersecretion by functioning neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) is challenging. New therapeutic options are required. Since novel in vitro tumor models seem to better mimic the tumor in vivo conditions, we aimed to study the effect of somatostatin and dopamine receptor agonists (octreotide and cabergoline, respectively) and novel somatostatin-dopamine chimeric multi-receptor drugs (BIM-065, BIM-23A760) using 2D (monolayer) and 3D (spheroids) cultures. Dose-response studies in 2D and 3D human pancreatic NET cell cultures (BON-1 and QGP-1) were performed under serum-containing and serum-deprived conditions. Cell proliferation, somatostatin and dopamine receptor expression (SSTs and D2R), apoptosis, lactate dehydrogenase, as well as serotonin and chromogranin A (CgA) release were assessed. The following results were obtained. 3D cultures of BON-1/QGP-1 allowed better cell survival than 2D cultures in serum-deprived conditions. SSTs and D2R mRNA levels were higher in the 3D model vs 2D model. Octreotide/cabergoline/BIM-065/BIM-23A760 treatment did not affect cell growth or spheroid size. In BON-1 2D-cultures, only BIM-23A760 significantly inhibited CgA release -this effect being more pronounced in 3D cultures. In BON-1 2D cultures, cabergoline/BIM-065/BIM-23A760 treatment decreased serotonin release (maximal effect up to 40%), being this effect again more potent in 3D cultures (up to 67% inhibition; with BIM-23A760 having the most potent effects). In QGP-1, cabergoline/BIM-065 treatment decreased serotonin release only in the 3D model. In conclusion, cultures of NET 3D spheroids represent a promising method for evaluating cell proliferation and secretion in NET cell-line models. Compared to 2D models, 3D models grow relatively serum independent. In 3D model, SST-D2R multi-receptor targeting drugs inhibit CgA and serotonin secretion, but not NET cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aura D Herrera-Martínez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rosanna van den Dungen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Fadime Dogan-Oruc
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter M van Koetsveld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Wouter W de Herder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Raúl M Luque
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Richard A Feelders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Leo J Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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17
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Creemers SG, Korpershoek E, Atmodimedjo PN, Dinjens WNM, van Koetsveld PM, Feelders RA, Hofland LJ. Identification of Mutations in Cell-Free Circulating Tumor DNA in Adrenocortical Carcinoma: A Case Series. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:3611-3615. [PMID: 28973495 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The disease course of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) patients is heterogeneous. A marker for prognosis and treatment response would facilitate choices for diagnosis and therapy. In other cancer types, circulating cell-free tumor DNA predicted tumor dynamics. CASE DESCRIPTIONS The present pilot study included six patients. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) showed mutations in three ACC cases. From these patients, blood was drawn before (1 to 2 weeks) and after surgery and cell-free circulating DNA (cfDNA) was isolated. Tumor-specific mutations were found in the cfDNA of one of the three patients, with metastasized ACC at diagnosis. NGS of the tumor showed an NRAS mutation (c.182A>G:p.Q61R) in 78%, a TP53 mutation (c.856G>A:p.E286K) in 60%, and a TERT gene mutation (1295250C>T) in 28% of the reads. The preoperative cfDNA showed the same mutations at a frequency of 64%, 32%, and 2%, respectively. The postoperative cfDNA showed the same mutations but at lower frequencies (52%, 16%, and 3%, respectively). The patient was postoperatively treated with mitotane and chemotherapy. No mutations were detected in the corresponding leukocyte DNA or in the cfDNA from the two other patients. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, we report for the first time mutations occurring at high levels in cfDNA collected before and after surgery from one of three patients, after previous identification in the tumor. However, in the cfDNA from two patients with known mutations, we were unable to reliably detect mutations in the cfDNA. Our results indicate that mutation detection in cfDNA can vary among ACC patients, and other approaches might be required to detect the tumor response and monitor progressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara G Creemers
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Korpershoek
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Peggy N Atmodimedjo
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Winand N M Dinjens
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M van Koetsveld
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Richard A Feelders
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Leo J Hofland
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands
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18
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Gatto F, Feelders RA, Franck SE, van Koetsveld PM, Dogan F, Kros JM, Neggers SJCMM, van der Lely AJ, Lamberts SWJ, Ferone D, Hofland LJ. In Vitro Head-to-Head Comparison Between Octreotide and Pasireotide in GH-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:2009-2018. [PMID: 28323931 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT First-generation somatostatin analogs (SSAs), such as octreotide (OCT), are the first line medical therapy for acromegaly. Pasireotide (PAS), a newly developed SSA, has shown promising results in the treatment of acromegaly. OBJECTIVE To compare the antisecretory effect of OCT and PAS in primary cultures of growth hormone (GH)-secreting pituitary adenomas (GH-omas). To correlate responses with the adenoma somatostatin receptor (SSTR) profile. DESIGN The effect of OCT and PAS on GH (and PRL) secretion was tested in 33 GH-oma cultures. SSTR expression was evaluated in adenoma samples. SETTING AND PATIENTS Patients with acromegaly referred to the Erasmus Medical Center (Rotterdam, The Netherlands). INTERVENTIONS OCT and PAS treatment for 72 hours (10 nM). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES GH (and PRL) concentrations in cell culture media. SSTR expression in adenoma samples. RESULTS The overall effect of OCT (-36.8%) and PAS (-37.1%) on GH secretion was superimposable. We identified three adenoma groups: PAS+ (PAS more effective than OCT), n = 6; PAS = OCT, n = 22; and OCT+ (OCT more effective than PAS), n = 5. PAS+ adenomas showed lower somatostatin receptor subtype (sst)2 messenger RNA (mRNA) and sst2/sst5 mRNA ratio, compared with the other groups (P < 0.05). PAS inhibited PRL hypersecretion more than OCT (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Overall, OCT and PAS equally reduced GH secretion in vitro. Adenomas with lower sst2 mRNA expression and lower sst2/sst5 mRNA ratio were better responders to PAS compared with OCT. SSTR evaluation in GH-omas may become a tool for tailored SSA treatment in acromegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Gatto
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard A Feelders
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Pituitary Center Rotterdam, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne E Franck
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M van Koetsveld
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fadime Dogan
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johan M Kros
- Pituitary Center Rotterdam, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian J C M M Neggers
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Pituitary Center Rotterdam, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aart-Jan van der Lely
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Pituitary Center Rotterdam, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steven W J Lamberts
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Diego Ferone
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Genova 16126, Italy
| | - Leo J Hofland
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Pituitary Center Rotterdam, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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19
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Fest J, Fuhler GM, Koetsveld PMV, Peppelenbosch MP, Eijck CHJV. Abstract A29: Involvement of JAK-STAT signaling in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines and suitability for targeted therapy. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.panca16-a29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is a highly lethal disease and for the past few decades no new advances in treatment have been made. A new potential target for therapy may be the STAT-JAK signaling pathway. This pathway plays a critical role in the regulation of cell survival, proliferation and migration. Recently, high levels of pSTAT3 expression have been associated with a poor outcome in pancreatic cancer. Therefore our main goal was to study the role of the JAK-STAT pathway in various human pancreatic cancer cell lines and its suitability for targeted therapy.
Methods: Protein levels of phosphorylated STAT1 and STAT3 were determined in eight human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines. A JAK1/3-inhibitor (Tofacitinib) was used to inhibit pSTAT1 and pSTAT3 at clinically relevant doses. Its effect on proliferation and migration was evaluated by means of an MTT assay, total DNA levels and a scratch assay. Photomicrographs were taken and compared at starting time point and after eight hours. To study the effect of STAT3 levels on drug-resistance for Gemcitabine, MTT assays were performed in the presence of Tofacitinib.
Results: Levels of phosphorylated STAT1 and STAT3 varied widely amongst the eight cell lines. In five cell lines both STATs were activated. Inhibition with Tofacitinib (200ng/mL) was shown for both, ranging from 26.5% to 77.8% for pSTAT1 and 8.1% to 67.3% for pSTAT3 respectively. No significant effect on proliferation was observed after treatment with 100ng/mL, 200ng/mL and 400ng/mL Tofacitinib for 24, 48 and 72 hours by MTT assay or 200ng/mL Tofacitinib for 24 and 72 hours by DNA measurements. Migration was significantly reduced by Tofacitinib treatment (200ng/mL) in three cell lines: BxPC3 (44.0%, p = 0.0443 ), MIA PaCa2 (62.5%, p = 0.0224 ) and PANC1 (52.4 %, p = 0.0336) when treated with Tofacitinib (200ng/mL), but levels of inhibition did not correspond to STAT1/3 phosphorylation levels in these cell lines. No effect on drug-resistance for Gemcitabine was observed after combined treatment with Tofacitinib.
Conclusion: Contrary to recent publications, suggesting that the JAK-STAT pathway may be involved in the tumor biology of pancreatic cancer, we show no effect of divergent STAT activity levels on cellular behavior in pancreatic cell lines and susceptibility of cells to Tofacitinib. Thus, while STAT1 and STAT3 activity levels vary considerably between tumors, our data suggest that these STATs do not provide a target for precision medicine.
Citation Format: Jesse Fest, Gwenny M. Fuhler, Peter M. van Koetsveld, Maikel P. Peppelenbosch, Casper HJ van Eijck.{Authors}. Involvement of JAK-STAT signaling in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines and suitability for targeted therapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer: Advances in Science and Clinical Care; 2016 May 12-15; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(24 Suppl):Abstract nr A29.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Fest
- Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Vandamme T, Beyens M, de Beeck KO, Dogan F, van Koetsveld PM, Pauwels P, Mortier G, Vangestel C, de Herder W, Van Camp G, Peeters M, Hofland LJ. Long-term acquired everolimus resistance in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours can be overcome with novel PI3K-AKT-mTOR inhibitors. Br J Cancer 2016; 114:650-8. [PMID: 26978006 PMCID: PMC4800296 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The mTOR-inhibitor everolimus improves progression-free survival in advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (PNETs). However, adaptive resistance to mTOR inhibition is described. Methods: QGP-1 and BON-1, two human PNET cell lines, were cultured with increasing concentrations of everolimus up to 22 weeks to reach a dose of 1 μM everolimus, respectively, 1000-fold and 250-fold initial IC50. Using total DNA content as a measure of cell number, growth inhibitory dose–response curves of everolimus were determined at the end of resistance induction and over time after everolimus withdrawal. Response to ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitors OSI-027 and AZD2014, and PI3K-mTOR inhibitor NVP-BEZ235 was studied. Gene expression of 10 PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway-related genes was evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR (RT–qPCR). Results: Long-term everolimus-treated BON-1/R and QGP-1/R showed a significant reduction in everolimus sensitivity. During a drug holiday, gradual return of everolimus sensitivity in BON-1/R and QGP-1/R led to complete reversal of resistance after 10–12 weeks. Treatment with AZD2014, OSI-027 and NVP-BEZ235 had an inhibitory effect on cell proliferation in both sensitive and resistant cell lines. Gene expression in BON-1/R revealed downregulation of MTOR, RICTOR, RAPTOR, AKT and HIF1A, whereas 4EBP1 was upregulated. In QGP-1/R, a downregulation of HIF1A and an upregulation of ERK2 were observed. Conclusions: Long-term everolimus resistance was induced in two human PNET cell lines. Novel PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway-targeting drugs can overcome everolimus resistance. Differential gene expression profiles suggest different mechanisms of everolimus resistance in BON-1 and QGP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timon Vandamme
- Center of Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.,Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr Molewaterplein 40, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Beyens
- Center of Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.,Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ken Op de Beeck
- Center of Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.,Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Fadime Dogan
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr Molewaterplein 40, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M van Koetsveld
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr Molewaterplein 40, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Pauwels
- Department of Pathology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Geert Mortier
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christel Vangestel
- Department of Molecular Imaging, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wouter de Herder
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr Molewaterplein 40, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guy Van Camp
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marc Peeters
- Center of Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Leo J Hofland
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr Molewaterplein 40, 3015GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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De Martino MC, van Koetsveld PM, Feelders RA, Lamberts SWJ, de Herder WW, Colao A, Pivonello R, Hofland LJ. Effects of combination treatment with sirolimus and mitotane on growth of human adrenocortical carcinoma cells. Endocrine 2016; 52:664-7. [PMID: 26645813 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0818-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina De Martino
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M van Koetsveld
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard A Feelders
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steven W J Lamberts
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter W de Herder
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Uniniversità Federico II di Napoli, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Uniniversità Federico II di Napoli, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Leo J Hofland
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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22
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Veenstra MJ, van Koetsveld PM, Dogan F, Farrell WE, Feelders RA, Lamberts SWJ, de Herder WW, Vitale G, Hofland LJ. Epidrug-induced upregulation of functional somatostatin type 2 receptors in human pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor cells. Oncotarget 2016; 9:14791-14802. [PMID: 29599907 PMCID: PMC5871078 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin receptors are a pivotal target for treatment of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNET), either with somatostatin analogues (SSA) or radiolabeled SSA. The highest affinity target for the most commonly used SSA is the somatostatin receptor type 2 (sst2 ). An important factor that may complicate treatment efficacy, is the variable number of receptors expressed on pNETs. Gene expression is subject to complex regulation, in which epigenetics has a central role. In this study we explored the possible role of epigenetic modifications in the variations in sst2 expression levels in two human pNET cell lines, BON-1 and QGP-1. We found upregulation of sst2 mRNA after treatment with the epidrugs 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC) and valproic acid (VPA), an increased uptake of radiolabeled octreotide, as well as increased sensitivity to the SSA octreotide in functional cAMP inhibition. At epigenetic level we observed low methylation levels of the sst2 gene promoter region irrespective of expression. Activating histone mark H3K9Ac can be regulated with epidrug treatment, with an angle of effect corresponding to the effect on mRNA expression. Repressive histone mark H3K27me3 is not regulated by either 5-aza-dC or VPA. We conclude that epidrug treatment, in particular with combined 5-aza-dC and VPA treatment, might hold promise for improving and adding to current SSA treatment strategies of patients with pNETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marije J Veenstra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M van Koetsveld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fadime Dogan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - William E Farrell
- Department Human Disease and Genomics Group, Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A Feelders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steven W J Lamberts
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter W de Herder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Vitale
- Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (DISCCO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Leo J Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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23
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van Adrichem RCS, de Herder WW, Kamp K, Brugts MP, de Krijger RR, Sprij-Mooij DM, Lamberts SWJ, van Koetsveld PM, Janssen JAMJL, Hofland LJ. Effects of Somatostatin Analogs and Dopamine Agonists on Insulin-Like Growth Factor 2-Induced Insulin Receptor Isoform A Activation by Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor Cells. Neuroendocrinology 2016; 103:815-25. [PMID: 26836610 DOI: 10.1159/000444280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) express insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-related factors [IGF1, IGF2; insulin receptor (IR)-A, IR-B; IGF-binding protein (IGFBP) 1-3] as well as somatostatin (SSTRs) and dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs). OBJECTIVES To (1) compare mRNA expression of IGF-related factors in human pancreatic NET (panNET) cell lines with that in human GEP-NETs to evaluate the usefulness of these cells as a model for studying the IGF system in GEP-NETs, (2) determine whether panNET cells produce growth factors that activate IR-A, and (3) investigate whether somatostatin analogs (SSAs) and/or dopamine agonists (DAs) influence the production of these growth factors. METHODS In panNET cells (BON-1 and QGP-1) and GEP-NETs, mRNA expression of IGF-related factors was measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Effects of the SSAs octreotide and pasireotide (PAS), the DA cabergoline (CAB), and the dopastatin BIM-23A760 (all 100 nM) were evaluated at the IGF2 mRNA and protein level (by ELISA) and regarding IR-A bioactivity (by kinase receptor activation assay) in panNET cells. RESULTS panNET cells and GEP-NETs had comparable expression profiles of IGF-related factors. Especially in BON-1 cells, IGF2 and IR-A were most highly expressed. PAS + CAB inhibited IGF2 (-29.5 ± 4.9%, p < 0.01) and IGFBP3 (-20.0 ± 4.0%, p < 0.01) mRNA expression in BON-1 cells. In BON-1 cells, IGF2 protein secretion was significantly inhibited with BIM-23A760 (-23.7 ± 3.8%). BON-1- but not QGP-1- conditioned medium stimulated IR-A bioactivity. In BON-1 cells, IR-A bioactivity was inhibited by BIM-23A760 and PAS + CAB (-37.8 ± 2.1% and -30.9 ± 4.1%, respectively, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS (1) The BON-1 cell line is a representative model for studying the IGF system in GEP-NETs, (2) BON-1 cells produce growth factors (IGF2) activating IR-A, and (3) combined SSTR and D2R targeting with PAS + CAB and BIM-23A760 suppresses IGF2-induced IR-A activation.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor/chemistry
- Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology
- Dopamine/analogs & derivatives
- Dopamine/pharmacology
- Dopamine Agonists/pharmacology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/metabolism
- Intestinal Neoplasms/pathology
- Neuroendocrine Tumors/pathology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Insulin/genetics
- Receptor, Insulin/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/metabolism
- Receptors, Somatostatin/genetics
- Receptors, Somatostatin/metabolism
- Somatostatin/analogs & derivatives
- Somatostatin/pharmacology
- Stomach Neoplasms/pathology
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne C S van Adrichem
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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24
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Booy S, van Eijck CHJ, Janssen JAMJL, Dogan F, van Koetsveld PM, Hofland LJ. IFN-β is a potent inhibitor of insulin and insulin like growth factor stimulated proliferation and migration in human pancreatic cancer cells. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:2035-2046. [PMID: 26269762 PMCID: PMC4529622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive malignancy with few treatment options. The overexpression of several growth factors, including insulin and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), can underlie the aggressive nature of this disease. Previous research has demonstrated potent effects of interferon (IFN)-β on pancreatic cancer cell growth, however up till now it is unknown whether IFN-β is able to counteract IGF1, IGF2 and insulin-induced pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and migration. METHODS Expression of IGF- and insulin receptors was determined and the stimulatory effects of IGF1, IGF2 and insulin on cell proliferation and migration, as well as the inhibitory effects of IFN-β were evaluated in 3 human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines. RESULTS Both the insulin- and the IGF1 receptor were variably expressed in the cell lines. IGF1, IGF2 and insulin were capable of stimulating cell proliferation in all three cell lines, however cell migration was significantly enhanced only in the BxPC-3 cell line. IFN-β significantly inhibited IGF1-, IGF2- and insulin-stimulated proliferation in all three cell lines in a dose and time dependent manner. Furthermore, in the BxPC-3 cell line IFN-β significantly inhibited both basal and IGF1-, IGF2- and insulin-stimulated cell migration. CONCLUSION Both IGF1, -2 and insulin were capable of stimulating proliferation and migration in human pancreatic cancer cells irrespective of the type of receptor expressed. This study demonstrates that insulin, in addition to IGF1 and IGF2, may play an important role in the progression of pancreatic cancer. Moreover, IFN-β strongly inhibits growth factor stimulated cell proliferation and migration. Our study supports previous findings which have suggested that IFN-β can be a potential promising anti-cancer agent in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Booy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical CenterRotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical CenterRotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joseph AMJL Janssen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical CenterRotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fadime Dogan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical CenterRotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M van Koetsveld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical CenterRotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leo J Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical CenterRotterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Kaščáková S, Hofland LJ, De Bruijn HS, Ye Y, Achilefu S, van der Wansem K, van der Ploeg-van den Heuvel A, van Koetsveld PM, Brugts MP, van der Lelij AJ, Sterenborg HJCM, ten Hagen TLM, Robinson DJ, van Hagen MP. Somatostatin analogues for receptor targeted photodynamic therapy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104448. [PMID: 25111655 PMCID: PMC4128677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an established treatment modality, used mainly for anticancer therapy that relies on the interaction of photosensitizer, light and oxygen. For the treatment of pathologies in certain anatomical sites, improved targeting of the photosensitizer is necessary to prevent damage to healthy tissue. We report on a novel dual approach of targeted PDT (vascular and cellular targeting) utilizing the expression of neuropeptide somatostatin receptor (sst2) on tumor and neovascular-endothelial cells. We synthesized two conjugates containing the somatostatin analogue [Tyr3]-octreotate and Chlorin e6 (Ce6): Ce6-K3-[Tyr3]-octreotate (1) and Ce6-[Tyr3]-octreotate-K3-[Tyr3]-octreotate (2). Investigation of the uptake and photodynamic activity of conjugates in-vitro in human erythroleukemic K562 cells showed that conjugation of [Tyr3]-octreotate with Ce6 in conjugate 1 enhances uptake (by a factor 2) in cells over-expressing sst2 compared to wild-type cells. Co-treatment with excess free Octreotide abrogated the phototoxicity of conjugate 1 indicative of a specific sst2-mediated effect. In contrast conjugate 2 showed no receptor-mediated effect due to its high hydrophobicity. When compared with un-conjugated Ce6, the PDT activity of conjugate 1 was lower. However, it showed higher photostability which may compensate for its lower phototoxicity. Intra-vital fluorescence pharmacokinetic studies of conjugate 1 in rat skin-fold observation chambers transplanted with sst2+ AR42J acinar pancreas tumors showed significantly different uptake profiles compared to free Ce6. Co-treatment with free Octreotide significantly reduced conjugate uptake in tumor tissue (by a factor 4) as well as in the chamber neo-vasculature. These results show that conjugate 1 might have potential as an in-vivo sst2 targeting photosensitizer conjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slávka Kaščáková
- Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leo J. Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henriette S. De Bruijn
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yunpeng Ye
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Samuel Achilefu
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Michael P. Brugts
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Henricus J. C. M. Sterenborg
- Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timo L. M. ten Hagen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dominic J. Robinson
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin P. van Hagen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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26
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De Martino MC, Feelders RA, de Herder WW, van Koetsveld PM, Dogan F, Janssen JAMJL, Waaijers AM, Pivonello C, Lamberts SWJ, Colao A, de Krijger RR, Pivonello R, Hofland LJ. Characterization of the mTOR pathway in human normal adrenal and adrenocortical tumors. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:601-13. [PMID: 24891456 DOI: 10.1530/erc-13-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The mTOR pathway has recently been suggested as a new potential target for therapy in adrenocortical carcinomas (ACCs). The aim of the current study is to describe the expression of the mTOR pathway in normal adrenals (NAs) and pathological adrenals and to explore whether there are correlation between the expression of these proteins and the in vitro response to sirolimus. For this purpose, the MTOR, S6K1 (RPS6KB1), and 4EBP1 (EIF4EBP1) mRNA expression were evaluated in ten NAs, ten adrenal hyperplasias (AHs), 17 adrenocortical adenomas (ACAs), and 17 ACCs by qPCR, whereas total(t)/phospho(p)-MTOR, t/p-S6K, and t/p-4EBP1 protein expression were assessed in three NAs, three AHs, six ACAs, and 20 ACCs by immunohistochemistry. The effects of sirolimus on cell survival and/or cortisol secretion in 12 human primary cultures of adrenocortical tumors (ATs) were also evaluated. In NAs and AHs, layer-specific expression of evaluated proteins was observed. S6K1 mRNA levels were lower in ACCs compared with NAs, AHs, and ACAs (P<0.01). A subset of ATs presented a moderate to high staining of the evaluated proteins. Median t-S6K1 protein expression in ACCs was lower than that in ACAs (P<0.01). Moderate to high staining of p-S6K1 and/or p-4EBP1 was observed in most ATs. A subset of ACCs not having moderate to high staining had a higher Weiss score than others (P<0.029). In primary AT cultures, sirolimus significantly reduced cell survival or cortisol secretion only in sporadic cases. In conclusion, these data suggest the presence of an activated mTOR pathway in a subset of ATs and a possible response to sirolimus only in certain ACC cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina De Martino
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDipartimento di Medicina Clinica e ChirurgiaSezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II, Naples, ItalyDepartment of PathologyErasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam and Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Richard A Feelders
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDipartimento di Medicina Clinica e ChirurgiaSezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II, Naples, ItalyDepartment of PathologyErasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam and Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter W de Herder
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDipartimento di Medicina Clinica e ChirurgiaSezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II, Naples, ItalyDepartment of PathologyErasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam and Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M van Koetsveld
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDipartimento di Medicina Clinica e ChirurgiaSezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II, Naples, ItalyDepartment of PathologyErasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam and Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Fadime Dogan
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDipartimento di Medicina Clinica e ChirurgiaSezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II, Naples, ItalyDepartment of PathologyErasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam and Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph A M J L Janssen
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDipartimento di Medicina Clinica e ChirurgiaSezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II, Naples, ItalyDepartment of PathologyErasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam and Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - A Marlijn Waaijers
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDipartimento di Medicina Clinica e ChirurgiaSezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II, Naples, ItalyDepartment of PathologyErasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam and Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Pivonello
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDipartimento di Medicina Clinica e ChirurgiaSezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II, Naples, ItalyDepartment of PathologyErasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam and Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Steven W J Lamberts
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDipartimento di Medicina Clinica e ChirurgiaSezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II, Naples, ItalyDepartment of PathologyErasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam and Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDipartimento di Medicina Clinica e ChirurgiaSezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II, Naples, ItalyDepartment of PathologyErasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam and Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald R de Krijger
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDipartimento di Medicina Clinica e ChirurgiaSezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II, Naples, ItalyDepartment of PathologyErasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam and Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Rosario Pivonello
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDipartimento di Medicina Clinica e ChirurgiaSezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II, Naples, ItalyDepartment of PathologyErasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam and Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Leo J Hofland
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDipartimento di Medicina Clinica e ChirurgiaSezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II, Naples, ItalyDepartment of PathologyErasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam and Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, The Netherlands
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27
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Booy S, van Eijck CHJ, Dogan F, van Koetsveld PM, Hofland LJ. Influence of type-I Interferon receptor expression level on the response to type-I Interferons in human pancreatic cancer cells. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:492-502. [PMID: 24460759 PMCID: PMC3955155 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive malignancy with limited treatment options. Type-I interferons (e.g. IFN-α/-β) have several anti-tumour activities. Over the past few years, clinical studies evaluating the effect of adjuvant IFN-α therapy in pancreatic cancer yielded equivocal results. Although IFN-α and-β act via the type-I IFN receptor, the role of the number of receptors present on tumour cells is still unknown. Therefore, this study associated, for the first time, in a large panel of pancreatic cancer cell lines the effects of IFN-α/-β with the expression of type-I IFN receptors. The anti-tumour effects of IFN-α or IFN-β on cell proliferation and apoptosis were evaluated in 11 human pancreatic cell lines. Type-I IFN receptor expression was determined on both the mRNA and protein level. After 7 days of incubation, IFN-α significantly reduced cell growth in eight cell lines by 5–67%. IFN-β inhibited cell growth statistically significant in all cell lines by 43–100%. After 3 days of treatment, IFN-β induced significantly more apoptosis than IFN-α. The cell lines variably expressed the type-I IFN receptor. The maximal inhibitory effect of IFN-α was positively correlated with the IFNAR-1 mRNA (P < 0.05, r = 0.63), IFNAR-2c mRNA (P < 0.05, r = 0.69) and protein expression (P < 0.05, r = 0.65). Human pancreatic cancer cell lines variably respond to IFN-α and-β. The expression level of the type-I IFN receptor is of predictive value for the direct anti-tumour effects of IFN-α treatment. More importantly, IFN-β induces anti-tumour effects already at much lower concentrations, is less dependent on interferon receptor expression and seems, therefore, more promising than IFN-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Booy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherland; Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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28
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Gatto F, Feelders R, van der Pas R, Kros JM, Dogan F, van Koetsveld PM, van der Lelij AJ, Neggers SJCMM, Minuto F, de Herder W, Lamberts SWJ, Ferone D, Hofland LJ. β-Arrestin 1 and 2 and G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 expression in pituitary adenomas: role in the regulation of response to somatostatin analogue treatment in patients with acromegaly. Endocrinology 2013; 154:4715-25. [PMID: 24169548 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent in vitro studies highlighted G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK)2 and β-arrestins as important players in driving somatostatin receptor (SSTR) desensitization and trafficking. Our aim was to characterize GRK2 and β-arrestins expression in different pituitary adenomas and to investigate their potential role in the response to somatostatin analog (SSA) treatment in GH-secreting adenomas (GHomas). We evaluated mRNA expression of multiple SSTRs, GRK2, β-arrestin 1, and β-arrestin 2 in 41 pituitary adenomas (31 GHomas, 6 nonfunctioning [NFPAs], and 4 prolactinomas [PRLomas]). Within the GHomas group, mRNA data were correlated with the in vivo response to an acute octreotide test and with the GH-lowering effect of SSA in cultured primary cells. β-Arrestin 1 expression was low in all 3 adenoma histotypes. However, its expression was significantly lower in GHomas and PRLomas, compared with NFPAs (P < .01). GRK2 expression was higher in PRLomas and NFPAs compared with GHomas (P < .05). In the GHoma group, GRK2 expression was inversely correlated to β-arrestin 1 (P < .05) and positively correlated to β-arrestin 2 (P < .0001). SSA treatment did not affect GRK2 and β-arrestin expression in GHomas or in cultured rat pituitary tumor GH3 cells. Noteworthy, β-arrestin 1 was significantly lower (P < .05) in tumors responsive to octreotide treatment in vitro, whereas GRK2 and SSTR subtype 2 were significantly higher (P < .05). Likewise, β-arrestin 1 levels were inversely correlated with the in vivo response to acute octreotide test (P = .001), whereas GRK2 and SSTR subtype 2 expression were positively correlated (P < .05). In conclusion, for the first time, we characterized GRK2, β-arrestin 1, and β-arrestin 2 expression in a representative number of pituitary adenomas. β-Arrestin 1 and GRK2 seem to have a role in modulating GH secretion during SSA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Gatto
- Erasmus Medical Center, Room Ee 530b, Doctor Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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29
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Hofland J, Steenbergen J, Hofland LJ, van Koetsveld PM, Eijken M, van Nederveen FH, Kazemier G, de Herder WW, Feelders RA, de Jong FH. Protein kinase C-induced activin A switches adrenocortical steroidogenesis to aldosterone by suppressing CYP17A1 expression. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E736-44. [PMID: 23900415 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00034.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Functional zonation of the adrenal cortex is a consequence of the zone-specific expression of P450c17 (CYP17A1) and its cofactors. Activin and inhibin peptides are differentially produced within the zones of the adrenal cortex and have been implicated in steroidogenic control. In this study, we investigated whether activin and inhibin can function as intermediates in functional zonation of the human adrenal cortex. Activin A suppressed CYP17A1 expression and P450c17 function in adrenocortical cell lines as well as in primary adrenal cell cultures. Inhibin βA-subunit mRNA and activin A protein levels were found to be increased up to 1,900-fold and 49-fold, respectively, after protein kinase C (PKC) stimulation through PMA or angiotensin II in H295R adrenocortical carcinoma cells. This was confirmed in HAC15 cells and for PMA in primary adrenal cell cultures. Both PMA and Ang II decreased CYP17A1 expression in the adrenocortical cell lines, whereas PMA concurrently suppressed CYP17A1 levels in the primary cultures. Inhibition of activin signaling during PKC stimulation through silencing of the inhibin βA-subunit or blocking of the activin type I receptor opposed the PMA-induced downregulation of CYP17A1 expression and P450c17 function. In contrast, PKA stimulation through adrenocorticotrophin or forskolin increased expression of the inhibin α-subunit and betaglycan, both of which are antagonists of activin action. These data indicate that activin A acts as a PKC-induced paracrine factor involved in the suppression of CYP17A1 in the zona glomerulosa and can thereby contribute to functional adrenocortical zonation.
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Hofland J, Hofland LJ, van Koetsveld PM, Steenbergen J, de Herder WW, van Eijck CH, de Krijger RR, van Nederveen FH, van Aken MO, de Groot JW, Links TP, de Jong FH, Feelders RA. ACTH-independent macronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia reveals prevalent aberrant in vivo and in vitro responses to hormonal stimuli and coupling of arginine-vasopressin type 1a receptor to 11β-hydroxylase. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2013; 8:142. [PMID: 24034279 PMCID: PMC3847204 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-8-142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adrenal Cushing’s syndrome caused by ACTH-independent macronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia (AIMAH) can be accompanied by aberrant responses to hormonal stimuli. We investigated the prevalence of adrenocortical reactions to these stimuli in a large cohort of AIMAH patients, both in vivo and in vitro. Methods In vivo cortisol responses to hormonal stimuli were studied in 35 patients with ACTH-independent bilateral adrenal enlargement and (sub-)clinical hypercortisolism. In vitro, the effects of these stimuli on cortisol secretion and steroidogenic enzyme mRNA expression were evaluated in cultured AIMAH and other adrenocortical cells. Arginine-vasopressin (AVP) receptor mRNA levels were determined in the adrenal tissues. Results Positive serum cortisol responses to stimuli were detected in 27/35 AIMAH patients tested, with multiple responses within individual patients occurring for up to four stimuli. AVP and metoclopramide were the most prevalent hormonal stimuli triggering positive responses in vivo. Catecholamines induced short-term cortisol production more often in AIMAH cultures compared to other adrenal cells. Short- and long-term incubation with AVP increased cortisol secretion in cultures of AIMAH cells. AVP also increased steroidogenic enzyme mRNA expression, among which an aberrant induction of CYP11B1. AVP type 1a receptor was the only AVPR expressed and levels were high in the AIMAH tissues. AVPR1A expression was related to the AVP-induced stimulation of CYP11B1. Conclusions Multiple hormonal signals can simultaneously induce hypercortisolism in AIMAH. AVP is the most prevalent eutopic signal and expression of its type 1a receptor was aberrantly linked to CYP11B1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, P,O, Box 2040, Rotterdam, CA, 3000, The Netherlands.
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31
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van Koetsveld PM, Vitale G, Feelders RA, Waaijers M, Sprij-Mooij DM, de Krijger RR, Speel EJM, Hofland J, Lamberts SWJ, de Herder WW, Hofland LJ. Interferon-β is a potent inhibitor of cell growth and cortisol production in vitro and sensitizes human adrenocortical carcinoma cells to mitotane. Endocr Relat Cancer 2013; 20:443-54. [PMID: 23507702 DOI: 10.1530/erc-12-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is an aggressive tumor with very poor prognosis. Novel medical treatment opportunities are required. We investigated the effects of interferon-β (IFN-β), alone or in combination with mitotane, on cell growth and cortisol secretion in primary cultures of 13 human ACCs, three adrenal hyperplasias, three adrenal adenomas, and in two ACC cell lines. Moreover, the interrelationship between the effects of IGF2 and IFN-β was evaluated. Mitotane inhibited cell total DNA content/well (representing cell number) in 7/11 (IC50: 38±9.2 μM) and cortisol secretion in 5/5 ACC cultures (IC50: 4.5±0.1 μM). IFN-β reduced cell number in 10/11 (IC50: 83±18 IU/ml) and cortisol secretion in 5/5 ACC cultures (IC50: 7.3±1.5 IU/ml). The effect of IFN-β on cell number included the induction of apoptosis. IFN-β strongly inhibited mRNA expression of STAR, CYP11A1, CYP17A1, and CYP11B1. Mitotane and IFN-β induced an additive inhibitory effect on cell number and cortisol secretion. IGF2 (10 nM) inhibited apoptosis and increased cell number and cortisol secretion. These effects were counteracted by IFN-β treatment. Finally, IFN-β inhibited IGF2 secretion and mRNA expression. In conclusion, IFN-β is a potent inhibitor of ACC cell growth in human primary ACC cultures, partially mediated by an inhibition of the effects of IGF2, as well as its production. The increased sensitivity of ACC cells to mitotane induced by treatment with IFN-β may open the opportunity for combined treatment regimens with lower mitotane doses. The inhibition of the expression of steroidogenic enzymes by IFN-β is a novel mechanism that may explain its inhibitory effect on cortisol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M van Koetsveld
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Erasmus MC, Dr Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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32
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Hofland J, de Herder WW, Derks L, Hofland LJ, van Koetsveld PM, de Krijger RR, van Nederveen FH, Horvath A, Stratakis CA, de Jong FH, Feelders RA. Regulation of steroidogenesis in a primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease-associated adenoma leading to virilization and subclinical Cushing's syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 2013; 168:67-74. [PMID: 23065993 PMCID: PMC4100689 DOI: 10.1530/eje-12-0594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD) can lead to steroid hormone overproduction. Mutations in the cAMP protein kinase A regulatory subunit type 1A (PRKAR1A) are causative of PPNAD. Steroidogenesis in PPNAD can be modified through a local glucocorticoid feed-forward loop. OBJECTIVE Investigation of regulation of steroidogenesis in a case of PPNAD with virilization. MATERIALS AND METHODS A 33-year-old woman presented with primary infertility due to hyperandrogenism. Elevated levels of testosterone and subclinical ACTH-independent Cushing's syndrome led to the discovery of an adrenal tumor, which was diagnosed as PPNAD. In vivo evaluation of aberrantly expressed hormone receptors showed no steroid response to known stimuli. Genetic analysis revealed a PRKAR1A protein-truncating Q28X mutation. After adrenalectomy, steroid levels normalized. Tumor cells were cultured and steroidogenic responses to ACTH and dexamethasone were measured and compared with those in normal adrenal and adrenocortical carcinoma cells. Expression levels of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) types 3 and 5 and steroid receptors were quantified in PPNAD, normal adrenal, and adrenal adenoma tissues. RESULTS Isolated PPNAD cells, analogous to normal adrenal cells, showed both increased steroidogenic enzyme expression and steroid secretion in response to ACTH. Dexamethasone did not affect steroid production in the investigated types of adrenal cells. 17β-HSD type 5 was expressed at a higher level in the PPNAD-associated adenoma compared with control adrenal tissue. CONCLUSION PPNAD-associated adenomas can cause virilization and infertility by adrenal androgen overproduction. This may be due to steroidogenic control mechanisms that differ from those described for PPNAD without large adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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De Martino MC, van Koetsveld PM, Feelders RA, Sprij-Mooij D, Waaijers M, Lamberts SWJ, de Herder WW, Colao A, Pivonello R, Hofland LJ. The role of mTOR inhibitors in the inhibition of growth and cortisol secretion in human adrenocortical carcinoma cells. Endocr Relat Cancer 2012; 19:351-64. [PMID: 22420007 DOI: 10.1530/erc-11-0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Patients with adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) need new treatment options. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the mTOR inhibitors sirolimus and temsirolimus on human ACC cell growth and cortisol production. In H295, HAC15, and SW13 cells, we have evaluated mTOR, IGF2, and IGF1 receptor expressions; the effects of sirolimus and temsirolimus on cell growth; and the effects of sirolimus on apoptosis, cell cycle, and cortisol production. Moreover, the effects of sirolimus on basal and IGF2-stimulated H295 cell colony growth and on basal and IGF1-stimulated phospho-AKT, phospho-S6K1, and phospho-ERK in H295 and SW13 were studied. Finally, we have evaluated the effects of combination treatment of sirolimus with an IGF2-neutralizing antibody. We have found that H295 and HAC15 expressed IGF2 at a >1800-fold higher level than SW13. mTOR inhibitors suppressed cell growth in a dose-/time-dependent manner in all cell lines. SW13 were the most sensitive to these effects. Sirolimus inhibited H295 colony surviving fraction and size. These effects were not antagonized by IGF2, suggesting the involvement of other autocrine regulators of mTOR pathways. In H295, sirolimus activated escape pathways. The blocking of endogenously produced IGF2 increased the antiproliferative effects of sirolimus on H295. Cortisol production by H295 and HAC15 was inhibited by sirolimus. The current study demonstrates that mTOR inhibitors inhibit the proliferation and cortisol production in ACC cells. Different ACC cells have different sensitivity to the mTOR inhibitors. mTOR could be a target for the treatment of human ACCs, but variable responses might be expected. In selected cases of ACC, the combined targeting of mTOR and IGF2 could have greater effects than mTOR inhibitors alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina De Martino
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Room Ee530b, Erasmus MC, Dr Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Hofland J, Delhanty PJ, Steenbergen J, Hofland LJ, van Koetsveld PM, van Nederveen FH, de Herder WW, Feelders RA, de Jong FH. Melanocortin 2 receptor-associated protein (MRAP) and MRAP2 in human adrenocortical tissues: regulation of expression and association with ACTH responsiveness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97:E747-54. [PMID: 22419722 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-2328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT ACTH stimulates adrenocortical steroid production through the melanocortin 2 receptor (MC2R). MC2R trafficking and signaling are dependent on the MC2R accessory protein (MRAP). The MRAP homolog MRAP2 also transports the MC2R to the cell surface but might prevent activation. OBJECTIVE The objective of the investigation was to study the regulatory pathways of MRAP and MRAP2 and their contributions to ACTH responsiveness in human adrenal tissues. DESIGN AND SETTING MRAP, MRAP2, and MC2R expression levels were studied in 32 human adrenocortical samples. Regulation of these mRNAs was investigated in 43 primary adrenal cultures, stimulated with ACTH, forskolin, angiotensin II (AngII), phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), or dexamethasone. The induction of cortisol, cAMP, and ACTH-responsive genes after treatment with ACTH was related to MRAP, MRAP2, and MC2R expression levels. RESULTS MRAP and MRAP2 levels were lower in adrenocortical carcinomas (ACC) than in other adrenal tissues (P < 0.001). Patient ACTH and cortisol levels were associated with adrenal levels of MRAP and MC2R in adrenal hyperplasia samples (P < 0.05) but not in tumors. ACTH induced the expression of MRAP 11 ± 2.1-fold and MC2R 20 ± 3.8-fold in all adrenal tissue types (mean ± SEM, both P < 0.0001), whereas AngII augmented these mRNAs 4.0 ± 1.2-fold and 12.6 ± 3.2-fold (P < 0.0001) in all but the ACC. MRAP2 expression was suppressed by forskolin (-24 ± 15%, P = 0.013) and PMA (-22 ± 7%, P = 0.0007). MRAP, MRAP2, or MC2R levels were not associated with the induction of cortisol, cAMP, or gene expression by ACTH in vitro. CONCLUSION MRAP and MC2R expression is induced by ACTH and AngII, which would facilitate cell surface receptor availability. Physiological expression levels of MRAP, MRAP2, and MC2R were not limiting for ACTH sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Room Ee-532, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Vitale G, Zappavigna S, Marra M, Dicitore A, Meschini S, Condello M, Arancia G, Castiglioni S, Maroni P, Bendinelli P, Piccoletti R, van Koetsveld PM, Cavagnini F, Budillon A, Abbruzzese A, Hofland LJ, Caraglia M. The PPAR-γ agonist troglitazone antagonizes survival pathways induced by STAT-3 in recombinant interferon-β treated pancreatic cancer cells. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:169-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Morak MJ, van Koetsveld PM, Kanaar R, Hofland LJ, van Eijck CH. Type I interferons as radiosensitisers for pancreatic cancer. Eur J Cancer 2011; 47:1938-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Erdmann J, Vitale G, van Koetsveld PM, Croze E, Sprij-Mooij DM, Hofland LJ, van Eijck CH. Effects of Interferons α/β on the Proliferation of Human Micro- and Macrovascular Endothelial Cells. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2011; 31:451-8. [DOI: 10.1089/jir.2009.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joris Erdmann
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Vitale
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Chair of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS, Instituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Peter M. van Koetsveld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ed Croze
- Department of Immunology, Berlex Bioscience, Inc., Richmond, California
| | - Diane M. Sprij-Mooij
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leo J. Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Vitale G, Caraglia M, van Koetsveld PM, Maroni P, Marra M, Colao A, Lamberts SWJ, Cavagnini F, Hofland LJ. Potential role of type I interferons in the treatment of pituitary adenomas. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2009; 10:125-33. [PMID: 18604644 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-008-9083-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines, particularly those endowed with pro-inflammatory properties, are known to influence the release of anterior pituitary hormones by a direct and indirect action at the level of pituitary gland and hypothalamus. Type I interferons (IFNs) represent a group of cytokines that act through a common receptor composed by two chains (IFNAR-1 and IFNAR-2). Several in vitro and in vivo studies underline the fact that type I IFNs are involved in the regulation of the immune-endocrine circuitry. Treatment with type I IFNs of patients affected by chronic viral hepatitis, multiple sclerosis and tumors influences the secretion of pituitary hormones. This article reviews the current knowledge about the effects of IFN-alpha and IFN-beta on hypothalamic-pituitary function and describes the potential role of type I IFNs in the treatment of pituitary adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Vitale
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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Vitale G, van Koetsveld PM, de Herder WW, van der Wansem K, Janssen JAMJL, Colao A, Lombardi G, Lamberts SWJ, Hofland LJ. Effects of type I interferons on IGF-mediated autocrine/paracrine growth of human neuroendocrine tumor cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009; 296:E559-66. [PMID: 19141687 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90770.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that interferon (IFN)-beta has a more potent antitumor activity than IFN-alpha in BON cells, a neuroendocrine tumor (NET) cell line. The present study showed the role of type I IFNs in the modulation of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system in NETs. BON cells expressed IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF-I receptor, and insulin receptor mRNA. In addition, IGF-I and IGF-II stimulated the proliferation of BON cells and induced an inhibition of DNA fragmentation (apoptosis). As evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR, treatment with IFN-alpha (100 IU/ml) or IFN-beta (100 IU/ml) inhibited the expression of IGF-II mRNA (-42% and -65%, respectively, both P < 0.001), whereas IGF-I receptor mRNA was significantly upregulated by IFN-alpha (+28%, P < 0.001) and downregulated by IFN-beta (-47%, P < 0.001). Immunoreactive IGF-II concentration decreased in the conditioned medium during IFN-alpha (-16%, P < 0.05) and IFN-beta (-69%, P < 0.001) treatment. Additionally, IGF-I receptor bioactivity was reduced (-54%) after IFN-beta treatment. Scatchard analysis of (125)I-labeled IGF-I binding to cell membrane of BON cells revealed a dramatic suppression of maximum binding capacity only in the presence of IFN-beta. Finally, the proapoptotic activity of IFN-beta was partially counteracted by the coadministration of IGF-I and IGF-II (both at 50 nM). In conclusion, these data demonstrate that the IGF system has an important role in autocrine/paracrine growth of BON cells. The more potent antitumor activity of IFN-beta compared with IFN-alpha could be explained by several effects on this system: 1) both IFNs inhibit the transcription of IGF-II, but the suppression is significantly higher after IFN-beta than IFN-alpha and 2) only IFN-beta inhibits the expression of IGF-I receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Vitale
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Florio T, Barbieri F, Spaziante R, Zona G, Hofland LJ, van Koetsveld PM, Feelders RA, Stalla GK, Theodoropoulou M, Culler MD, Dong J, Taylor JE, Moreau JP, Saveanu A, Gunz G, Dufour H, Jaquet P. Efficacy of a dopamine-somatostatin chimeric molecule, BIM-23A760, in the control of cell growth from primary cultures of human non-functioning pituitary adenomas: a multi-center study. Endocr Relat Cancer 2008; 15:583-96. [PMID: 18509006 DOI: 10.1677/erc-07-0271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine D2 and somatostatin receptors (sstrs) were reported to affect non-functioning pituitary adenoma (NFPA) proliferation in vitro. However, the reported results differ according to the experimental conditions used. We established an experimental protocol allowing reproducible evaluation of NFPA cell proliferation in vitro, to test and compare the antiproliferative effects of dopamine and somatostatin analogs (alone or in combination) with the activity of the dopamine-somatostatin chimeric molecule BIM-23A760. The protocol was utilized by four independent laboratories, studying 38 fibroblast-deprived NFPA cell cultures. Cells were characterized for GH, POMC, sstr1-sstr5, total dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) (in all cases), and D2 receptor long and short isoforms (in 15 out of 38 cases) mRNA expression and for alpha-subunit, LH, and FSH release. D2R, sstr3, and sstr2 mRNAs were consistently observed, with the dominant expression of D2R (2.9+/-2.6 copy/copy beta-glucuronidase; mean+/-s.e.m.), when compared with sstr3 and sstr2 (0.6+/-1.0 and 0.3+/-0.6 respectively). BIM-23A760, a molecule with high affinity for D2R and sstr2, significantly inhibited [3H]thymidine incorporation in 23 out of 38 (60%) NFPA cultures (EC50=1.2 pM and Emax=-33.6+/-3.7%). BIM-23A760 effects were similar to those induced by the selective D2R agonist cabergoline that showed a statistically significant inhibition in 18 out of 27 tumors (compared with a significant inhibition obtained in 17 out of 27 tumors using BIM-23A760, in the same subgroup of adenomas analyzed), while octreotide was effective in 13 out of 27 cases. In conclusion, superimposable data generated in four independent laboratories using a standardized protocol demonstrate that, in vitro, chimeric dopamine/sstr agonists are effective in inhibiting cell proliferation in two-thirds of NFPAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tullio Florio
- Department of Oncology, Biology and Genetics, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 2, 16132 Genova, Italy.
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Ferone D, de Herder WW, Pivonello R, Kros JM, van Koetsveld PM, de Jong T, Minuto F, Colao A, Lamberts SWJ, Hofland LJ. Correlation of in vitro and in vivo somatotropic adenoma responsiveness to somatostatin analogs and dopamine agonists with immunohistochemical evaluation of somatostatin and dopamine receptors and electron microscopy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93:1412-7. [PMID: 18211974 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-1358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND PATIENTS Twenty-four pituitary adenomas from acromegalic patients (13 females, 11 males; age range 19-65 yr) were characterized for somatostatin receptor subtype 2A (sst(2A)), dopamine D(2) receptor (D(2)R), GH, and prolactin (PRL) expression by immunohistochemistry, and results correlated with the in vitro and in vivo hormone responses to octreotide and quinagolide. In nine cases, GH and PRL content was further studied by immunoelectron microscopy. RESULTS Immunoreactivity was semiquantitatively scored as 2 (>50% stained cells), 1 (10-50% stained cells), and 0 (<10% stained cells). Sst(2A) was scored as 2 in 13 cases, 1 in 10, and 0 in one; D(2)R was scored as 2 in 13 cases, 1 in nine, and 0 in 2; GH was 2 in 15 cases and 1 in nine; PRL was 2 in six cases, 1 in 13, and 0 in 5. Sst(2A) was positively correlated with in vitro (P = 0.003) and in vivo (P = 0.006) percent GH suppression by octreotide and with the chronic suppression of IGF-I by somatostatin analogs (P =0.008). D(2)R was positively correlated with in vitro percent GH (P =0.000) and PRL (P =0.005) suppression by quinagolide. Electron microscopy revealed two pure somatotroph adenomas, five somatomammotrophs with a variable coexpression of GH and PRL in the same cells, and two tumors consisting of mixed cell types, which were less sensitive to quinagolide and octreotide. CONCLUSION Sst(2A) and D(2)R are frequently coexpressed in adenomas from acromegalic patients, and immunohistochemistry may be helpful in characterizing receptor expression in pituitary adenomas to select patients responsive to different treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Ferone
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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van Koetsveld PM, Vitale G, de Herder WW, Feelders RA, van der Wansem K, Waaijers M, van Eijck CHJ, Speel EJM, Croze E, van der Lely AJ, Lamberts SWJ, Hofland LJ. Potent inhibitory effects of type I interferons on human adrenocortical carcinoma cell growth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91:4537-43. [PMID: 16912135 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2006-0620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare tumor with a poor prognosis. Despite efforts to develop new therapeutic regimens for metastatic ACC, surgery remains the mainstay of treatment. Interferons are known to exert tumor-suppressive effects in several types of human cancer. DESIGN We evaluated the tumor-suppressive effects of type I interferons (IFN)-alpha2b and IFNbeta on the H295 and SW13 human ACC cell lines. RESULTS As determined by quantitative RT-PCR analysis and immunocytochemistry, H295 and SW13 cells expressed the active type I IFN receptor (IFNAR) mRNA and protein (IFNAR-1 and IFNAR-2c subunits). Both IFNalpha2b and IFNbeta1a significantly inhibited ACC cell growth in a dose-dependent manner, but the effect of IFNbeta1a (IC50 5 IU/ml, maximal inhibition 96% in H295; IC50 18 IU/ml, maximal inhibition 85% in SW13) was significantly more potent, compared with that of IFNalpha2b (IC50 57 IU/ml, maximal inhibition 35% in H295; IC50 221 IU/ml, maximal inhibition 60% in SW13). Whereas in H295 cells both IFNs induced apoptosis and accumulation of the cells in S phase, the antitumor mechanism in SW13 cells involved cell cycle arrest only. Inhibitors of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 counteracted the apoptosis-inducing effect by IFNbeta1a in H295 cells. In H295 cells, IFNbeta1a, but not IFNalpha2b, also strongly suppressed the IGF-II mRNA expression, an important growth factor and hallmark in ACC. CONCLUSIONS IFNbeta1a is much more potent than IFNalpha2b to suppress ACC cell proliferation in vitro by induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Further studies are required to evaluate the potency of IFNbeta1a to inhibit tumor growth in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M van Koetsveld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Bhatti SF, Hofland LJ, van Koetsveld PM, Van Ham LM, Duchateau L, Mol JA, van der Lely AJ, Kooistra HS. Effects of food intake and food withholding on plasma ghrelin concentrations in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67:1557-63. [PMID: 16948601 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.9.1557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the physiologic endocrine effects of food intake and food withholding via measurement of the circulating concentrations of acylated ghrelin, growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), glucose, and insulin when food was administered at the usual time, after 1 day's withholding, after 3 days' withholding and after refeeding the next day in healthy Beagles. ANIMALS 9 healthy Beagles. PROCEDURES Blood samples were collected from 8:30 AM to 5 PM from Beagles when food was administered as usual at 10 AM, after 1 day's withholding, after 3 days' withholding, and after refeeding at 10 AM the next day. RESULTS Overall mean plasma ghrelin concentrations were significantly lower when food was administered than after food withholding. Overall mean plasma GH and IGF-I concentrations did not differ significantly among the 4 periods. Circulating overall mean glucose and insulin concentrations were significantly higher after refeeding, compared with the 3 other periods. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In dogs, food withholding and food intake were associated with higher and lower circulating ghrelin concentrations, respectively, suggesting that, in dogs, ghrelin participates in the control of feeding behavior and energy homeostasis. Changes in plasma ghrelin concentrations were not associated with similar changes in plasma GH concentrations, whereas insulin and glucose concentrations appeared to change reciprocally with the ghrelin concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie F Bhatti
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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ten Kate M, Hofland LJ, van Koetsveld PM, Jeekel J, van Eijck CHJ. Pro-inflammatory cytokines affect pancreatic carcinoma cell. Endothelial cell interactions. JOP 2006; 7:454-64. [PMID: 16998242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The potential role of surgery-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines on the development of tumor recurrence in pancreatic cancer was investigated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The adhesion of 3 human pancreatic carcinoma cell lines, PanC1, MiaPaCa and BxPC3 to monolayers of microvascular endothelial cells after pre-incubation with 0.1 or 10 ng/mL IL-1beta, TNF-alpha or IL-6 was assessed in a reproducible human in vitro assay. Untreated monolayers served as controls. RESULTS Pre-incubation of microvascular endothelial cells with IL-1beta or TNF-alpha, but not IL-6, increased adhesion of all three tumor cell lines as compared to adhesion in the control group. Maximally stimulated adhesion for PanC1 reached 159%, for MiaPaCa 204% and for BxPC3 155% (all vs. the control, P<0.001). Pre-incubation of microvascular endothelial cells with IL-1beta or TNF-alpha resulted in a significant up-regulation of E-selectin, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression. The addition of anti-E-selectin, anti-ICAM-1 or anti-VCAM-1 monoclonal antibodies did not decrease adhesion to microvascular endothelial cells pre-incubated with IL-1beta. Therefore, enhanced tumor cell binding seems to be independent of these adhesion molecules. CONCLUSIONS Pro-inflammatory cytokines derived from surgical trauma may enhance tumor cell adhesion to microvascular endothelial cells and thus bring about more successful tumor cell implantation resulting in an increased risk of metastasis formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda ten Kate
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Vitale G, de Herder WW, van Koetsveld PM, Waaijers M, Schoordijk W, Croze E, Colao A, Lamberts SWJ, Hofland LJ. IFN-beta is a highly potent inhibitor of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor cell growth in vitro. Cancer Res 2006; 66:554-62. [PMID: 16397272 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
IFN-alpha controls hormone secretion and symptoms in human gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NET) but it rarely induces a measurable tumor size reduction. The effect of other type I IFNs, e.g., IFN-beta, has not been evaluated. We compared the antitumor effects of IFN-alpha and IFN-beta in BON cells, a functioning human GEP-NET cell line. As determined by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR analysis and immunocytochemistry, BON cells expressed the active type I IFN receptor mRNA and protein (IFNAR-1 and IFNAR-2c subunits). After 3 and 6 days of treatment, IFN-beta significantly inhibited BON cell growth in a time- and dose-dependent manner. IC50 and maximal inhibitory effect on day 6 were 8 IU/mL and 98%, respectively. In contrast, the effect of IFN-alpha resulted significantly in a less potent effect (IC50: 44 IU/mL, maximal inhibition: 26%). IFN-alpha induced only cell cycle arrest, with an accumulation of the cells in S phase. IFN-beta, apart from a more potent delay in S-G2-M phase transit of the cell cycle, also induced a strong stimulation of apoptosis, evaluated by flow cytometry (Annexin V and 7-AAD) and measurement of the DNA fragmentation. Besides, only IFN-beta severely suppressed chromogranin A levels in the medium from BON cells after 6 days of treatment. In conclusion, IFN-beta is much more potent, compared with IFN-alpha, in its inhibitory effect on GEP-NET cell proliferation in vitro through the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Further studies are required to establish whether IFN-beta has comparable potent tumor growth inhibitory effects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Vitale
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Moore SB, van der Hoek J, de Capua A, van Koetsveld PM, Hofland LJ, Lamberts SWJ, Goodman M. Discovery of iodinated somatostatin analogues selective for hsst2 and hsst5 with excellent inhibition of growth hormone and prolactin release from rat pituitary cells. J Med Chem 2005; 48:6643-52. [PMID: 16220980 DOI: 10.1021/jm050376t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) release from the anterior pituitary gland is mediated through somatostatin receptor subtypes sst2 and sst5. It has been found that somatostatin (SS) analogues that are selective for both receptor subtypes are more effective at inhibiting GH and PRL release than monospecific analogues alone. We synthesized several disulfide-bridged octapeptide SS analogues. Iodinated compounds 7, (4-amino-3-iodo)-d-Phe-c[Cys-Tyr-d-Trp-Lys-Val-Cys]-Thr-NH2, and 9, (4-amino-3-iodo)-d-Phe-c[Cys-(3-iodo)-Tyr-d-Trp-Lys-Val-Cys]-Thr-NH2, were as potent as somatostatin in binding at receptors hsst2 and hsst5 and inhibited GH and PRL release from rat pituitary cells as potently as somatostatin.
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MESH Headings
- 2,2'-Dipyridyl/analogs & derivatives
- 2,2'-Dipyridyl/chemistry
- 2,2'-Dipyridyl/pharmacology
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- Female
- Growth Hormone/antagonists & inhibitors
- Growth Hormone/metabolism
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Conformation
- Organogold Compounds/chemistry
- Organogold Compounds/pharmacology
- Peptides, Cyclic/chemical synthesis
- Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology
- Pituitary Gland, Anterior/cytology
- Pituitary Gland, Anterior/drug effects
- Pituitary Gland, Anterior/metabolism
- Prolactin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Prolactin/metabolism
- Radioligand Assay
- Rats
- Receptors, Somatostatin/metabolism
- Somatostatin/analogs & derivatives
- Somatostatin/chemical synthesis
- Somatostatin/pharmacology
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Blaj Moore
- University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0343, and Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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47
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van der Hoek J, Waaijers M, van Koetsveld PM, Sprij-Mooij D, Feelders RA, Schmid HA, Schoeffter P, Hoyer D, Cervia D, Taylor JE, Culler MD, Lamberts SWJ, Hofland LJ. Distinct functional properties of native somatostatin receptor subtype 5 compared with subtype 2 in the regulation of ACTH release by corticotroph tumor cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2005; 289:E278-87. [PMID: 15769796 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00004.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In a series of human corticotroph adenomas, we recently found predominant mRNA expression of somatostatin (SS) receptor subtype 5 (sst5). After 72 h, the multiligand SS analog SOM230, which has a very high sst5 binding affinity, but not Octreotide (OCT), significantly inhibited basal ACTH release. To further explore the role of sst5 in the regulation of ACTH release, we conducted additional studies with mouse AtT-20 cells. SOM230 showed a 7-fold higher ligand binding affinity and a 19-fold higher potency in stimulating guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) binding in AtT-20 cell membranes compared with OCT. SOM230 potently suppressed CRH-induced ACTH release, which was not affected by 48-h dexamethasone (DEX) pretreatment. However, DEX attenuated the inhibitory effects of OCT on ACTH release, whereas it increased the inhibitory potency of BIM-23268, an sst5-specific analog, on ACTH release. Quantitative PCR analysis showed that DEX lowered sst(2A+2B) mRNA expression significantly after 24 and 48 h, whereas sst5 mRNA levels were not significantly affected by DEX treatment. Moreover, Scatchard analyses showed that DEX suppressed maximum binding capacity (B(max)) by 72% when 125I-Tyr3-labeled OCT was used as radioligand, whereas B(max) declined only by 17% when AtT-20 cells were treated with [125I-Tyr11]SS-14. These data suggest that the sst5 protein, compared with sst2, is more resistant to glucocorticoids. Finally, after SS analog preincubation, compared with OCT both SOM230 and BIM-23268 showed a significantly higher inhibitory effect on CRH-induced ACTH release. In conclusion, our data support the concept that the sst5 receptor might be a target for new therapeutic agents to treat Cushing's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost van der Hoek
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, section Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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48
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Hofland LJ, van der Hoek J, Feelders R, van Aken MO, van Koetsveld PM, Waaijers M, Sprij-Mooij D, Bruns C, Weckbecker G, de Herder WW, Beckers A, Lamberts SWJ. The multi-ligand somatostatin analogue SOM230 inhibits ACTH secretion by cultured human corticotroph adenomas via somatostatin receptor type 5. Eur J Endocrinol 2005; 152:645-54. [PMID: 15817922 DOI: 10.1530/eje.1.01876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Currently, there is no effective medical treatment for patients with pituitary-dependent Cushing's disease. A novel somatostatin (SS) analogue, named SOM230, with high binding affinity to SS receptor subtypes sst(1), sst(2), sst(3) and sst(5) was recently introduced. We compared the in vitro effects of the sst(2)-preferring SS analogue octreotide (OCT) and the multi-ligand SOM230 on ACTH release by human and mouse corticotroph tumour cells. METHODS By quantitative RT-PCR the sst subtype expression level was determined in human corticotroph adenomas. In vitro, the inhibitory effect of OCT and SOM230 on ACTH release by dispersed human corticotroph adenoma cells and mouse AtT20 corticotroph adenoma cells was determined. In addition, the influence of dexamethasone on the responsiveness to OCT and SOM230 was studied. RESULTS Corticotroph adenomas expressed predominantly sst(5) mRNA (six out of six adenomas), whereas sst(2) mRNA expression was detected at significantly lower levels. In a 72 h incubation with 10 nmol/l SOM230, ACTH release was inhibited in three out of five cultures (range -30 to -40%). Ten nmol/l OCT slightly inhibited ACTH release in only one of five cultures (- 28%). In AtT20 cells, expressing sst(2), sst(3) and sst(5), SOM230 inhibited ACTH secretion with high potency (IC(50) 0.2 nmol/l). Dexamethasone (10 nmol/l) pre-treatment did not influence the sensitivity of the cells to the inhibitory effect of SOM230, suggesting that sst(5) is relatively resistant to negative control by glucocorticoids. CONCLUSIONS The selective expression of sst(5) receptors in corticotroph adenomas and the preferential inhibition of ACTH release by human corticotroph adenoma cells by SOM230 in vitro, suggest that SOM230 may have potential in the treatment of patients with pituitary-dependent Cushing's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo J Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Centre, GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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49
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Pivonello R, Ferone D, de Herder WW, de Krijger RR, Waaijers M, Mooij DM, van Koetsveld PM, Barreca A, De Caro MLDB, Lombardi G, Colao A, Lamberts SWJ, Hofland LJ. Dopamine receptor expression and function in human normal adrenal gland and adrenal tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89:4493-502. [PMID: 15356054 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2003-031746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine is known to play a role in the modulation of aldosterone and catecholamine secretion from the adrenal gland, where dopamine receptors (DR), in particular the DR type 2 (D(2)), have been found to be expressed. DR expression has also been demonstrated in some types of benign adrenal tumors. The aims of the current study were to evaluate DR expression and D(2) localization in the normal adrenal gland and in different types of benign and malignant adrenal tumors, as well as to evaluate the in vitro effects of the dopamine agonists bromocriptine and cabergoline on hormone secretion in nontumoral adrenal cells. Adrenal tissues from 25 patients, subjected to adrenal surgery for different diseases, were studied. These included three normal adrenals; five adrenal hyperplasias; four aldosterone-secreting, two cortisol-secreting, and two clinically nonfunctioning adrenal adenomas; two aldosterone-secreting, two cortisol-secreting, and two androgen-secreting adrenal carcinomas; and three pheochromocytomas. In all tissues, DR and D(2) isoform (D(2long) and D(2short)) expression was evaluated by RT-PCR. D(2) localization was also evaluated by immunohistochemistry using a specific polyclonal antibody, whereas D(2)-like receptor expression was evaluated by receptor-ligand binding study, using the radiolabeled D(2) analog (125)I-epidepride. The effects of bromocriptine and cabergoline on baseline and ACTH and/or angiotensin II-stimulated aldosterone, cortisol, and androstenedione secretion were evaluated in cell cultures derived from five different adrenal hyperplasia. At RT-PCR, both D(1)-like and D(2)-like receptors were expressed in all normal and hyperplastic adrenals. D(2) and D(4) were expressed in aldosterone- and cortisol-secreting adenomas, cortisol-secreting carcinomas, and clinically nonfunctioning adenomas, whereas no DR was expressed in aldosterone- and androgen-secreting carcinomas. D(2), D(4), and D(5) were expressed in pheochromocytomas. In all D(2)-positive tissues, both D(2) isoforms were expressed, with the exception of one case of aldosterone-secreting adenoma and the cortisol-secreting carcinomas, in which only the D(2long) isoform was expressed. D(2)-like receptor expression was confirmed at receptor-ligand binding study. At immunohistochemistry, D(2) was mainly localized in the zona glomerulosa and reticularis of the adrenal cortex and, to a lesser extent, in the zona fasciculata and medulla of normal and hyperplastic adrenal tissue. In the positive tumors, D(2) was localized in the tumoral cells. At the in vitro study, a significant inhibition of both baseline and ACTH-stimulated aldosterone secretion was found after high-dose cabergoline, but not bromocriptine, administration; and a significant inhibition of angiotensin-II-stimulated aldosterone secretion was found after both bromocriptine and cabergoline administration in the adrenal hyperplasias. In conclusion, the current study demonstrated that both D(1)-like and D(2)-like receptors are expressed in the normal adrenal gland and in a percentage of adrenal adenomas or carcinomas. Bromocriptine and cabergoline induce only a minor inhibition of the secretion of adrenal hormones in the nontumoral adrenal gland in vitro, not excluding, however, the possible effective use of dopamine agonists in vivo in the treatment of adrenal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Pivonello
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Endocrinology and Oncology, "Federico II" University, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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50
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Hofland LJ, van der Hoek J, van Koetsveld PM, de Herder WW, Waaijers M, Sprij-Mooij D, Bruns C, Weckbecker G, Feelders R, van der Lely AJ, Beckers A, Lamberts SWJ. The novel somatostatin analog SOM230 is a potent inhibitor of hormone release by growth hormone- and prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89:1577-85. [PMID: 15070915 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2003-031344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
To determine the inhibitory profile of the novel somatostatin (SRIF) analog SOM230 with broad SRIF receptor binding, we compared the in vitro effects of SOM230, octreotide (OCT), and SRIF-14 on hormone release by cultures of different types of secreting pituitary adenomas. OCT (10 nM) significantly inhibited GH release in seven of nine GH-secreting pituitary adenoma cultures (range, -26 to -73%), SOM230 (10 nM) in eight of nine cultures (range, -22 to -68%), and SRIF-14 (10 nM) in six of six cultures (range, -30 to -75%). The sst analysis showed predominant but variable levels of somatostatin receptor (sst)(2) and sst(5) mRNA expression. In one culture completely resistant to OCT, SOM230 and SRIF-14 significantly inhibited GH release in a dose-dependent manner with an IC(50) value in the low nanomolar range. In the other cultures, SOM230 showed a lower potency of GH release inhibition (IC(50), 0.5 nM), compared with OCT (IC(50), 0.02 nM) and SRIF-14 (IC(50), 0.02 nM). A positive correlation was found between sst(2) but not sst(5) mRNA levels in the adenoma cells and the inhibitory potency of OCT on GH release in vivo and in vitro, and the effects of SOM230 and SRIF-14 in vitro. In three prolactinoma cultures, 10 nM OCT weakly inhibited prolactin (PRL) release in only one (-28%), whereas 10 nM SOM230 significantly inhibited PRL release in three of three cultures (-23, -51, and -64.0%). The inhibition of PRL release by SOM230 was related to the expression level of sst(5) but not sst(2) mRNA. Several conclusions were reached. First, SOM230 has a broad profile of inhibition of tumoral pituitary hormone release in the low nanomolar range, probably mediated via both sst(2) and sst(5) receptors. The higher number of responders of GH-secreting pituitary adenoma cultures to SOM230, compared with OCT, suggest that SOM230 has the potency to increase the number of acromegalic patients which can be biochemically controlled. Second, compared with OCT, SOM230 is more potent in inhibiting PRL release by mixed GH/PRL-secreting adenoma and prolactinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo J Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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