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Ojha KS, Aznar R, O'Donnell C, Tiwari BK. Ultrasound technology for the extraction of biologically active molecules from plant, animal and marine sources. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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López-Gálvez F, Randazzo W, Vásquez A, Sánchez G, Decol LT, Aznar R, Gil MI, Allende A. Irrigating Lettuce with Wastewater Effluent: Does Disinfection with Chlorine Dioxide Inactivate Viruses? J Environ Qual 2018; 47:1139-1145. [PMID: 30272803 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2017.12.0485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Reclaimed water obtained from urban wastewater is currently being used as irrigation water in water-scarce regions in Spain. However, wastewater can contain enteric viruses that water reclamation treatment cannot remove or inactivate completely. In the present study, greenhouse-grown baby lettuce ( L.) was irrigated with secondary treatment effluent from a wastewater treatment plant untreated and treated using chlorine dioxide (ClO). The effect of ClO treatment on the physicochemical characteristics and the presence of enteric viruses in irrigation water and lettuce was assessed. The presence of human noroviruses genogroups I and II (NoV GI and NoV GII), and human astroviruses (HAstV), was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Additionally, to check for the loss of infectivity induced by the disinfection treatment, positive samples were re-analyzed after pretreatment with the intercalating dye PMAxx before RNA extraction and RT-qPCR. There were no significant differences in the proportion of positive samples and the concentration of enteric viruses between treated and untreated reclaimed water without PMAxx pretreatment ( > 0.05). A significantly lower concentration of NoV GI was detected in ClO-treated water when samples were pretreated with PMAxx ( < 0.05), indicating that inactivation was due to the disinfection treatment. Laboratory-scale validation tests indicated the suitability of PMAxx-RT-qPCR for discrimination between potentially infectious and ClO-damaged viruses. Although the applied ClO treatment was not able to significantly reduce the enteric virus load of the secondary effluent from the wastewater treatment plant, none of the lettuce samples analyzed ( = 36) was positive for the presence of NoV or HAstV.
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Randazzo W, Piqueras J, Rodríguez-Díaz J, Aznar R, Sánchez G. Improving efficiency of viability-qPCR for selective detection of infectious HAV in food and water samples. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 124:958-964. [PMID: 28649706 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To improve the efficacy of intercalating dyes to distinguishing between infectious and inactivated hepatitis A virus (HAV) in food. METHODS AND RESULTS Different intercalating dyes were evaluated for the discrimination between infectious and thermally inactivated HAV suspensions combining with the RT-qPCR proposed in the ISO 15216. Among them, PMAxx was the best dye in removing the RT-qPCR signal from inactivated HAV. Applied to lettuce and spinach, PMAxx-Triton pretreatment resulted in complete removal of the RT-qPCR signal from inactivated HAV. Likewise, this study demonstrates that this pretreatment is suitable for the discrimination of inactivated HAV in shellfish without further sample dilution. In mussels and oysters, the developed viability RT-qPCR method reduced the signal of inactivated HAV between 1·7 and 2·2 logs at high inoculation level, and signal was completely removed at low inoculation level. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that the use of PMAxx is an important improvement to assess HAV infectivity by RT-qPCR. It was shown that PMAxx-Triton pretreatment is suitable for the analysis of infectious HAV in complex food samples such as vegetables and shellfish. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The PMAxx-Triton pretreatment can be easily incorporated to the ISO norm for infectious virus detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Randazzo
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - J Piqueras
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - J Rodríguez-Díaz
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Institute for Clinical Research of the Hospital Clínico Universitario (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - R Aznar
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - G Sánchez
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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Aznar R, Albero B, Pérez RA, Sánchez-Brunete C, Miguel E, Tadeo JL. Analysis of emerging organic contaminants in poultry manure by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:940-947. [PMID: 29178629 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A multiresidue method was developed for the determination of 19 emerging organic contaminants (pharmaceutical drugs, personal care products, and bisphenol A) in poultry manure. Lyophilized samples of manure were extracted by ultrasound-assisted matrix solid-phase dispersion and the extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry after derivatization. Analysis of spiked poultry manure samples, at levels ranging from 25 to 150 ng/g, gave satisfactory recovery results for all the compounds, with values from 67 to 106%. The developed procedure provided detection limits that ranged from 0.9 to 2.2 ng/g. Finally, the validated method was applied to poultry manure samples collected from 23 poultry farms in Spain. Salicylic acid was found in most of the samples analyzed at levels up to 2501 ng/g, whereas, methyl paraben, orthophenylphenol, ibuprofen, paracetamol, and carbamazepine were detected at levels up to 250 ng/g. Composting of manure showed an important decrease in the levels of the detected contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Aznar
- Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Albero
- Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Ana Pérez
- Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Consuelo Sánchez-Brunete
- Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Miguel
- Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - José L Tadeo
- Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
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Randazzo W, Falcó I, Aznar R, Sánchez G. Effect of green tea extract on enteric viruses and its application as natural sanitizer. Food Microbiol 2017; 66:150-156. [PMID: 28576363 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the effect of green tea extract (GTE) was assessed against murine norovirus (MNV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) at different temperatures, exposure times and pH conditions. Initially, GTE at 0.5 and 5 mg/ml were individually mixed with each virus at 5 log TCID50/ml and incubated 2 h at 37 °C at different pHs (from 5.5 to 8.5). GTE affected both viruses depending on pH with higher reductions observed in alkaline conditions. Secondly, different concentrations of GTE (0.5 and 5 mg/ml) were mixed with viral suspensions and incubated for 2 or 16 h at 4, 25 and 37 °C at pH 7.2. A concentration-, temperature- and exposure time-dependent response was showed by GTE in suspension tests, where complete inactivation was achieved after overnight exposure at 37 °C for both viruses and also at 25 °C for HAV. In addition, antiviral effect of GTE proved efficient in the surface disinfection tests since 1.5 log reduction and complete inactivation were recorded for MNV and HAV on stainless steel and glass surfaces treated with 10 mg/ml GTE for 30 min, analyzed in accordance with ISO 13697:2001. GTE was also evaluated as a natural disinfectant of produce, showing 10 mg/ml GTE reduced MNV and HAV titers in lettuce and spinach by more than 1.5 log after 30 min treatment. The results show a potential of GTE as natural disinfectant able to limit enteric viral (cross-)contaminations conveyed by food and food-contact surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Randazzo
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia Av. Dr. Moliner, 50. 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - I Falcó
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia Av. Dr. Moliner, 50. 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - R Aznar
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia Av. Dr. Moliner, 50. 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7. 46980 Paterna Valencia, Spain
| | - G Sánchez
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia Av. Dr. Moliner, 50. 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7. 46980 Paterna Valencia, Spain.
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Aznar R, Barahona F, Geiss O, Ponti J, José Luis T, Barrero-Moreno J. Quantification and size characterisation of silver nanoparticles in environmental aqueous samples and consumer products by single particle-ICPMS. Talanta 2017; 175:200-208. [PMID: 28841979 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Single particle-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SP-ICPMS) is a promising technique able to generate the number based-particle size distribution (PSD) of nanoparticles (NPs) in aqueous suspensions. However, SP-ICPMS analysis is not consolidated as routine-technique yet and is not typically applied to real test samples with unknown composition. This work presents a methodology to detect, quantify and characterise the number-based PSD of Ag-NPs in different environmental aqueous samples (drinking and lake waters), aqueous samples derived from migration tests and consumer products using SP-ICPMS. The procedure is built from a pragmatic view and involves the analysis of serial dilutions of the original sample until no variation in the measured size values is observed while keeping particle counts proportional to the dilution applied. After evaluation of the analytical figures of merit, the SP-ICPMS method exhibited excellent linearity (r2>0.999) in the range (1-25) × 104 particlesmL-1 for 30, 50 and 80nm nominal size Ag-NPs standards. The precision in terms of repeatability was studied according to the RSDs of the measured size and particle number concentration values and a t-test (p = 95%) at the two intermediate concentration levels was applied to determine the bias of SP-ICPMS size values compared to reference values. The method showed good repeatability and an overall acceptable bias in the studied concentration range. The experimental minimum detectable size for Ag-NPs ranged between 12 and 15nm. Additionally, results derived from direct SP-ICPMS analysis were compared to the results conducted for fractions collected by asymmetric flow-field flow fractionation and supernatant fractions after centrifugal filtration. The method has been successfully applied to determine the presence of Ag-NPs in: lake water; tap water; tap water filtered by a filter jar; seven different liquid silver-based consumer products; and migration solutions (pure water and sweat simulant) from plasters. Results obtained by SP-ICPMS were supported by transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy characterisation, suggesting that the proposed methodology can be applied as a positive screening test in the simultaneous quantification and size characterisation of Ag-NPs in samples of environmental interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Aznar
- Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. de La Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Barahona
- European Commission, Directorate General Joint Research Centre, Directorate F-Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Consumer Products Safety Unit, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - Otmar Geiss
- European Commission, Directorate General Joint Research Centre, Directorate F-Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Consumer Products Safety Unit, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - Jessica Ponti
- European Commission, Directorate General Joint Research Centre, Directorate F-Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Consumer Products Safety Unit, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - Tadeo José Luis
- Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. de La Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Josefa Barrero-Moreno
- European Commission, Directorate General Joint Research Centre, Directorate F-Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, Consumer Products Safety Unit, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy.
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Castro-Mayorga J, Randazzo W, Fabra M, Lagaron J, Aznar R, Sánchez G. Antiviral properties of silver nanoparticles against norovirus surrogates and their efficacy in coated polyhydroxyalkanoates systems. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Aznar R, Albero B, Sánchez-Brunete C, Miguel E, Martín-Girela I, Tadeo JL. Simultaneous determination of multiclass emerging contaminants in aquatic plants by ultrasound-assisted matrix solid-phase dispersion and GC-MS. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:7911-7920. [PMID: 26906007 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6327-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A multiresidue method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 31 emerging contaminants (pharmaceutical compounds, hormones, personal care products, biocides, and flame retardants) in aquatic plants. Analytes were extracted by ultrasound-assisted matrix solid-phase dispersion (UA-MSPD) and determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after sylilation, The method was validated for different aquatic plants (Typha angustifolia, Arundo donax, and Lemna minor) and a semiaquatic cultivated plant (Oryza sativa) with good recoveries at concentrations of 100 and 25 ng g-1 wet weight, ranging from 70 to 120 %, and low method detection limits (0.3 to 2.2 ng g-1 wet weight). A significant difference of the chromatographic response was observed for some compounds in neat solvent versus matrix extracts, and therefore, quantification was carried out using matrix-matched standards in order to overcome this matrix effect. Aquatic plants taken from rivers located at three Spanish regions were analyzed, and the compounds detected were parabens, bisphenol A, benzophenone-3, cyfluthrin, and cypermethrin. The levels found ranged from 6 to 25 ng g-1 wet weight except for cypermethrin that was detected at 235 ng g-1 wet weight in O. sativa samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Aznar
- Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. de la Coruña, Km. 7, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Albero
- Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. de la Coruña, Km. 7, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Consuelo Sánchez-Brunete
- Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. de la Coruña, Km. 7, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Miguel
- Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. de la Coruña, Km. 7, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Martín-Girela
- Departamento de Producción Agraria. Grupo de Agroenergética, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040, Avenida Complutense s/n, Madrid, Spain
| | - José L Tadeo
- Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. de la Coruña, Km. 7, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Randazzo W, Aznar R, Sánchez G. Curcumin-Mediated Photodynamic Inactivation of Norovirus Surrogates. Food Environ Virol 2016; 8:244-250. [PMID: 27496054 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-016-9255-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is extensively used to inactivate different type of pathogens through the use of photosensitizers (PS). Curcumin has been identified as an excellent natural photosensitizer with some potential applications in the food industry. The aim of this study was to assess the antiviral activity of photoactivated curcumin on norovirus surrogates, feline calicivirus (FCV), and murine norovirus (MNV). Initially, different concentrations of curcumin (13.5-1358 µM) were individually mixed with each virus at titers of ca. 6-7 log TCID50/ml and photoactivated by LED blue light with light dose of 3 J/cm2. Results showed that photoactivated curcumin at 50 µg/mL reduced FCV titers by almost 5 log after incubation at 37 °C for 30 min. Lower antiviral activity (0.73 log TCID50/mL reduction) was reported for MNV. At room temperature, curcumin at 5 µg/mL reduced FCV titers by 1.75 log TCID50/mL. These results represent a step forward in improving food safety using photoactivated curcumin as an alternative natural additive to reduce viral contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Randazzo
- Departament of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
- Departament of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Av. Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - R Aznar
- Departament of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
- Departament of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Av. Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - G Sánchez
- Departament of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
- Departament of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Av. Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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López-Gálvez F, Truchado P, Sánchez G, Aznar R, Gil M, Allende A. Occurrence of enteric viruses in reclaimed and surface irrigation water: relationship with microbiological and physicochemical indicators. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 121:1180-8. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. López-Gálvez
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods; Department of Food Science and Technology; CEBAS-CSIC; Murcia Spain
| | - P. Truchado
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods; Department of Food Science and Technology; CEBAS-CSIC; Murcia Spain
| | - G. Sánchez
- Department of Biotechnology; IATA-CSIC; Valencia Spain
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology; University of Valencia; Valencia Spain
| | - R. Aznar
- Department of Biotechnology; IATA-CSIC; Valencia Spain
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology; University of Valencia; Valencia Spain
| | - M.I. Gil
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods; Department of Food Science and Technology; CEBAS-CSIC; Murcia Spain
| | - A. Allende
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods; Department of Food Science and Technology; CEBAS-CSIC; Murcia Spain
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Fabra MJ, Castro-Mayorga JL, Randazzo W, Lagarón JM, López-Rubio A, Aznar R, Sánchez G. Efficacy of Cinnamaldehyde Against Enteric Viruses and Its Activity After Incorporation Into Biodegradable Multilayer Systems of Interest in Food Packaging. Food Environ Virol 2016; 8:125-132. [PMID: 27008344 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-016-9235-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cinnamaldehyde (CNMA), an organic compound that gives cinnamon its flavor and odor, was investigated for its virucidal activity on norovirus surrogates, murine norovirus (MNV) and feline calicivirus (FCV), and hepatitis A virus (HAV). Initially, different concentrations of CNMA (0.1, 0.5 and 1 %) were individually mixed with each virus at titers of ca. 6-7 log10 TCID50/ml and incubated 2 h at 4 and 37 °C. CNMA was effective in reducing the titers of norovirus surrogates in a dose-dependent manner after 2 h at 37 °C, while HAV titers were reduced by 1 log10 after treatment with 1 % of CNMA. When incubation time was extended, HAV titers were reduced by 3.4 and 2.7 log10 after overnight incubation at 37 °C with 1 and 0.5 % of CNMA, respectively. Moreover, this paper analyzed, for the first time, the antiviral activity of adding an active electrospun interlayer based on zein and CNMA to a polyhydroxybutyrate packaging material (PHB) in a multilayer form. Biodegradable multilayer systems prepared with 2.60 mg/cm(2) (~9.7 %) of CNMA completely inactivated FCV according to ISO 22196:2011, while MNV titers were reduced by 2.75 log10. When the developed multilayer films were evaluated after one month of preparation or at 25 °C, the antiviral activity was reduced as compared to freshly prepared multilayer films evaluated at 37 °C. The results show the excellent potential of this system for food contact applications as well as for active packaging technologies in order to maintain or extend food quality and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Fabra
- Food Preservation and Food Quality Department, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), Avda, Agustin Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - J L Castro-Mayorga
- Food Preservation and Food Quality Department, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), Avda, Agustin Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - W Randazzo
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Science, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Biotechnology Department, IATA-CSIC, Avda. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - J M Lagarón
- Food Preservation and Food Quality Department, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), Avda, Agustin Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - A López-Rubio
- Food Preservation and Food Quality Department, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), Avda, Agustin Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - R Aznar
- Biotechnology Department, IATA-CSIC, Avda. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
- Microbiology and Ecology Department, University of Valencia, Avda. Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - G Sánchez
- Biotechnology Department, IATA-CSIC, Avda. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
- Microbiology and Ecology Department, University of Valencia, Avda. Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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Randazzo W, López-Gálvez F, Allende A, Aznar R, Sánchez G. Evaluation of viability PCR performance for assessing norovirus infectivity in fresh-cut vegetables and irrigation water. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 229:1-6. [PMID: 27085970 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) detection in food and water is mainly carried out by quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR). The inability to differentiate between infectious and inactivated viruses and the resulting overestimation of viral targets is considered a major disadvantage of RT-qPCR. Initially, conventional photoactivatable dyes (i.e. propidium monoazide, PMA and ethidium monoazide, EMA) and newly developed ones (i.e. PMAxx and PEMAX) were evaluated for the discrimination between infectious and thermally inactivated NoV genogroup I (GI) and II (GII) suspensions. Results showed that PMAxx was the best photoactivatable dye to assess NoV infectivity. This procedure was further optimized in artificially inoculated lettuce. Pretreatment with 50μM PMAxx and 0.5% Triton X-100 (Triton) for 10min reduced the signal of thermally inactivated NoV by ca. 1.8 logs for both genogroups in lettuce concentrates. Additionally, this pretreatment reduced the signal of thermally inactivated NoV GI between 1.4 and 1.9 logs in spinach and romaine and lamb's lettuces and by >2 logs for NoV GII in romaine and lamb's lettuce samples. Moreover this pretreatment was satisfactorily applied to naturally-contaminated water samples with NoV GI and GII. Based on the obtained results this pretreatment has the potential to be integrated in routine diagnoses to improve the interpretation of positive NoV results obtained by RT-qPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Randazzo
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Science, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Biotechnology Department, (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco López-Gálvez
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 25, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - A Allende
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 25, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - R Aznar
- Biotechnology Department, (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain; Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Av. Dr. Moliner, 50, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - G Sánchez
- Biotechnology Department, (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain; Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Av. Dr. Moliner, 50, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain.
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Sesma C, Guedj M, Ribou G, Chevallier M, Conte A, Bouix O, Aznar R. Un cas exceptionnel de détection d’un anti-PP1Pk sur incohérence de groupage. Transfus Clin Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2015.06.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Guedj M, Chevallier M, Bouix O, Aznar R. Un anti-MNS1 (anti-M) chez une patiente MNS:1 (M+). Auto-anticorps ou non ? Transfus Clin Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2015.06.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Guedj M, Chevallier M, Aznar R. D faible de type 2 immunisé ou anti-RH12 ? Transfus Clin Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2015.06.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tunez V, Aznar R, Bourgaux C, Conte A, Bouix O. Mise en évidence d’un allo-anticorps anti-Lan chez une femme enceinte : prise en charge. Transfus Clin Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2015.06.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Moreno L, Aznar R, Sánchez G. Application of viability PCR to discriminate the infectivity of hepatitis A virus in food samples. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 201:1-6. [PMID: 25720326 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Transmitted through the fecal-oral route, the hepatitis A virus (HAV) is acquired primarily through close personal contact and foodborne transmission. HAV detection in food is mainly carried out by quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR). The discrimination of infectious and inactivated viruses remains a key obstacle when using RT-qPCR to quantify enteric viruses in food samples. Initially, viability dyes, propidium monoazide (PMA) and ethidium monoazide (EMA), were evaluated for the detection and quantification of infectious HAV in lettuce wash water. Results showed that PMA combined with 0.5% Triton X-100 (Triton) was the best pretreatment to assess HAV infectivity and completely eliminated the signal of thermally inactivated HAV in lettuce wash water. This procedure was further evaluated in artificially inoculated foods (at concentrations of ca. 6×10(4), 6×10(3) and 6×10(2)TCID50) including lettuce, parsley, spinach, cockles and coquina clams. The PMA-0.5% Triton pretreatment reduced the signal of thermally inactivated HAV between 0.5 and 2 logs, in lettuce and spinach concentrates. Moreover, this pretreatment reduced the signal of inactivated HAV by more than 1.5 logs, in parsley and ten-fold diluted shellfish samples inoculated at the lowest concentration. Overall, this pretreatment (50 μM PMA-0.5% Triton) significantly reduced the detection of thermally inactivated HAV, depending on the initial virus concentration and the food matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Moreno
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Av. Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - R Aznar
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Av. Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino, 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - G Sánchez
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Av. Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino, 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
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Sánchez G, Aznar R. Evaluation of Natural Compounds of Plant Origin for Inactivation of Enteric Viruses. Food Environ Virol 2015; 7:183-187. [PMID: 25636749 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-015-9181-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) and some of their main compounds have demonstrated extensive antimicrobial activity in a wide range of food spoilage or pathogenic fungi, yeast and bacteria. The aim of this study was to assess the antiviral activity of Zataria multiflora Boiss. (zataria) and Origanum vulgare (oregano) EOs on hepatitis A virus (HAV) and the effect of thymol, an active compound of Thymus vulgaris and oregano, on norovirus surrogates, feline calicivirus (FCV) and murine norovirus (MNV), and HAV. Initially, each virus at titers of ca. 6 log TCID50/ml was exposed to different concentrations of natural compounds and incubated for 2 h at 37 °C. Treatment with oregano and zataria EOs resulted in slight reductions on HAV infectivity with a maximum reduction of less than 0.5 log TCID50/ml at 0.1 % zataria EO. Thymol was effective in reducing the titers of norovirus surrogates in a dose-dependent manner. Concentrations of thymol at 0.5 and 1 % reduced FCV titers to undetectable levels, while for MNV, thymol at concentrations of 1 and 2 % resulted in reductions of 1.66 and 2.45 log TCID50/ml, respectively. However, for HAV, no effect was observed at any of the concentrations tested. These results improve the knowledge about the antiviral activity of EO and their compounds and their potential in food sanitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sánchez
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Av. Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain,
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Abstract
Carvacrol, a monoterpenic phenol, is said to have extensive antimicrobial activity in a wide range of food spoilage or pathogenic fungi, yeast and bacteria. The aim of this study was to assess its antiviral activity on norovirus surrogates, feline calicivirus (FCV), murine norovirus (MNV), and hepatitis A virus (HAV), as well as its potential in food applications. Initially, different concentrations of carvacrol (0.25, 0.5, 1%) were individually mixed with each virus at titers of ca. 6-7 log TCID50/ml and incubated 2h at 37°C. Carvacrol at 0.5% completely inactivated the two norovirus surrogates, whereas 1% concentration was required to achieve ca. 1 log reduction of HAV. In lettuce wash water, carvacrol efficacy on MNV was dependent on the chemical oxygen demand (COD), with no effect over 300 ppm. A 4 log reduction in FCV infectivity was observed when 0.5% carvacrol was used to sanitize lettuce wash water, regardless of COD. Carvacrol was also evaluated as a natural disinfectant of produce, showing 1% carvacrol reduced inoculated NoV surrogates titers in lettuce by 1 log after 30 min contact. These results represent a step forward in improving food safety by using carvacrol as an alternative natural additive to reduce viral contamination in the fresh vegetable industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sánchez
- Departament of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Av. Dr. Moliner, 50, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - R Aznar
- Departament of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Av. Dr. Moliner, 50, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain; Departament of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino, 7, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - G Sánchez
- Departament of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Av. Dr. Moliner, 50, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain; Departament of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino, 7, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain.
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Aznar R, Sánchez-Brunete C, Albero B, Rodríguez JA, Tadeo JL. Occurrence and analysis of selected pharmaceutical compounds in soil from Spanish agricultural fields. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2014; 21:4772-4782. [PMID: 24363053 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2438-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the analysis of 15 pharmaceutical compounds, belonging to different therapeutic classes (anti-inflammatory/analgesics, lipid regulators, antiepileptics, β-blockers and antidepressants) and with diverse physical-chemical properties, in Spanish soils with different farmland uses. The studied compounds were extracted from soil by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and determined, after derivatization, by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS). The limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.14 ng g(-1) (naproxen) to 0.65 ng g(-1) (amitriptyline). At least two compounds where detected in all samples, being ibuprofen, salicylic acid, and paracetamol, the most frequently detected compounds. The highest levels found in soil were 47 ng g(-1) for allopurinol and 37 ng g(-1) for salicylic acid. The influence of the type of crop and the sampling area on the levels of pharmaceuticals in soil, as well as their relationship with soil physical-chemical properties, was studied. The frequent and widespread detection of some of these compounds in agricultural soils show a diffuse contamination, although the low levels found do not pose a risk to the environment or the human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Aznar
- Departamento de Medio Ambiente, INIA, Ctra de la Coruña, 7, Madrid, 28040, Spain
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Albero B, Sánchez‐Brunete C, Miguel E, Aznar R, Tadeo JL. Rapid determination of natural and synthetic hormones in biosolids and poultry manure by isotope dilution GC–MS/MS. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:811-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201301037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Albero
- Departamento de Medio AmbienteInstituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) Madrid Spain
| | - Consuelo Sánchez‐Brunete
- Departamento de Medio AmbienteInstituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) Madrid Spain
| | - Esther Miguel
- Departamento de Medio AmbienteInstituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) Madrid Spain
| | - Ramón Aznar
- Departamento de Medio AmbienteInstituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) Madrid Spain
| | - José L. Tadeo
- Departamento de Medio AmbienteInstituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) Madrid Spain
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Elizaquível P, Aznar R, Sánchez G. Recent developments in the use of viability dyes and quantitative PCR in the food microbiology field. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 116:1-13. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Elizaquível
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology; University of Valencia; Valencia Spain
| | - R. Aznar
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology; University of Valencia; Valencia Spain
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA); Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC); Valencia Spain
| | - G. Sánchez
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA); Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC); Valencia Spain
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Elizaquível P, Sánchez G, Selma M, Aznar R. Application of propidium monoazide-qPCR to evaluate the ultrasonic inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in fresh-cut vegetable wash water. Food Microbiol 2012; 30:316-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2011.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Elizaquível P, Sánchez G, Salvador A, Fiszman S, Dueñas MT, López P, Fernández de Palencia P, Aznar R. Evaluation of yogurt and various beverages as carriers of lactic acid bacteria producing 2-branched (1,3)-β-D-glucan. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:3271-8. [PMID: 21700011 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-4026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Probiotic cultures are increasingly being incorporated into a wide variety of food products. Although lactobacilli and bifidobacteria are the most frequently used, other lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been reported to be potential probiotics. Of these, the cider isolates Pediococccus parvulus (strains 2.6 and CUPV22) and Lactobacillus suebicus CUPV221 produce a 2-branched (1,3)-β-d-glucan exopolysaccharide that decreases serum cholesterol levels and affects the activation of human macrophages. For this reason, these 3 strains were incorporated into yogurt, orange juice, and 2 juice-milk beverages to evaluate the effect of the food matrix on the resistance of these strains to simulated gastrointestinal tract conditions. Our results showed that incorporation of the LAB did not significantly affect the physical and rheological properties of the food matrices tested. When incorporated in yogurt, LAB strains population decreased by 2 to 3 log orders of magnitude during the shelf life of the product (28 d). However, no significant decrease was observed in the juice and juice-milk beverages during the same storage period, except for Lb. suebicus, whose viability decreased by 3 log orders of magnitude. When strains were subjected to gastrointestinal tract conditions, a decrease in the survival was observed at the lower pH (1.8). However, incorporation of these LAB strains into orange juice increases their resistance to lower pH conditions, thus improving survival to gastrointestinal stress. Moreover, a protective effect was observed for P. parvulus CUPV22 and 2.6 to gastric stress in juice-milk beverages and to gastrointestinal stress in yogurt. Lactobacillus suebicus CUPV221 did not survive when incorporated into yogurt and juice-milk beverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Elizaquível
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Av. Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjasot, Spain
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Elizaquível P, Gabaldón J, Aznar R. Quantification of Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in non-spiked food products and evaluation of real-time PCR as a diagnostic tool in routine food analysis. Food Control 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Arias CR, Verdonck L, Swings J, Garay E, Aznar R. Intraspecific Differentiation of Vibrio vulnificus Biotypes by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism and Ribotyping. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 63:2600-6. [PMID: 16535640 PMCID: PMC1389195 DOI: 10.1128/aem.63.7.2600-2606.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The intraspecific genomic relatedness of 80 Vibrio vulnificus isolates, 44 of biotype 1 and 36 of biotype 2, from different geographic origins and sources was evaluated by ribotyping and AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) fingerprinting. Ribopatterns of DNAs digested with KpnI and hybridized with an oligonucleotide complementary to a highly conserved sequence in the 23S rRNA gene revealed up to 19 ribotypes in the species, which were different for the two biotypes. Sixteen different ribotypes were found within biotype 1 strains from clinical and environmental sources, and only three, recovered mainly from diseased eels, were found within biotype 2. Within this biotype, 96% of the strains showed the same ribopattern. The closest similarity was shown by the strains coming from the same eel farm, irrespectively of biotype. AFLP fingerprints obtained by selective PCR amplification of HindIII-TaqI double-restricted DNA fragments exhibited a strain-specific pattern which allowed the finest differentiation of subgroups within the eel-pathogenic isolates sharing the same ribopattern. Both techniques revealed good genetic markers for intraspecific differentiation of V. vulnificus. Ribotyping clearly separated the eel-pathogenic strains from the clinical and environmental isolates, whereas AFLP enabled the monitoring of individual strains and therefore constitutes one of the most discriminative tools for epidemiological and ecological studies.
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Martínez-Culebras PV, Crespo-Sempere A, Sánchez-Hervás M, Elizaquivel P, Aznar R, Ramón D. Molecular characterization of the black Aspergillus isolates responsible for ochratoxin A contamination in grapes and wine in relation to taxonomy of Aspergillus section Nigri. Int J Food Microbiol 2009; 132:33-41. [PMID: 19401261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Revised: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This work examines ochratoxigenic mycobiota in grapes by ap-PCR analysis sequence analysis of the ITS and IGS regions and ability to produce OTA. A comparison was also made with many reference strains of Aspergillus section Nigri. Based on ap-PCR profiles, derived from two microsatellite primers, three main groups were obtained by UPGMA cluster analysis corresponding to A. carbonarius, A. niger and A. tubingensis. The cophenetic correlation values corresponding to ap-PCR UPGMA analysis revealed a higher genetic variability in A. niger and A. tubingensis than in A. carbonarius. In addition, no genotypical differences could be established between OTA producers and nonproducers in all species analysed. Phylogenetic relationships inferred from ITS and IGS sequences are, mostly, congruent with earlier works. A. niger and A. tubingensis strains were closely related, but not identical, and they clustered into two distinct groups within the A. niger aggregate. Sequence analysis also showed genetic divergences between strains of A. foetidus and the rest of the Aspergillus section Nigri. Additionally, the phylogenetic analysis was consistent in separating a new group of ochratoxigenic strains, frequently isolated from grapes, named A. tubingensis-like. All strains of A. carbonarius analysed by sequence analysis had identical ITS and IGS sequences confirming the lack of significant genetic variability within this important ochratoxigenic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Martínez-Culebras
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Ciencias de la Alimentación, Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal, Universitat de València, Vicente Andrès Estellès s/n, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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Selma M, Martínez-Culebras P, Elizaquível P, Aznar R. Simultaneous detection of the main black aspergilli responsible for ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination in grapes by multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2009; 26:180-8. [DOI: 10.1080/02652030802345623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Elizaquível P, Aznar R. Comparison of four commercial DNA extraction kits for PCR detection of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Staphylococcus aureus in fresh, minimally processed vegetables. J Food Prot 2008; 71:2110-4. [PMID: 18939762 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-71.10.2110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Four commercial DNA extraction methods, PrepMan Ultra (Applied Biosystems), InstaGene Matrix (BioRad), DNeasy Tissue kit (Qiagen), and UltraClean (MoBio), were tested for PCR detection of Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157: H7, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus in fresh, minimally processed vegetables. For comparative purposes, sensitivity assays with specific PCRs were carried out after DNA extraction with the four methods in green pepper, broccoli, and onion artificially inoculated with the four pathogens separately. As confirmed by statistical analysis, the DNeasy Tissue kit rendered the highest sensitivity values in the three matrices assayed for Salmonella, L. monocytogenes, and E. coli O157:H7 and in onion for S. aureus. Despite being the most expensive of the methods compared, the DNeasy Tissue Kit can be successfully applied for any of the four most commonly studied pathogens, thus saving time and overall reducing the cost of the analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Elizaquível
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
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Elizaquível P, Gabaldón JA, Aznar R. Comparative Evaluation of RTi-PCR and Mini-VIDAS SLM System as Predictive Tools for the Routine Detection of Salmonella spp. in Naturally Contaminated Food Products. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-008-9042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Selma MV, Allende A, López-Gálvez F, Elizaquível P, Aznar R, Gil MI. Potential microbial risk factors related to soil amendments and irrigation water of potato crops. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 103:2542-9. [PMID: 18045438 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03504.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study assesses the potential microbial risk factors related to the use of soil amendments and irrigation water on potato crops, cultivated in one traditional and two intensive farms during two harvest seasons. METHODS AND RESULTS The natural microbiota and potentially pathogenic micro-organisms were evaluated in the soil amendment, irrigation water, soil and produce. Uncomposted amendments and residual and creek water samples showed the highest microbial counts. The microbial load of potatoes harvested in spring was similar among the tested farms despite the diverse microbial levels of Listeria spp. and faecal coliforms in the potential risk sources. However, differences in total coliform load of potato were found between farms cultivated in the autumn. Immunochromatographic rapid tests and the BAM's reference method (Bacteriological Analytical Manual; AOAC International) were used to detect Escherichia coli O157:H7 from the potential risk sources and produce. Confirmation of the positive results by polymerase chain reaction procedures showed that the immunochromatographic assay was not reliable as it led to false-positive results. CONCLUSIONS The potentially pathogenic micro-organisms of soil amendment, irrigation water and soil samples changed with the harvest seasons and the use of different agricultural practices. However, the microbial load of the produce was not always influenced by these risk sources. Improvements in environmental sample preparation are needed to avoid interferences in the use of immunochromatographic rapid tests. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The potential microbial risk sources of fresh produce should be regularly controlled using reliable detection methods to guarantee their microbial safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Selma
- Research group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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Theophilou N, Aznar R, Munardi A, Sledz J, Schué F, Naarmann H. Polymerization of Acetylene with New Catalytic Systems and Optimization of the Properties of the Polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00222338708082095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Chenoll E, Macián MC, Elizaquível P, Aznar R. Lactic acid bacteria associated with vacuum-packed cooked meat product spoilage: population analysis by rDNA-based methods. J Appl Microbiol 2007; 102:498-508. [PMID: 17241356 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03081.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) implicated in bloating spoilage of vacuum-packed and refrigerated meat products. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 18 samples corresponding to four types of meat products, with and without spoilage symptoms, were studied. In all, 387 colonies growing on de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe, yeast glucose lactose peptone and trypticase soy yeast extract plates were identified by internal spacer region (ISR), ISR-restriction fragment length polymorphism and rapid amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis profiles as Lactobacillus (37%), Leuconostoc (43%), Carnobacterium (11%), Enterococcus (4%) and Lactococcus (2%). Leuconostoc mesenteroides dominated the microbial population of spoiled products and was always present at the moment bloating occurred. Lactobacillus sakei, Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus curvatus were found in decreasing order of abundance. The analysis of two meat products, 'morcilla' and 'fiambre de magro adobado' obtained from production lines revealed a common succession pattern in LAB populations in both products and showed that Leuc. mesenteroides became the main species during storage, despite being below the detection level of culture methods after packing. CONCLUSIONS Our results pointed to Leuc. mesenteroides as the main species responsible for bloating spoilage in vacuum-packed meat products. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Prevention of bloating spoilage in vacuum-packed cooked meat products requires the sensitive detection of Leuc. mesenteroides (i.e. by PCR).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Chenoll
- Departamento de Microbiología, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the specificity of nuc targeted primers for PCR detection of Staphylococcus aureus in different food matrices and to establish a RTQ-PCR procedure suitable for the routine detection and quantification of this pathogen in food. METHODS AND RESULTS Specificity of nuc targeted primers (Pri1-Pri2 and the newly designed RTQ-PCR primers) was tested on a total of 157 strains of genetically confirmed identity, including reference and food isolates. PCR detection on artificially inoculated beef samples by DNA extraction using a DNeasy Tissue Kit (Qiagen GmhH, Hilden, Germany) showed a sensitivity value around 10(3) CFU g(-1). The two RTQ-PCR systems, incorporating SYBR-Green I and TaqMan, respectively, applied in the present work improved the sensitivity of conventional PCR by lowering the detection level to 10 and 100 cells, respectively. Out of 164 naturally contaminated foods tested for the presence of Staph. aureus, 74 were positive by conventional PCR and 69 by the traditional culture method with a high degree of result agreement between both methodologies (93.3%). CONCLUSIONS PCR approaches, using nuc targeted primers, have proved specific and combined with growth techniques may improve detection of Staph. aureus in different types of food. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The SYBR-Green I real-time PCR approach established allows the sensitive, automated and quantitative detection of Staph. aureus for routine analysis at a reasonable cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Alarcón
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Universitat de València, Spain
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36
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Aznar R, Solís I. PCR Detection of Listeria monocytogenes in different Food Products compared with the mini-VIDAS LMO System and the Standard Procedure ISO 11290-1. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-006-0019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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37
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Abstract
AIMS To develop a multiplex PCR approach for simultaneous detection of Leuconostoc and Carnobacterium and its validation in meat products. METHODS AND RESULTS Two multiplex PCR assays were developed using newly designed 16S rDNA-directed primers adapted to the current taxonomic situation of genera Leuconostoc and Carnobacterium that allow: (i) simultaneous detection of both genera, and members of the nonmotile species of genus Carnobacterium and (ii) identification in a single assay of the nonmotile species C. divergens, C. maltaromicum and C. gallinarum. Sensitivity values of 10(3) and 10(4) CFU g(-1) were determined for multiplex PCR detection of Carnobacterium and Leuconostoc, respectively, following artificially inoculated meat trials. In addition, both multiplex PCR assays were validated in 14 naturally contaminated samples covering nine types of meat products. Results obtained by colony identification were confirmed by PCR detection. CONCLUSIONS The methods described in this study provide a rapid and reliable tool for PCR detection of Carnobacterium and Leuconostoc, in meat products, and for colony identification. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This multiplex PCR approach will help in the analysis of the spoilage microbiota of refrigerated vacuum-packaged meat product in order to determine the appropriate preservation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Macián
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Universitat de València, Spain
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38
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Abstract
AIMS To test, under comparable conditions, several parameters affecting sensitivity of PCR detection in order to establish a PCR procedure suitable for the routine detection of Listeria monocytogenes in food. METHODS AND RESULTS Beef samples artificially inoculated were used to determine sensitivity of PCR detection under different parameters. As few as 1 CFU g(-1) were detected by DNA extraction using a DNeasy Tissue Kit (Qiagen GmhH, Hilden, Germany) of 1 ml aliquot and PCR amplification with primers directed to the hlyA gene. This PCR protocol was applied in 60 naturally contaminated foods, comparing two enrichment procedures with the traditional culture method. The highest number of positives was recorded by PCR following a 24-h pre-enrichment step at 30 degrees C and a 24-h enrichment step at 37 degrees C. Afterwards, it was applied in 217 naturally contaminated foods and 56 of them tested positive for L. monocytogenes in which only 17 tested positive using the culture method. CONCLUSIONS The PCR procedure described has proved to be a rapid and sensitive method suitable for the routine analysis of different types of food. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The method proposed for the detection of L. monocytogenes, has been validated in naturally contaminated food and is suitable to implement in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Aznar
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain.
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39
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Abstract
Ribosomal DNA-based techniques including the analysis of profiles generated by ISR amplification, ISR restriction and ARDRA have been evaluated as molecular tools for identifying Carnobacterium, Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc and Pediococcus. They have been applied for the molecular characterization of 91 strains with the following identities: eight Carnobacterium including the eight type species of the genus; 61 Lactobacillus including 40 type strains out of 45 species, 13 Leuconostoc, out of them 11 are type strains and three are subspecies of Lc. mesenteroides; and nine strains representing the six species of genus Pediococcus. The genetic relationship displayed between these species by rrn-based profiles is sustained by their phylogenetic relationships and can therefore be considered useful for taxonomic purposes. Profiles obtained by ISR amplification allowed identification at genus level of Carnobacterium and Leuconostoc, and even at species level in genus Carnobacterium. Genera Lactobacillus and Pediococcus could not be distinguished from each other by applying this technique. The Lactobacillus species analysed here (45) were differentiated using ARDRA-DdeI and ISR-DdeI profiles, sequentially, and Pediococcus species by ISR-DdeI profiles. It was necessary to combine profiles generated by restriction of ISR-DdeI, ARDRA-DdeI and ARDRA-HaeIII in order to complete the identification of Leuconostoc species.
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MESH Headings
- Bacterial Typing Techniques/methods
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Bacterial/isolation & purification
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/isolation & purification
- DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/analysis
- DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/isolation & purification
- Food Microbiology
- Genes, rRNA
- Genotype
- Gram-Positive Bacteria/classification
- Gram-Positive Bacteria/genetics
- Gram-Positive Bacteria/isolation & purification
- Lactobacillus/classification
- Lactobacillus/genetics
- Lactobacillus/isolation & purification
- Leuconostoc/classification
- Leuconostoc/genetics
- Leuconostoc/isolation & purification
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Pediococcus/classification
- Pediococcus/genetics
- Pediococcus/isolation & purification
- Phylogeny
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- E Chenoll
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Universitat de Valencia, Spain
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40
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Abstract
A total of nine pairs of primers, seven previously published and two newly developed, have been assayed for PCR detection of Listeria monocytogenes in food. They have been tested for specificity on a total of 72 strains including reference and food isolates belonging to L. monocytogenes and other species in the genus. First of all, a polyphasic approach has been carried out in order to establish a reference strain collection. They were biochemically and genetically characterized by API-Lis and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA PCR (RAPD-PCR), respectively. Random amplification of DNA was performed with M13, T7 and T3 universal primers and a data bank was created to compile the RAPD patterns of all the analyzed strains. The UPGMA cluster analysis of RAPD profiles with primer M13 showed eight clusters at 72.3% similarity. Clusters 2 and 7 corresponded to L. monocytogenes. Clusters 1 and 6 grouped L. ivanovii strains. Clusters 3, 4, 5 and 8 corresponded to L. grayi, L. innocua, L. welshimeri and L. seeligeri, respectively. Pattern analysis revealed the existence of miss-identified reference strains which was confirmed by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. RAPD-PCR is a rapid genetic test which helped to confirm strain identity. On the basis of PCR specificity results, primers LM1-LM2 were the best combination for the detection of L. monocytogenes since they only amplified the specific fragment in strains that had been genetically and biochemically assessed as belonging to the species. Specificity of other assayed primers is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Aznar
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Universitat de València, Spain.
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41
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Macián MC, Ludwig W, Aznar R, Grimont PA, Schleifer KH, Garay E, Pujalte MJ. Vibrio lentus sp. nov., isolated from Mediterranean oysters. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2001; 51:1449-1456. [PMID: 11491345 DOI: 10.1099/00207713-51-4-1449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Twelve phenotypically similar marine bacteria have been studied by means of ribotyping, DNA-DNA hybridization and cultural and physiological characterization. Phylogenetic analysis has been performed of the 16S and 23S rRNA genes of two representative strains. Phylogenetically, they belong to the Vibrio/Photobacterium branch of the gamma-Proteobacteria and they share all of the properties that define the genus Vibrio. The strains represent a new Vibrio species that is phenotypically similar to Vibrio splendidus. However, resistance to the vibriostatic agent 0129 and production of acid from several carbohydrates allow differentiation between V. splendidus and the proposed new species. The DNA G+C content of the proposed type strain is 44.0 mol %. The name Vibrio lentus sp. nov. is proposed for the new species and strain 40M4T (= CECT 5110T = DSM 13757T) is the type strain.
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42
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Abstract
The intraspecific variability of Vibrio splendidus, V. harveyi and V. tubiashii recovered from oysters (Ostrea edulis) collected at the Mediterranean coast near Valencia, Spain, was analyzed by ribotyping. The two former species represented the most abundant ones, and the third one was the only species described as pathogenic for oysters. A total of 115 environmental strains were studied, 84 of V. splendidus, 23 of V. harveyi and 8 of V. tubiashii. Chromosomal DNA was digested with KpnI and hybridized with an oligonucleotide probe complementary to a highly conserved sequence in the 23S rRNA gene. Ribotyping among natural populations of the three species rendered 5 to 9 bands, and showed a high genetic diversity, with a ratio no. of strains/no. of ribotypes between 1.1 and 1.5. Cluster analysis of V. splendidus ribotypes suggests a seasonal pattern of incidence, with those ribotypes corresponding to winter and spring samples being maintained in the oysters over the year.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Macián
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Universitat de València, Spain
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43
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Macián MC, Arias CR, Aznar R, Garay E, Pujalte MJ. Identification of Vibrio spp. (other than V. vulnificus) recovered on CPC agar from marine natural samples. Int Microbiol 2000; 3:51-3. [PMID: 10963334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Two hundred and eighty four presumptive but not confirmed Vibrio vulnificus isolates grown on cellobiose-polymixin B-colistin agar (CPC) at 40 degrees C, recovered from sea water samples from Valencia, Spain, during a microbiological survey for V. vulnificus, were phenotypically identified. Most of the isolates (91%) corresponded to Vibrio species. V. harveyi (24%) and V. splendidus(19%) were the most abundant species identified, followed by V. navarrensis (13%), V. alginolyticus (8%) and V. parahaemolyticus (5%). The ability to grow on CPC agar and ferment cellobiose of several V. vulnificus strains from different origins and serovars, including reference strains, was tested. Most serovar E isolates and 25% of non-serovar E isolates could not grow on CPC agar.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Macián
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
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44
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Abstract
Bacterial communities in water samples and eel slime were investigated by fluorescence in situ hybridization of whole bacterial cells in an eel intensive culture system over 1 year. A newly developed probe, matching 27 Vibrio spp., and a specific probe for Vibrio vulnificus were used. Phylogenetic probes complementary to selected regions of the 16S and 23S ribosomal RNA revealed that Proteobacteria of the alpha and beta subclass were predominant in water and eel slime. Members of the gamma subclass (e.g. vibrios and aeromonads) were more abundant in eel slime, although no V. vulnificus was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Moreno
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Universitat de València, Spain
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45
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Arias CR, Macián MC, Aznar R, Garay E, Pujalte MJ. Low incidence of Vibrio vulnificus among Vibrio isolates from sea water and shellfish of the western Mediterranean coast. J Appl Microbiol 1999; 86:125-34. [PMID: 10030016 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00641.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A specific search for Vibrio vulnificus in natural marine samples from the Spanish Mediterranean Sea was carried out by nested PCR and cultural approaches using thiosulphate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose agar (TCBS) and cellobiose-polymixin B-colistin agar (CPC), incubated at 40 degrees C, as selective media. Presumptive colonies were identified by PCR using specific primers against 23S rRNA sequences. This species was isolated from sea water and edible bivalves, mainly after preenrichment in alkaline peptone water (APW) at 40 degrees C followed by CPC agar. None of the V. vulnificus isolates identified corresponded to serovar E. Dominant Vibrio species on directly inoculated TCBS plates incubated at 25 degrees C were V. splendidus below 20 degrees C and V. harveyi and V. mediterranei above that temperature. Low percentages of several pathogenic vibrios were recorded but V. vulnificus was never recovered at this incubation temperature. The incidence of this species in the samples studied was lower than that described for other geographical areas, probably due to the high salinity values of the Mediterranean Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Arias
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universitat de València, Spain
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46
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Arias CR, Pujalte MJ, Garay E, Aznar R. Genetic relatedness among environmental, clinical, and diseased-eel Vibrio vulnificus isolates from different geographic regions by ribotyping and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64:3403-10. [PMID: 9726889 PMCID: PMC106739 DOI: 10.1128/aem.64.9.3403-3410.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic relationships among 132 strains of Vibrio vulnificus (clinical, environmental, and diseased-eel isolates from different geographic origins, as well as seawater and shellfish isolates from the western Mediterranean coast, including reference strains) were analyzed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) PCR. Results were validated by ribotyping. For ribotyping, DNAs were digested with KpnI and hybridized with an oligonucleotide probe complementary to a highly conserved sequence in the 23S rRNA gene. Random amplification of DNA was performed with M13 and T3 universal primers. The comparison between ribotyping and RAPD PCR revealed an overall agreement regarding the high level of homogeneity of diseased-eel isolates in contrast to the genetic heterogeneity of Mediterranean isolates. The latter suggests the existence of autochthonous clones present in Mediterranean coastal waters. Both techniques have revealed a genetic proximity among Spanish fish farm isolates and a close relationship between four Spanish eel farm isolates and some Mediterranean isolates. Whereas the differentiation within diseased-eel isolates was only possible by ribotyping, RAPD PCR was able to differentiate phenotypically atypical isolates of V. vulnificus. On the basis of our results, RAPD PCR is proposed as a better technique than ribotyping for rapid typing in the routine analysis of new V. vulnificus isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Arias
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universitat de València, Burjassot, E-46100 Valencia, Spain
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47
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Arias CR, Aznar R, Pujalte MJ, Garay E. A comparison of strategies for the detection and recovery of Vibrio vulnificus from marine samples of the western Mediterranean coast. Syst Appl Microbiol 1998; 21:128-34. [PMID: 9741117 DOI: 10.1016/s0723-2020(98)80016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have compared the effectiveness of culture-based methods and a DNA-based method for the detection, of Vibrio vulnificus from a seawater and three types of shellfish collected from the costal waters of Valencia, Spain. For culture-based method, we used two selective media, thiosulphate-citrate-salts-sucrose (TCBS), and cellobiose-polymyxin B-colistin (CPC) agars with and without previous enrichment in alkaline-saline-peptone-water (APWS). Presumptive colonies were confirmed as V. vulnificus by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using previously described 23S rRNA V. vulficus-specific sequences as primers (Dvu 9V and Dvu 45R). Direct detection was accomplished by a nested-PCR procedure developed for environmental samples, with the above mentioned primers for the second amplification. Of 32 seawater samples, only one yielded positive results by direct detection by PCR, whereas five were positive by culture methods. Of the 32 bivalve samples, two were positive by PCR and five by culture methods. From a total of 675 presumptive colonies selected on the two media, only 48 (20 from seawater and 28 from bivalves) were confirmed as V. vulnificus by PCR. Forty-six V. vulnificus isolates were obtained after enrichment and only two after direct inoculation of CPC. Except for one sampling, positive results by direct detection did not correlate with confirmed strains obtained from culture media. API 20E profiles were recorded for all isolates previously identified as V. vulnificus, revealing that around 20% of the strains were sucrose-positive. For our samples, the best strategy consisted in the combination of culture based methods (3 h enrichment in APWs at 40 degrees C followed by CPC at the same temperature) and DNA-based procedures (specific PCR amplification of the presumptive colonies with primers Dvu 9V and Dvu 45 R), which allowed the detection and accurate identification of V. vulnificus in less than 48h. This is the first report on the detection of cells of V. vulnificus naturally present in seawater and edible shellfish in the Spanish Mediterranean coast.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Arias
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universitat de València, Spain
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48
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Guitton C, Kinowski JM, Aznar R, Bressolle F. Determination of clozapine and its major metabolites in human plasma and red blood cells by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet absorbance detection. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 1997; 690:211-22. [PMID: 9106046 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(96)00362-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
An isocratic high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with UV absorbance detection is described for the quantification of clozapine (8-chloro-11-(4'-methyl)piperazino-5H-dibenzo[b,e]-1,4-diazepine) and its two major metabolites in plasma and red blood cells (RBCs). The method involves sample clean-up by liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate. The organic phase was back-extracted with 0.1 M hydrochloric acid. Loxapine served as the internal standard. The analytes were separated by HPLC on a Kromasil Ultrabase C18 analytical column (5 microns particle size; 250 x 4.6 mm I.D.) using acetonitrile-phosphate buffer pH 7.0 (48:52, v/v) as eluent and were measured by UV absorbance detection at 254 nm. The limits of quantiation were 20 ng/ml for clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine and 30 ng/ml for clozapine N-oxide. Recovery from plasma or RBCs proved to be higher than 62%. Precision, expressed as % C.V., was in the range 0.6-15%. Accuracy ranged from 96 to 105%. The method's ability to quantify clozapine and two major metabolites simultaneously with precision, accuracy and sensitivity makes it useful in therapeutic drug monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Guitton
- Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique, Hôpital Carémeau, Nîmes, France
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49
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Abstract
A nested PCR for the detection of Vibrio vulnificus in fish farms was developed as an alternative to cultural methods by using universal primers flanking the V. vulnificus-specific sequences directed against 23S rRNA genes. This specific assay detected 10 fg of DNA or 12 to 120 cells in artificially inoculated samples without enrichment and within 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Arias
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universitat de Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
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50
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Aznar R, Ludwig W, Amann RI, Schleifer KH. Sequence determination of rRNA genes of pathogenic Vibrio species and whole-cell identification of Vibrio vulnificus with rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1994; 44:330-7. [PMID: 8186099 DOI: 10.1099/00207713-44-2-330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A comparative analysis of seven new 16S rRNA gene sequences of pathogenic Vibrio species with previously published vibrio sequences confirmed that Vibrio vulnificus represents a group that is not closely related to the core organisms of the genus Vibrio. In addition, we found that V. vulnificus, Listonella (Vibrio) anguillarum and Vibrio diazotrophicus branch off separately from the core group. A comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequences of V. vulnificus strains belonging to biotypes 1 and 2 revealed that the sequences of all but four biotype 1 strains were identical to each other but slightly different (17 bases) from the sequences of the rest of the V. vulnificus strains investigated. In addition, the sequences of variable regions of the 23S rRNA genes of Vibrio fluvialis, Vibrio furnissii, Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio cholerae, and V. vulnificus C7184 and TW1 were determined, aligned, and compared with all available bacterial 23S rRNA sequences in order to search for specific target sites. As a result, four oligonucleotide probes specific for V. vulnificus were synthesized, and the specificities of these probes were evaluated by dot blot hybridization to membrane-bound RNAs from 21 V. vulnificus strains, 13 strains belonging to other Vibrio species, 61 strains belonging to species that are members of the alpha, beta, and gamma subclasses of the Proteobacteria, and 3 eucaryotic microorganisms. Two probes hybridized with all of the V. vulnificus strains tested, and the other two probes distinguished V. vulnificus biotype 1 strains from all other organisms. In situ identification of V. vulnificus by using tetramethylrhodamine- or fluorescein-labelled oligonucleotides is now possible.
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MESH Headings
- Bacterial Typing Techniques
- Base Sequence
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- Genes, Bacterial/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- Oligonucleotide Probes
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal/isolation & purification
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/isolation & purification
- RNA, Ribosomal, 23S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 23S/isolation & purification
- Vibrio/classification
- Vibrio/genetics
- Vibrio/isolation & purification
- Vibrio/pathogenicity
- Virulence
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Affiliation(s)
- R Aznar
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität München, Germany
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