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Mora J, Palmer R, Wagner L, Wu B, Partridge M, Meena, Sonderegger I, Smeraglia J, Bivi N, Dakappagari N, Diebold S, Garofolo F, Grimaldi C, Kalina W, Kamerud J, Kar S, Marshall JC, Mayer C, Melton A, Merdek K, Nolan K, Picard S, Shao W, Seitzer J, Tanaka Y, Tounekti O, Vigil A, Walravens K, Xu J, Xu W, Xu Y, Yang L, Zhu L, Verthelyi D, Kubiak RJ, Coble K, Gupta S, Abhari MR, Richards S, Song Y, Ullmann M, Calderon B, Cludts I, Gunn GR, Gupta S, Ishii-Watabe A, Manangeeswaran M, Maxfield K, McCush F, O'Day C, Peng K, Poetzl J, Rasamoelisolo M, Saad OM, Scheibner K, Shubow S, Song S, Thacker S. 2023 White Paper on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis: ISR for ADA Assays, the Rise of dPCR vs qPCR, International Reference Standards for Vaccine Assays, Anti-AAV TAb Post-Dose Assessment, NanoString Validation, ELISpot as Gold Standard (Part 3 - Recommendations on Gene Therapy, Cell Therapy, Vaccines Immunogenicity & Technologies; Biotherapeutics Immunogenicity & Risk Assessment; ADA/NAb Assay/Reporting Harmonization). Bioanalysis 2024; 16:77-119. [PMID: 38389403 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2024-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The 17th Workshop on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis (17th WRIB) took place in Orlando, FL, USA on June 19-23, 2023. Over 1000 professionals representing pharma/biotech companies, CROs, and multiple regulatory agencies convened to actively discuss the most current topics of interest in bioanalysis. The 17th WRIB included 3 Main Workshops and 7 Specialized Workshops that together spanned 1 week to allow an exhaustive and thorough coverage of all major issues in bioanalysis of biomarkers, immunogenicity, gene therapy, cell therapy and vaccines. Moreover, in-depth workshops on "EU IVDR 2017/746 Implementation and impact for the Global Biomarker Community: How to Comply with these NEW Regulations" and on "US FDA/OSIS Remote Regulatory Assessments (RRAs)" were the special features of the 17th edition. As in previous years, WRIB continued to gather a wide diversity of international, industry opinion leaders and regulatory authority experts working on both small and large molecules as well as gene, cell therapies and vaccines to facilitate sharing and discussions focused on improving quality, increasing regulatory compliance, and achieving scientific excellence on bioanalytical issues. This 2023 White Paper encompasses recommendations emerging from the extensive discussions held during the workshop and is aimed to provide the bioanalytical community with key information and practical solutions on topics and issues addressed, in an effort to enable advances in scientific excellence, improved quality and better regulatory compliance. Due to its length, the 2023 edition of this comprehensive White Paper has been divided into three parts for editorial reasons. This publication (Part 3) covers the recommendations on Gene Therapy, Cell therapy, Vaccines and Biotherapeutics Immunogenicity. Part 1A (Mass Spectrometry Assays and Regulated Bioanalysis/BMV), P1B (Regulatory Inputs) and Part 2 (Biomarkers, IVD/CDx, LBA and Cell-Based Assays) are published in volume 16 of Bioanalysis, issues 8 and 9 (2024), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Meena
- Stoke, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Joshua Xu
- US FDA, Jefferson, AR, USA
- Regenxbio, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Lin Yang
- US FDA, Jefferson, AR, USA
- Regenxbio, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuan Song
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kate Peng
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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Huang Y, Yuan J, Mu R, Kubiak RJ, Ball K, Cao M, Hussmann GP, de Mel N, Liu D, Roskos LK, Liang M, Rosenbaum AI. Multiplex Bioanalytical Methods for Comprehensive Characterization and Quantification of the Unique Complementarity-Determining-Region Deamidation of MEDI7247, an Anti-ASCT2 Pyrrolobenzodiazepine Antibody-Drug Conjugate. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:66. [PMID: 37873863 PMCID: PMC10594446 DOI: 10.3390/antib12040066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Deamidation, a common post-translational modification, may impact multiple physiochemical properties of a therapeutic protein. MEDI7247, a pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), contains a unique deamidation site, N102, located within the complementarity-determining region (CDR), impacting the affinity of MEDI7247 to its target. Therefore, it was necessary to monitor MEDI7247 deamidation status in vivo. Due to the low dose, a sensitive absolute quantification method using immunocapture coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LBA-LC-MS/MS) was developed and qualified. We characterized the isomerization via Electron-Activated Dissociation (EAD), revealing that deamidation resulted in iso-aspartic acid. The absolute quantification of deamidation requires careful assay optimization in order not to perturb the balance of the deamidated and nondeamidated forms. Moreover, the selection of capture reagents essential for the correct quantitative assessment of deamidation was evaluated. The final assay was qualified with 50 ng/mL LLOQ for ADC for total and nondeamidated antibody quantification, with qualitative monitoring of the deamidated antibody. The impact of deamidation on the pharmacokinetic characteristics of MEDI7247 from clinical trial NCT03106428 was analyzed, revealing a gradual reduction in the nondeamidated form of MEDI7247 in vivo. Careful quantitative biotransformation analyses of complex biotherapeutic conjugates help us understand changes in product PTMs after administration, thus providing a more complete view of in vivo pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Huang
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, 121 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (Y.H.); (J.Y.); (R.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Jiaqi Yuan
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, 121 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (Y.H.); (J.Y.); (R.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Ruipeng Mu
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, 121 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (Y.H.); (J.Y.); (R.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Robert J. Kubiak
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (R.J.K.); (L.K.R.)
| | - Kathryn Ball
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK;
| | - Mingyan Cao
- Department of Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (M.C.); (G.P.H.); (N.d.M.); (D.L.)
| | - G. Patrick Hussmann
- Department of Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (M.C.); (G.P.H.); (N.d.M.); (D.L.)
| | - Niluka de Mel
- Department of Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (M.C.); (G.P.H.); (N.d.M.); (D.L.)
| | - Dengfeng Liu
- Department of Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (M.C.); (G.P.H.); (N.d.M.); (D.L.)
| | - Lorin K. Roskos
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (R.J.K.); (L.K.R.)
| | - Meina Liang
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, 121 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (Y.H.); (J.Y.); (R.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Anton I. Rosenbaum
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, 121 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (Y.H.); (J.Y.); (R.M.); (M.L.)
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Domachowske JB, Chang Y, Atanasova V, Cabañas F, Furuno K, Nguyen KA, Banu I, Kubiak RJ, Leach A, Mankad VS, Shroff M, Takas T, Villafana T, Wählby Hamrén U. Safety of Re-dosing Nirsevimab Prior to RSV Season 2 in Children With Heart or Lung Disease. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2023; 12:477-480. [PMID: 37466917 PMCID: PMC10469583 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piad052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
In children with congenital heart disease and/or chronic lung disease entering their second respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) season, 200 mg nirsevimab had a similar safety profile to that of palivizumab and resulted in nirsevimab serum exposures associated with efficacy in healthy infants, supporting efficacy in this population at risk of severe RSV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph B Domachowske
- Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Yue Chang
- Vaccines & Immune Therapies, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Fernando Cabañas
- Department of Paediatrics-Neonatology, Quironsalud Madrid University Hospital and Quironsalud San José Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kenji Furuno
- Department of General Pediatrics and Interdisciplinary Medicine, Fukuoka Children’s Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kim A Nguyen
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Femme-Mere-Enfant, Service de Réanimation Néonatale et de Neonatologie (NICU) et CIC 1407, Lyon, France
| | - Irfana Banu
- Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert J Kubiak
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Amanda Leach
- Vaccines & Immune Therapies, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Vaishali S Mankad
- Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Manish Shroff
- Patient Safety, Chief Medical Office, R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Therese Takas
- Vaccines & Immune Therapies, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Tonya Villafana
- Vaccines & Immune Therapies, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Ulrika Wählby Hamrén
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Pan L, Mora J, Walravens K, Wagner L, Hopper S, Loo L, Bettoun D, Bond S, Dessy F, Downing S, Garofolo F, Gupta S, Henderson N, Irwin C, Ishii-Watabe A, Kar S, Jawa V, Joseph J, Malvaux L, Marshall JC, McDevitt J, Mohapatra S, Seitzer J, Smith J, Solstad T, Sugimoto H, Tounekti O, Wu B, Wu Y, Xu Y, Xu J, Yamamoto T, Yang L, Torri A, Kirshner S, Maxfield K, Vasconcelos JP, Abhari MR, Verthelyi D, Brodsky E, Carrasco-Triguero M, Kamerud J, Andisik M, Baltrukonis D, Bivi N, Cludts I, Coble K, Gorovits B, Gunn GR, Gupta S, Millner AH, Joyce A, Kubiak RJ, Kumar S, Liao K, Manangeeswaran M, Partridge M, Pine S, Poetzl J, Rajadhyaksha M, Rasamoelisolo M, Richards S, Song Y, Swanson S, Thacker S, Wadhwa M, Wolf A, Zhang L, Zhou L. 2022 White Paper on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis: FDA Draft Guidance on Immunogenicity Information in Prescription Drug Labeling, LNP & Viral Vectors Therapeutics/Vaccines Immunogenicity, Prolongation Effect, ADA Affinity, Risk-based Approaches, NGS, qPCR, ddPCR Assays ( Part 3 - Recommendations on Gene Therapy, Cell Therapy, Vaccines Immunogenicity & Technologies; Immunogenicity & Risk Assessment of Biotherapeutics and Novel Modalities; NAb Assays Integrated Approach). Bioanalysis 2023; 15:773-814. [PMID: 37526071 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2022 16th Workshop on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis (WRIB) took place in Atlanta, GA, USA on September 26-30, 2022. Over 1000 professionals representing pharma/biotech companies, CROs, and multiple regulatory agencies convened to actively discuss the most current topics of interest in bioanalysis. The 16th WRIB included 3 Main Workshops and 7 Specialized Workshops that together spanned 1 week in order to allow exhaustive and thorough coverage of all major issues in bioanalysis, biomarkers, immunogenicity, gene therapy, cell therapy and vaccines. Moreover, in-depth workshops on ICH M10 BMV final guideline (focused on this guideline training, interpretation, adoption and transition); mass spectrometry innovation (focused on novel technologies, novel modalities, and novel challenges); and flow cytometry bioanalysis (rising of the 3rd most common/important technology in bioanalytical labs) were the special features of the 16th edition. As in previous years, WRIB continued to gather a wide diversity of international, industry opinion leaders and regulatory authority experts working on both small and large molecules as well as gene, cell therapies and vaccines to facilitate sharing and discussions focused on improving quality, increasing regulatory compliance, and achieving scientific excellence on bioanalytical issues. This 2022 White Paper encompasses recommendations emerging from the extensive discussions held during the workshop and is aimed to provide the bioanalytical community with key information and practical solutions on topics and issues addressed, in an effort to enable advances in scientific excellence, improved quality and better regulatory compliance. Due to its length, the 2022 edition of this comprehensive White Paper has been divided into three parts for editorial reasons. This publication (Part 3) covers the recommendations on Gene Therapy, Cell therapy, Vaccines and Biotherapeutics Immunogenicity. Part 1 (Mass Spectrometry and ICH M10) and Part 2 (LBA, Biomarkers/CDx and Cytometry) are published in volume 15 of Bioanalysis, issues 16 and 15 (2023), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Vibha Jawa
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuan Song
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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Forte-Soto P, Albayaty M, Brooks D, Arends RH, Tillinghast J, Aksyuk AA, Bouquet J, Chen C, Gebre A, Kubiak RJ, Pilla Reddy V, Seegobin S, Streicher K, Templeton A, Esser MT. Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of Half-Life Extended SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies AZD7442 (Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab) in Healthy Adults. J Infect Dis 2023; 227:1153-1163. [PMID: 36683419 PMCID: PMC10175065 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AZD7442 is a combination of extended half-life, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (tixagevimab/cilgavimab). METHODS This phase 1, first-in-human, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation study evaluated AZD7442 administered intramuscularly (300 mg) or intravenously (300, 1000, 3000 mg) in healthy adults (aged 18-55 years). The primary endpoint was safety and tolerability. Secondary endpoints included pharmacokinetics and anti-drug antibodies. RESULTS Between August 18-October 16, 2020, 60 participants enrolled; 50 received AZD7442 and 10 received placebo. Adverse events (all of mild/moderate intensity) occurred in 26 (52.0%) and 8 (80.0%) participants (AZD7442 and placebo groups, respectively). No infusion- or injection-site, or hypersensitivity reactions occurred. Tixagevimab and cilgavimab had mean half-lives of approximately 90 days (range: 87.0-95.3 [tixagevimab], 79.8--91.1 [cilgavimab]) and similar pharmacokinetic profiles over the 361-day study period. SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibody titers provided by AZD7442 were maintained above those in plasma from convalescent coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) patients. CONCLUSIONS AZD7442 was well tolerated in healthy adults, showing a favorable safety profile across all doses. Depending on the SARS-CoV-2 variant, pharmacokinetic analyses suggest AZD7442 could offer protection for at least 6 months against symptomatic COVID-19 following a single 300 mg intramuscular administration. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT04507256 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04507256).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muna Albayaty
- Parexel Early Phase Clinical Unit, London, UK.,Patient Safety, Chief Medical Office, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dennis Brooks
- Patient Safety, Chief Medical Office, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Rosalinda H Arends
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - John Tillinghast
- Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Anastasia A Aksyuk
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Jerome Bouquet
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cecil Chen
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Asfiha Gebre
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Robert J Kubiak
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Venkatesh Pilla Reddy
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Seth Seegobin
- Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Katie Streicher
- Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Alison Templeton
- Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark T Esser
- Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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Mu R, Huang Y, Bouquet J, Yuan J, Kubiak RJ, Ma E, Naser S, Mylott WR, Ismaiel OA, Wheeler AM, Burkart R, Cortes DF, Bruton J, Arends RH, Liang M, Rosenbaum AI. Multiplex Hybrid Antigen-Capture LC-MRM Quantification in Sera and Nasal Lining Fluid of AZD7442, a SARS-CoV-2-Targeting Antibody Combination. Anal Chem 2022; 94:14835-14845. [PMID: 36269894 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AZD7442 (tixagevimab [AZD8895]/cilgavimab [AZD1061]) is a monoclonal antibody (mAb) combination in development for the prevention and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019. Traditionally, bioanalysis of mAbs is performed using ligand binding assays (LBAs), which offer sensitivity, robustness, and ease of implementation. However, LBAs frequently require generation of critical reagents that typically take several months. Instead, we developed a highly sensitive (5 ng/mL limit of quantification) method using a hybrid LBA-liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) approach for quantification of the two codosed antibodies in serum and nasal lining fluid (NLF), a rare matrix. The method was optimized by careful selection of multiple reaction monitoring, capture reagents, magnetic beads, chromatographic conditions, evaluations of selectivity, and matrix effect. The final assay used viral spike protein receptor-binding domain as capture reagent and signature proteotypic peptides from the complementarity-determining region of each mAb for detection. In contrast to other methods of similar/superior sensitivity, our approach did not require multidimensional separations and can be operated in an analytical flow regime, ensuring high throughput and robustness required for clinical analysis at scale. The sensitivity of this method significantly exceeds typical sensitivity of ∼100 ng/mL for analytical flow 1D LBA-LC-MS/MS methods for large macromolecules, such as antibodies. Furthermore, infection and vaccination status did not impact method performance, ensuring method robustness and applicability to a broad patient population. This report demonstrated the general applicability of the hybrid LBA-LC-MS/MS approach to platform quantification of antibodies with high sensitivity and reproducibility, with specialized extension to matrices of increasing interest, such as NLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruipeng Mu
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yue Huang
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jerome Bouquet
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jiaqi Yuan
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Robert J Kubiak
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Eric Ma
- Research and Development Biologics by LC-MS/MS, PPD Laboratories, Richmond, Virginia 23230, United States
| | - Sami Naser
- Research and Development Biologics by LC-MS/MS, PPD Laboratories, Richmond, Virginia 23230, United States
| | - William R Mylott
- Research and Development Biologics by LC-MS/MS, PPD Laboratories, Richmond, Virginia 23230, United States
| | - Omnia A Ismaiel
- Research and Development Biologics by LC-MS/MS, PPD Laboratories, Richmond, Virginia 23230, United States.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 2, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Aaron M Wheeler
- Research and Development Biologics by LC-MS/MS, PPD Laboratories, Richmond, Virginia 23230, United States
| | - Rebecca Burkart
- Research and Development Biologics by LC-MS/MS, PPD Laboratories, Richmond, Virginia 23230, United States
| | - Diego F Cortes
- Research and Development Biologics by LC-MS/MS, PPD Laboratories, Richmond, Virginia 23230, United States
| | - James Bruton
- Research and Development Biologics by LC-MS/MS, PPD Laboratories, Richmond, Virginia 23230, United States
| | - Rosalinda H Arends
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Meina Liang
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Anton I Rosenbaum
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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Starcevic Manning M, Hassanein M, Partridge MA, Jawa V, Mora J, Ryman J, Barker B, Braithwaite C, Carleton K, Hay L, Hottenstein C, Kubiak RJ, Devanarayan V. Comparison of Titer and Signal to Noise (S/N) for Determination of Anti-drug Antibody Magnitude Using Clinical Data from an Industry Consortium. AAPS J 2022; 24:81. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-022-00728-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractDuring biotherapeutic drug development, immunogenicity is evaluated by measuring anti-drug antibodies (ADAs). The presence and magnitude of ADA responses is assessed using a multi-tier workflow where samples are screened, confirmed, and titered. Recent reports suggest that the assay signal to noise ratio (S/N) obtained during the screening tier correlates well with titer. To determine whether S/N could more broadly replace titer, anonymized ADA data from a consortium of sponsors was collected and analyzed. Datasets from clinical programs with therapeutics of varying immunogenicity risk levels (low to high), common ADA assay platforms (ELISA and MSD) and formats (bridging, direct, solid-phase extraction with acid dissociation), and titration approaches (endpoint and interpolated) were included in the analysis. A statistically significant correlation between S/N and titer was observed in all datasets, with a strong correlation (Spearman’s r > 0.8) in 11 out of 15 assays (73%). For assays with available data, conclusions regarding ADA impact on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics were similar using S/N or titer. Subject ADA kinetic profiles were also comparable using the two measurements. Determination of antibody boosting in patients with pre-existing responses could be accomplished using similar approaches for titer and S/N. Investigation of factors that impacted the accuracy of ADA magnitude measurements revealed advantages and disadvantages to both approaches. In general, S/N had superior precision and ability to detect potentially low affinity/avidity responses compared to titer. This analysis indicates that S/N could serve as an equivalent and in some cases preferable alternative to titer for assessing ADA magnitude and evaluation of impact on clinical responses.
Graphical Abstract
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8
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Kubiak RJ, Zhang J, Ren P, Yang H, Roskos LK. Excessive outlier removal may result in cut points that are not suitable for immunogenicity assessments. J Immunol Methods 2018; 463:105-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
Accurate measurement of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) activity is important in view of the key role of this enzyme in signal-transduction pathways. In this work we synthesized enantiomerically pure phosphorothiolate analogues of all natural PI-PLC substrates, including those of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI-4,5-P2), 4-phosphate (PI-4-P), 5-phosphate (PI-5-P) and unphosphorylated PI, in both long- and short-chain versions. The enzymatic cleavage of these substrates produces thiol analogues of diacyl glycerol, which can be quantified by UV absorbance after treatment with dipyridyl disulfide. The monodisperse dihexanoyl derivatives are suitable substrates for PI-PLC assay: they give rise to high enzyme activity, and provide excellent linear kinetic responses. For all substrates, we found a good linear correlation between the reaction rate and the amount of enzyme; this indicated the suitability of this assay for enzyme quantification. The short-chain substrates enable the enzyme specificity with variously phosphorylated inositol head groups to be established--unobstructed by substrate aggregation, "scooting" kinetics on micelles, or surface dilution effects. The kinetic results indicated allosteric behavior of PLC for all substrates tested. We found that substrates phosphorylated at the inositol 4-position (phosphorothiolate analogues of PI-4,5-P2 and PI-4-P) displayed very similar kinetic properties, and were cleaved with approximately 20- to 30-fold higher activity than the 4-nonphosphorylated substrates (analogues of PI-5-P and PI). Hence it appears that interactions between the enzyme and the 4-phosphate group of the substrate, but not its 5-phosphate group, is important for PI-PLC catalysis. In addition, the binding affinities of all four substrate types were found to be quite similar; this indicates that the energy of enzyme interaction with the 4-phosphate group is directed almost entirely to catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL 60612, USA
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Zhang L, Zhang JJ, Kubiak RJ, Yang H. Statistical methods and tool for cut point analysis in immunogenicity assays. J Immunol Methods 2013; 389:79-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kubiak RJ, Zhang L, Zhang J, Zhu Y, Lee N, Weichold FF, Yang H, Abraham V, Akufongwe PF, Hewitt L, Robinson S, Liu W, Liu X, Patnaik MM, Spitz S, Wu Y, Roskos LK. Correlation of screening and confirmatory results in tiered immunogenicity testing by solution-phase bridging assays. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 74:235-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 10/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
Studies of cellular signal transduction mechanisms involving receptor-mediated generation of inositol phosphates and phosphorylated phosphatidylinositols require easy access to these naturally occurring products. Although numerous synthetic methods have been developed during the past decade, most of these methods suffer from excessive length and lack of generality. In this work we describe the comprehensive and uniform synthesis of all naturally occurring phosphatidylinositols such as phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate, 4-phosphate, 5-phosphate, 3,4-bisphosphate, 3,5-bisphosphate, 4,5-bisphosphate, and 3,4,5-trisphosphate, featuring both saturated and unsaturated fatty acid chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Kubiak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 6061, USA
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Chen DW, Kubiak RJ, Ashley JA, Janda KD. Reactive immunization elicits catalytic antibodies for polyester hydrolysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1039/b105412k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kravchuk AV, Zhao L, Kubiak RJ, Bruzik KS, Tsai MD. Mechanism of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C: origin of unusually high nonbridging thio effects. Biochemistry 2001; 40:5433-9. [PMID: 11331007 DOI: 10.1021/bi002372q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) has been proposed previously to employ a catalytic mechanism highly reminiscent of that of ribonuclease A (RNase A). Both catalytic sites are comprised of two histidine side chains acting as a general base-general acid pair and a phosphate-activating residue: an arginine in the case of PI-PLC and a lysine in RNase A. Despite these structural similarities, the PI-PLC reaction is slowed 10(5)-fold upon substitution of one of the phosphate nonbridging oxygen atoms with sulfur, whereas a much smaller effect is observed in the analogous RNase A reaction. Here, we report a systematic study of this property in PI-PLC, conducted by means of site-directed chemical modification of a cysteine residue replacing the arginine at position 69. The results show that mutant enzymes featuring bidentate side chains at this position display significantly higher activity, higher thio effects, and greater stereoselectivity than do those with monodentate side chains. The results suggest that the bidentate nature of Arg69 is the origin of the large thio effects and stereoselectivity in PI-PLC. We propose that in addition to binding the phosphate, the function of arginine 69 is to bring the phosphate group and the 2-OH group of inositol into proximity and to induce proper alignment for nucleophilic attack, and possibly to lower the pK(a) of the 2-OH. The results presented here could be important to mechanisms of phosphoryl transfer enzymes in general, suggesting that a major part of thio effects observed in enzymatic phosphoryl transfer reactions can originate from factors other than direct interaction between a side chain and a phosphate group, and caution the use of the absolute magnitude of the thio effect as an indicator of the strength of such interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Kravchuk
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA
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Kubiak RJ, Yue X, Hondal RJ, Mihai C, Tsai MD, Bruzik KS. Involvement of the Arg-Asp-His catalytic triad in enzymatic cleavage of the phosphodiester bond. Biochemistry 2001; 40:5422-32. [PMID: 11331006 DOI: 10.1021/bi002371y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) catalyzes the cleavage of the P-O bond in phosphatidylinositol via intramolecular nucleophilic attack of the 2-hydroxyl group of inositol on the phosphorus atom. Our earlier stereochemical and site-directed mutagenesis studies indicated that this reaction proceeds by a mechanism similar to that of RNase A, and that the catalytic site of PI-PLC consists of three major components analogous to those observed in RNase A, the His32 general base, the His82 general acid, and Arg69 acting as a phosphate-activating residue. In addition, His32 is associated with Asp274 in forming a catalytic triad with inositol 2-hydroxyl, and His82 is associated with Asp33 in forming a catalytic diad. The focus of this work is to provide a global view of the mechanism, assess cooperation between various catalytic residues, and determine the origin of enzyme activation by the hydrophobic leaving group. To this end, we have investigated kinetic properties of Arg69, Asp33, and His82 mutants with phosphorothioate substrate analogues which feature leaving groups of varying hydrophobicity and pK(a). Our results indicate that interaction of the nonbridging pro-S oxygen atom of the phosphate group with Arg69 is strongly affected by Asp33, and to a smaller extent by His82. This result in conjunction with those obtained earlier can be rationalized in terms of a novel, dual-function triad comprised of Arg69, Asp33, and His82 residues. The function of this triad is to both activate the phosphate group toward the nucleophilic attack and to protonate the leaving group. In addition, Asp33 and His82 mutants displayed much smaller degrees of activation by the fatty acid-containing leaving group as compared to the wild-type (WT) enzyme, and the level of activation was significantly reduced for substrates featuring the leaving group with low pK(a) values. These results strongly suggest that the assembly of the above three residues into the fully catalytically competent triad is controlled by the hydrophobic interactions of the enzyme with the substrate leaving group.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Kubiak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 60612, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Kubiak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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Kubiak RJ, Hondal RJ, Yue X, Tsai MD, Bruzik KS. Identification of a Novel Catalytic Triad with Dual Functions in Enzymatic Cleavage of the P−O Bond. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9834677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Kubiak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy College of Pharmacy University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612 Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Robert J. Hondal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy College of Pharmacy University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612 Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Xiangjun Yue
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy College of Pharmacy University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612 Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Ming-Daw Tsai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy College of Pharmacy University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612 Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Karol S. Bruzik
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy College of Pharmacy University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612 Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 43210
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Chez RA, Kubiak RJ. Learning carrels in a clinical course. Med Biol Illus 1970; 20:123-4. [PMID: 4195251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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