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Wang H, Shemesh-Mayer E, Zhang J, Gao S, Zeng Z, Yang Z, Zhang X, Jia H, Wang Y, Song J, Zhang X, Yang W, He Q, Sherman A, Li L, Kamenetsky R, Liu T. Genome resequencing reveals the evolutionary history of garlic reproduction traits. Hortic Res 2023; 10:uhad208. [PMID: 38046855 PMCID: PMC10689055 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The propagation of cultivated garlic relies on vegetative cloves, thus flowers become non-essential for reproduction in this species, driving the evolution of reproductive feature-derived traits. To obtain insights into the evolutionary alteration of reproductive traits in the clonally propagated garlic, the evolutionary histories of two main reproduction-related traits, bolting and flower differentiation, were explored by genome analyses using 134 accessions displaying wide diversity in these two traits. Resequencing identified 272.8 million variations in the garlic genome, 198.0 million of which represent novel variants. Population analysis identified five garlic groups that have evolved into two clades. Gene expression, single-cell transcriptome sequencing, and genome-wide trait association analyses have identified numerous candidates that correlate with reproductive transition and flower development, some of which display distinct selection signatures. Selective forces acting on the B-box zinc finger protein-encoding Asa2G00291.1, the global transcription factor group E protein-encoding Asa5G01527.1, and VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE 3-like Asa3G03399.1 appear to be representative of the evolution of garlic bolting. Plenty of novel genomic variations and trait-related candidates represent valuable resources for biological studies of garlic. Numerous selective signatures from genes associated with the two chosen reproductive traits provide important insights into the evolutionary history of reproduction in this clonally propagated crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Einat Shemesh-Mayer
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization—The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Jiangjiang Zhang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Song Gao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Zeng
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Zemao Yang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Xueyu Zhang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Huixia Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanzhou Wang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
- Industrial Research Institute of garlic (IBFC-Jinxiang), Jinxiang, China
| | - Jiangping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenlong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaoyun He
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Amir Sherman
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization—The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Lin Li
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rina Kamenetsky
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization—The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Touming Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Industrial Research Institute of garlic (IBFC-Jinxiang), Jinxiang, China
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Shargil D, Zemach H, Belausov E, Lachman O, Luria N, Molad O, Smith E, Kamenetsky R, Dombrovsky A. Insights into the maternal pathway for Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus infection of cucurbit seeds. Protoplasma 2019; 256:1109-1118. [PMID: 30929075 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01370-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), genus Tobamovirus, is a major pathogen of cucurbits that primarily affects cucumber, melon, and watermelon crops. The aim of this study was to reveal the contribution of CGMMV-infected female flowers to disease spread. Using a fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) technique, we show that ovaries and ovules of CGMMV-infected cucumber and melon plants showed a CGMMV-specific fluorescence signal prior to and following anthesis. The fluorescence signal was prominent but sporadic. Ripe fruits of infected melon plants showed strong signals in the funiculus, the seed stalk, which connects the developing seed to the interior ovary wall. Importantly, in seeds, a strong fluorescence signal was observed in the perisperm-endosperm (PE) envelope, which underlies the seed coat and surrounds the embryo. Interestingly, the fluorescence signal was not uniformly distributed in the PE envelope but was localized to a specific envelope layer. These results have important epidemiological implications for CGMMV management and commercial seed production, particularly regarding the improvement of seed disinfection methods that will contribute to limit the global distribution of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Shargil
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Hanita Zemach
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Eduard Belausov
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Oded Lachman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Neta Luria
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Ori Molad
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, 760001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Elisheva Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Rina Kamenetsky
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Aviv Dombrovsky
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel.
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Spitzer-Rimon B, Duchin S, Bernstein N, Kamenetsky R. Architecture and Florogenesis in Female Cannabis sativa Plants. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:350. [PMID: 31001293 PMCID: PMC6454139 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The inflorescence is the main product of medical cannabis. Hundreds of specialized metabolites with potential bioactivity are produced and accumulated in the glandular trichomes that are highly abundant mainly on female inflorescences. Understanding the morphophysiological and genetic mechanisms governing flower and inflorescence development is therefore of high scientific and practical importance. However, in-depth investigations of cannabis florogenesis are limited. Cannabis producers and researchers consider long photoperiod to be "non-inductive" or "vegetative," but under these growth conditions, the development of solitary flowers and bracts in shoot internodes clearly indicates that the plant cannot be defined as vegetative or non-inductive in the classical sense. Most probably, induction of solitary flowers is age-dependent and controlled by internal signals, but not by photoperiod. Short photoperiod induces intense branching, which results in the development of a compound raceme. Each inflorescence consists of condensed branchlets with the same phytomer structure as that of the larger phytomers developed under long day. Each phytomer consists of reduced leaves, bracts, one or two solitary flowers, and an axillary shoot (or inflorescence). Therefore, the effect of short photoperiod on cannabis florogenesis is not flower induction, but rather a dramatic change in shoot apex architecture to form a compound racemose inflorescence structure. An understanding of the morphophysiological characteristics of cannabis inflorescence will lay the foundation for biotechnological and physiological applications to modify architecture and to maximize plant productivity and uniformity in medical Cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Spitzer-Rimon
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- *Correspondence: Ben Spitzer-Rimon,
| | - Shai Duchin
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Nirit Bernstein
- Institute of Soil Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Rina Kamenetsky
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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Rohkin Shalom S, Gillett D, Zemach H, Kimhi S, Forer I, Zutahy Y, Tam Y, Teper-Bamnolker P, Kamenetsky R, Eshel D. Storage temperature controls the timing of garlic bulb formation via shoot apical meristem termination. Planta 2015; 242:951-62. [PMID: 26017222 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2334-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Timing of bulb formation and floral stem induction in garlic is controlled by preplanting storage temperature and shoot apical meristem termination, probably via FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) genes. Garlic is planted in the winter, undergoes a vegetative stage, then forms bulbs in response to increasing temperature and lengthening photoperiod. Herein, the storage conditions for propagation bulbs are shown to potentially affect future vegetative-stage length and timing of bulb formation. Storage temperatures of 2 or 33 °C inhibited internal bud growth. Levels of endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and its inactive isomer trans-ABA were significantly higher in the internal bud of cloves stored at 33 vs. 2 °C, and exogenous ABA treatment before planting confirmed its inhibitory effect on foliage leaf development. Bulb formation started 30 and 60 days after planting of cloves stored at 2 and 33 °C, respectively. Warm storage temperature induced the formation of multiple leaves and cloves after planting. Plants from cloves stored at warm temperature developed a floral stem, whereas those from cold storage did not. Allium sativum FLOWERING LOCUS T1 (AsFT1) was upregulated 2.5- and 4.5-fold in the internal bud and storage leaf, respectively, after 90 and 150 days of cold vs. warm storage. Expression of AsFT4, expected to be antagonist to AsFT1, was 2- to 3-fold lower in the internal bud from cold storage. Expression of AsFT2, associated with floral termination, was 2- to 3- and 10- to 12-fold higher for cold vs. warm storage temperatures, in the internal bud and storage leaf, respectively. Early bulb formation, induced by cold storage, is suggested to inhibit normal foliage leaf development and transition of the shoot apical meristem to reproductive meristem, through regulation of FT genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarit Rohkin Shalom
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, The Volcani Center, ARO, Bet Dagan, Israel
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Shargil D, Zemach H, Belausov E, Lachman O, Kamenetsky R, Dombrovsky A. Development of a fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) technique for visualizing CGMMV in plant tissues. J Virol Methods 2015; 223:55-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Mayer ES, Ben-Michael T, Kimhi S, Forer I, Rabinowitch HD, Kamenetsky R. Effects of different temperature regimes on flower development, microsporogenesis and fertility in bolting garlic (Allium sativum). Funct Plant Biol 2015; 42:514-526. [PMID: 32480697 DOI: 10.1071/fp14262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Garlic (Allium sativum L.) cultivars do not develop fertile flowers and seeds. Therefore, garlic production and improvement depend exclusively on vegetative propagation. Recent advances in garlic research have enabled fertility restoration and the discovery of fertile and male-sterile genotypes; however, the environmental regulation of the reproductive process is still not clear. Garlic seeds are successfully produced in the Mediterrenean region, where the photoperiod is relatively short, whereas spring and summer temperatures are high. We hypothesise that, in bolting garlic, various stages of florogenesis are differentially regulated by temperature and that high temperatures might obstruct pollen production. The effects of eight combinations of controlled growth temperatures on fertile and male-sterile garlic clones were studied. In both genotypes, a gradual temperature increase before and during anthesis favoured intact flower development. Surprisingly, continuous exposure to moderate temperatures during the entire growth period resulted in poor flowering, anther abortion and reduced pollen production. In the male-sterile genotype, no growth regime improved pollen production, which is controlled by genetic mechanisms. In the male-fertile genotype, gradual temperature increase supported pollen production but a sharp transition to high temperatures resulted in rapid flower senescence and pollen abortion, thus supporting our research hypothesis. In both fertile and male-sterile plants, the most vulnerable phase of microsporogenesis is the unicellular microspore stage. Tapetal malformation is the major cause for malnutrition of the microspores, with consequent production of nonviable pollen grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einat Shemesh Mayer
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Science and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Tomer Ben-Michael
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Science and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sagie Kimhi
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Science and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Itzhak Forer
- Institute of Plant Science, Agricultural Research Organisation, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Haim D Rabinowitch
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Science and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Rina Kamenetsky
- Institute of Plant Science, Agricultural Research Organisation, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
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Shemesh-Mayer E, Ben-Michael T, Rotem N, Rabinowitch HD, Doron-Faigenboim A, Kosmala A, Perlikowski D, Sherman A, Kamenetsky R. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) fertility: transcriptome and proteome analyses provide insight into flower and pollen development. Front Plant Sci 2015; 6:271. [PMID: 25972879 PMCID: PMC4411974 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Commercial cultivars of garlic, a popular condiment, are sterile, making genetic studies and breeding of this plant challenging. However, recent fertility restoration has enabled advanced physiological and genetic research and hybridization in this important crop. Morphophysiological studies, combined with transcriptome and proteome analyses and quantitative PCR validation, enabled the identification of genes and specific processes involved in gametogenesis in fertile and male-sterile garlic genotypes. Both genotypes exhibit normal meiosis at early stages of anther development, but in the male-sterile plants, tapetal hypertrophy after microspore release leads to pollen degeneration. Transcriptome analysis and global gene-expression profiling showed that >16,000 genes are differentially expressed in the fertile vs. male-sterile developing flowers. Proteome analysis and quantitative comparison of 2D-gel protein maps revealed 36 significantly different protein spots, 9 of which were present only in the male-sterile genotype. Bioinformatic and quantitative PCR validation of 10 candidate genes exhibited significant expression differences between male-sterile and fertile flowers. A comparison of morphophysiological and molecular traits of fertile and male-sterile garlic flowers suggests that respiratory restrictions and/or non-regulated programmed cell death of the tapetum can lead to energy deficiency and consequent pollen abortion. Potential molecular markers for male fertility and sterility in garlic are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einat Shemesh-Mayer
- Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Institute of Plant ScienceBet Dagan, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Science and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovot, Israel
| | - Tomer Ben-Michael
- Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Institute of Plant ScienceBet Dagan, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Science and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovot, Israel
| | - Neta Rotem
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Science and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovot, Israel
| | - Haim D. Rabinowitch
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Science and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovot, Israel
| | - Adi Doron-Faigenboim
- Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Institute of Plant ScienceBet Dagan, Israel
| | - Arkadiusz Kosmala
- Department of Environmental Stress Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of SciencesPoznan, Poland
| | - Dawid Perlikowski
- Department of Environmental Stress Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of SciencesPoznan, Poland
| | - Amir Sherman
- Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Institute of Plant ScienceBet Dagan, Israel
| | - Rina Kamenetsky
- Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Institute of Plant ScienceBet Dagan, Israel
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Kamenetsky R, Faigenboim A, Shemesh Mayer E, Ben Michael T, Gershberg C, Kimhi S, Esquira I, Rohkin Shalom S, Eshel D, Rabinowitch HD, Sherman A. Integrated transcriptome catalogue and organ-specific profiling of gene expression in fertile garlic (Allium sativum L.). BMC Genomics 2015; 16:12. [PMID: 25609311 PMCID: PMC4307630 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1212-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Garlic is cultivated and consumed worldwide as a popular condiment and green vegetable with medicinal and neutraceutical properties. Garlic cultivars do not produce seeds, and therefore, this plant has not been the subject of either classical breeding or genetic studies. However, recent achievements in fertility restoration in a number of genotypes have led to flowering and seed production, thus enabling genetic studies and breeding in garlic. Results A transcriptome catalogue of fertile garlic was produced from multiplexed gene libraries, using RNA collected from various plant organs, including inflorescences and flowers. Over 32 million 250-bp paired-end reads were assembled into an extensive transcriptome of 240,000 contigs. An abundant transcriptome assembled separately from 102,000 highly expressed contigs was annotated and analyzed for gene ontology and metabolic pathways. Organ-specific analysis showed significant variation of gene expression between plant organs, with the highest number of specific reads in inflorescences and flowers. Analysis of the enriched biological processes and molecular functions revealed characteristic patterns for stress response, flower development and photosynthetic activity. Orthologues of key flowering genes were differentially expressed, not only in reproductive tissues, but also in leaves and bulbs, suggesting their role in flower-signal transduction and the bulbing process. More than 100 variants and isoforms of enzymes involved in organosulfur metabolism were differentially expressed and had organ-specific patterns. In addition to plant genes, viral RNA of at least four garlic viruses was detected, mostly in the roots and cloves, whereas only 1–4% of the reads were found in the foliage leaves. Conclusions The de novo transcriptome of fertile garlic represents a new resource for research and breeding of this important crop, as well as for the development of effective molecular markers for useful traits, including fertility and seed production, resistance to pests and neutraceutical characteristics. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1212-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Kamenetsky
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel.
| | - Adi Faigenboim
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel.
| | - Einat Shemesh Mayer
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel. .,Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Tomer Ben Michael
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel. .,Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Chen Gershberg
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel.
| | - Sagie Kimhi
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel.
| | | | - Sarit Rohkin Shalom
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel. .,Institute of Postharvest and The Food Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel.
| | - Dani Eshel
- Institute of Postharvest and The Food Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel.
| | - Haim D Rabinowitch
- Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Amir Sherman
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel.
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Noy-Porat T, Cohen D, Mathew D, Eshel A, Kamenetsky R, Flaishman MA. Turned on by heat: differential expression of FT and LFY-like genes in Narcissus tazetta during floral transition. J Exp Bot 2013; 64:3273-84. [PMID: 23833196 PMCID: PMC3733150 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In Narcissus tazetta, a monocotyledonous bulbous geophyte, floral initiation and differentiation occur within the bulb during the quiescent period in summer, when ambient temperatures are relatively high and the bulb is located underground with no foliage or roots. In many plant species, FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and its homologues are considered powerful promoters of flowering. The Narcissus FT gene homologue (NtFT) was isolated, and organ-specific expression patterns of NtFT during the annual cycle and reproductive development under different temperature regimes were analysed using quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) and RNA in situ hybridization. During floral induction, NtFT was not expressed in bulb scales, roots, or foliage leaves, but it was detected inside the bulb in the apical meristem and leaf primordia. The expression of another key flowering gene, NLF, the LEAFY homologue in N. tazetta, was also observed only in meristem and leaf primordia within the bulbs; however, its expression did not coincide with that of NtFT during meristem transition to reproductive stage. Under high temperatures (25-30 °C) in the dark, NtFT expression occurred simultaneously with floral induction timing, indicating that floral induction is affected by high temperatures but not by photoperiod or vernalization. Monitoring the apical meristem of Narcissus in February-August of two growing seasons under ambient and controlled storage conditions showed that transition to flowering is temperature dependent and varies between years. Lack of NtFT and NLF expression in foliage leaves suggests that flower initiation control in Narcissus differs from that in common model plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Noy-Porat
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Doron Cohen
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Deepu Mathew
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel
- * Present address: Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, College of Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural University, KAU, 680656, India
| | - Amram Eshel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Rina Kamenetsky
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Moshe A. Flaishman
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Shemesh Mayer E, Winiarczyk K, Błaszczyk L, Kosmala A, Rabinowitch HD, Kamenetsky R. Male gametogenesis and sterility in garlic (Allium sativum L.): barriers on the way to fertilization and seed production. Planta 2013; 237:103-20. [PMID: 22986686 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1748-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Commercial cultivars of garlic (Allium sativum) do not produce flowers and seed; hence, information on microgametogenesis and genetic knowledge of this important crop is unavailable. Recently, physiological studies enabled flowering and fertility restoration in garlic bolting genotypes by environmental manipulations, thus broadening of the genetic variation and facilitating genetic studies. The present report provides first detailed description of the development of male gametophytes in 11 garlic genotypes varying in their fertility traits. Morphological and anatomical studies revealed completely fertile genotypes, as well as variation in anther and pollen development and disruption of the male organs and gametes at different developmental stages. Three types of plant sterility were observed, including complete sterility, male sterility and environmentally induced male sterility. The ITS1 and ITS2 regions of rRNA of the studied genotypes proved to be strongly conservative and thus did not correspond with the phenotypic expression of fertility or sterility in garlic. On the other hand, two-dimensional protein separation maps revealed significant differences between fertile and sterile genotypes, as well as between developmental stages of microsporogenesis. Further research is needed to investigate the internal mechanisms and environmental component of garlic sterility, as well as the possible molecular markers of these traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einat Shemesh Mayer
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Science and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Neta R, David-Schwartz R, Peretz Y, Sela I, Rabinowitch HD, Flaishman M, Kamenetsky R. Flower development in garlic: the ups and downs of gaLFY expression. Planta 2011; 233:1063-72. [PMID: 21286748 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1361-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The lack of sexual processes prohibits genetic studies and conventional breeding in commercial cultivars of garlic. Recent restoration of garlic flowering ability by environmental manipulations has opened new avenues for physiological and genetic studies. The LEAFY homologue gaLFY has been shown to be involved in the floral development, while two alternatively spliced gaLFY transcripts are expressed in flowering genotypes. In the present work, quantitative real-time PCR and two techniques of RNA in situ hybridization were employed to analyze spatiotemporal expression patterns of the gaLFY during consequent stages of the garlic reproductive process. Temporal accumulation of gaLFY is strongly associated with reproductive organs, significantly increased during florogenesis and gametogenesis, and is down-regulated in the vegetative meristems and topsets in the inflorescence. The two alternative transcripts of the gene show different expression patterns: a high level of the long gaLFY transcript coincided only with floral transition, while further up-regulation of this gene in the reproductive organs is associated mainly with the short gaLFY transcript. It is concluded that gaLFY is involved at different stages of the sexual reproduction of garlic. These new insights broaden our basic understanding of flower biology of garlic and help to establish conventional and molecular breeding systems for this important crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotem Neta
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Science and Genetics in Agriculture, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
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12
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Shemesh E, Scholten O, Rabinowitch HD, Kamenetsky R. Unlocking variability: inherent variation and developmental traits of garlic plants originated from sexual reproduction. Planta 2008; 227:1013-24. [PMID: 18193276 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-007-0675-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent collections of fertile garlic (Allium sativum) accessions from Central Asia allow a detailed study of seedling developments and the evaluation of inherent variations. We hereby provide a comprehensive account of the ontogenesis of a population of garlic seedlings and their vegetative and reproductive traits. A nucleotide binding site profiling marker technology was applied to provide conclusive evidence for the cross-pollination nature of garlic, and to compare the levels of polymorphism between progeny derived from a single mother clone fertilized by several pollinators. The seedlings' population demonstrates a large variation in vegetative and reproductive characters, including bulbing ability, bulb color and size, clove number, and response to environmental conditions, similar to that of the genepool of vegetatively propagated garlic clones. In addition, a large variation in flowering and seed production ability was recorded. The understanding of garlic physiology, the availability of the large variability unleashed by sexual reproduction, and the possible utilization of sexual hybridization opens the way for genetic studies and breeding work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einat Shemesh
- The Robert H Smith Institute of Plant Science and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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13
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Rotem N, Shemesh E, Peretz Y, Akad F, Edelbaum O, Rabinowitch HD, Sela I, Kamenetsky R. Reproductive development and phenotypic differences in garlic are associated with expression and splicing of LEAFY homologue gaLFY. J Exp Bot 2007; 58:1133-41. [PMID: 17237158 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erl272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Modern garlic (Allium sativum L.) cultivars are sterile and propagated only vegetatively. The recent discovery of fertile genotypes in Central Asia and the restoration of flowering and fertility by environmental manipulations open the way for in-depth florogenetic, genetic, and molecular research in garlic. In the present work, two bolting garlic accessions were employed: #3026, developing normal flowers and seeds, and #2509, in which flowers abort at the early stages of development. Morphological studies showed transition of the apical meristems from the vegetative to the reproductive stage and inflorescence initiation in both genotypes. Low temperatures promote transition of the apex and stem elongation, but have no effect on the phenotypic expression of the inflorescence development. The initial stages of reproductive development in non-flowering #2509 plants were followed by abortion of floral primordia at the differentiation stage. A search for genes involved in the control of flowering in garlic resulted in identification of the garlic LEAFY/FLO homologue, gaLFY. Further comparative analyses of gene expression revealed two gaLFY transcripts, differing in 64 nucleotides, with clear splicing borders. The short variant transcript was identified in both genotypes throughout all development stages, whereas the long variant appears in the flowering genotype #3026 only during reproductive development. The phenotypic differences in garlic, with regard to flowering, may be associated with the efficacy of the splicing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neta Rotem
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Science and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Quality Sciences, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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14
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Zaffryar S, Zimerman B, Abu-Abied M, Belausov E, Lurya G, Vainstein A, Kamenetsky R, Sadot E. Development-specific association of amyloplasts with microtubules in scale cells of Narcissus tazetta. Protoplasma 2007; 230:153-63. [PMID: 17458630 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-006-0238-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2005] [Accepted: 10/24/2005] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Narcissus tazetta is one of the major geophyte crops worldwide, but little is known about its cell biology. The narcissus storage organ was studied by monitoring scale cell biology during the growth stage and dormancy, and it was found that amyloplasts gradually increased in size and reached a maximum at dormancy. In parallel, microtubules changed their organisation: during the growth phase (February to March) they were oblique; during April and May, microtubules formed a network with round "holes"; by late June and the beginning of July, when dormancy started, they were organised in parallel arrays. The holes formed in the microtubule array corresponded to amyloplasts. A closer look showed that during a short time window, while the plants were preparing for dormancy, the microtubules surrounded the amyloplasts. In vitro reconfirmation of this phenomenon was obtained when fluorescent bovine brain microtubules enwrapped isolated amyloplasts that had been purified between April and July but not those purified between January and March. Interestingly, protease treatment of amyloplasts did not completely prevent binding of microtubules, which suggests the existence of a protease-resistant factor that docks microtubules to the outer membrane of amyloplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zaffryar
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
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15
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16
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Kamenetsky R, Peterson RL, Melville LH, Machado CF, Bewley JD. Seasonal adaptations of the tuberous roots of Ranunculus asiaticus to desiccation and resurrection by changes in cell structure and protein content. New Phytol 2005; 166:193-204. [PMID: 15760363 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01306.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The annual developmental cycle of tuberous roots of Ranunculus asiaticus was studied with respect to structure and content of their cells, to understand how these roots are adapted to desiccation, high temperature and rehydration. Light microscopy, histochemical analysis, and protein analyses by SDS-PAGE were employed at eight stages of annual root development. During growth and maturation of the roots, cortical cells increased in size and their cell walls accumulated pectin materials in a distinct layer to the inside of the primary walls, with pits between adjoining cells. The number of starch granules and protein bodies also increased within the cells. Several discrete proteins accumulated. Following quiescence and rehydration of the roots there was a loss of starch and proteins from the cells, and cell walls decreased in thickness. The resurrection geophyte R. asiaticus possesses desiccation-tolerant annual roots. They store carbon and nitrogen reserves within their cells, and pectin within the walls to support growth of the plant following summer quiescence and rehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Kamenetsky
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, ARO, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel.
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17
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Bendel P, Zemah H, Kamenetsky R, Vergeldt F, van As H. Magnetization transfer and double-quantum filtered imaging as probes for motional restricted water in tulip bulbs. Magn Reson Imaging 2001; 19:857-65. [PMID: 11551727 DOI: 10.1016/s0730-725x(01)00398-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Parameter sensitive MRI experiments were performed on tulip bulbs before and after storage at two different temperatures, 4 degrees C (chilled), and 20 degrees C (non-chilled). Quantitative measurements of the amount of magnetization transfer (MT) in the storage scales of the bulbs, were compared to the average values of the relaxation rates R(1) and R(2), and the apparent normalized spin density (NSD). At the end of the storage period, bulbs were also scanned using 1H double quantum (DQ) filtered imaging. Both MT and DQ filtered imaging revealed significant differences between chilled and non-chilled bulbs, which were consistent with the differences observed in the average values of NSD, R(1,) and R(2.) The results indicated a smaller fraction of solid protons (e.g., starch, sugars, and possibly bound water), or less contact between these solid protons and (free) water in the storage scales of the chilled bulbs, after 8 weeks of storage at low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bendel
- Department of Chemical Services, MR Center, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel.
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Van der Toorn A, Zemah H, Van As H, Bendel P, Kamenetsky R. Developmental changes and water status in tulip bulbs during storage: visualization by NMR imaging. J Exp Bot 2000; 51:1277-87. [PMID: 10937704 DOI: 10.1093/jexbot/51.348.1277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to follow time-dependent morphological changes and changes in water status of tulip bulbs (Tulipa gesneriana L., cv. 'Apeldoorn') during bulb storage for 12 weeks at 20 degrees C (non-chilled) or 4 degrees C (chilled) and after planting. MR images reflecting the water content, the relaxation times T1 and T2 (or their reciprocal values, the relaxation rates R1 and R2), and the apparent self-diffusion coefficient of water molecules (ADC), were obtained for intact bulbs. After planting, scape elongation and flowering occurred only in chilled bulbs, while elongation in non-chilled bulbs was retarded. Microscopic observations showed different structural components and high heterogeneity of the bulb tissues. MRI revealed the elongation of the flower bud during storage, which was significantly faster in the chilled bulbs. In addition, MRI demonstrated a redistribution of water between different bulb organs, as well as significant differences in the pattern of this redistribution between the chilled and non-chilled bulbs. Generally, R2 relaxation rates became faster in all bulb organs during storage. At the same time, ADC values remained constant in the chilled bulbs, while exhibiting a significant increase in the non-chilled bulbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Van der Toorn
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen NMR Centre, The Netherlands
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