Fragrance material review on 3-phenylpropyl cinnamate

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of 3-phenylpropyl cinnamate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented. 3-Phenylpropyl cinnamate is a member of the fragrance structural group cinnamyl phenylpropyl compounds. The common characteristic structural element of cinnamyl phenylpropyl materials is an aryl substituted primary alcohol/aldehyde/ester. They are simple aromatic compounds with saturated propyl or unsaturated propenyl side chains containing a primary oxygenated functional group which has little toxic potential. 3-Phenyl-1-propyl derivatives participate in the same beta-oxidation pathways as do their parent cinnamic acid derivatives. This review contains a detailed summary of all available toxicology and dermatology papers that are related to this individual fragrance ingredient and is not intended as a stand-alone document. Available data for 3-phenylpropyl cinnamate was evaluated then summarized and includes physical properties, acute toxicity, skin irritation and skin sensitization. A safety assessment of all cinnamyl phenylpropyl compounds will be published simultaneously with this document. Please refer to Belsito et al. (2011) for an overall assessment of the safe use of this material and all the cinnamyl phenylpropyl materials in fragrances. Belsito, D., Bickers, D., Bruze, M., Dagli, M.L., Fryer, A., Greim, H., Miyachi, Y., Saurat, J.H., Sipes, I.G., 2011. A toxicologic and dermatologic assessment of cinnamyl phenylpropyl compounds when used as fragrance ingredients.

Fragrance material review on 3-phenyl-1-propanol

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of 3-phenyl-1-propanol when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented. 3-Phenyl-1-propanol is a member of the fragrance structural group cinnamyl phenylpropyl compounds. The common characteristic structural element of cinnamyl phenylpropyl materials is an aryl substituted primary alcohol/aldehyde/ester. They are simple aromatic compounds with saturated propyl or unsaturated propenyl side chains containing a primary oxygenated functional group which has little toxic potential. 3-Phenyl-1-propyl derivatives participate in the same beta-oxidation pathways as do their parent cinnamic acid derivatives. This review contains a detailed summary of all available toxicology and dermatology papers that are related to this individual fragrance ingredient and is not intended as a stand-alone document. Available data for 3-phenyl-1-propanol was evaluated then summarized and includes physical properties, acute toxicity, skin irritation, skin sensitization, in vitro skin absorption and mutagenicity. A safety assessment of all cinnamyl phenylpropyl compounds will be published simultaneously with this document; please refer to Belsito et al. (2011) for an overall assessment of the safe use of this material and all cinnamyl phenylpropyl materials in fragrances (Belsito, D., Bickers, D., Bruze, M., Dagli, M.L., Fryer, A., Greim, H., Miyachi, Y., Saurat, J.H., Sipes, I.G., 2011. A toxicologic and dermatologic assessment of cinnamyl phenylpropyl compounds when used as fragrance ingredients.).

Fragrance material review on isotridecan-1-ol (isomeric mixture)

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of isotridecan-1-ol (isomeric mixture) when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented. Isotridecan-1-ol (isomeric mixture) is a member of the fragrance structural group branched chain saturated alcohols. The common characteristic structural elements of the alcohols with saturated branched chain are one hydroxyl group per molecule, and a C(4)-C(12) carbon chain with one or several methyl side chains. This review contains a detailed summary of all available toxicology and dermatology papers that are related to this individual fragrance ingredient and is not intended as a stand-alone document. A safety assessment of the entire branched chain saturated alcohol group will be published simultaneously with this document; please refer to Belsito et al. (2010) for an overall assessment of the safe use of this material and all other branched chain saturated alcohols in fragrances.

Fragrance material review on 7-octen-2-ol, 2-methyl-6-methylene-, dihydro derivative

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of 7-octen-2-ol, 2-methyl-6-methylene-, dihydro derivative when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.

Fragrance material review on cyclohexyl acetate

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of cyclohexyl acetate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.

Fragrance material review on cedrenol

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of cedrenol when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.

Fragrance material review on tetrahydrolinalool

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of tetrahydrolinalool when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.

Fragrance material review on cis-2-tert-butylcyclohexyl acetate

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of cis-2-tert-butylcyclohexyl acetate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.

Fragrance material review on d-cyclocitronellene acetate

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of d-cyclocitronellene acetate when used as a fragrance material is presented.

Fragrance material review on 1,3,3-trimethyl-2-norbornanyl acetate

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of 1,3,3-trimethyl-2-norbornanyl acetate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.

Fragrance material review on 1-methyl-4-(1-methylvinyl)cyclohexyl acetate

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of 1-Methyl-4-(1-methylvinyl)cyclohexyl acetate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.

Fragrance material review on p-menth-8-en-1-ol

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of p-menth-8-en-1-ol when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.

Fragrance material review on alpha-santalol

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of alpha-santalol when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.

Fragrance material review on geranodyle

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of geranodyle when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.

Fragrance material review on 4-thujanol

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of 4-thujanol when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.

Fragrance material review on 4-carvomenthenol

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of 4-carvomenthenol when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.

Fragrance material review on laevo-carveol

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of laevo-carveol when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.

Fragrance material review on myrtenol

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of myrtenol when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.

Fragrance material review on l-borneol

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of l-borneol when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.

Fragrance material review on nerolidol (isomer unspecified)

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of nerolidol when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.

Fragrance material review on patchouli alcohol

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of patchouli alcohol when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.

Fragrance material review on d-menthol

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of d-menthol when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.

Fragrance material review on borneol

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of borneol when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.

Fragrance material review on isopropyl cinnamate

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of isopropyl cinnamate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.

Fragrance material review on alpha-amylcinnamyl alcohol

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of alpha-amylcinnamyl alcohol when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.

Fragrance material review on isobutyl cinnamate

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of isobutyl cinnamate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.

Fragrance material review on allyl cinnamate

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of allyl cinnamate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.

Fragrance material review on cinnamyl isovalerate

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of cinnamyl isovalerate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.

Fragrance material review on cinnamyl formate

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of cinnamyl formate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.

Fragrance material review on alpha-methylcinnamic alcohol

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of alpha-methylcinnamic alcohol when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.

Fragrance material review on cinnamyl benzoate

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of cinnamyl benzoate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.

Fragrance material review on phenethyl cinnamate

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of phenethyl cinnamate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.

Fragrance material review on methyl salicylate

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of methyl salicylate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.

Fragrance material review on cinnamyl butyrate

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of cinnamyl butyrate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.

Nutritional status of pre-school children in an integrated child development service (ICDS) block of Chandigarh

Nutritional status of 1286 pre-school children selected by a stratified random sampling and residing in urban, rural and slum areas of Chandigarh was assessed by weight for age criteria by making domicilliary visits. The overall prevalence of protein energy mulnutrition (PEM) was found to be 51.6% while 65.4%, 26.3%, 5.3% and 3% of children had grades I, II, II and IV PEM, respectively. The prevalence of malnutrition significantly increased with increase in age till 3rd year, then started declining (P<0.001). The prevalence of PEMwas significantly higher among Integrated Child Development Service (ICDS) beneficiaries (53.8%) than non-ICDS beneficiaries (46.9%); P<0.05. More attention and better impetus are required to be given to improve the nutritional status of pre-school children in Chandigarh.

Rapid assessment and delivery of Vitamin A to slum children by using National Immunization Day in Chandigarh

This study was done with the objective to see the feasibility of using National Immunization Days (NIDs) for rapid assessment, and delivery of Vitamin A solution to about 27,600 children dwelling in 26 slums in Union Territory of Chandigarh. The assessment of Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) was done in a stratified random sample of 1304 children during third round of Intensified Pulse Polio Immunization (IPPI) and delivery of Vitamin A solution was done during fourth round of IPPI in 1999-2000 covering 27,642 children in the age group of 1-5 years. An additional team of two persons per centre delivered age specific doses of Vitamin A solution through 72 centres and operational problems were recorded. IPPI staff provided supervision and same tally sheets as of IPPI were used. The prevalence rate of VAD was 24.6%, with conjunctival xerosis, bitot's spot and corneal xerosis as 23.7%, 0.6% and 0.2% respectively. 27,275 (98.7%) children out of 27,642 were administered Vitamin A solution, with no major operational problem. Only five parents (0.01%) refused Vitamin A solution. No case of side effect or toxicity due to Vitamin-A was reported. The strategy to assess and deliver Vitamin A during NID's was found to be feasible and successful and could be a basis for launching similar initiatives in other areas of India and other countries where VAD is a public health problem.

Staff awareness of oral polio vaccine vial monitor in Chandigarh

This study highlights the awareness of pulse polio centre staff about polio vaccine vial monitor (VVM) during a National Immunization Day in Chandigarh. Out of the 79 staff members interviewed, only 53 (67%) had ever heard of the VVM and were further interviewed. Fifty (94.4%) staff members were aware that VVM is present on vaccine itself and majority (79.2%) told that it is the inner square with outer circle. Only half were aware of its function and 71.7% knew how to read it. It was observed that awareness among health staff [Health worker (F)/ANM] and volunteers was very poor. There is a need for effective training of staff before subsequent PPI to maintain an effective cold chain.

National immunization day to assess nutritional status of underfives in Chandigarh

National Immunization Days (NIDs) are an additional opportunity to reach a large number of children and can be used to undertake additional activities beside immunization. This study highlights an attempt to assess nutritional status of under five children by using a NID. Seven thousand four hundred and thirteen underfives were selected randomly from urban, rural and slums areas of Chandigarh. Nutritional status was assessed by using weight for age criteria. Prevalence of protein energy malnutrition (PEM) was found to be about 42% while 22.7%, 14.5%, 4.1% and 0.7% children had grade I, II, III and IV PEM respectively. The prevalence of PEM was significantly higher among females (47.6%), in 1-3 years age group (53.80%), in slum area (67%) and children of labour class (60.5%) (p < 0.001). With increase in family size, the prevalence of malnutrition also significantly increased, and decreased with high literacy rate in parents (p < 0.001). The prevalence of PEM in present study (42%) was comparable to a community based survey (51.6%) among pre-school children of an ICDS block of Chandigarh. National immunization days can be successfully used to assess nutritional status of children. This approach can be used by others for screening common childhood problems, preparing normogram for a region or country, administering Vitamin A and educating mothers.

Attitude and practices regarding diarrhoea in rural community in Chandigarh

The present study on diarrhoea, its prevalence, practices and awareness of mothers was conducted in 120 randomly selected households in the rural area of Chandigarh during monsoons in 1996. Inspite of access to safe drinking water and latrines in 83% and 74% of the households in the village respectively, the prevalence rate of diarrhoea in 181 under five children was observed to be 23.2%. Majority (88.1%) of children had treatment for diarrhoea whereas only half (54.8%) of children were given oral rehydration solution. 86.7% of the mothers were aware of ORS but only 18.7% could tell the correct method of its preparation. A large number of respondents implicated a variety of food items responsible for diarrhoea and restricted them during the episodes.

Evaluation of pulse polio immunisation (1996) in Chandigarh, India

An evaluation survey on pulse polio immunization (PPI) was conducted in Union Territory of Chandigarh with a population of 88,100 children under the age of five years. Information was collected by interviewing the companions of 438 children in 18 polio centres, selected by stratified random sampling. Participation of children in the age-group of 4 and 5 years was found to be low. Awareness regarding various components of pulse polio immunization was found to be good in urban areas whereas it was unsatisfactory in slums. Two-dose-coverage of polio drops in 1996 campaign was recorded to be 81.5%. High risk pockets like slums need more attention for the success of polio eradication.

Radiation therapy of esophageal cancer: role of high dose rate brachytherapy

Fifty untreated cases of squamous cell carcinoma arising from the middle one-third of the esophagus, with no apparent extraesophageal spread on a computed tomography (CT) scan and with a Karnofsky performance status of over 70, were treated by external beam irradiation to a dose of 3500 cGy/15 fractions/3 weeks. Twenty-five patients (Group A) received treatment with further external beam irradiation to a dose of 2000 cGy/10 fractions/2 weeks. Another group of 25 patients (Group B) received treatment with high dose rate intracavitary irradiation to a dose of 1200 cGy delivered in two sessions of 600 cGy each a week apart. All patients were assessed symptomatically, endoscopically, and radiologically every 3 months. There was marked difference at the end of 1 year in relief of dysphagia (37.5% in Group A vs. 70.6% in Group B), local control (25% in group A vs. 70.6% in group B) although the results were statistically insignificant (p greater than 0.05) and actuarial survival (44% in group A vs. 78% in group B) which was, however, significant statistically (z = 2.83). The cumulative radiation effect (CRE) by external beam irradiation was 1729 reu and by external beam and intracavitary irradiation 1741 reu, but the biological dose effect was better with external beam and intracavitary irradiation. Eight percent of patients treated by external beam and intracavitary irradiation had strictures in contrast to 4% treated by external beam irradiation alone. Moderate doses of external beam and intracavitary irradiation can give a better local response than external beam irradiation alone for the same biological dose in the treatment of esophageal carcinoma.

Air pollution control in kraft pulp mills

A patented gas scrubbing process, whereby the emissions of malodorous reduced sulphur compounds are effectively and economically reduced, is described. Stack gases are scrubbed with an alkaline suspension of activated carbon. Reduced sulphur compounds as well as sulphur oxides are converted to sodium salts which are subsequently recovered and utilized for pulping. The process also reduces particulate emissions. It does not produce subsequent waste disposal problems and has little or, in some cases, zero net cost, on account of the simultaneous recovery of heat and chemicals. Furthermore, the paper also reviews some innovations made in gas chromatography techniques, for the measurement of trace quantities of sulphur compounds present in kraft mill emissions.

Evaluation of tolerance after continuous and prolonged oral administration of salbutamol to asthmatic patients

Salbutamol (8 mg) was administered twice daily as a sustained release formulation to twenty-four asthmatic patients for up to four weeks under double-blind conditions. 2. The ability of bronchial smooth muscle to respond was determined by monitoring the response to salbutamol (200 mug) administered by aerosol at set intervals three times a week. 3. There was no evidence of diminishing response during the study period. 4. It is concluded that tolerance to salbutamol does not occur at therapeutic dose levels and that clinical observations of tolerance may be due to other factors.