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Gomathi NS, Singh M, Myneedu VP, Chauhan DS, Tripathy S, Sarin R, Mohan A, Bhatnagar A, Khangembam JS, Kannan T, V Rao MV, Logani J, Dey B, Gangakhedkar RR, Swaminathan S, Singh UB. Validation of an indigenous assay for rapid molecular detection of rifampicin resistance in presumptive multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Indian J Med Res 2021; 152:482-489. [PMID: 33707390 PMCID: PMC8157890 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_2557_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: There is a need for an affordable, easy, high-sensitivity test usable at the peripheral health facility for diagnosis of drug-resistant (DR) tuberculosis (TB) to interrupt disease transmission. Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) for early detection of DR-TB are ideal to bring testing near to the patient. Truenat™ MTB (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) and Truenat™ MTB-RIF (rifampicin) is an indigenous chip-based real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based test for detection of multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB. The test involves extraction of DNA using automated, battery operated Trueprep instrument and real-time PCR performed on the Truelab analyzer. We report here multicentric validation of Truenat MTB-RIF for detection of DR-TB in suspected DR-TB patients. Methods: Consecutive patients aged 18-65 yr, with symptoms suggestive of TB and with a history of previous treatment, reporting to the National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP) clinics under four national institutes, namely AIIMS (All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi), NITRD (National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi), NIRT (National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai) and ICMR-National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, were included in the study. Two sputum samples (one spot and one morning) were collected from each patient, after obtaining informed written consent. The samples were subjected to smear, GeneXpert and MGIT 960 culture (and drug susceptibility testing to RIF) (surrogate for MDR-TB) to serve as reference tests. The samples were coded to ensure blinding and subjected to Truenat MTB-RIF. Truenat MTB-RIF Version 1.5 was used for testing 1084 samples for RIF resistance, while Version 2.0 was used to test another 1201 samples. Results: Truenat MTB-RIF Version 1.5 in comparison with comprehensive laboratory reference standards yielded sensitivity and specificity of 76.2 and 94.7 per cent, respectively for the detection of RIF resistance in 1084 samples, collected across four sites. Based on the analysis of discordant samples, Version 2.0 of Truenat was developed by the manufacturer and this was further tested on additional 1201 samples, yielding a sensitivity of 87.5 per cent and specificity of 99.5 per cent. Interpretation & conclusions: Multicentric trial of Truenat™ MTB-RIF demonstrated a great potential of this point of care NAAT for detection of MDR-TB. The test would be useful in limited resource settings and inaccessible areas without need for any additional infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Gomathi
- Department of Bacteriology, Epidemiology Unit, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manjula Singh
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - V P Myneedu
- Department of Microbiology, National Institute of Tuberculosis & Other Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi, India
| | - D S Chauhan
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, ICMR-National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Srikanth Tripathy
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rohit Sarin
- National Institute of Tuberculosis & Other Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi, India
| | - Anant Mohan
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine & Sleep Disorders, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anuj Bhatnagar
- Department of Chest & TB, Rajan Babu Institute of Pulmonary Medicine and Tuberculosis, New Delhi, India
| | | | - T Kannan
- Statistics Section, Epidemiology Unit, ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M V V Rao
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India
| | - Jyoti Logani
- Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science & Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Bindu Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science & Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - R R Gangakhedkar
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Urvashi B Singh
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Jeyashree K, Shanmugasundaram D, Rade K, Gangakhedkar RR, Murhekar MV. Impact and operational feasibility of TrueNat ™ MTB/Rif under India's RNTCP. Public Health Action 2020; 10:87-91. [PMID: 33134121 PMCID: PMC7577004 DOI: 10.5588/pha.20.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) in Andhra Pradesh, India, introduced TrueNat™ MTB/Rif, a rapid molecular test for detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and rifampicin (RIF) resistance at 193 TB units (TUs) in October 2018. We evaluated its impact on TB diagnosis and assessed the operational feasibility of its deployment at point-of-care (POC) settings. METHODS We compared the number of presumptive TB cases tested and the number (proportion) of microbiologically positive before (January-August 2018) and after (January-August 2019) the deployment of TrueNat. We interviewed laboratory technicians and Senior TB Laboratory Supervisor from 25 randomly selected TUs to assess operational feasibility. RESULTS In 2018, 10.5% (range 8.9-13.1) of 245,989 presumptive cases tested were positive. In 2019, of the 185,435 presumptive cases tested, 13.7% (range 9.6-18.9) were positive. The proportion of presumptive TB cases in whom MTB was detected using TrueNat was 14.4% (range 10.0-21.2). TrueNat significantly increased case detection (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1.30; 95%CI 1.15-1.46), yielding an additional 18 TB cases per 100 000 population. Laboratory technicians became comfortable in performing TrueNat after a median of 10 tests (interquartile range 5-17.5). Invalid reports declined from 6.8% to 3.6%. CONCLUSION The deployment of TrueNat as POC diagnostic test improved case detection and was operationally feasible under RNTCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jeyashree
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
| | - D Shanmugasundaram
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
| | - K Rade
- World Health Organization India Country Office, New Delhi, India
| | | | - M V Murhekar
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
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Rahi M, Anvikar AR, Singh OP, Jambulingam P, Vijayachari P, Das A, Pati S, Narain K, Gangakhedkar RR, Dhingra N, Bhargava B. MERA India: Malaria Elimination Research Alliance India. J Vector Borne Dis 2019; 56:1-3. [PMID: 31070158 DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.257766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manju Rahi
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | - O P Singh
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - P Jambulingam
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
| | - P Vijayachari
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, India
| | - Aparup Das
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, India
| | | | - Kanwar Narain
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Dibrugarh, India
| | | | - Neeraj Dhingra
- National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Delhi, India
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Rahi M, Das P, Jambulingam P, Vijayachari P, Das A, Pati S, Narain K, Kumar A, Gangakhedkar RR, Valecha N. ICMR research initiatives enabling malaria elimination in India. J Vector Borne Dis 2019; 56:4-10. [PMID: 31070159 DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.257772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manju Rahi
- Indian Council of Medical Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Payal Das
- Indian Council of Medical Research, Puducherry, India
| | - P Jambulingam
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
| | - P Vijayachari
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, India
| | - Aparup Das
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, India
| | | | - Kanwar Narain
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Neena Valecha
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
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Singh HO, Marathe SD, Nain S, Samani D, Nema V, Ghate MV, Gangakhedkar RR. Promoter polymorphism MMP-1 (-1607 2G/1G) and MMP-3 (-1612 5A/6A) in development of HAND and modulation of pathogenesis of HAND. J Biosci 2018; 42:481-490. [PMID: 29358561 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-017-9694-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is modulated by host genetic susceptibility factors such as Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Promoter polymorphism of MMP-1 and MMP-3 may modify the expression of the gene. Hence, we evaluated the association of MMP-1-16072G/1G and MMP-3-1612 5A/6A polymorphisms with development of HAND and the modulation of pathogenesis of HAND. We enrolled a total of 180 individuals, 50 HIVinfected individuals with HAND, 130 without HAND, and 150 healthy controls. Polymorphism of MMP-1 and MMP-3 were genotyped by PCR-RFLP. MMP-1-1607 2G1G, -16071G/2G-1G/1G genotypes and -1607 1G allele were associated with the development of HAND (OR = 1.64, P = 0.05; OR = 1.45, P = 0.04; OR = 1.69, P = 0.05). MMP-1- 16071G1G, MMP-3-16125A5A genotypes increased the risk for the development of HAND (OR = 1.78, P = 0.25; OR = 2.39, P = 0.13). MMP-3-1612 5A5A, -1612 6A/5A-5A/5A genotypes and -1612 5A allele were associated with the reduced risk of HAND (OR = 0.40, P = 0.05; OR = 0.53, P = 0.04; OR = 0.40, P = 0.01). Haplotype 5A1G increased the risk of development of HAND (OR = 1.93, P = 0.05). As observed in advanced HIV disease stage, MMP-1-1607 1G1G genotype enhance the risk for advancement of HIV disease (OR = 1.69, P = 0.89). MMP-3-1612 6A5A genotype showed higher risk for development of HAND in alcohol users (0R = 1.65, P = 0.44). MMP-1 genotype may have an influence on development of HAND whereas MMP3-1612 5A5A genotype may reduce risk for pathogenesis of HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Om Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune 411 026, India, ,
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Singh H, Gangakhedkar RR. Occurrence of APOBEC3G variations in West Indian HIV patients. Microb Pathog 2018; 121:325-330. [PMID: 29864532 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The genetic variations in APOBEC3G gene are correlated with HIV disease progression. These variations differ in different ethnic groups. The prevalence of APOBEC3G (-90C/G, -571G/C) variations have not been studied in Indian population. Hence, we assessed the occurrence of APOBEC3G polymorphisms in HIV patients and its association with acquisition of HIV and disease progression. Polymorphisms in APOBEC3G were genotyped in a total of 153 HIV patients, naïve to ARV and 156 healthy controls by PCR-RFLP method. In single locus model, the frequency of distribution of APOBEC3G -90CG, -571 GC genotypes were higher in HIV patients as compared to healthy controls (57.5% vs. 50.0%, OR = 1.22; 17.0% vs. 12.8%, OR = 1.39). In double locus model, the dominant -571 GC + CC genotype was distributed at a much higher frequency in HIV patients as compared to healthy controls (18.3% vs. 14.1%, OR = 1.50). The frequency of APOBEC3G -571CC and CC + GC genotypes were higher in early HIV disease stage as compared to healthy controls (23.9% vs. 12.8%, OR = 2.23, P = 0.08; 28.3% vs. 14.1%, OR = 2.40, P = 0.04). APOBEC3G-571 GC and GC + CC genotypes were more prevalent in HIV patients consuming tobacco and alcohol as compared to non-users (22.7% vs. 15.3%, OR = 1.71, P = 0.56; 27.3% vs. 16.5%, OR = 1.90, P = 0.39 and 31.6% vs. 13.6%, OR = 2.31, P = 0.08; 36.8% vs14.8%, OR = 2.49, P = 0.04, respectively). In conclusion, APOBEC3G-571G/C polymorphism was associated with the early stage of HIV infection and could potentially influence HIV disease progression in alcohol users. The distribution of APOBEC3G polymorphisms and its haplotypes were not significantly different between HIV patients and healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- HariOm Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, 411026, India.
| | - R R Gangakhedkar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, 411026, India
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Singh H, Samani D, Nambiar N, Ghate MV, Gangakhedkar RR. Effect of matrix metalloproteinase-21 (572C/T) polymorphism on HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. APMIS 2018; 126:329-336. [PMID: 29575199 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM) by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is a presumed reason for the development of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). The coding region polymorphism in MMP-21 572C/T gene may have a potential functional effect on ECM remodeling. Hence, we aimed to examine the association of MMP-21 polymorphism with the modulation of HAND severity and its prevalence in HIV-infected and healthy individuals. Genotyping of MMP-21 572C/T polymorphism was performed by PCR-RFLP in total 150 HIV-infected individuals, 50 with HAND, 100 without HAND and 150 healthy controls. MMP-21 572TT genotype was predominantly higher in HAND patients compared with no HAND (OR = 1.63, p = 0.57). MMP-21 572T allele was associated with reduce risk for HAND severity (OR = 0.50, p = 0.04). Similarly, MMP-21 572TT genotype underrepresented in HIV-infected individuals compared to healthy controls (3.0% vs 6.7%, OR = 0.27, p = 0.08). MMP-21 572CT genotype and early HIV disease stage showed a higher risk for the advancement of HIV disease with marginal significance (OR = 1.89, p = 0.07). MMP-21 572CT genotype increased the risk for the modulation of HAND severity in tobacco users (OR = 1.98, p = 0.43). MMP-21 572CT genotype among tobacco and alcohol users showed elevated risk for the development of HAND in HIV-infected individuals (OR = 2.30, p = 0.15; OR = 1.86, p = 0.23). Similarly, MMP-21 572TT genotype enhanced the risk for the development of HAND in tobacco users (OR = 3.48, p = 0.40). In conclusion, the presence of coding region 572T allele may have protection for HAND severity. MMP-21 572C/T polymorphism and tobacco and alcohol usage may facilitate the development of HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- HariOm Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - Dharmesh Samani
- Department of Molecular Biology, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - Nayana Nambiar
- Department of Molecular Biology, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - Manisha V Ghate
- Department of Clinical Sciences, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - R R Gangakhedkar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
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Singh H, Samani D, Nambiar N, Ghate MV, Gangakhedkar RR. Prevalence of MMP-8 gene polymorphisms in HIV-infected individuals and its association with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. Gene 2018; 646:83-90. [PMID: 29292194 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are well-known as mediators of neuroinflammation in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). Increased levels of MMP-8 have been observed in the HIV-infected patients. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the association of MMP-8 gene polymorphisms with modulation of HAND severity and its prevalence in HIV-infected and healthy individuals. We enrolled a total of 150 HIV-infected individuals, 50 HAND patients, 100 HIV-infected and 150 healthy individuals. MMP-8 (-799C/T, +17C/G) polymorphisms were genotyped by PCR-RFLP. MMP-8 -799TT genotype and +17G allele showed the higher risk for modulation of HAND severity (OR=2.20, P=0.19; OR=1.97, P=0.23). MMP-8 -799TT genotype differed significantly in HIV-infected individuals compared to healthy controls (20.0% vs. 11.3%, OR=2.36, P=0.048). Haplotype TG increased the risk for modulation of HAND severity (OR=2.29, P=0.29). MMP-8 -799TT and +17CG genotypes were overrepresented in the intermediate HIV disease stage compared with healthy controls (25.9% vs. 11.3%, OR=4.34, P=0.021, 14.8% vs. 9.3%, OR=2.88, P=0.11). MMP-8 +17CG genotype enhanced the risk for modulation of HAND severity in tobacco using HAND patients (OR=5.01, P=0.17). MMP-8 -799TT genotype was more frequent in tobacco using HIV-infected individuals compared with nonusers (26.3% vs. 16.7%, OR=2.08, P=0.32). MMP-8 +17CG genotype increased the risk for modulation of HAND severity in alcohol using HAND patients (OR=4.99, P=0.18). In conclusion, MMP-8 polymorphisms independently and with alcohol and tobacco usage revealed a trend of higher risk for the modulation of HAND severity. MMP-8 -799TT genotype was associated with the advancement of HIV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- HariOm Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune 411026, India.
| | - Dharmesh Samani
- Department of Molecular Biology, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune 411026, India
| | - Nayana Nambiar
- Department of Molecular Biology, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune 411026, India
| | - Manisha V Ghate
- Department of Clinical Sciences, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune 411026, India
| | - R R Gangakhedkar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune 411026, India
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Singh HO, Lata S, Angadi M, Bapat S, Pawar J, Nema V, Ghate MV, Sahay S, Gangakhedkar RR. Impact of GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 gene polymorphism and risk of ARV-associated hepatotoxicity in HIV-infected individuals and its modulation. Pharmacogenomics J 2015; 17:53-60. [PMID: 26667829 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2015.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferase (GST) family is involved in a two-stage detoxification process of a wide range of environmental toxins, carcinogen and antiretroviral (ARV) therapy (ART) drugs. The aim of this study is to describe the impact of genetic polymorphisms of GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1-313A/G in the risk of ARV-associated hepatotoxicity in HIV-infected individuals and its modulation in hepatotoxic patients. We enrolled a total of 34 patients with hepatotoxicity, 131 HIV-infected individuals without hepatotoxicity under non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor containing ART and 153 unrelated healthy individuals. With a case-control design, polymorphisms of GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1-313A/G gene were genotyped by PCR and restriction enzyme-length polymorphism. Genotypes of GSTT1 null were significantly higher in HIV-infected individuals as compared with healthy controls (P=0.01, odds ratio (OR)=1.54). HIV-infected individuals with GSTM1-null genotype showed higher risk (P=0.09, OR=1.37) for hepatotoxicity, but risk was not significant. On evaluating gene-gene interaction models, GSTM1 null and GSTT1 null showed significant association with the risk of hepatotoxicity in HIV-infected individuals (P=0.004, OR=2.67) owing to synergistic effect of these genes. Individuals with GSTT1-null and GSTM1-null genotypes showed higher risk of hepatotoxicity with advanced stage of (CD4<200) of HIV infection (P=0.18, OR=1.39; P=0.63, OR=1.13). In case-only analysis, GSTT1-null genotype among alcohol users showed elevated risk of hepatotoxicity in HIV-infected individuals (P=0.12, OR=1.36, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.94-1.97) as compared with GSTT1 genotypes. The carriers GSTM1-null+GSTT1-null genotype among nevirapine user showed prominent risk of hepatotoxicity in HIV-infected individuals (P=0.12, OR=4.21, 95% CI: 0.60-29.54). Hence, we can conclude that GSTT1-null and GSTM1-null genotypes alone and in combination may predict the acquisition of hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H O Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - S Lata
- Department of Molecular Biology, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - M Angadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - S Bapat
- Department of Clinical Sciences, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - J Pawar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - V Nema
- Department of Molecular Biology, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - M V Ghate
- Department of Clinical Sciences, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - S Sahay
- Department of Clinical Sciences, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - R R Gangakhedkar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
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Mothi SN, Swamy VHT, Lala MM, Karpagam S, Gangakhedkar RR. Adolescents living with HIV in India - the clock is ticking. Indian J Pediatr 2012; 79:1642-7. [PMID: 23150229 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-012-0902-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The term "Adolescence" literally means "to emerge" or "to attain identity" and is essentially the period of rapid physical and psychological development starting from the onset of puberty to complete growth. All adolescents go through a myriad of physical, psychological, neurobehavioural, hormonal and social developmental changes. Given the social taboos often surrounding puberty, the lives of millions of adolescents worldwide are at risk because they do not have the information, skills, health services and support they need to go through the enormous, rapid changes that adolescence brings. A HIV infected adolescent particularly presents enormous challenges in the current cultural and social context of India. The distinct groups of adolescents in the context of HIV are those who were infected at birth and survived and those who became infected during adolescence. Risk factors and situations for adolescents contracting HIV infection are life on streets, lack of adult love/care and support, extreme poverty, child trafficking, migrant population, exploitation in terms of sex and labor. HIV-infected adolescents with long standing HIV infection often face considerable physical challenges - delayed growth and development, late puberty, stunting/wasting, malnutrition, etc. Added to this are many other challenges related mainly to disclosure of HIV status, developmental delay, and transition from pediatric to adult care, including the choice of appropriate treatment regimens and adherence. Psychological and social factors deeply impact the ability to deal with the illness and must be addressed at all levels to encourage and support this vulnerable group.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Mothi
- Department of Pediatrics, Asha Kirana Charitable Trust, CA1, Hebbal Industrial Area, Mysore, Karnataka, 570016, India.
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Mehendale SM, Ghate MV, Kishore Kumar B, Sahay S, Gamble TR, Godbole SV, Thakar MR, Kulkarni SS, Gupta A, Gangakhedkar RR, Divekar AD, Risbud AR, Paranjape RS, Bollinger RC. Low HIV-1 incidence among married serodiscordant couples in Pune, India. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006; 41:371-3. [PMID: 16540940 DOI: 10.1097/01.qai.0000209905.35620.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Unlike commercial sex workers and patients attending sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinics, married couples are not typically targeted for HIV risk reduction programs in India. Thus, married partners of HIV-infected persons are at particularly high risk for HIV infection. Between September 2002 and November 2004, 457 HIV-1 sero-discordant, married couples were enrolled in a one-year prospective study of HIV transmission in Pune, India. The HIV incidence among uninfected partners was 1.22 per 100 person-years (95% CI 0.45-2.66), which is much lower than what has been previously reported among discordant couples in Africa. This may be due to higher rates of condom use, lower rates of STIs and higher CD4 T lymphocyte counts, among the Indian HIV sero-discordant couples.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Mehendale
- National AIDS Research Institute, Post Box 1895, G-73 MIDC, Bhosari, Pune-411026, India.
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Reynolds SJ, Risbud AR, Shepherd ME, Rompalo AM, Ghate MV, Godbole SV, Joshi SN, Divekar AD, Gangakhedkar RR, Bollinger RC, Mehendale SM. High rates of syphilis among STI patients are contributing to the spread of HIV-1 in India. Sex Transm Infect 2006; 82:121-6. [PMID: 16581736 PMCID: PMC2564682 DOI: 10.1136/sti.2005.015040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent syphilis outbreaks have raised concern regarding the potential enhancement of HIV transmission. The incidence of syphilis and its association with HIV-1 infection rates among a cohort of sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinic attendees was investigated. METHODS 2732 HIV-1 seronegative patients attending three STI and one gynaecology clinic, were enrolled from 1993-2000 in an ongoing prospective cohort study of acute HIV-1 infection in Pune, India. At screening and quarterly follow up visits, participants underwent HIV-1 risk reduction counselling, risk behaviour assessment and HIV/STI screening that included testing for serological evidence of syphilis by RPR with TPHA confirmation. Patients with genital ulcers were screened with dark field microscopy. RESULTS Among 2324 participants who were HIV-1 and RPR seronegative at baseline, 172 participants were found to have clinical or laboratory evidence of syphilis during follow up (5.4 per 100 person years, 95% CI 4.8 to 6.5 per 100 person years). Independent predictors of syphilis acquisition based on a Cox proportional hazards model included age less than 20 years, lack of formal education, earlier calendar year of follow up, and recent HIV-1 infection. Based on a median follow up time of 11 months, the incidence of HIV-1 was 5.8 per 100 person years (95% CI 5.0 to 6.6 per 100 person years). Using a Cox proportional hazards model to adjust for known HIV risk factors, the adjusted hazard ratio of HIV-1 infection associated with incident syphilis was 4.44 (95% CI 2.96 to 6.65; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS A high incidence rate of syphilis was observed among STI clinic attendees. The elevated risk of HIV-1 infection that was observed among participants with incident syphilis supports the hypothesis that syphilis enhances the sexual transmission of HIV-1 and highlights the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of syphilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Reynolds
- c/o American Embassy Kampala, PO Box 7007, Kampala, Uganda.
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Ghate MV, Tripathy SP, Kumar BK, Godbole SV, Chittake A, Nyayanirgune P, Gangakhedkar RR, Divekar AD, Thakar MR, Risbud AR, Bollinger RC, Mehendale SM. Rate of hospitalization and inpatient care costs for HIV-1-infected patients in Pune, India. Natl Med J India 2006; 19:10-4. [PMID: 16570678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has begun in India, and an increase in AIDS-related hospitalizations and deaths is an anticipated challenge. We estimated the rates of hospitalization and inpatient care costs for HIV-1-infected patients. METHODS Data were analysed on 381 HIV-1-infected persons enrolled in a HIV-1 discordant couples' cohort between September 2002 and March 2004. Inpatient care costs were extracted from select hospitals where the study patients were hospitalized and the average cost per hospitalization was calculated. RESULTS A majority of the patients were in an advanced state of HIV-1 disease with the median CD4 counts being 207 cells/cmm (range: 4-1131 cells/cmm). In all, 63 participants who did not receive antiretroviral therapy required hospitalization, 53 due to HIV-1-related illnesses and the remaining 10 due to worsening of pre-existing conditions. The overall HIV-1-related hospitalization rate was 34.2 per 100 person-years (95% CI: 26.94-42.93). The median duration of HIV-1-related hospitalization was 10 days (range 2-48 days) and the median cost was Rs 17,464 (range: Rs 400-63,891). CONCLUSION It is necessary to strengthen the inpatient care infrastructure and supporting diagnostic set-up, and work out economically optimized treatment algorithms for HIV-1-infected patients. Although this analysis does not cover all costs and may not be generalizable, these baseline data might be a useful reference while planning related studies accompanying the government-sponsored programme to roll out antiretroviral therapy to AIDS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Ghate
- National AIDS Research Institute, MIDC, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
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Brahme RG, Sahay S, Malhotra-Kohli R, Divekar AD, Gangakhedkar RR, Parkhe AP, Kharat MP, Risbud AR, Bollinger RC, Mehendale SM, Paranjape RS. High-risk behaviour in young men attending sexually transmitted disease clinics in Pune, India. AIDS Care 2005; 17:377-85. [PMID: 15832886 PMCID: PMC3516673 DOI: 10.1080/09540120412331299771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study reports sexual risk factors associated with HIV infection among men attending two sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics in Pune, India and compares these behaviours between young and older men. Between April 1998 and May 2000, 1872 STD patients were screened for HIV infection. Data on demographics, medical history and sexual behaviour were collected at baseline. The overall HIV prevalence was 22.2%. HIV risk was associated with being divorced or widowed, less educated, living away from the family, having multiple sexual partners and initiation of sex at an early age. The risk behaviours in younger men were different to older men. Younger men were more likely to report early age of initiation of sex, having friends, acquaintances or commercial sex workers as their regular partners, having premarital sex and bisexual orientation. Young men were more educated and reported condom use more frequently compared with the older men. Similar high HIV prevalence among younger and older men highlights the need for focused targeted interventions aimed at adolescents and young men and also appropriate interventions for older men to reduce the risk of HIV and STD acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Brahme
- National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India, USA.
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Sherman SG, Celentano DA, Mcgrath JW, Chard SE, Gangakhedkar RR, Joglekar N, Malhotra-Kohli R, Kamya M, Fullem A. The reliability and validity of the Modified Condom Outcome Expectancy Scale (MCOES) among an international sample of HIV-negative partners of people living with HIV/AIDS. AIDS Care 2003; 15:359-66. [PMID: 12745403 DOI: 10.1080/0954012031000105414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Safer sexual behaviour is vital in curbing the HlV epidemic in many developing countries where the epidemic is primarily transmitted through heterosexual sex. Reliable and valid assessment of factors related to HIV risk behaviours are important in testing behavioural theories as well as informing effective AIDS prevention programmes. The current study tests the reliability and validity of a modified version of the Condom Outcome Expectancy Scale (COES) among a sample of HI'-negative sexual partners (n = 100) of HIV-infected individuals in Pune, India, Chang Mai,Thailand and Kampala, Uganda. Internal consistency reliability was measured using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, which had a value of 0.80 for the entire sample, with site-specific values of. 0.78 for India; 0.75 for Thailand; and 0.79 for Uganda. Test-retest reliability was conducted to test the scale's stability over time with 60% of the sample, resulting in a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.70. The scale's structure was explored by analyzing response scores on the items using principal components analysis, which yielded a two-factor solution. The study indicates the utility of a modified version of the widely tested COES across international settings. Such research is necessary in understanding intervention targets across international settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Sherman
- Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Mukherjee MB, Surve RR, Gorakshakar AC, Gangakhedkar RR, Colah RB, Mohanty D. Symptomatic presentation of a sickle cell heterozygote: an evaluation of genetic factors. Am J Hematol 2001; 66:307-8. [PMID: 11279648 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Mehendale SM, Shepherd ME, Brookmeyer RS, Semba RD, Divekar AD, Gangakhedkar RR, Joshi S, Risbud AR, Paranjape RS, Gadkari DA, Bollinger RC. Low carotenoid concentration and the risk of HIV seroconversion in Pune, India. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2001; 26:352-9. [PMID: 11317078 DOI: 10.1097/00126334-200104010-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Low vitamin A and carotenoid levels could increase the risk of sexual HIV acquisition by altering the integrity of the genital epithelium or by immunologic dysfunction. We addressed this issue by measuring serum vitamin A and carotenoid levels in patients who were at risk of subsequent HIV infection. In a nested case-control study in individuals attending two sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics in Pune, India, serum micronutrient levels were measured in 44 cases with documented HIV seroconversion (11 women and 33 men) and in STD patients matched for gender and length of follow-up with no subsequent HIV seroconversion (controls). STD patients in Pune had low vitamin A and carotenoid levels, and low serum beta-carotene levels were independently associated with an increased risk of subsequent HIV seroconversion. STD patients with beta-carotene levels less than 0.075 micromol/L were 21 times more likely to acquire HIV infection than those with higher levels (adjusted odds ratio = 21.1; p =.01). No such association was observed in case of other non-provitamin A carotenoids. This study reports the first evidence of an association between low serum provitamin A carotenoid levels and an increased risk for heterosexual HIV acquisition in STD patients in Pune, India.
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Cecilia D, Kulkarni SS, Tripathy SP, Gangakhedkar RR, Paranjape RS, Gadkari DA. Absence of coreceptor switch with disease progression in human immunodeficiency virus infections in India. Virology 2000; 271:253-8. [PMID: 10860879 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The envelope glycoprotein of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) utilizes CD4 as a receptor and CCR5 and/or CXCR4 as coreceptor to gain entry into the cell. The CCR5-tropic viruses, observed early in infection, could be important in transmission and the CXCR4-tropic viruses, observed late, may play an important role in disease progression. Viruses from 40 HIV-positive, asymptomatic or symptomatic individuals in India were isolated. Of 40 isolates 39 used CCR5. Thirty-three isolates were subtype C, 3 isolates were subtype A, and 4 isolates were HIV-2. Only 1 HIV-2 isolate, from a symptomatic individual, was dualtropic. Therefore, a majority of isolates from India belonged to subtype C and all the isolates utilized CCR5 exclusively irrespective of HIV disease status.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Cecilia
- National Institute of Virology, Pune, 411001, India.
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20
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Risbud A, Chan-Tack K, Gadkari D, Gangakhedkar RR, Shepherd ME, Bollinger R, Mehendale S, Gaydos C, Divekar A, Rompalo A, Quinn TC. The etiology of genital ulcer disease by multiplex polymerase chain reaction and relationship to HIV infection among patients attending sexually transmitted disease clinics in Pune, India. Sex Transm Dis 1999; 26:55-62. [PMID: 9918324 DOI: 10.1097/00007435-199901000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the etiology of genital ulcer disease (GUD) among patients attending sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics in Pune, India, and to examine the relationship to HIV infection and compare the clinical diagnosis of GUD with the results of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (M-PCR) assay for Treponema pallidum, herpes simplex virus (HSV), and Hemophilus ducreyi infection. METHODS Between June 20, 1994, and September 26, 1994, 302 patients with a genital ulcer were evaluated. Clinical etiology of GUD was based on physical appearance and microbiologic evaluations which included darkfield microscopy and serology for syphilis. Swabs of each genital ulcer were tested for HSV antigen by enzyme immunoassay (Herpchek; Dupont, Wilmington, DE) and processed in a multiplex PCR assay (M-PCR; Roche, Branchburg, NJ) for simultaneous detection of HSV, Treponema pallidum, and Hemophilus ducreyi. RESULTS Two hundred seventy-seven men and 25 women with a median age of 25 were evaluated. The seroprevalence of HIV was 22.2%. The etiology of GUD as determined by M-PCR was HSV (26%), H. ducreyi (23%), T. pallidum (10%), and multiple infections (7%); no etiology was identified in 34%. HIV seroprevalence was higher among those patients positive for HSV compared with other etiologies (OR = 2.1, CI: 1.2-3.7; p = 0.01). When compared with M-PCR, the Herpchek test was 68.5% sensitive and 99.5% specific. Darkfield detection for T. pallidum was 39% sensitive and 82% specific, in contrast to rapid plasma reagin and fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test, which was 66% sensitive and 90% specific. Clinical diagnosis alone or in combination with basic laboratory tests showed poor agreement with M-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Risbud
- National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
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Bentley ME, Spratt K, Shepherd ME, Gangakhedkar RR, Thilikavathi S, Bollinger RC, Mehendale SM. HIV testing and counseling among men attending sexually transmitted disease clinics in Pune, India: changes in condom use and sexual behavior over time. AIDS 1998; 12:1869-77. [PMID: 9792388 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-199814000-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe changes in sexual behavior and condom use among male heterosexual clients at two public sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics in Pune, after exposure to HIV testing, counseling, and condom promotion. DESIGN From 13 May 1993 to 11 April 1997, 6819 heterosexual men were screened for HIV infection as part of the HIV Network for Prevention Trials study. A total of 1628 HIV-seronegative men agreed to return at 3-month intervals for repeated HIV counseling and testing. Counseling at each visit focused on reinforcing messages of monogamy, condom use with sexual partners, and provision of government-provided condoms. METHODS Data were collected at baseline and at subsequent 3-month intervals, on demographics, previous STD diagnoses, medical history, sexual behavior, knowledge of HIV/AIDS, and practices related to the prevention of HIV. STD were assessed through physical examination and specimen collection, and blood was drawn for HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibody testing. RESULTS The level of consistent condom use with sex workers increased proportionately with follow-up time: at 6 months men were 2.8 times more likely to consistently use condoms (P < 0.001), at 18 months they were 3.6 times more likely (P < 0.001), and after 24 months they were 4.7 times more likely to be using condoms every time. The risk of HIV seroconversion in men was lowest for those who reported 'always' using condoms (adjusted relative risk, 0.68; P = 0.42; HIV incidence, 4.0) compared with those who reported 'never' using a condom (adjusted relative risk, 2.94; P < 0.001; HIV incidence, 14.0). CONCLUSION Ongoing counseling and testing was positively associated with risk-reduction behaviors amongst a large proportion of men recruited for this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Bentley
- Department of International Health, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Gadkari DA, Quinn TC, Gangakhedkar RR, Mehendale SM, Divekar AD, Risbud AR, Chan-Tack K, Shepherd M, Gaydos C, Bollinger RC. HIV-1 DNA shedding in genital ulcers and its associated risk factors in Pune, India. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1998; 18:277-81. [PMID: 9665506 DOI: 10.1097/00042560-199807010-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection status was determined in 302 consecutive patients with genital ulcer disease (GUD) presenting to two sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics in Pune, India. Of the 71 (24%) individuals with HIV infection, 67 (94%) were HIV antibody-positive, and 4 (6%) were HIV antibody-negative but p24 antigen-positive at the time of presentation. HIV-1 DNA was detected in 24 (34%) specimens. The genital ulcers of all four acutely infected p24-antigenemic subjects were HIV-1 DNA-positive by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, compared with 20 of 67 (30%) seropositive patients (p = .01). Presence of chancroid, GUD symptoms for > 10 days, and concurrent diagnosis of cervicitis or urethritis were significantly associated risk factors for HIV-1 DNA shedding in ulcers. Early GUD diagnosis and aggressive treatment of HIV-infected patients may significantly reduce secondary transmission of HIV to other sex partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Gadkari
- The National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India.
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Mukherjee MB, Surve R, Tamankar A, Gangakhedkar RR, Ghosh K, Lu CY, Krishnamoorthy R, Colah R, Mohanty D. The influence of alpha-thalassaemia on the haematological & clinical expression of sickle cell disease in western India. Indian J Med Res 1998; 107:178-81. [PMID: 9604545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the clinical and haematological features of 29 sickle cell anaemia patients with associated alpha-thalassaemia and 22 sickle cell homozygotes with a normal alpha-globin genotype from western India. The presence of alpha-thalassaemia resulted in significantly higher haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (HCT), red blood cells counts (RBC) and haemoglobin A2 (HbA2) levels but lower mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) and mean cell volume (MCV). The clinical presentation in these patients was also milder with fewer episodes of painful crisis, chest syndromes, infections, requirement of hospitalization and blood transfusions. However, splenomegaly was more common as compared to the patients with a normal alpha-globin genotype. It is evident from the present study that alpha-thalassaemia could be an important genetic factor modulating the clinical expression and haematological severity of sickle cell anaemia in this region.
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Gangakhedkar RR. Hope in HIV infection. Nouv Com Int Cathol Infirm Assist Med Soc 1998:15. [PMID: 9481302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Gangakhedkar RR, Bentley ME, Divekar AD, Gadkari D, Mehendale SM, Shepherd ME, Bollinger RC, Quinn TC. Spread of HIV infection in married monogamous women in India. JAMA 1997; 278:2090-2. [PMID: 9403424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT A high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in female sex workers (FSWs) and men who attend sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics poses a risk for spread of infection to other populations. OBJECTIVE To examine spread of HIV to a low-risk population by comparing prevalence of, and risk factors for, HIV and STDs in FSWs and non-FSWs. METHODS Women attending STD clinics in Pune, India, were assessed for STDs and HIV from May 13, 1993, to July 11, 1996. Demographic and behavioral information was collected, and clinical and laboratory assessment was performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Prevalence and risk determinants of HIV infection. RESULTS Of 916 women enrolled, 525 were FSWs and 391 were non-FSWs. Prevalence of HIV in FSWs and non-FSWs was 49.9% and 13.6%, respectively (P<.001). In multivariate analysis, inconsistent condom use and genital ulcer disease or genital warts were associated with prevalent HIV in FSWs. History of sexual contact with a partner with an STD was associated with HIV in non-FSWs. CONCLUSIONS Infection with HIV is increasing in non-FSWs, previously thought to be at low risk in India. Since history of sexual contact with their only sex partner was the only risk factor significantly associated with HIV infection, it is likely that these women are being infected by their spouses. This underscores the need for strengthening partner-notification strategies and counseling facilities in India.
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Mukherjee MB, Lu CY, Ducrocq R, Gangakhedkar RR, Colah RB, Kadam MD, Mohanty D, Nagel RL, Krishnamoorthy R. Effect of alpha-thalassemia on sickle-cell anemia linked to the Arab-Indian haplotype in India. Am J Hematol 1997; 55:104-9. [PMID: 9209006 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8652(199706)55:2<104::aid-ajh9>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Two population groups from Western India with a high prevalence of the beta(S) gene, one tribal (Valsad) and the other nontribal (Nagpur), were studied. The beta(S) gene frequency in both populations was similar (0.22 vs. 0.23), but not the clinical expression of sickle-cell anemia (SS): the sickle homozygotes in the tribal group appeared to have a mild clinical course, whereas the majority in the nontribal group exhibited a more severe clinical phenotype. Both tribal and nontribal SS patients had a similarly high mean hemoglobin (Hb)F expression (18.5% vs. 15.5%) and a high number of F cells (72.3% vs. 66.6%). DNA analysis of the beta-globin gene cluster region revealed that in these two populations, this portion of DNA was identical with and corresponded to the typical Arab-Indian haplotype. Nevertheless, in heterozygotes, the mean beta(S) expression was lower (27.9%) in the tribal as compared to the nontribal group (35.5%). The major epistatic factor distinguishing the milder presentation in tribals vs. a more severe manifestation in nontribals was the very high frequency (0.97) of the alpha-thalassemia gene in the former as compared to the latter (0.24). We conclude that the phenotypic expression of sickle-cell anemia, linked to the Arab-India haplotype and expressing similar levels of HbF and F cells, is not uniformly mild in India and that alpha-thalassemia is a powerful and additional epistatic factor in the Indian subcontinent.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Mukherjee
- Institute of Immunohematology (ICMR), KEM Hospital, Parel, Bombay, India
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Mehendale SM, Shepherd ME, Divekar AD, Gangakhedkar RR, Kamble SS, Menon PA, Yadav R, Risbud AR, Paranjape RS, Gadkari DA, Quinn TC, Bollinger RC, Rodrigues JJ. Evidence for high prevalence & rapid transmission of HIV among individuals attending STD clinics in Pune, India. Indian J Med Res 1996; 104:327-35. [PMID: 8996932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Prevalence and incidence of HIV-1 infection among persons attending two STD clinics in Pune between May 1993 and October 1995 are reported. On screening 5321 persons, the overall prevalence of HIV-1 infection was found to be 21.2 per cent, being higher in females (32.3%) than in males (19.3%). Analysis of behavioural and biological factors showed that old age, sex work, lifetime number of sexual partners, receptive anal sex, lack of circumcision, genital diseases and lack of formal education were related to a higher HIV-1 seroprevalence. The observed incidence rate of 10.2 per cent per year was very high, much higher in women than in men (14.2% and 9.5% per year respectively) and over three times higher among the sex workers. Females in sex work, males having recent contacts with female sex workers (FSWs) and living away from the family and persons with previous or present genital diseases had a higher risk of seroconversion. Condom usage was shown to have a protective effect in seroprevalence and seroincidence analysis. With limited available resources and lack of a suitable vaccine or a drug, long-term prevention policy of creating awareness in the community must be supplemented by strengthening STD control measures and promotion of condom use and safe sex. Factors related to availability and utilization of condoms must be carefully investigated.
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Mehendale SM, Rodrigues JJ, Brookmeyer RS, Gangakhedkar RR, Divekar AD, Gokhale MR, Risbud AR, Paranjape RS, Shepherd ME, Rompalo AE. Incidence and predictors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 seroconversion in patients attending sexually transmitted disease clinics in India. J Infect Dis 1995; 172:1486-91. [PMID: 7594707 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/172.6.1486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The first estimates of the seroincidence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and of the risk factors for seroconversion in a cohort of high-risk patients attending sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics in India are reported. Between 1993 and 1995, 851 HIV-1-seronegative persons were evaluated prospectively every 3 months for HIV infection and biologic and behavioral characteristics. The overall incidence of HIV-1 was 10.2/100 person-years (95% confidence interval, 7.9-13.1). The incidence among commercial sex workers (CSWs) was 26.1/100 person-years, compared with 8.4 among non-CSWs. Recurrent genital ulcer disease and urethritis or cervicitis during the follow-up period were independently associated with a 7- (P < .001) and 3-fold (P = .06) increased risk of HIV-1 seroconversion, respectively. Because of the association of recurrent ulcerative and nonulcerative STDs with HIV-1 seroconversion in this setting, behavioral and biologic measures directed at the prevention and control of STDs would be expected to greatly reduce the transmission of HIV-1 infection in similar high-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Mehendale
- National AIDS Research Institute, B. J. Medical College, Pune, India
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Rodrigues JJ, Mehendale SM, Shepherd ME, Divekar AD, Gangakhedkar RR, Quinn TC, Paranjape RS, Risbud AR, Brookmeyer RS, Gadkari DA. Risk factors for HIV infection in people attending clinics for sexually transmitted diseases in India. BMJ 1995; 311:283-6. [PMID: 7633230 PMCID: PMC2550353 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.311.7000.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the risk factors for HIV infection in patients attending clinics for sexually transmitted diseases in India. DESIGN Descriptive study of HIV serology, risk behaviour, and findings on physical examination. SUBJECTS 2800 patients presenting to outpatient clinics between 13 May 1993 and 15 July 1994. SETTING Two clinics and the National AIDS Research Institute, in Pune, Maharashtra State, India. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE HIV status, presence of sexually transmitted diseases, and sexual behaviour. RESULTS The overall proportion of patients infected with HIV was 23.4% (655/2800); 34% (184) of the women and 21% (459) of the men were positive for HIV infection. Of the 560 women screened, 338 (60%) had a reported history of sex working, of whom 153 (45%) were infected with HIV-1. The prevalence of HIV-1 infection in the 222 women who were not sex workers was 14%. The significant independent characteristics associated with HIV infection based on a logistic regression analysis included being a female sex worker, sexual contact with a sex worker, lack of formal education, receptive anal sex in the previous three months, lack of condom use in the previous three months, current or previous genital ulcer or genital discharge, and a positive result of a Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test. CONCLUSIONS In India the prevalence of HIV infection is alarmingly high among female sex workers and men attending clinics for sexually transmitted diseases, particularly in those who had recently had contact with sex workers. A high prevalence of HIV infection was also found in monogamous, married women presenting to the clinics who denied any history of sex working. The HIV epidemic in India is primarily due to heterosexual transmission of HIV-1 and, as in other countries, HIV infection is associated with ulcerative and non-ulcerative sexually transmitted diseases.
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