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Manning J, Manna S, Dunne EM, Bongcaron V, Pell CL, Patterson NL, Kuil SD, Dhar P, Goldblatt D, Kim Mulholland E, Licciardi PV, Robins-Browne RM, Malley R, Wijburg O, Satzke C. Immunization with a whole cell vaccine reduces pneumococcal nasopharyngeal density and shedding, and middle ear infection in mice. Vaccine 2024; 42:1714-1722. [PMID: 38350767 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.01.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines (PCVs) have substantially reduced the burden of disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus). However, protection is limited to vaccine serotypes, and when administered to children who are colonized with pneumococci at the time of vaccination, immune responses to the vaccine are blunted. Here, we investigate the potential of a killed whole cell pneumococcal vaccine (WCV) to reduce existing pneumococcal carriage and mucosal disease when given therapeutically to infant mice colonized with pneumococci. We show that a single dose of WCV reduced pneumococcal carriage density in an antibody-dependent manner. Therapeutic vaccination induced robust immune responses to pneumococcal surface antigens CbpA, PspA (family 1) and PiaA. In a co-infection model of otitis media, a single dose of WCV reduced pneumococcal middle ear infection. Lastly, in a two-dose model, therapeutic administration of WCV reduced nasal shedding of pneumococci. Taken together, our data demonstrate that WCV administered in colonized mice reduced pneumococcal density in the nasopharynx and the middle ear, and decreased shedding. WCVs would be beneficial in low and middle-income settings where pneumococcal carriage in children is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne Manning
- Translational Microbiology, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sam Manna
- Translational Microbiology, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eileen M Dunne
- Translational Microbiology, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Viktoria Bongcaron
- Translational Microbiology, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Casey L Pell
- Translational Microbiology, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalie L Patterson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sacha D Kuil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Poshmaal Dhar
- Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Goldblatt
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - E Kim Mulholland
- New Vaccines, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul V Licciardi
- Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; New Vaccines, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Roy M Robins-Browne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Infectious Diseases, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard Malley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
| | - Odilia Wijburg
- Translational Microbiology, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Catherine Satzke
- Translational Microbiology, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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2
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Sominsky L, O'Hely M, Drummond K, Cao S, Collier F, Dhar P, Loughman A, Dawson S, Tang ML, Mansell T, Saffery R, Burgner D, Ponsonby AL, Vuillermin P. Pre-pregnancy obesity is associated with greater systemic inflammation and increased risk of antenatal depression. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 113:189-202. [PMID: 37437818 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pre-pregnancy obesity is an emerging risk factor for perinatal depression. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We investigated the association between pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and perinatal depressive symptoms in a large population-based pre-birth cohort, the Barwon Infant Study. We also assessed whether the levels of circulating inflammatory markers during pregnancy mediated this relationship. METHODS Depressive symptoms were assessed in 883 women using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and psychological stress using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) at 28 weeks gestation and 4 weeks postpartum. Glycoprotein acetyls (GlycA), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and cytokines were assessed at 28 weeks gestation. We performed regression analyses, adjusted for potential confounders, and investigated mediation using nested counterfactual models. RESULTS The estimated effect of pre-pregnancy obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) on antenatal EPDS scores was 1.05 points per kg/m2 increase in BMI (95% CI: 0.20, 1.90; p = 0.02). GlycA, hsCRP, interleukin (IL) -1ra and IL-6 were higher in women with obesity, compared to healthy weight women, while eotaxin and IL-4 were lower. Higher GlycA was associated with higher EPDS and PSS scores and partially mediated the association between pre-pregnancy obesity and EPDS/PSS scores in unadjusted models, but this association attenuated upon adjustment for socioeconomic adversity. IL-6 and eotaxin were negatively associated with EPDS/PSS scores, however there was no evidence for mediation. CONCLUSIONS Pre-pregnancy obesity increases the risk of antenatal depressive symptoms and is also associated with systemic inflammation during pregnancy. While discrete inflammatory markers are associated with antenatal depressive symptoms and perceived stress, their role in mediating the effects of pre-pregnancy obesity on antenatal depression requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luba Sominsky
- Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Martin O'Hely
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katherine Drummond
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sifan Cao
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fiona Collier
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Poshmaal Dhar
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amy Loughman
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Samantha Dawson
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mimi Lk Tang
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Toby Mansell
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard Saffery
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Burgner
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anne-Louise Ponsonby
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Vuillermin
- Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Singh PM, Dhar P, Bhagya Raj GVS, Deka SC. Effect of ultrasound assisted extraction of dietary fibre from pineapple peel and its application with anthocyanin rich black rice. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.17111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. M. Singh
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, School of Engineering Tezpur University Assam India
| | - P. Dhar
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, School of Engineering Tezpur University Assam India
| | - G. V. S. Bhagya Raj
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, School of Engineering Tezpur University Assam India
| | - S. C. Deka
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, School of Engineering Tezpur University Assam India
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4
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Dhar P, Maweni R, Kucheria A, Nair D, Nagala S, Corbridge R. 672 Endoscopic Laser Pharyngeal Pouch Surgery: Is It Safe? Br J Surg 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znac269.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Aim
Zenker diverticulum can cause significant dysphagia and surgery is the definitive management. NICE guidelines describe inadequate evidence on laser cricopharyngeal myotomy (CPM). This study aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of carbon dioxide laser and stapling CPM to treat Zenker diverticulum.
Method
Retrospective data was collected from patients who underwent endoscopic CPM at the Royal Berkshire Hospital between 2011 and 2021. Two cohorts were assigned: endoscopic laser (EL) or endoscopic stapling (ES). Primary outcomes evaluated safety. These were surgical complication rates, duration of inpatient stay, readmissions, barium swallow leak and considered case complexity (revision cases). The secondary outcomes, persistence or recurrence of symptoms evaluated efficacy.
Results
One-hundred and eight patients (mean [range] age 75 [38 – 95] yr, 71 (66%) men, 23 (21%) revision surgeries) underwent CPM. The EL (n = 76) cohort had two (2.63%) surgical complications (mucosal tear requiring no repair, mediastinitis from an oesophageal leak). The ES (n = 32) cohort had one (3.13%) surgical complication (mucosal tear requiring suture repair). The average duration of inpatient stay was 3.61 and 1.53 days for the EL and ES cohorts respectively. 65 patients (60%) underwent a post-operative barium swallow of which 2 (0.03%) patients, both from the EL cohort, had a leak. There were no readmissions. A chi-square test of independence showed no significant association between type of surgery and persistence [X2 (1) = 0.169, p = .681] or recurrence of symptoms [X2 (1) = 0.443, p = .506]
Conclusions
Treatment of pharyngeal pouches with endoscopic laser CPM is safe and efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dhar
- Royal Berkshire NHS Trust , Reading , United Kingdom
| | - R Maweni
- Royal Berkshire NHS Trust , Reading , United Kingdom
| | - A Kucheria
- Royal Berkshire NHS Trust , Reading , United Kingdom
| | - D Nair
- Royal Berkshire NHS Trust , Reading , United Kingdom
| | - S Nagala
- Royal Berkshire NHS Trust , Reading , United Kingdom
| | - R Corbridge
- Royal Berkshire NHS Trust , Reading , United Kingdom
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5
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Aydin E, Dhar P, Gokhale M, Chong L, Azizoglu S, Suphioglu C. A Review of Emerging Tear Proteomics Research on the Ocular Surface in Ocular Allergy. Biology 2022; 11:biology11020312. [PMID: 35205178 PMCID: PMC8869539 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ocular allergy is an immunoglobulin E-mediated Type I hypersensitivity reaction localised to the ocular surface and surrounding tissues. Primary signs and symptoms of ocular allergy include itching, redness, irritation and inflammation. Eye-rubbing caused by itching has been shown to alter ocular surface protein concentrations in conditions linked to ocular allergy such as keratoconus. In keratoconus, the cornea begins to thin and sag over time, leading to progressive vision loss and blindness in severe conditions. Due to the high incidence of ocular allergy sufferers rubbing their eyes in response to symptoms of itching, the protein landscape of the ocular surface may be significantly altered. Differential protein expression caused by long-term inflammation and eye-rubbing may lead to subsequent changes in ocular surface structure and function over time. This review aims to summarise and explore the findings of current ocular allergy proteome research conducted using techniques such as gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry and lab-on-a-chip proteomics. Proteins of interest for this review include differentially expressed immunoglobulins, mucins, functional proteins, enzymes and proteins with previously uncharacterised roles in ocular allergy. Additionally, potential applications of this research are addressed in terms of diagnostics, drug development and future research prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esrin Aydin
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia;
- Deakin Optometry, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia; (M.G.); (L.C.); (S.A.)
| | - Poshmaal Dhar
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia;
| | - Moneisha Gokhale
- Deakin Optometry, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia; (M.G.); (L.C.); (S.A.)
| | - Luke Chong
- Deakin Optometry, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia; (M.G.); (L.C.); (S.A.)
| | - Serap Azizoglu
- Deakin Optometry, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia; (M.G.); (L.C.); (S.A.)
| | - Cenk Suphioglu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-522-72886
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6
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Abstract
Augmented reality (AR) is a relatively new technology that allows for digitally generated three-dimensional representations to be integrated with real environmental stimuli. AR can make use of smart phones, tablets, or other devices to achieve a highly stimulating learning environment and hands-on immersive experience. The use of AR in industry is becoming widespread with applications being developed for use not just for entertainment and gaming but also healthcare, retail and marketing, education, military, travel and tourism, automotive industry, manufacturing, architecture, and engineering. Due to the distinct learning advantages that AR offers, such as remote learning and interactive simulations, AR-based teaching programs are also increasingly being adopted within medical schools across the world. These advantages are further highlighted by the current COVID-19 pandemic, which has caused an even greater shift towards online learning. In this review, we investigate the use of AR in medical training/education and its effect on students' experiences and learning outcomes. This includes the main goals of AR-based learning, such as to simplify the delivery and enhance the comprehension of complex information. We also describe how AR can enhance the experiences of medical students, by improving knowledge and understanding, practical skills and social skills. These concepts are discussed within the context of specific AR medical training programs, such as HoloHuman, OculAR SIM, and HoloPatient. Finally, we discuss the challenges of AR in learning and teaching and propose future directions for the use of this technology in medical education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poshmaal Dhar
- Institute for Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Tetyana Rocks
- Institute for Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Food and Mood Centre, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Rasika M Samarasinghe
- Institute for Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Garth Stephenson
- Institute for Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Craig Smith
- Institute for Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- CONTACT Craig Smith School of Medicine, Institute for Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Australia
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7
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Mehta K, Kaur B, Pandey KK, Dhar P, Kaler S. Resveratrol protects against inorganic arsenic-induced oxidative damage and cytoarchitectural alterations in female mouse hippocampus. Acta Histochem 2021; 123:151792. [PMID: 34634674 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2021.151792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged inorganic arsenic (iAs) exposure is widely associated with brain damage particularly in the hippocampus via oxidative and apoptotic pathways. Resveratrol (RES) has gained considerable attention because of its benefits to human health. However, its neuroprotective potential against iAs-induced toxicity in CA1 region of hippocampus remains unexplored. Therefore, we investigated the neuroprotective efficacy of RES against arsenic trioxide (As2O3)-induced adverse effects on neuronal morphology, apoptotic markers and oxidative stress parameters in mouse CA1 region (hippocampus). Adult female Swiss albino mice of reproductive maturity were orally exposed to either As2O3 (2 and 4 mg/kg bw) alone or in combination with RES (40 mg/kg bw) for a period of 45 days. After animal sacrifice on day 46, the perfusion fixed brain samples were used for the observation of neuronal morphology and studying the morphometric features. While the freshly dissected hippocampi were processed for biochemical estimation of oxidative stress markers and western blotting of apoptosis-associated proteins. Chronic iAs exposure led to significant decrease in Stratum Pyramidale layer thickness along with reduction in cell density and area of Pyramidal neurons in contrast to the controls. Biochemical analysis showed reduced hippocampal GSH content but no change in total nitrite (NO) levels following iAs exposure. Western blotting showed apparent changes in the expression levels of Bax and Bcl-2 proteins following iAs exposure, however the change was statistically insignificant. Contrastingly, iAs +RES co-treatment exhibited substantial reversal in morphological and biochemical observations. Together, these findings provide preliminary evidence of neuroprotective role of RES on structural and biochemical alterations pertaining to mouse hippocampus following chronic iAs exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mehta
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
| | - B Kaur
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
| | - K K Pandey
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
| | - P Dhar
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
| | - S Kaler
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India.
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8
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Gao Y, Nanan R, Macia L, Tan J, Sominsky L, Quinn TP, O'Hely M, Ponsonby AL, Tang ML, Collier F, Strickland DH, Dhar P, Brix S, Phipps S, Sly PD, Ranganathan S, Stokholm J, Kristiansen K, Gray L, Vuillermin P. The maternal gut microbiome during pregnancy and offspring allergy and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 148:669-678. [PMID: 34310928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Environmental exposures during pregnancy that alter both the maternal gut microbiome and the infant's risk of allergic disease and asthma include a traditional farm environment and consumption of unpasteurized cow's milk, antibiotic use, dietary fiber and psychosocial stress. Multiple mechanisms acting in concert may underpin these associations and prime the infant to acquire immune competence and homeostasis following exposure to the extrauterine environment. Cellular and metabolic products of the maternal gut microbiome can promote the expression of microbial pattern recognition receptors, as well as thymic and bone marrow hematopoiesis relevant to regulatory immunity. At birth, transmission of maternally derived bacteria likely leverages this in utero programming to accelerate postnatal transition from a Th2 to Th1 and Th17 dominant immune phenotypes and maturation of regulatory immune mechanisms, which in turn reduce the child's risk of allergic disease and asthma. Although our understanding of these phenomena is rapidly evolving, the field is relatively nascent, and we are yet to translate existing knowledge into interventions that substantially reduce disease risk in humans. Here we review evidence that the maternal gut microbiome impacts the offspring's risk of allergic disease and asthma, discuss challenges and future directions for the field, and propose the hypothesis that maternal carriage of Prevotella copri during pregnancy decreases the offspring's risk of allergic disease via production of succinate which in turn promotes bone marrow myelopoiesis of dendritic cell precursors in the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Institute for Physical and Mental Health and Clinical Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; Child Health Research Unit, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ralph Nanan
- The Charles Perkins Center, the University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Laurence Macia
- The Charles Perkins Center, the University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jian Tan
- The Charles Perkins Center, the University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Luba Sominsky
- Institute for Physical and Mental Health and Clinical Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; Child Health Research Unit, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Thomas P Quinn
- Applied Artificial Intelligence Institute, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Martin O'Hely
- Institute for Physical and Mental Health and Clinical Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anne-Louise Ponsonby
- The Florey Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mimi Lk Tang
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Fiona Collier
- Institute for Physical and Mental Health and Clinical Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | | | - Poshmaal Dhar
- Institute for Physical and Mental Health and Clinical Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Susanne Brix
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Simon Phipps
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia; Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter D Sly
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia; Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Sarath Ranganathan
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jakob Stokholm
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2820 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Pediatrics, Slagelse Hospital, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Karsten Kristiansen
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; China National Genebank, Shenzhen, China; Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lawrence Gray
- Institute for Physical and Mental Health and Clinical Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; Child Health Research Unit, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Peter Vuillermin
- Institute for Physical and Mental Health and Clinical Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; Child Health Research Unit, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia.
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9
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Andreae MH, Dudak A, Cherian V, Dhar P, Dalal PG, Po W, Pilipovic M, Shah B, Hazard W, Dl R, Eh S. Healthcare simulation to prepare for the COVID-19 pandemic. J Clin Anesth 2020; 66:109928. [PMID: 32485542 PMCID: PMC7250760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.109928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 challenged providers and organization with unfamiliar and unprecedented scenarios. We simulated anticipated airborne contagion scenarios to familiarize providers with safe practices. COVID-19 procedures were safely examined in realistic situations and modified based on participant debriefings. Simulation promoted interdisciplinary integration of our organizational response to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Andreae
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.
| | - A Dudak
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - V Cherian
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - P Dhar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - P G Dalal
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - W Po
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - M Pilipovic
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - B Shah
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - W Hazard
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Rodgers Dl
- Medical Simulation Center, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Sinz Eh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA; Medical Simulation Center, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
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10
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Dhar P, Samarasinghe RM, Shigdar S. Antibodies, Nanobodies, or Aptamers-Which Is Best for Deciphering the Proteomes of Non-Model Species? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2485. [PMID: 32260091 PMCID: PMC7177290 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This planet is home to countless species, some more well-known than the others. While we have developed many techniques to be able to interrogate some of the "omics", proteomics is becoming recognized as a very important part of the puzzle, given how important the protein is as a functional part of the cell. Within human health, the proteome is fairly well-established, with numerous reagents being available to decipher cellular pathways. Recent research advancements have assisted in characterizing the proteomes of some model (non-human) species, however, in many other species, we are only just touching the surface. This review considers three main reagent classes-antibodies, aptamers, and nanobodies-as a means of continuing to investigate the proteomes of non-model species without the complications of understanding the full protein signature of a species. Considerations of ease of production, potential applications, and the necessity for producing a new reagent depending on homology are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poshmaal Dhar
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia; (P.D.); (R.M.S.)
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Rasika M. Samarasinghe
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia; (P.D.); (R.M.S.)
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Sarah Shigdar
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia; (P.D.); (R.M.S.)
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
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Sah V, Kumar A, Dhar P, Upmanyu V, Tiwari AK, Wani SA, Sahu AR, Kumar A, Badasara SK, Pandey A, Saxena S, Rai A, Mishra BP, Singh RK, Gandham RK. Signature of genome wide gene expression in classical swine fever virus infected macrophages and PBMCs of indigenous vis-a-vis crossbred pigs. Gene 2020; 731:144356. [PMID: 31935504 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The genetic basis of differential host immune response vis-à-vis transcriptome profile was explored in PBMCs of indigenous (Ghurrah) and crossbred pigs after classical swine fever vaccination and in monocyte derived macrophages (MDMs) challenged with virulent classical swine fever (CSF) virus. The humoral immune response (E2 antibody) was higher (74.87%) in crossbred than indigenous pigs (58.20%) at 21st days post vaccination (21dpv). The rate of reduction of ratio of CD4+/CD8+ was higher in crossbred pigs than indigenous pigs at 7th days post vaccination (7dpv). The immune genes IFIT1, IFIT5, RELA, NFKB2, TNF and LAT2 were up regulated at 7dpv in RNA seq data set and was in concordance during qRT-PCR validation. The Laminin Subunit Beta 1 (LAMB1) was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) down-regulated in MDMs of indigenous pigs and consequently a significantly (p ≤ 0.01) higher copy number of virulent CSF virus was evidenced in macrophages of crossbred pigs than indigenous pigs. Activation of LXR:RXR pathway at 60 h post infection (60hpi) in MDMs of indigenous versus crossbred pigs inhibited nuclear translocation of NF-κB, resulted into transrepression of proinflammatory genes. But it helped in maintenance of HDL level by lowering down cholesterol/LDL level in MDMs of indigenous pigs. The key immune genes (TLR2, TLR4, IL10, IL8, CD86, CD54, CASP1) of TREM1 signaling pathway were upregulated at 7dpv in PBMCs but those genes were downregulated at 60hpi in MDMs indigenous pigs. Using qRT-PCR, the validation of differentially expressed, immunologically important genes (LAMB1, OAS1, TLR 4, TLR8 and CD86) in MDMs revealed that expression of these genes were in concordance with RNA-seq data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Sah
- Animal Genetics, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Animal Genetics, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India.
| | - P Dhar
- Standardization Division, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - V Upmanyu
- Standardization Division, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - A K Tiwari
- Standardization Division, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | | | - A R Sahu
- Animal Biotechnology, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Animal Biochemistry, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - S K Badasara
- Immunology, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Aruna Pandey
- Animal Biotechnology, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Shikha Saxena
- Animal Genetics, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Anil Rai
- Centre for Bioinformatics, ICAR-IASRI, Pusa, New Delhi, India
| | - B P Mishra
- Animal Biotechnology, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - R K Singh
- Animal Biotechnology, ICAR-IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Ravi Kumar Gandham
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
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Dhar P, Sarkar S, Ng GZ, Kalitsis P, Saeed MA, McGuckin MA, Ellis JA, Sutton P. Effect of MUC1 length polymorphisms on the NLRP3 inflammasome response of human macrophages. Hum Immunol 2019; 80:878-882. [PMID: 31213370 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mucin 1 is a cell-membrane associated mucin, expressed on epithelial and immune cells that helps protect against pathogenic infections. In humans, MUC1 is highly polymorphic, predominantly due to the presence of a variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) region in the extracellular domain that results in MUC1 molecules of typically either short or long length. A genetic link is known between these MUC1 polymorphisms and inflammation-driven diseases, although the mechanism is not fully understood. We previously showed that MUC1 on murine macrophages specifically restricts activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, thereby repressing inflammation. This study evaluated the effect of MUC1 VNTR polymorphisms on activity of the NLRP3 inflammasome in human macrophages, finding that long MUC1 alleles correlated with increased IL-1β production following NLRP3 inflammasome activation. This indicates that the length of MUC1 can influence IL-1β production, thus providing the first evidence of an immune-modulatory role of MUC1 VNTR polymorphisms in human macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poshmaal Dhar
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Sohinee Sarkar
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Garrett Z Ng
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Paul Kalitsis
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Muhammad A Saeed
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Michael A McGuckin
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Justine A Ellis
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Philip Sutton
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Dhar P, McAuley J. The Role of the Cell Surface Mucin MUC1 as a Barrier to Infection and Regulator of Inflammation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:117. [PMID: 31069176 PMCID: PMC6491460 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The family of cell surface (cs-) mucins are constitutively expressed at the cell surface by nearly all epithelial cells, beneath the gel-mucin layer. All cs-mucin family members have structural features that enable them to act as a releasable decoy barrier to mucosal pathogens, by providing ligands for pathogen binding and the ability to shed the bound extracellular domain. Due to the towering structure of cs-mucins at the surface, binding of mucosal pathogens can also sterically block binding to underlying cellular receptors. The cytoplasmic tail domain of cs-mucins are capable of initiating signal transduction cascades and due to their conservation across species, may play an important biological role in cellular signaling. MUC1 is one of the most extensively studied of the cs-mucin family. With respect to its physiological function in the mucosal environment, MUC1 has been demonstrated to play a dynamic role in protection of the host from infection by a wide variety of pathogens and to regulate inflammatory responses to infection. This review briefly summarizes the current knowledge and new findings regarding the structural features relating to the function of MUC1, its role as a protective barrier against pathogen invasion and mechanisms by which this cs-mucin regulates inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poshmaal Dhar
- Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Julie McAuley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Karna S, Sivakumar H, Dhar P, McLaughlin K. Epidural Analgesia Reduces Total Inhospital Morphine Requirements Post Heart Lung / Lung Transplant in Paediatric Population. J Heart Lung Transplant 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2019.01.1304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Dhar P, Greenslade L, Westbrooke R, Jackson C, Marshall A, Morgan M. Relationship between nutritional status, disease severity and indices of functional decline in patients with cirrhosis. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2018.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a bacterial pathogen that commonly resides in the human nasopharynx, typically without causing any disease. However, in some cases these bacteria migrate from the nasopharynx to other sites of the body such as the lungs and bloodstream causing pneumonia and sepsis, respectively. This study used a mouse model of infection to investigate the potential role of Mucin 1 (MUC1), a cell membrane-associated glycoprotein known for playing a key barrier role at mucosal surfaces, in regulating this process. Wildtype (WT) and MUC1-deficient (Muc1-/-) mice were infected intranasally with an invasive strain of S. pneumoniae and bacterial loads in the nasopharynx, lungs, and blood were analyzed. Lungs were graded histologically for inflammation and cytokine profiles in the lungs analyzed by ELISA. While there was no difference in pneumococcal colonization of the nasopharynx between WT and Muc1-/- mice, infected Muc1-/- mice showed high pneumococcal loads in their lungs 16 hours post-infection, as well as bacteremia. In contrast, infected WT mice cleared the pneumococci from their lungs and remained asymptomatic. Infection in Muc1-/- mice was associated with an elevation in lung inflammation, with cellular recruitment especially of monocytes/macrophages. While MUC1-deficiency has been shown to increase phagocytosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, macrophages from Muc1-/- mice exhibited a reduced capacity to phagocytose S. pneumoniae indicating diverse and bacterial-specific effects. In conclusion, these findings indicate that MUC1 plays an important role in protection against severe pneumococcal disease, potentially mediated by facilitating macrophage phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poshmaal Dhar
- a Murdoch Childrens Research Institute , Royal Children's Hospital , Parkville , Victoria , Australia.,b Centre for Animal Biotechnology, School of Veterinary and Agricultural Science , University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria , Australia
| | - Garrett Z Ng
- a Murdoch Childrens Research Institute , Royal Children's Hospital , Parkville , Victoria , Australia.,b Centre for Animal Biotechnology, School of Veterinary and Agricultural Science , University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria , Australia
| | - Eileen M Dunne
- a Murdoch Childrens Research Institute , Royal Children's Hospital , Parkville , Victoria , Australia
| | - Philip Sutton
- a Murdoch Childrens Research Institute , Royal Children's Hospital , Parkville , Victoria , Australia.,b Centre for Animal Biotechnology, School of Veterinary and Agricultural Science , University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria , Australia.,c Department of Paediatrics , University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria , Australia
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Saeed MA, Ng GZ, Däbritz J, Wagner J, Judd L, Han JX, Dhar P, Kirkwood CD, Sutton P. Protease-activated Receptor 1 Plays a Proinflammatory Role in Colitis by Promoting Th17-related Immunity. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2017; 23:593-602. [PMID: 28296821 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000001045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteolytic cleavage of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) can result in potent downstream regulatory effects on inflammation. Although PAR1 is expressed throughout the gastrointestinal tract and activating proteases are increased in inflammatory bowel disease, the effect of PAR1 activation on colitis remains poorly understood, and has not previously been studied in pediatric disease. METHODS Expression of PAR1 and inflammatory cytokines in colonic biopsies from pediatric patients with Crohn's disease exhibiting active moderate to severe colitis was measured by quantitative PCR. The functional relevance of these clinical data was further studied in a mouse model of Citrobacter rodentium-induced colitis. RESULTS PAR1 expression was significantly upregulated in the inflamed colons of pediatric patients with Crohn's disease, with expression levels directly correlating to disease severity. In patients with severe colitis, PAR1 expression uniquely correlated with Th17-related (IL17A, IL22, and IL23A) cytokines. Infection of PAR1-deficient (PAR1) and wildtype mice with colitogenic C. rodentium revealed that disease severity and colonic pathology were strongly attenuated in mice lacking PAR1. Furthermore, Th17-type immune response was completely abolished in the colons of infected PAR1 but not wildtype mice. Finally, PAR1 was shown to be essential for secretion of the Th17-driving cytokine IL-23 by C. rodentium-stimulated macrophages. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates a strong link between PAR1 expression, Th17-type immunity, and disease severity in both pediatric patients with Crohn's disease and C. rodentium-induced colitis in mice. The data presented suggest PAR1 exerts a proinflammatory role in colitis in both humans and mice by promoting a Th17-type immune response, potentially by supporting the production of IL-23.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A Saeed
- *Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; †Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; ‡Department of Paediatrics, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany; and §Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Mehta K, Kaur B, Dhar P. Effect of Curcumin supplementation on hippocampus (Ca-1) of adult mice exposed to arsenic trioxide (As2O3). J ANAT SOC INDIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jasi.2016.08.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Dhar P, Ng GZ, Sutton P. How host regulation of Helicobacter pylori-induced gastritis protects against peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 311:G514-20. [PMID: 27469367 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00146.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial pathogen Helicobacter pylori is the etiological agent of a range of gastrointestinal pathologies including peptic ulcer disease and the major killer, gastric adenocarcinoma. Infection with this bacterium induces a chronic inflammatory response in the gastric mucosa (gastritis). It is this gastritis that, over decades, eventually drives the development of H. pylori-associated disease in some individuals. The majority of studies investigating H. pylori pathogenesis have focused on factors that promote disease development in infected individuals. However, an estimated 85% of those infected with H. pylori remain completely asymptomatic, despite the presence of pathogenic bacteria that drive a chronic gastritis that lasts many decades. This indicates the presence of highly effective regulatory processes in the host that, in most cases, keeps a check on inflammation and protect against disease. In this minireview we discuss such known host factors and how they prevent the development of H. pylori-associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poshmaal Dhar
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Animal Biotechnology, School of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Garrett Z Ng
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Animal Biotechnology, School of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Philip Sutton
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Animal Biotechnology, School of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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20
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Ng GZ, Menheniott TR, Every AL, Stent A, Judd LM, Chionh YT, Dhar P, Komen JC, Giraud AS, Wang TC, McGuckin MA, Sutton P. The MUC1 mucin protects against Helicobacter pylori pathogenesis in mice by regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Gut 2016; 65:1087-99. [PMID: 26079943 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The mucin MUC1, best known for providing an epithelial barrier, is an important protective host factor in both humans and mice during Helicobacter pylori pathogenesis. This study aimed to identify the long-term consequences of MUC1 deficiency on H. pylori pathogenesis and the mechanism by which MUC1 protects against H. pylori gastritis. DESIGN Wildtype and Muc1(-/-) mice were infected for up to 9 months, and the gastric pathology, immunological response and epigenetic changes assessed. The effects of MUC1 on the inflammasome, a potent inflammatory pathway, were examined in macrophages and H. pylori-infected mice deficient in both MUC1 and inflammasome components. RESULTS Muc1(-/-) mice began to die 6 months after challenge, indicating Muc1 deficiency made H. pylori a lethal infection. Surprisingly, chimaeric mouse infections revealed MUC1 expression by haematopoietic-derived immune cells limits H. pylori-induced gastritis. Gastritis in infected Muc1(-/-) mice was associated with elevated interleukin (IL)-1β and epigenetic changes in their gastric mucosa similar to those in transgenic mice overexpressing gastric IL-1β, implicating MUC1 regulation of an inflammasome. In support of this, infected Muc1(-/-)Casp1(-/-) mice did not develop severe gastritis. Further, MUC1 regulated Nlrp3 expression via an nuclear factor (NF)-κB-dependent pathway and reduced NF-κB pathway activation via inhibition of IRAK4 phosphorylation. The importance of this regulation was proven using Muc1(-/-)Nlrp3(-/-) mice, which did not develop severe gastritis. CONCLUSIONS MUC1 is an important, previously unidentified negative regulator of the NLRP3 inflammasome. H. pylori activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome is normally tightly regulated by MUC1, and loss of this critical regulation results in the development of severe pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Z Ng
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Trevelyan R Menheniott
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alison L Every
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Stent
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise M Judd
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yok Teng Chionh
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Poshmaal Dhar
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jasper C Komen
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew S Giraud
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Michael A McGuckin
- Mucosal Diseases Program, Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Philip Sutton
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Dogra V, Verma S, Singh G, Wani AH, Chahota R, Dhar P, Verma L, Sharma M. Development of OMP based indirect ELISA to gauge the antibody titers in bovines against Pasteurella multocida. Iran J Vet Res 2015; 16:350-356. [PMID: 27175202 PMCID: PMC4782674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) is an important pathogen of various domestic animals. The outer membrane proteins (OMPs) play a major role in pathogenesis and immunogenicity of P. multocida. The aim of the study was to develop indirect enzyme linked immuno sorbant assay (ELISA) based on OMPs to ascertain the antibody titers in animals post-infection or to gauge the potency of vaccine. The OMPs were extracted and purified from P. multocida P:52 (vaccine strain) and P. multocida B:2 isolated from natural outbreak of Haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) and analyzed on SDS PAGE and through western blot. The OMPs profile of the vaccine strain and the isolate from the natural outbreak of HS were found to be similar. Optimization of various components viz. coating antigens, anti-species conjugate, etc. were carried out against both anti-P. multocida hyper immune and pre immune serum. Validation of OMP based indirect ELISA assay to measure immune response against P. multocida in bovine revealed 91% diagnostic sensitivity (DSN) and about 100% diagnostic specificity (DSP) at 25% cut off. OMP based indirect ELISA was found to be more specific, but less sensitive as compared to WCL based assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Dogra
- MVSc in Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Dr. G. C. Negi College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176062, India
| | - S Verma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Dr. G. C. Negi College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176062, India
| | - G Singh
- Department of Veterinary Physiology & Biochemistry, Dr. G. C. Negi College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176062, India
| | - A. H Wani
- MVSc in Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Dr. G. C. Negi College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176062, India
| | - R Chahota
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Dr. G. C. Negi College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176062, India
| | - P Dhar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Dr. G. C. Negi College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176062, India
| | - L Verma
- MVSc in Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Dr. G. C. Negi College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176062, India
| | - M Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Dr. G. C. Negi College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176062, India
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Boghosian M, Cassel K, Hammes M, Funaki B, Kim S, Qian X, Wang X, Dhar P, Hines J. Hemodynamics in the cephalic arch of a brachiocephalic fistula. Med Eng Phys 2014; 36:822-30. [PMID: 24695337 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The care and outcome of patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) on chronic hemodialysis is directly dependent on their hemodialysis access. A brachiocephalic fistula (BCF) is commonly placed in the elderly and in patients with a failed lower-arm, or radiocephalic, fistula. However, there are numerous complications such that the BCF has an average patency of only 3.6 years. A leading cause of BCF dysfunction and failure is stenosis in the arch of the cephalic vein near its junction with the axillary vein, which is called cephalic arch stenosis (CAS). Using a combined clinical and computational investigation, we seek to improve our understanding of the cause of CAS, and to develop a means of predicting CAS risk in patients with a planned BCF access. This paper details the methodology used to determine the hemodynamic consequences of the post-fistula environment and illustrates detailed results for a representative sample of patient-specific anatomies, including a single, bifurcated, and trifurcated arch. It is found that the high flows present due to fistula creation lead to secondary flows in the arch owing to its curvature with corresponding low wall shear stresses. The abnormally low wall shear stress locations correlate with the development of stenosis in the singular case that is tracked in time for a period of one year.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Boghosian
- Mechanical, Materials, and Aerospace Engineering Department, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, United States.
| | - K Cassel
- Mechanical, Materials, and Aerospace Engineering Department, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - M Hammes
- Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - B Funaki
- Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - S Kim
- Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - X Qian
- Mechanical, Materials, and Aerospace Engineering Department, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - X Wang
- Mechanical, Materials, and Aerospace Engineering Department, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - P Dhar
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - J Hines
- Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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Tayade A, Dhar P, Sharma M, Chauhan R, Chaurasia O, Srivastava R. Antioxidant Capacities, Phenolic Contents, and GC/MS Analysis ofRhodiola imbricataEdgew. Root Extracts from Trans-Himalaya. J Food Sci 2013; 78:C402-10. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A.B. Tayade
- Defence Inst. of High Altitude Research; Defence Research & Development Organisation; Leh-Ladakh; Jammu & Kashmir; 194 101; India
| | - P. Dhar
- Defence Inst. of High Altitude Research; Defence Research & Development Organisation; Leh-Ladakh; Jammu & Kashmir; 194 101; India
| | - M. Sharma
- Dept. of Pharmacy; Jaypee Univ. of Information Technology; Waknaghat; Solan; 173 234; India
| | - R.S. Chauhan
- Dept. of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics; Jaypee Univ. of Information Technology; Waknaghat; Solan; 173 234; India
| | - O.P. Chaurasia
- Defence Inst. of High Altitude Research; Defence Research & Development Organisation; Leh-Ladakh; Jammu & Kashmir; 194 101; India
| | - R.B. Srivastava
- Defence Inst. of High Altitude Research; Defence Research & Development Organisation; Leh-Ladakh; Jammu & Kashmir; 194 101; India
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24
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Dhar P, Dixit S, Mehra RD. ISDN2012_0284: GSH mediated antioxidant role of alpha lipoic acid (ALA) in arsenic induced developmental neurotoxicity. Int J Dev Neurosci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2012.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P. Dhar
- Department of AnatomyAll India Institute of Medical SciencesDelhi110029India
| | - S. Dixit
- Department of AnatomyAll India Institute of Medical SciencesDelhi110029India
| | - Raj D. Mehra
- Department of AnatomyAll India Institute of Medical SciencesDelhi110029India
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25
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Dhar P, Tayade A, Bajpai P, Sharma V, Das S, Chaurasia O, Srivastava R, Singh S. Antioxidant Capacities and Total Polyphenol Contents of Hydro-ethanolic Extract of Phytococktail from Trans-Himalaya. J Food Sci 2012; 77:C156-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02523.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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Saraf V, Suhas R, Dattaram U, Binoj S, Menon R, Dinesh B, Unnikrishnan G, Sudheer O, Sudhindran S, Dhar P, Subhalal N. 20 predictors for need for liver transplants in acute zinc phosphide poisoning. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2011; 1:142. [PMID: 25755349 PMCID: PMC3940328 DOI: 10.1016/s0973-6883(11)60157-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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27
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Dhar P, Lall K. An atypical anatomical variation of palmar vascular pattern. Singapore Med J 2008; 49:e245-e249. [PMID: 18830531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A complex variation in the pattern of blood supply to the palm of the hand was encountered during a routine dissection of a female adult cadaver. Findings were: (a) there was no communication between the superficial palmar branches of the radial and ulnar arteries (incomplete superficial palmar arch); (b) the superficial palmar branch of the radial artery coursed superficially to the thenar muscles supplying two common palmar digital arteries for adjacent sides of the thumb and index finger, thereby replacing the conventional arteria radialis indices; (c) the branch supplying the lateral side of the thumb was seen arising from the deep branch of the radial artery; (d) the superficial palmar branch of the ulnar artery supplied a branch to the medial side of the little finger, and two common palmar digital arteries for the adjacent sides of the little and ring fingers and ring and middle fingers, respectively. Familiarity with the variations in the vascular patterns resulting from a number of developmental errors remains the crucial issue for personnel engaged in reconstructive hand surgery, where these varied patterns act as pivotal points around which successful accomplishment of various advanced surgical procedures revolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dhar
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India.
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28
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Muthuchelvan D, Sanyal A, Balamurugan V, Dhar P, Bandyopadhyay SK. Sequence analysis of the nucleoprotein gene of Asian lineage peste des petits ruminants vaccine virus. Vet Res Commun 2007; 30:957-63. [PMID: 17139548 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-006-3407-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The complete nucleotide sequence of the nucleocapsid (N) protein of the peste-des-petits ruminants vaccine virus (PPRV Sungri/96) belonging to the Asian lineage was determined. The gene was 1692 nucleotides in length and encoded a polypeptide of 525 amino acids. The PPRV Sungri/96 N gene has a nucleotide homology of 92% for PPRV Nigeria 75/1 to 55.5% for canine distemper virus. At amino acid level the homology was 94.1% with PPRV Nigeria 75/1, while with other morbilliviruses, PPRV Sungri/96 had only 71.4-64.9% amino acid identity. The phosphorylation prediction reveals eight conserved sites across morbilliviruses, whereas in the C-terminal portion of the protein the sites are not conserved. Phylogenetic analysis of different N proteins of morbilliviruses revealed five well-defined clusters as observed previously. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report describing the nucleocapsid gene sequence of PPRV Indian isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Muthuchelvan
- Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin, India
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29
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Sharma K, Mehra RD, Dhar P, Vij U. Chronic exposure to estrogen and tamoxifen regulates synaptophysin and phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding (CREB) protein expression in CA1 of ovariectomized rat hippocampus. Brain Res 2006; 1132:10-9. [PMID: 17161830 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Revised: 10/27/2006] [Accepted: 11/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We report here the in vivo effects of estrogen (E2) on modulation of synaptic plasticity and the agonistic (estrogen-like) role of selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), tamoxifen (TAM) in the CA1 of the rat hippocampus. Effects on synaptophysin (SYP), a presynaptic vesicular protein, and phosphorylated cyclic AMP responsive element-binding (p-CREB) protein, a signal transduction pathway molecule, were studied using the ovariectomized (OVX) experimental rat model. Bilateral ovariectomy was performed on 40 rats and these were divided into 4 groups based on the treatment they received (at 2 weeks post-ovariectomy, a subcutaneous injection daily for 4 weeks) viz., OVX+E2 (0.1 mg/kg body weight), OVX+TAM (0.05 mg/kg body weight), OVX+vehicle and one group served as OVX control. An additional 10 animals served as the ovary intact control group. At the end of the treatment schedule, five animals/group were used for immunohistochemical staining of SYP and p-CREB using specific antibodies with peroxidase anti-peroxidase technique on paraformaldehyde-fixed cryostat sections. Protein estimation and Western blot analysis coupled with densitometric analysis (using gel-documentation system and image analysis software) were performed on unfixed hippocampus collected from rest of the five animals/group. Serum estradiol levels were estimated with radioimmunoassay prior to sacrifice. The results revealed that ovariectomy reduced SYP and p-CREB expression whereas E2 or TAM administration resulted in their upregulation. Serum estradiol levels of E2 administered animals were comparable with the ovary intact group whereas those of TAM administered group persisted in the range of OVX controls. To conclude, long-term estrogen therapy modulates the synaptic plasticity of hippocampal neurons and presumably, the agonist biocharacter of TAM as observed in the present investigations, may in the long run have a potential in the treatment and prevention of various estrogen-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sharma
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi-110029, India
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30
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Dhar P, Muthuchelvan D, Sanyal A, Kaul R, Singh RP, Singh RK, Bandyopadhyay SK. Sequence analysis of the haemagglutinin and fusion protein genes of peste-des-petits ruminants vaccine virus of Indian origin. Virus Genes 2006; 32:71-8. [PMID: 16525737 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-005-5847-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2005] [Revised: 07/27/2005] [Accepted: 07/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The amino acid composition of the two surface proteins of peste-des-petits ruminants vaccine virus belonging to lineage four from India were deduced from the nucleotide sequence. The fusion (F) protein gene of PPRV Sungri/96 is 2405 nucleotides long and in relation to the length, it is 80 nucleotides longer than that of PPRV Nigeria/75/1 which are found to be present at the 5'UTR of this virus. The complete F gene alignment with other morbillivirus reveals a homology of 89% with PPRV/Nigeria/75/1 and 48-51% with other morbilliviruses. The F protein of PPRV Sungri/96 exhibited characteristics similarity to those of other morbillivirus F proteins. The overall amino acid similarity with its counterpart PPRV Nigeria/75/1 was 96%; with other morbilliviruses it is 65-74%. The PPRV Sungri/96 haemagglutinin (H) protein gene is 1954 nucleotides long and showed a sequence homology of 90.7% with PPRV/Nigeria/75/1 and with other morbilliviruses it ranged from 33% to 45%. At amino acids level, PPRV Sungri/96 showed a homology of 92.3% with PPRV/Nigeria/75/1 and 34-49% with other morbilliviruses. The phylogenetic tree constructed for F and H gene reveals four separate groups which is very similar to that found in other genes. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report describing the F and H genes of an Indian isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dhar
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatanagar, 243 122, Bareilly, India
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31
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Dhar P, Bhattacharyya D, Bhattacharyya DK, Ghosh S. Dietary comparison of conjugated linolenic acid (9 cis, 11 trans, 13 trans) and alpha-tocopherol effects on blood lipids and lipid peroxidation in alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus in rats. Lipids 2006; 41:49-54. [PMID: 16555471 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-006-5069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the dietary effect of conjugated linolenic acid (CLnA) on lipid profiles and lipid peroxidations in alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus in rats. Diabetic rats were fed with 20% sunflower oil (diabetic control), sunflower oil supplemented with 0.5% CLnA, sunflower oil supplemented with 0.15% alpha-tocopherol, and sunflower oil containing 0.25% CLnA + 0.15% alpha-tocopherol. The results demonstrated that 0.5% CLnA, 0.15% alpha-tocopherol, and 0.25% CLnA + 0.15% alpha-tocopherol each on supplementation significantly lowered total cholesterol and non-HDL-cholesterol in comparison with the diabetic control group. The TAG level was significantly lowered in both the 0.15% alpha-tocopherol and 0.25% CLnA + 0.15% alpha-tocopherol groups. LDL-lipid peroxidation and erythrocyte membrane lipid peroxidation were reduced significantly in each of the experimental groups vs. the control group. The CLnA + alpha-tocopherol diet induced a greater reduction in membrane lipid and liver lipid peroxidation than the alpha-tocopherol diet alone. In conclusion, dietary CLnA exerts antioxidant activity as evidenced by reduced lipid peroxidation in chemically induced diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dhar
- Department of Physiology, Krishnagar Government College, Calcutta University, Kolkata-700 009, India
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32
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Sreenivasa BP, Singh RP, Mondal B, Dhar P, Bandyopadhyay SK. Marmoset B95a cells: a sensitive system for cultivation of Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus. Vet Res Commun 2006; 30:103-8. [PMID: 16362615 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-005-3200-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B P Sreenivasa
- Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar Campus, Nainital, Uttaranchal, 263138, India
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33
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George A, Dhar P, Sreenivasa BP, Singh RP, Bandyopadhyay SK. The M and N genes-based simplex and multiplex PCRs are better than the F or H gene-based simplex PCR for Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus. Acta Virol 2006; 50:217-22. [PMID: 17177605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Nucleocapsid (N), matrix (M) and hemagglutinin (H) genes-based simplex PCRs and an N and M genes-based multiplex PCR were developed for detection of Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV). The M gene PCR was the most sensitive, followed by N, H and an already described fusion (F) gene PCRs, as they could detect the virus in samples with titers of 101, 102, 104and 105 TCID50/ml, respectively. The multiplex PCR was as sensitive as the M gene PCR, but it had the advantage of differentiating PPRV from Rinderpest virus (RPV).
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Affiliation(s)
- A George
- Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Nainital, India
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34
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Abstract
We study the autonomous motion of catalytic nanorods in Gibbs monolayers. The catalytic activity of the rods on a hydrogen peroxide aqueous subphase gives rise to anomalous translational and rotational diffusion. The rods perform a Levy-walk superdiffusive motion that can be decomposed into thermal orientation fluctuations and an active motion of the rods with a constant velocity along their long axis. Since interfacial dissipation increases relative to bulk phase dissipation when miniaturizing the size of objects moving in the interface, the autonomous nanorods allow for precise measurements of surface shear viscosities as low as a few nN s/m. The cross over from active motion toward passive diffusion when increasing the surfactant concentration is explained by a loss of friction asymmetry of the rods.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dhar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, 32306-4390, USA
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35
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37
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Muthuchelvan D, Sanyal A, Sreenivasa BP, Saravanan P, Dhar P, Singh RP, Singh RK, Bandyopadhyay SK. Analysis of the matrix protein gene sequence of the Asian lineage of peste-des-petits ruminants vaccine virus. Vet Microbiol 2005; 113:83-7. [PMID: 16297575 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2005] [Revised: 10/01/2005] [Accepted: 10/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The M gene nucleotide sequence of an Indian peste-des-petits ruminants (PPRV) vaccine virus ("PPRV Sungri/96") belonging to Asian lineage was determined. The gene is 1476 nucleotides long with a single open reading frame (ORF). The nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequence was compared with the homologous region of the African Lineage Vaccine virus "PPRV/Nigeria/75/1". The nucleotide sequence of the "PPRV Sungri/96" was 86% identical to that of "PPRV/Nigeria/75/1", while a homology of 93% and 95% could be observed in the ORF and amino acids level, respectively. The M gene encodes a protein of 335 amino acids, with a predicted molecular weight (MW) of 37.8 kDa. The ORF is flanked by a 3' untranslated region of 436 nucleotides and a high level of sequence divergence (approximately 30%) could be observed in this region between the vaccine viruses of Asian and African lineages. A high degree of conservation of several amino acids of this protein observed previously was also confirmed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Muthuchelvan
- Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin 682029, India
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38
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Dhar P, Jaitley M, Kalaivani M, Mehra RD. Preliminary Morphological and Histochemical Changes in Rat Spinal Cord Neurons Following Arsenic Ingestion. Neurotoxicology 2005; 26:309-20. [PMID: 15935203 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2004.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2004] [Accepted: 10/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous sodium arsenite was administered in doses of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/kg body weight (bw)/day by intragastric route to adult Wistar rats, (groups II, III and IV, respectively, n=6 animals/group) for a period of 12 weeks. Controls (group I) received distilled water without added arsenite. At the end of experimental period, four animals from each group were perfusion fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and two animals from each group were used for fresh tissue purposes (for SDH localization). Fixed tissue blocks from the cervical and lumbar spinal cords were processed for paraffin and cryostat sectioning. Measurements of nuclear area were carried out in cresyl violet (CV) stained paraffin sections by Image Analysis. Cryostat sections (20 microm) of the cervical and lumbar spinal cords of fixed and fresh frozen tissue blocks (n=2/group) were stained for localization of cytochrome oxidase (CO) and succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activities, respectively. Quantitative estimations of enzyme activities was determined from mean grey values obtained by Image Analysis. The results revealed a dose related reduction in the mean log nuclear area and in the two enzyme activities. The differences noted between the cervical and lumbar motor neurons, viz. (i) the decrease in mean log nuclear area were observed only in cervical motor neurons of animals receiving 2.0 mg/kg bw whereas for the lumbar motor neurons this was true of all doses of arsenite; (ii) in general, CO expression was higher in the cervical than in lumbar spinal cord and (iii) reduction in SDH activity was more pronounced in the cervical spinal cord with doses of 1.5 and 2.0 mg/kg bw as compared to lumbar spinal cord. These observations may throw some light on the earlier observations [Jenkins RB. Inorganic arsenic and the nervous system. Brain 1996;89:479-98] reporting differences in the affliction to arsenic ingestion between the fore limb and hind limb musculature (in human subjects). Our observations ascertain that the neurons, which innervate these musculature, also differ in some characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dhar
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India.
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39
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Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute, febrile viral disease of small ruminants, caused by a virus of the genus Morbillivirus. PPR and rinderpest viruses are antigenically related and need to be differentiated serologically. In the present study, 23 mouse monoclonal antibodies were produced by polyethyleneglycol (PEG)-mediated fusion of sensitized lymphocytes and myeloma cells. Among these, two belong to the IgM class and the remaining 21 to various subclasses of IgG. The MAbs from the IgG class designated 4B6 and 4B11 neutralized PPR virus in vitro. In radioimmunoprecipitation assay, 10 MAbs recognized nucleoprotein, 4 recognized the matrix protein and one each haemagglutinin and phosphoprotein. The remaining 7 MAbs failed to precipitate any defined viral protein. The reactivity pattern of the monoclonal antibodies in indirect ELISA indicated a close antigenic relationship within three Indian PPR (lineage 4) virus isolates and also within two rinderpest vaccine strains. All PPR virus isolates could be distinguished from rinderpest vaccine viruses on the basis of the reactivity pattern of all MAbs and anti-N protein MAbs. A set of six monoclonal antibodies specific to PPR virus could also be identified from the panel. From the panel of MAbs available, two MAbs were selected for diagnostic applications, one each for the detection of antigens and antibodies to PPR virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Singh
- Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Nainital-263 138 (Uttaranchal), India.
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40
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Kumar P, Tripathi BN, Sharma AK, Kumar R, Sreenivasa BP, Singh RP, Dhar P, Bandyopadhyay SK. Pathological and immunohistochemical study of experimental peste des petits ruminants virus infection in goats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 51:153-9. [PMID: 15228548 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.2004.00747.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an emerging, economically important viral disease of goats and sheep in the Indian subcontinent. In the present investigation, 15 hill goats were experimentally infected with 2 ml of 10% splenic suspension of a virulent isolate of PPR virus (PPR/Izatnagar/94) that had caused heavy mortality (>75%) in goats during 1994 outbreaks in northern India. More than 86% (13 of 15) animals died between 9 and 13 days post inoculation at the height of temperature or when temperatures were declining. Necropsy findings included congestion of gastrointestinal tract (GIT), nasal sinuses, consolidation of antero-ventral lobes of lungs, engorged spleen, and occasionally oedematous lymph nodes. Histopathological examination of major organs of GIT revealed degeneration and necrosis of labial mucosa, severe mucosal and submucosal congestion, degeneration and necrosis of intestinal epithelium and lymphoid cell depletion from Peyer's patches along with presence of syncytia at times. Lungs showed broncho-interstitial changes and presence of intracytoplasmic and intranuclear eosinophilic inclusions in alveolar macrophages and syncytial cells. These changes in lungs were frequently complicated with serofibrinous pneumonia (57%, eight of 14). Lymphocytolysis and occasional syncytia formation were evident in the lymphoid tissues. Immunohistochemical (IHC) findings included presence of PPR virus antigen in the labial, intestinal, and bronchiolar epithelial cells, pneumocytes, macrophages and syncytial cells in lungs, and lymphoid (intact and necrotic) and reticular cells in lymphoid organs. The findings of the study indicated the highly virulent nature of the PPR virus isolate (PPR/Izatnagar/94), causing 100% mortality and characteristic pathological changes in the target organs such as lungs, intestines and lymphoid tissues. The results of the IHC study suggested that indirect immunoperoxidase could be an alternative method in the absence of more sophisticated methods of laboratory diagnosis of PPR virus infection in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kumar
- Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
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41
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Singh RP, Sreenivasa BP, Dhar P, Bandyopadhyay SK. A sandwich-ELISA for the diagnosis of Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) infection in small ruminants using anti-nucleocapsid protein monoclonal antibody. Arch Virol 2004; 149:2155-70. [PMID: 15503204 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-004-0366-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2004] [Accepted: 04/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A sandwich ELISA test using PPR specific monoclonal antibody (clone 4G6) to an epitope of nucleocapsid protein has been developed. The test uses polyclonal sera to capture the antigen from clinical samples (swabs and tissues). Captured antigens from clinical samples are detected using PPR specific monoclonal antibody. The test is specific to PPR as it failed to detect rinderpest vaccine virus (RBOK strain). Varieties of clinical samples originating from laboratory experiments (n = 231) and from field (n = 259) were employed to test the efficacy of sandwich-ELISA test. The test compared very well with an internationally accepted commercial Immune-capture ELISA kit, which uses biotinylated monoclonal antibody against the nucleocapsid protein. On a parallel testing using 490 clinical samples, 4G6 MAb based sandwich ELISA had an overall relative diagnostic specificity of 92.8% and diagnostic sensitivity of 88.9% compared to the commercial kit. The newly developed test is free from prozone phenomenon. PPR outbreaks from various parts of India have been confirmed using the test. Findings suggested that the newly developed ELISA is suitable for PPR diagnosis under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Singh
- Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Nainital, India
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42
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Sarkar J, Sreenivasa BP, Singh RP, Dhar P, Bandyopadhyay SK. Comparative efficacy of various chemical stabilizers on the thermostability of a live-attenuated peste des petits ruminants (PPR) vaccine. Vaccine 2004; 21:4728-35. [PMID: 14585683 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(03)00512-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thermostability of a live-attenuated peste des petits ruminants (PPR) vaccine recently developed at Indian Veterinary Research Institute was studied using conventional lyophilization conditions. A total of four stabilizers viz., lactalbumin hydrolysate-sucrose (LS), Weybridge medium (WBM), buffered gelatin-sorbitol (BUGS) and trehalose dihydrate (TD) were used to prepare the lyophilized vaccine. The study revealed that the PPR vaccine lyophilized with either LS or TD is more stable than rest of the stabilizers having an expiry period of at least 45 days (so far studied) at 4 degrees C, 15-19 days at 25 degrees C and 1-2 days at 37 degrees C. However, at a temperature of 45 degrees C, BUGS had a marginal superiority, although lasted for few hours, followed by TD and LS with respect to shelf-life, LS and TD with respect to half-life. On the basis of half-life also LS followed by TD appeared superior at a temperature of 4, 25 and 37 degrees C. Reconstitution of vaccine with distilled water or 1M MgSO(4) or 0.85% NaCl maintained the required virus titre (2.5log(10)TCID(50) per dose) up to 8h at 37 degrees C and 7h at 45 degrees C. Among the three diluents, 1M MgSO(4) appeared to be the better diluent for reconstitution of lyophilized PPR vaccine, as the loss on dilution was lowest and maintain the required virus titre for a longer period. Investigation suggests for using LS as stabilizer for lyophilization and 1M MgSO(4) as vaccine diluent for the newly developed PPR vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sarkar
- Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar Campus, Nainital, Uttaranchal 263138, India
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Singh RP, Sreenivasa BP, Dhar P, Shah LC, Bandyopadhyay SK. Development of a monoclonal antibody based competitive-ELISA for detection and titration of antibodies to peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus. Vet Microbiol 2004; 98:3-15. [PMID: 14738776 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2003.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute febrile, viral, disease of small ruminants with great economic importance. A competitive-ELISA (c-ELISA) test was developed for detection of antibodies to PPR virus in the sera samples of goats and sheep. The test uses monoclonal antibody to a neutralizing epitope of haemagglutinin protein of the virus. Based on the distribution of known negative sera samples (n=933) in respect of PPR virus antibodies in the test, a cut-off value was set as 38%. This value was the result of mean of negative population added with two times the standard deviations. A total of 1668 sera samples from goat and sheep and 32 sera from cattle were screened by c-ELISA and virus neutralization test (VNT). Efficacy of c-ELISA compared very well with VNT having high relative specificity (98.4%) and sensitivity (92.4%). The sensitivity of c-ELISA for PPR sero-surveillance could further be increased (95.4%), if the target population is non-vaccinated. c-ELISA test correlated well with VNT (r=0.845) for end-point titration of PPR virus antibody in 64 goat sera samples. It could clearly separate infected population from uninfected in field sera. Using c-ELISA test paired sera samples from 13 goats provided a clear diagnosis of PPR virus infection. Furthermore, antibodies to PPR virus could be successfully detected during 1 year after vaccination in four goats inoculated with an experimental PPR vaccine. Findings suggest that the c-ELISA test developed can easily replace VNT for sero-surveillance, sero-monitoring, diagnosis from paired sera samples and end-point titration of PPR virus antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Singh
- Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Nainital 263 138, Uttaranchal, India
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Saravanan P, Singh RP, Balamurugan V, Dhar P, Sreenivasa BP, Muthuchelvan D, Sen A, Aleyas AG, Singh RK, Bandyopadhyay SK. Development of a N gene-based PCR-ELISA for detection of Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus in clinical samples. Acta Virol 2004; 48:249-55. [PMID: 15745048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A highly sensitive N gene-based PCR-ELISA for the detection of Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV) was developed. The RT-PCR yielded a digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled product of 336 bp comprising a sequence from PPRV N gene, which was then detected by ELISA. The assay could detect the viral RNA in PPRV-infected tissue culture fluids with a titer as low as 0.1 TCID(50)/ml. The assay is 10,000 times more sensitive than a classical RT-PCR combined with agarose gel electrophoresis. The assay could detect the virus in the clinical samples, which were negative by conventional sandwich ELISA (S-ELISA). The percentage positivity of the assay in detecting the virus in clinical samples was 66.2% compared to 48.6% for S-ELISA. The assay was more sensitive than S-ELISA also in detecting the virus in early as well as late phases of the disease. In addition, the assay could also be used for differential diagnosis of PPRV and Rinderpest virus (RPV).
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Affiliation(s)
- P Saravanan
- Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar-Kumaon, Nainital, Uttaranchal, 263 138, India.
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Brown NI, Mack PF, Mitera DM, Dhar P. Use of the ProSeal™ laryngeal mask airway in a pregnant patient with a difficult airway during electroconvulsive therapy. Br J Anaesth 2003; 91:752-4. [PMID: 14570805 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeg227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a patient at 20-22 weeks gestation, with a known difficult airway, who underwent eight sessions of electroconvulsive therapy using the ProSeal laryngeal mask airway and controlled ventilation. The airway management options for brief periods of general anaesthesia in patients with increased gastric volume are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ivascu Brown
- Department of Anesthesiology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
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Abstract
Haemophilia A is a bleeding disorder that has a spectrum of manifestations ranging from persistent bleeding after minor trauma to spontaneous haemorrhage. As an X-linked disease, it has a rare occurrence in females. We report a case of a pregnant patient with severe haemophilia A, who received epidural analgesia during labour. The prepartum, intrapartum and postpartum care of a patient with such a bleeding diathesis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dhar
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York Presbyterian Hospital, 525 East 68th Street, Room M-323, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the skills of anesthesiologists in the interpretation of chest radiographs. DESIGN Randomized evaluation conducted among anesthesiologists and radiologists. SETTING Postgraduate Assembly of the New York State Society of Anesthesiologists in 1999, and the Department of Radiology, New York University Medical Center. PARTICIPANTS A total of 61 anesthesiologists (48 attending physicians; 13 residents); control group of 8 radiology residents (all participants volunteered). INTERVENTIONS After completing a demographic survey, participants were asked to review a series of 10 chest radiographs. A brief clinical scenario accompanied each radiograph. No time limit was set for these interpretations. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The demographic characteristics of the anesthesiology participants included university faculty (46%), private group practitioners (41%), independent practitioners (11%), and 1 participant with an unspecified type of practice. Additional training among the participants included internal medicine (31%), surgery (19%), and pediatrics (3%); 34% did not specify any additional training. Of the participants, 92% were involved in cases requiring general anesthesia; 96% managed patients in the recovery room; and 34% managed patients in the intensive care unit. Of participants, 80% usually order chest radiographs, but only 42% interpret the films themselves. Misdiagnosed radiographs included pneumothorax by 11% of participants, free air under the diaphragm by 41%, bronchial perforation from a nasogastric tube by 28%, right mainstem intubation by 20%, superior vena cava perforation from a central venous catheter by 31%, normal film by 75%, negative pressure pulmonary edema by 16%, left lower lobe collapse by 80%, pulmonary infarction from a pulmonary artery catheter by 29%, and tension pneumothorax by 41%. Overall scores of the attending physicians were not significantly different from that of residents (p > 0.05). The control group of radiology residents scored significantly better (mean, 83.7; p = 0.009) than the anesthesia residents (mean, 62.8) and anesthesia attending physicians (mean, 62.5). CONCLUSION Anesthesiologists are deficient in skills for the interpretation of chest radiographs. The skill level of university-based physicians is not greater than physicians in private practice, and skill level does not improve with level of training or experience. Most anesthesiologists rely on radiologists for interpretative results. Further training during the residency years may help improve diagnostic skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kaufman
- Department of Anesthesiology, New York University Medical Center, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Dhar P, Osborn I, Brimacombe J, Meenan M, Linton P. Blind orotracheal intubation with the intubating laryngeal mask versus fibreoptic guided orotracheal intubation with the Ovassapian airway. A pilot study of awake patients. Anaesth Intensive Care 2001; 29:252-4. [PMID: 11439795 DOI: 10.1177/0310057x0102900305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In a randomized, prospective pilot study, we compared awake blind orotracheal intubation using the intubating laryngeal mask airway (blind-ILM) with awake fibreoptic-guided orotracheal intubation using an Ovassapian airway (FOS-OA). Fifty-four patients (ASA 1 to 3, aged 18 to 85 years) requiring awake intubation for elective surgery were randomly allocated by coin toss into two groups: 31 patients were intubated blindly through the ILM (blind-ILM) and 23 were intubated using fibreoptic guidance through the Ovassapian airway (FOS-OA). Sedation to a target clinical end-point (spontaneous eye-closing, but responsive to verbal command) was obtained with fentanyl/midazolam and a cricothyroid puncture was performed with 3 ml lignocaine 4%. The oropharynx was then topicalized until tolerance of a Guedel airway was achieved. The number of failed attempts (maximum of three allowed), overall success rates, the time from insertion of the airway to capnographic (blind-ILM) or fibreoptic (FOS-OA) confirmation of intubation or until three failed attempts, and cardiovascular responses before and during intubation, were recorded. The first time (blind-ILM, 25/31 [81%]; FOS-OA, 20/23 [87%], P = 0.6) and overall (blind-ILM, 26/31 [84%]; FOS-OA, 22/23 [96%], P = 0.2) intubation success rates were similar. The mean +/- SD time to intubation was shorter for the blind-ILM group (104 +/- 65 vs 158 +/- 115 sec, P = 0.05). There were no clinically significant differences in blood pressure or heart rate between groups. Compared with baseline values, there was no cardiovascular response to intubation in either group. We conclude that the blind-ILM and FOS-OA techniques have similar success rates and cardiovascular responses, but intubation is slightly quicker with the blind-ILM technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dhar
- New York University Medical Center, New York, USA
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Chaudhary A, Dhar P, Sachdev AK, Agarwal AK. Complicated choledochal cysts. Int Surg 2001; 86:97-102. [PMID: 11918245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Choledochal cysts have a potential for causing a variety of complications. This article presents the incidence, types, and presentation of complications in patients with choledochal cysts and the results of surgery in these patients. Prospectively collected data of 81 patients with choledochal cysts treated at a tertiary care center were retrospectively analyzed. Sixteen (20% of surgical patients; 100% of study group) patients were found to have a complicated choledochal cyst that either manifested as an atypical presentation or necessitated a change in the treatment planning. Eight (50%) of these patients had complications of infective nature, and another 8 (50%) had noninfective complications. Fifteen (94%) patients with complications were adults and 11 (63%) patients had Todani type-IVa cysts; a cystic type of intrahepatic component in 10 patients. Five (31%) patients had undergone prior cystenteric drainage operations. Excision of the choledochal cyst was possible in 14 (88%) patients under both emergency and elective situations; cyst excision was performed in the second stage after an initial external drainage procedure in two of these patients. There was no mortality and no major postoperative complications. Complications of choledochal cysts are more likely in adult patients and in those with both intra- and extrahepatic cysts (Todani type-IVa). Despite the presence of complications, the choledochal cyst can be safely excised in a majority of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chaudhary
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Gobind Ballabh Pant Hospital, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India.
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Mondal B, Sreenivasa BP, Dhar P, Singh RP, Bandyopadhyay SK. Apoptosis induced by peste des petits ruminants virus in goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Virus Res 2001; 73:113-9. [PMID: 11172915 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(00)00214-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The ability of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) to induce apoptosis in goat peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) culture was investigated. Goat PBMC were infected with PPRV and the infectivity was confirmed by cytopathic effect, demonstration of presence of infectious viral progeny and expression of viral antigens in the lymphocytes, cultured in vitro. Infected PBMC showed morphological features of apoptosis. DNA extracted from PPRV-infected cells displayed laddering pattern in agarose gel electrophoresis. Infected cells also showed significantly higher apoptotic indices measured by bisbenzimide staining than control cells. Electronmicrographs of PPRV-infected PBMC revealed features typical of apoptosis such as peripheral condensation of chromatin, blebbing of plasma membrane, fragmentation of nucleus and cell leading to formation of apoptotic bodies. Our results suggest that PPRV can induce apoptosis, in vitro, in goat lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mondal
- Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, UP 263138, Mukteswar, India.
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