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Gupta D, Dey N, Leelavathi S, Ranjan R. Development of efficient synthetic promoters derived from pararetrovirus suitable for translational research. Planta 2021; 253:42. [PMID: 33475866 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03565-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION In this study, useful hybrid promoters were developed for efficient ectopic gene expression in monocot and dicot plants, and they hold strong prominence in both transgenic research and biotech industries. This study deals with developing novel synthetic promoters derived from Rice Tungro Bacilliform Virus (RTBV) and Mirabilis Mosaic Virus (MMV). Despite numerous availability, there is a severe scarcity of promoters universally suitable for monocot and dicot plants. Here, eight chimeric promoter constructs were synthesized as gBlocks gene fragments through domain swapping and hybridization by incorporating important domains of previously characterized RTBV and MMV promoters. The developed promoter constructs were assessed for transient GUS expression in tobacco protoplast (Xanthi Brad) and agro-infiltrated tobacco, petunia, rice and pearl millet. Protoplast expression analysis showed that two promoter constructs, namely pUPMA-RP1-MP1GUS and pUPMA-RP4-MP1GUS exhibited 3.56 and 2.5 times higher activities than that of the CaMV35S promoter. We had observed the similar type of expression patterns of these promoters in agroinfiltration-based transient studies. RP1-MP1 and RP4-MP1 promoters exhibited 1.87- and 1.68-fold increase expression in transgenic tobacco plants; while, a 1.95-fold increase was found in RP1-MP1 transgenic rice plants when compared their activities with CaMV35S promoter. Furthermore, on evaluating these promoter constructs for their expression in the bacterial system, pUPMA-RP1-MP1GFP was found to have the highest GFP expression. Moreover, the promoter construct was also evaluated for its capacity to express the HMP3 gene. Biobeads of encapsulated bacterial cells expressing HMP3 gene under control of the pUPMA-RP4-MP1 promoter were found to reduce 72.9% copper and 29.2% zinc concentration from wastewater. Our results had demonstrated that the developed promoter constructs could be used for translational research in dicot, monocot plants and bacterial systems for efficient gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipinte Gupta
- Plant Biotechnology Lab, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute (Deemed University), Dayalbagh, Agra, 282005, India
| | - Nrisingha Dey
- Institute of Life Science, Nalco Square, Bhubaneshwar, Odisha, 751023, India
| | - Sadhu Leelavathi
- Plant Biology: Plant Transformation Research Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Rajiv Ranjan
- Plant Biotechnology Lab, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute (Deemed University), Dayalbagh, Agra, 282005, India.
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Fumagalli M, Gerace D, Faè M, Iadarola P, Leelavathi S, Reddy VS, Cella R. Molecular, biochemical, and proteomic analyses of transplastomic tobacco plants expressing an endoglucanase support chloroplast-based molecular farming for industrial scale production of enzymes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:9479-9491. [PMID: 31701198 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10186-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The successful production of recombinant enzymes by tobacco transplastomic plants must maintain compatibility of the heterologous enzyme with chloroplast metabolism and its long-time enzyme stability. Based on previous reports, it has been taken for granted that following biolistic-transformation, homoplasticity could be obtained from the initially heteroplastic state following successive rounds of selection in the presence of the selection agent. However, several studies indicated that this procedure does not always ensure the complete elimination of unmodified wild-type plastomes. The present study demonstrates that CelK1 transplastomic plants, which were photosyntetically as active as untransformed ones, remain heteroplastomic even after repeated selection steps and that this state does not impair the relatively high-level production of the recombinant enzyme. In fact, even in the heteroplastomic state, the recombinant protein represented about 6% of the total soluble proteins (TSP). Moreover, our data also show that, while the recombinant endoglucanase undergoes phosphorylation, this post-translation modification does not have any significant impact on the enzymatic activity. Biomass storage might be required whenever the enzyme extraction process could not be performed immediately following the harvest of tobacco mature plants. In this respect, we have observed that enzyme activity in the detached leaves stored at 4 °C is maintained up to 20 weeks without significant loss of activity. These findings may have major implications in the future of chloroplast genetic engineering-based molecular farming to produce industrial enzymes in transplastomic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fumagalli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - D Gerace
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - M Faè
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - P Iadarola
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - S Leelavathi
- Plant Transformation Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - V S Reddy
- Plant Transformation Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Rino Cella
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
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3
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Faè M, Accossato S, Cella R, Fontana F, Goldschmidt-Clermont M, Leelavathi S, Reddy VS, Longoni P. Comparison of transplastomic Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Nicotiana tabacum expression system for the production of a bacterial endoglucanase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:4085-4092. [PMID: 28190097 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8164-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The bulk production of recombinant enzymes by either prokaryotic or eukaryotic organisms might contribute to replace environmentally non-friendly chemistry-based industrial processes with enzyme-based biocatalysis, provided the cost of enzyme production is low. In this context, it is worth noting that the production of recombinant proteins by photosynthetic organisms offer both eukaryotic (nuclear) and prokaryotic (chloroplast) alternatives, along with the advantage of an autotrophic nutrition. Compared to nuclear transformation, chloroplast transformation generally allows a higher level of accumulation of the recombinant protein of interest. Furthermore, among the photosynthetic organisms, there is a choice of using either multicellular or unicellular ones. Tobacco, being a non-food and non-feed plant, has been considered as a good choice for producing enzymes with applications in technical industry, using a transplastomic approach. Also, unicellular green algae, in particular Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, have been proposed as candidate organisms for the production of recombinant proteins. In the light of the different features of these two transplastomic systems, we decided to make a direct comparison of the efficiency of production of a bacterial endoglucanase. With respect to the amount obtained, 14 mg g-1 of biomass fresh weight equivalent to 8-10% of the total protein content and estimated production cost, 1.5-2€ kg-1, tobacco proved to be far more favorable for bulk enzyme production when compared to C. reinhardtii which accumulated this endoglucanase at 0.003% of the total protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Faè
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sonia Accossato
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emilie-Argand 11, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Rino Cella
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Fontana
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, Sciences III, CH-1211, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Michel Goldschmidt-Clermont
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, Sciences III, CH-1211, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Sadhu Leelavathi
- Plant Transformation Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Vanga Siva Reddy
- Plant Transformation Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Paolo Longoni
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, Sciences III, CH-1211, Genève, Switzerland.
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Pagliano C, Bersanini L, Cella R, Longoni P, Pantaleoni L, Dass A, Leelavathi S, Reddy VS. Use of Nicotiana tabacum transplastomic plants engineered to express a His-tagged CP47 for the isolation of functional photosystem II core complexes. Plant Physiol Biochem 2017; 111:266-273. [PMID: 27987471 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This work focuses on the development of a molecular tool for purification of Photosystem II (PSII) from Nicotiana tabacum (L.). To this end, the chloroplast psbB gene encoding the CP47 PSII subunit was replaced with an engineered version of the same gene containing a C-terminal His-tag. Molecular analyses assessed the effective integration of the recombinant gene and its expression. Despite not exhibiting any obvious phenotype, the transplastomic plants remained heteroplasmic even after three rounds of regeneration under antibiotic selection. However, the recombinant His-tagged CP47 protein associated in vivo to the other PSII subunits allowing the isolation of a functional PSII core complex, although with low yield of extraction. These results will open up possible perspectives for further spectroscopic and structural studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pagliano
- Applied Science and Technology Department-BioSolar Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Luca Bersanini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Rino Cella
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Paolo Longoni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Laura Pantaleoni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Abhishek Dass
- Plant Transformation Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sadhu Leelavathi
- Plant Transformation Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Vanga Siva Reddy
- Plant Transformation Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.
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Nguyen VC, Nguyen VK, Singh CH, Devi GS, Reddy VS, Leelavathi S. Fast recovery of transgenic submergence tolerant rice cultivars of North-East India by early co-cultivation of Agrobacterium with pre-cultured callus. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 2017; 23:115-123. [PMID: 28250588 PMCID: PMC5313402 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-016-0398-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Agro-climatic conditions of North-East India are very complex and rice cultivars present in the region have been adapted to grow under harsh environmental conditions. Germplasm present in the region is considered to possess several important and unique traits that are of importance in rice improvement programs. Genetic engineering is a powerful tool to introduce new traits into crop plants. However, not much information is available on the methods to introduce foreign genes into North-East rice cultivars. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to develop transformation procedures for fast recovery of transgenic plants from North-East rice cultivars. To achieve this objective, a systematic study was carried out to identify media components and culture conditions for efficient embryogenic callus induction from the mature seeds and differentiation of callus into plantlets from two North-East deep water rice cultivars, Taothabi and Khongan. Also, role of preculture of callus on Agrobacterium-mediated transformation was studied. Co-cultivation of Agrobacterium with 1-5 days precultured callus was found to result in high frequency of transformation. Detailed characterization of transgenic lines confirmed stable integration of transgenes and expression of reporter gfp gene. The whole process starting from callus induction to regenerating of transgenic rice plants that can be established in the soil was achieved in about 35-45 days. The procedures developed were found to be applicable to a popular variety IR 64. Therefore, methods developed in this study should be useful not only to introduce new traits quickly but also to validate the function(s) of several candidate gene(s) identified under the functional genomics of rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Cuu Nguyen
- Plant Transformation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Van Khiem Nguyen
- Plant Transformation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067 India
- National Institute of Medicinal Materials (NIMM), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Chongtham Henary Singh
- Plant Physiology Lab., Department of Life Sciences, Manipur University, Imphal, Manipur 795003 India
| | | | - Vanga Siva Reddy
- Plant Transformation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Sadhu Leelavathi
- Plant Transformation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067 India
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Kumar S, Kanakachari M, Gurusamy D, Kumar K, Narayanasamy P, Kethireddy Venkata P, Solanke A, Gamanagatti S, Hiremath V, Katageri IS, Leelavathi S, Kumar PA, Reddy VS. Genome-wide transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of bollworm-infested developing cotton bolls revealed the genes and pathways involved in the insect pest defence mechanism. Plant Biotechnol J 2016; 14:1438-55. [PMID: 26799171 PMCID: PMC5066800 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, is a major insect pest that feeds on cotton bolls causing extensive damage leading to crop and productivity loss. In spite of such a major impact, cotton plant response to bollworm infection is yet to be witnessed. In this context, we have studied the genome-wide response of cotton bolls infested with bollworm using transcriptomic and proteomic approaches. Further, we have validated this data using semi-quantitative real-time PCR. Comparative analyses have revealed that 39% of the transcriptome and 35% of the proteome were differentially regulated during bollworm infestation. Around 36% of significantly regulated transcripts and 45% of differentially expressed proteins were found to be involved in signalling followed by redox regulation. Further analysis showed that defence-related stress hormones and their lipid precursors, transcription factors, signalling molecules, etc. were stimulated, whereas the growth-related counterparts were suppressed during bollworm infestation. Around 26% of the significantly up-regulated proteins were defence molecules, while >50% of the significantly down-regulated were related to photosynthesis and growth. Interestingly, the biosynthesis genes for synergistically regulated jasmonate, ethylene and suppressors of the antagonistic factor salicylate were found to be up-regulated, suggesting a choice among stress-responsive phytohormone regulation. Manual curation of the enzymes and TFs highlighted the components of retrograde signalling pathways. Our data suggest that a selective regulatory mechanism directs the reallocation of metabolic resources favouring defence over growth under bollworm infestation and these insights could be exploited to develop bollworm-resistant cotton varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Kumar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Mogilicherla Kanakachari
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
| | - Dhandapani Gurusamy
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
| | - Krishan Kumar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Prabhakaran Narayanasamy
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
| | | | - Amolkumar Solanke
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | - Sadhu Leelavathi
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Polumetla Ananda Kumar
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
| | - Vanga Siva Reddy
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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Longoni P, Leelavathi S, Doria E, Reddy VS, Cella R. Production by Tobacco Transplastomic Plants of Recombinant Fungal and Bacterial Cell-Wall Degrading Enzymes to Be Used for Cellulosic Biomass Saccharification. Biomed Res Int 2015; 2015:289759. [PMID: 26137472 PMCID: PMC4468278 DOI: 10.1155/2015/289759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Biofuels from renewable plant biomass are gaining momentum due to climate change related to atmospheric CO2 increase. However, the production cost of enzymes required for cellulosic biomass saccharification is a major limiting step in this process. Low-cost production of large amounts of recombinant enzymes by transgenic plants was proposed as an alternative to the conventional microbial based fermentation. A number of studies have shown that chloroplast-based gene expression offers several advantages over nuclear transformation due to efficient transcription and translation systems and high copy number of the transgene. In this study, we expressed in tobacco chloroplasts microbial genes encoding five cellulases and a polygalacturonase. Leaf extracts containing the recombinant enzymes showed the ability to degrade various cell-wall components under different conditions, singly and in combinations. In addition, our group also tested a previously described thermostable xylanase in combination with a cellulase and a polygalacturonase to study the cumulative effect on the depolymerization of a complex plant substrate. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of using transplastomic tobacco leaf extracts to convert cell-wall polysaccharides into reducing sugars, fulfilling a major prerequisite of large scale availability of a variety of cell-wall degrading enzymes for biofuel industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Longoni
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Dipartimento de Biologie Végétale, Université de Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, Sciences III, 1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - Sadhu Leelavathi
- Plant Transformation Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Enrico Doria
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Centre of Sustainable Livelihood (CSL), Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark 1900, South Africa
| | - Vanga Siva Reddy
- Plant Transformation Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Rino Cella
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Pamanji R, Bethu MS, Yashwanth B, Leelavathi S, Venkateswara Rao J. Developmental toxic effects of monocrotophos, an organophosphorous pesticide, on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2015; 22:7744-53. [PMID: 25604565 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4120-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the response of zebrafish embryos exposed to different concentrations (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 mg/L) of monocrotophos under static conditions for 96 h. We found that mortality had occurred within 48 h at all test concentrations, later insignificant mortality was observed. Monocrotophos (MCP) can be rated as moderately toxic to the Zebrafish embryos with a 96-h median lethal concentration (LC50) of 37.44 ± 3.32 mg/L. In contrast, it greatly affected the development of zebrafish embryos by inducing several developmental abnormalities like pericardial edema, altered heart development, spinal and vertebral anomalies in a concentration-dependent manner. A significant percent reduction in length by 9-48% and heart beats by 18-51% was observed in hatchlings exposed to LC10 and LC50 concentrations at 96 h when compared to controls. The process of looping formation of heart at embryonic stage was greatly affected by the LC50 concentration of MCP. The neurotoxic potentiality of MCP was assessed by using a marker enzyme, acetylcholinesterase in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. MCP was found to be the most potent inhibitor of AChE in vitro with an IC50 value of 4.3 × 10(-4) M. The whole-body AChE enzyme activity in vivo was significantly inhibited during the exposure tenure with the maximum inhibition of 62% at 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Pamanji
- Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
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Pamanji R, Yashwanth B, Bethu MS, Leelavathi S, Ravinder K, Rao JV. Toxicity effects of profenofos on embryonic and larval development of Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 39:887-897. [PMID: 25796049 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the developmental toxicity of profenofos to early developing Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos (4h post fertilization) in a static system at 1.0 to 2.25mg/L. Median lethal concentrations (LC50) of profenofos at 24-h, 48-h, 72-h and 96-h were determined as 2.04, 1.58, 1.57 and 1.56 mg/L, respectively. The hatching of embryos were recorded at every 12h interval and the median hatching time (HT50) was also calculated for each concentration. In a separate set of experiments, 96-h LC10 (0.74 mg/L) and LC50 (1.56 mg/L) concentrations were used to assess the developmental toxicity in relation to behavior, morphology, and interactions with the targeted enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Live video-microscopy revealed that the profenofos exposed embryos exhibited an abnormal development, skeletal defects and altered heart morphology in a concentration-dependent manner, which leads to alterations in the swimming behavior of hatchlings at 144-h, which indicate that developing zebrafish are sensitive to profenofos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Pamanji
- Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - B Yashwanth
- Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - M S Bethu
- Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - S Leelavathi
- Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - K Ravinder
- Zebrafish Laboratory, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - J Venkateswara Rao
- Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India.
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Pantaleoni L, Longoni P, Ferroni L, Baldisserotto C, Leelavathi S, Reddy VS, Pancaldi S, Cella R. Chloroplast molecular farming: efficient production of a thermostable xylanase by Nicotiana tabacum plants and long-term conservation of the recombinant enzyme. Protoplasma 2014; 251:639-48. [PMID: 24158375 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-013-0564-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The high cost of recombinant enzymes for the production of biofuel from ligno-cellulosic biomass is a crucial factor affecting the economic sustainability of the process. The use of plants as biofactories for the production of the suitable recombinant enzymes might be an alternative to microbial fermentation. In the case of enzyme accumulation in chloroplasts, it is fundamental to focus on the issue of full photosynthetic efficiency of transplastomic plants in the field where they might be exposed to abiotic stress such as high light intensity and high temperature. Xylanases (EC 3.2.1.8), a group of enzymes that hydrolyse linear polysaccharides of beta-1,4-xylan into xylose, find an application in the biofuel industry favouring biomass saccharification along with other cell-wall degrading enzymes. In the present study, we analysed how a high level of accumulation of a thermostable xylanase in tobacco chloroplasts does not impact on photosynthetic performance of transplastomic plants grown outdoors. The recombinant enzyme was found to be stable during plant development, ex planta and after long-term storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pantaleoni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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Ritala A, Leelavathi S, Oksman-Caldentey KM, Reddy VS, Laukkanen ML. Recombinant barley-produced antibody for detection and immunoprecipitation of the major bovine milk allergen, β-lactoglobulin. Transgenic Res 2014; 23:477-87. [PMID: 24497085 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-014-9783-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant allergens and antibodies are needed for diagnostic, therapeutic, food processing and quality verification purposes. The aim of this work was to develop a barley-based production system for β-lactoglobulin (BLG) specific immunoglobulin E antibody (D1 scFv). The expression level in the best barley cell clone was 0.8-1.2 mg/kg fresh weight, and was constant over an expression period of 21 days. In the case of barley grains, the highest stable productivity (followed up to T2 grains) was obtained when the D1 scFv cDNA was expressed under a seed-specific Glutelin promoter rather than under the constitutive Ubiquitin promoter. Translational fusion of ER retention signal significantly improved the accumulation of recombinant antibody. Furthermore, lines without ER retention signal lost D1 scFv accumulation in T2 grains. Pilot scale purification was performed for a T2 grain pool (51 g) containing 55.0 mg D1 scFv/kg grains. The crude extract was purified by a two-step purification protocol including IMAC and size exclusion chromatography. The purification resulted in a yield of 0.47 mg of D1 scFv (31 kD) with high purity. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that 29 % of the purified protein was fully functional. In immunoprecipitation assay the purified D1 scFv recognized the native 18 kD BLG in the milk sample. No binding was observed with the heat-treated milk sample, as expected. The developed barley-based expression system clearly demonstrated its potential for application in the processing of dairy milk products as well as in detecting allergens from foods possibly contaminated by bovine milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ritala
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 2, P.O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland,
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Bhardwaj U, Bhardwaj A, Kumar R, Leelavathi S, Reddy VS, Mazumdar-Leighton S. Revisiting rubisco as a protein substrate for insect midgut proteases. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2014; 85:13-35. [PMID: 24338735 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Gene fragments encoding the large subunit (LS) of Rubisco (RBCL) were cloned from various species of host plants of phytophagous Lepidoptera and expressed as recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli. Recombinant RBCLs were compared among each other along with casein and native Rubisco as proteinaceous substrates for measuring total midgut protease activities of fourth instar larvae of Helicoverpa armigera feeding on casein, Pieris brassicae feeding on cauliflower, and Antheraea assamensis feeding on Litsea monopetala and Persea bombycina. Cognate rRBCL (from the pertinent host plant species) substrates performed similar to noncognate rRBCL reflecting the conserved nature of encoding genes and the versatile use of these recombinant proteins. Casein and recombinant RBCL generally outperformed native Rubisco as substrates, except where inclusion of a reducing agent in the enzyme assay likely unfolded the plant proteins. Levels of total midgut protease activities detected in A. assamensis larvae feeding on two primary host species were similar, suggesting that the suite(s) of digestive enzymes in these insects could hydrolyze a plant protein efficiently. Protease activities detected in the presence of protease inhibitors and the reducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT) suggested that recombinant RBCL was a suitable protein substrate for studying insect proteases using in vitro enzyme assays and substrate zymography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usha Bhardwaj
- Plant-Insect Interactions Group, Department of Botany, Delhi University, Delhi, India
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Kumar S, Kumar K, Pandey P, Rajamani V, Padmalatha KV, Dhandapani G, Kanakachari M, Leelavathi S, Kumar PA, Reddy VS. Glycoproteome of elongating cotton fiber cells. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:3677-89. [PMID: 24019148 PMCID: PMC3861716 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.030726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotton ovule epidermal cell differentiation into long fibers primarily depends on wall-oriented processes such as loosening, elongation, remodeling, and maturation. Such processes are governed by cell wall bound structural proteins and interacting carbohydrate active enzymes. Glycosylation plays a major role in the structural, functional, and localization aspects of the cell wall and extracellular destined proteins. Elucidating the glycoproteome of fiber cells would reflect its wall composition as well as compartmental requirement, which must be system specific. Following complementary proteomic approaches, we have identified 334 unique proteins comprising structural and regulatory families. Glycopeptide-based enrichment followed by deglycosylation with PNGase F and A revealed 92 unique peptides containing 106 formerly N-linked glycosylated sites from 67 unique proteins. Our results showed that structural proteins like arabinogalactans and carbohydrate active enzymes were relatively more abundant and showed stage- and isoform-specific expression patterns in the differentiating fiber cell. Furthermore, our data also revealed the presence of heterogeneous and novel forms of structural and regulatory glycoproteins. Comparative analysis with other plant glycoproteomes highlighted the unique composition of the fiber glycoproteome. The present study provides the first insight into the identity, abundance, diversity, and composition of the glycoproteome within single celled cotton fibers. The elucidated composition also indirectly provides clues about unicellular compartmental requirements underlying single cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Kumar
- From the ‡Plant Transformation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Krishan Kumar
- From the ‡Plant Transformation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Pankaj Pandey
- From the ‡Plant Transformation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Vijayalakshmi Rajamani
- From the ‡Plant Transformation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | | | - Gurusamy Dhandapani
- §National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology (NRCPB), IARI, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sadhu Leelavathi
- From the ‡Plant Transformation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | | | - Vanga Siva Reddy
- From the ‡Plant Transformation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
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Padmalatha KV, Patil DP, Kumar K, Dhandapani G, Kanakachari M, Phanindra MLV, Kumar S, Mohan TC, Jain N, Prakash AH, Vamadevaiah H, Katageri IS, Leelavathi S, Reddy MK, Kumar PA, Reddy VS. Functional genomics of fuzzless-lintless mutant of Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. MCU5 reveal key genes and pathways involved in cotton fibre initiation and elongation. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:624. [PMID: 23151214 PMCID: PMC3556503 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fuzzless-lintless cotton mutants are considered to be the ideal material to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in fibre cell development. Although there are few reports on transcriptome and proteome analyses in cotton at fibre initiation and elongation stages, there is no comprehensive comparative transcriptome analysis of fibre-bearing and fuzzless-lintless cotton ovules covering fibre initiation to secondary cell wall (SCW) synthesis stages. In the present study, a comparative transcriptome analysis was carried out using G. hirsutum L. cv. MCU5 wild-type (WT) and it’s near isogenic fuzzless-lintless (fl) mutant at fibre initiation (0 dpa/days post anthesis), elongation (5, 10 and 15 dpa) and SCW synthesis (20 dpa) stages. Results Scanning electron microscopy study revealed the delay in the initiation of fibre cells and lack of any further development after 2 dpa in the fl mutant. Transcriptome analysis showed major down regulation of transcripts (90%) at fibre initiation and early elongation (5 dpa) stages in the fl mutant. Majority of the down regulated transcripts at fibre initiation stage in the fl mutant represent calcium and phytohormone mediated signal transduction pathways, biosynthesis of auxin and ethylene and stress responsive transcription factors (TFs). Further, transcripts involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolisms, mitochondrial electron transport system (mETS) and cell wall loosening and elongation were highly down-regulated at fibre elongation stage (5–15 dpa) in the fl mutant. In addition, cellulose synthases and sucrose synthase C were down-regulated at SCW biosynthesis stage (15–20 dpa). Interestingly, some of the transcripts (~50%) involved in phytohormone signalling and stress responsive transcription factors that were up-regulated at fibre initiation stage in the WT were found to be up-regulated at much later stage (15 dpa) in fl mutant. Conclusions Comparative transcriptome analysis of WT and its near isogenic fl mutant revealed key genes and pathways involved at various stages of fibre development. Our data implicated the significant role of mitochondria mediated energy metabolism during fibre elongation process. The delayed expression of genes involved in phytohormone signalling and stress responsive TFs in the fl mutant suggests the need for a coordinated expression of regulatory mechanisms in fibre cell initiation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kethireddy Venkata Padmalatha
- Plant Transformation Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
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15
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Bhardwaj A, Mahanta P, Ramakumar S, Ghosh A, Leelavathi S, Reddy VS. Emerging role of N- and C-terminal interactions in stabilizing (β/α)8 fold with special emphasis on Family 10 xylanases. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2012; 2:e201209014. [PMID: 24688655 PMCID: PMC3962208 DOI: 10.5936/csbj.201209014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylanases belong to an important class of industrial enzymes. Various xylanases have been purified and characterized from a plethora of organisms including bacteria, marine algae, plants, protozoans, insects, snails and crustaceans. Depending on the source, the enzymatic activity of xylanases varies considerably under various physico-chemical conditions such as temperature, pH, high salt and in the presence of proteases. Family 10 or glycosyl hydrolase 10 (GH10) xylanases are one of the well characterized and thoroughly studied classes of industrial enzymes. The TIM-barrel fold structure which is ubiquitous in nature is one of the characteristics of family 10 xylanases. Family 10 xylanases have been used as a “model system” due to their TIM-barrel fold to dissect and understand protein stability under various conditions. A better understanding of structure-stability-function relationships of family 10 xylanases allows one to apply these governing molecular rules to engineer other TIM-barrel fold proteins to improve their stability and retain function(s) under adverse conditions. In this review, we discuss the implications of N-and C-terminal interactions, observed in family 10 xylanases on protein stability under extreme conditions. The role of metal binding and aromatic clusters in protein stability is also discussed. Studying and understanding family 10 xylanase structure and function, can contribute to our protein engineering knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Bhardwaj
- Molecular Pathology Lab, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, AREA Science Park, Padriciano 99, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Pranjal Mahanta
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Amit Ghosh
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Sadhu Leelavathi
- Plant Transformation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi - 110067, India
| | - Vanga Siva Reddy
- Plant Transformation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi - 110067, India
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Biswal AK, Pattanayak GK, Pandey SS, Leelavathi S, Reddy VS, Govindjee, Tripathy BC. Light intensity-dependent modulation of chlorophyll b biosynthesis and photosynthesis by overexpression of chlorophyllide a oxygenase in tobacco. Plant Physiol 2012; 159:433-49. [PMID: 22419827 PMCID: PMC3375976 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.195859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll b is synthesized by the oxidation of a methyl group on the B ring of a tetrapyrrole molecule to a formyl group by chlorophyllide a oxygenase (CAO). The full-length CAO from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) was overexpressed in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) that grows well at light intensities much higher than those tolerated by Arabidopsis. This resulted in an increased synthesis of glutamate semialdehyde, 5-aminolevulinic acid, magnesium-porphyrins, and chlorophylls. Overexpression of CAO resulted in increased chlorophyll b synthesis and a decreased chlorophyll a/b ratio in low light-grown as well as high light-grown tobacco plants; this effect, however, was more pronounced in high light. The increased potential of the protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase activity and chlorophyll biosynthesis compensated for the usual loss of chlorophylls in high light. Increased chlorophyll b synthesis in CAO-overexpressed plants was accompanied not only by an increased abundance of light-harvesting chlorophyll proteins but also of other proteins of the electron transport chain, which led to an increase in the capture of light as well as enhanced (40%-80%) electron transport rates of photosystems I and II at both limiting and saturating light intensities. Although the quantum yield of carbon dioxide fixation remained unchanged, the light-saturated photosynthetic carbon assimilation, starch content, and dry matter accumulation increased in CAO-overexpressed plants grown in both low- and high-light regimes. These results demonstrate that controlled up-regulation of chlorophyll b biosynthesis comodulates the expression of several thylakoid membrane proteins that increase both the antenna size and the electron transport rates and enhance carbon dioxide assimilation, starch content, and dry matter accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shiv S. Pandey
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India (A.K.B., G.K.P., S.S.P., G., B.C.T.); International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India (S.L., V.S.R.); and Department of Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Center of Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801 (G.)
| | - Sadhu Leelavathi
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India (A.K.B., G.K.P., S.S.P., G., B.C.T.); International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India (S.L., V.S.R.); and Department of Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Center of Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801 (G.)
| | - Vanga S. Reddy
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India (A.K.B., G.K.P., S.S.P., G., B.C.T.); International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India (S.L., V.S.R.); and Department of Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Center of Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801 (G.)
| | - Govindjee
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India (A.K.B., G.K.P., S.S.P., G., B.C.T.); International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India (S.L., V.S.R.); and Department of Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Center of Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801 (G.)
| | - Baishnab C. Tripathy
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India (A.K.B., G.K.P., S.S.P., G., B.C.T.); International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India (S.L., V.S.R.); and Department of Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Center of Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801 (G.)
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Padmalatha KV, Dhandapani G, Kanakachari M, Kumar S, Dass A, Patil DP, Rajamani V, Kumar K, Pathak R, Rawat B, Leelavathi S, Reddy PS, Jain N, Powar KN, Hiremath V, Katageri IS, Reddy MK, Solanke AU, Reddy VS, Kumar PA. Genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of cotton under drought stress reveal significant down-regulation of genes and pathways involved in fibre elongation and up-regulation of defense responsive genes. Plant Mol Biol 2012; 78:223-46. [PMID: 22143977 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-011-9857-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cotton is an important source of natural fibre used in the textile industry and the productivity of the crop is adversely affected by drought stress. High throughput transcriptomic analyses were used to identify genes involved in fibre development. However, not much information is available on cotton genome response in developing fibres under drought stress. In the present study a genome wide transcriptome analysis was carried out to identify differentially expressed genes at various stages of fibre growth under drought stress. Our study identified a number of genes differentially expressed during fibre elongation as compared to other stages. High level up-regulation of genes encoding for enzymes involved in pectin modification and cytoskeleton proteins was observed at fibre initiation stage. While a large number of genes encoding transcription factors (AP2-EREBP, WRKY, NAC and C2H2), osmoprotectants, ion transporters and heat shock proteins and pathways involved in hormone (ABA, ethylene and JA) biosynthesis and signal transduction were up-regulated and genes involved in phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis, pentose and glucuronate interconversions and starch and sucrose metabolism pathways were down-regulated during fibre elongation. This study showed that drought has relatively less impact on fibre initiation but has profound effect on fibre elongation by down-regulating important genes involved in cell wall loosening and expansion process. The comprehensive transcriptome analysis under drought stress has provided valuable information on differentially expressed genes and pathways during fibre development that will be useful in developing drought tolerant cotton cultivars without compromising fibre quality.
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Leelavathi S, Bhardwaj A, Kumar S, Dass A, Pathak R, Pandey SS, Tripathy BC, Padmalatha KV, Dhandapani G, Kanakachari M, Solanke AU, Kumar PA, Cella R, Siva Reddy V. Genome-wide transcriptome and proteome analyses of tobacco psaA and psbA deletion mutants. Plant Mol Biol 2011; 76:407-23. [PMID: 21327516 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-011-9731-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis in higher land plants is a complex process involving several proteins encoded by both nuclear and chloroplast genomes that require a highly coordinated gene expression. Significant changes in plastid differentiation and biochemical processes are associated with the deletion of chloroplast genes. In this study we report the genome-wide responses caused by the deletion of tobacco psaA and psbA genes coding core components of photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII), respectively, generated through a chloroplast genetic engineering approach. Transcriptomic and quantitative proteomic analysis showed the down regulation of specific groups of nuclear and chloroplast genes involved in photosynthesis, energy metabolism and chloroplast biogenesis. Moreover, our data show simultaneous activation of several defense and stress responsive genes including those involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging mechanisms. A major finding is the differential transcription of the plastome of deletion mutants: genes known to be transcribed by the plastid encoded polymerase (PEP) were generally down regulated while those transcribed by the nuclear encoded polymerase (NEP) were up regulated, indicating simultaneous activation of multiple signaling pathways in response to disruption of PSI and PSII complexes. The genome wide transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of the ∆psaA and ∆psbA deletion mutants revealed a simultaneous up and down regulation of the specific groups of genes located in nucleus and chloroplasts suggesting a complex circuitry involving both retrograde and anterograde signaling mechanisms responsible for the coordinated expression of nuclear and chloroplast genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadhu Leelavathi
- Plant Transformation Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
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Obembe OO, Popoola JO, Leelavathi S, Reddy SV. Advances in plant molecular farming. Biotechnol Adv 2010; 29:210-22. [PMID: 21115109 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant molecular farming (PMF) is a new branch of plant biotechnology, where plants are engineered to produce recombinant pharmaceutical and industrial proteins in large quantities. As an emerging subdivision of the biopharmaceutical industry, PMF is still trying to gain comparable social acceptance as the already established production systems that produce these high valued proteins in microbial, yeast, or mammalian expression systems. This article reviews the various cost-effective technologies and strategies, which are being developed to improve yield and quality of the plant-derived pharmaceuticals, thereby making plant-based production system suitable alternatives to the existing systems. It also attempts to overview the different novel plant-derived pharmaceuticals and non-pharmaceutical protein products that are at various stages of clinical development or commercialization. It then discusses the biosafety and regulatory issues, which are crucial (if strictly adhered to) to eliminating potential health and environmental risks, which in turn is necessary to earning favorable public perception, thus ensuring the success of the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olawole O Obembe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Covenant University, PMB 1023 Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria.
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20
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Bhardwaj A, Leelavathi S, Mazumdar-Leighton S, Ghosh A, Ramakumar S, Reddy VS. The critical role of N- and C-terminal contact in protein stability and folding of a family 10 xylanase under extreme conditions. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11347. [PMID: 20596542 PMCID: PMC2893209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stabilization strategies adopted by proteins under extreme conditions are very complex and involve various kinds of interactions. Recent studies have shown that a large proportion of proteins have their N- and C-terminal elements in close contact and suggested they play a role in protein folding and stability. However, the biological significance of this contact remains elusive. Methodology In the present study, we investigate the role of N- and C-terminal residue interaction using a family 10 xylanase (BSX) with a TIM-barrel structure that shows stability under high temperature, alkali pH, and protease and SDS treatment. Based on crystal structure, an aromatic cluster was identified that involves Phe4, Trp6 and Tyr343 holding the N- and C-terminus together; this is a unique and important feature of this protein that might be crucial for folding and stability under poly-extreme conditions. Conclusion A series of mutants was created to disrupt this aromatic cluster formation and study the loss of stability and function under given conditions. While the deletions of Phe4 resulted in loss of stability, removal of Trp6 and Tyr343 affected in vivo folding and activity. Alanine substitution with Phe4, Trp6 and Tyr343 drastically decreased stability under all parameters studied. Importantly, substitution of Phe4 with Trp increased stability in SDS treatment. Mass spectrometry results of limited proteolysis further demonstrated that the Arg344 residue is highly susceptible to trypsin digestion in sensitive mutants such as ΔF4, W6A and Y343A, suggesting again that disruption of the Phe4-Trp6-Tyr343 (F-W-Y) cluster destabilizes the N- and C-terminal interaction. Our results underscore the importance of N- and C-terminal contact through aromatic interactions in protein folding and stability under extreme conditions, and these results may be useful to improve the stability of other proteins under suboptimal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Bhardwaj
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Sadhu Leelavathi
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Amit Ghosh
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Suryanarayanarao Ramakumar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Bioinformatics Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Vanga S. Reddy
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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Nguyen HT, Leelavathi S, Reddy VS. Bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase-directed, inducible and tissue-specific over-expression of foreign genes in transgenic plants. Plant Biotechnol J 2004; 2:301-10. [PMID: 17134391 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2004.00071.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A widely applicable bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase-directed, tissue-specific and inducible over-expression of foreign genes in transgenic plants was developed. This was achieved through the simultaneous transformation of a modified T7 RNA polymerase to specifically transcribe the foreign gene placed under the control of T7 expression signals. The T7 RNA polymerase recognized the chimeric uidA gene integrated randomly into tobacco and rice genomes. Results from the use of six different promoters with different tissue specificities indicated that the recombinant protein was expressed at a several-fold (3-10-fold) higher level when compared with transgenes expressed directly under the control of these tissue-specific promoters. An important feature of the T7 system in plants was the near-uniform expression in the independently transformed plants, in contrast with the large variations observed in transgene expression under the direct control of plant promoters. In addition, our results demonstrated the application of the T7 system in the regulation of transgene expression through chemically inducible mechanisms. This versatility of controlled and regulated expression offers a powerful tool that could be used in various programmes in plant biotechnology and genomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huu Tam Nguyen
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India
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Leelavathi S, Sunnichan VG, Kumria R, Vijaykanth GP, Bhatnagar RK, Reddy VS. A simple and rapid Agrobacterium-mediated transformation protocol for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.): embryogenic calli as a source to generate large numbers of transgenic plants. Plant Cell Rep 2004; 22:465-470. [PMID: 13680138 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-003-0710-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2003] [Revised: 07/15/2003] [Accepted: 08/14/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A protocol is presented for efficient transformation and regeneration of cotton. Embryogenic calli co-cultivated with Agrobacterium carrying cry1Ia5 gene were cultured under dehydration stress and antibiotic selection for 3-6 weeks to generate several transgenic embryos. An average of 75 globular embryo clusters were observed on selection plates and these embryos were cultured on multiplication medium followed by development of cotyledonary embryos on embryo maturation medium to obtain an average of 12 plants per Petri plate of co-cultivated callus. About 83% of these plants have been confirmed to be transgenic by Southern blot analysis. An efficiency of ten kanamycin-resistant plants per Petri plate of co-cultivated embryogenic callus was obtained. The simplicity of the procedure and the efficiency of the initial material allow transformation of any variety where a single regenerating embryogenic callus line can be obtained. In addition, multiple transformations can be performed either simultaneously or sequentially. The method is extremely simple, reliable, efficient, and much less laborious than any other existing method for cotton transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Leelavathi
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, 110 067, New Delhi, India
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23
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Kumria R, Sunnichan VG, Das DK, Gupta SK, Reddy VS, Bhatnagar RK, Leelavathi S. High-frequency somatic embryo production and maturation into normal plants in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) through metabolic stress. Plant Cell Rep 2003; 21:635-9. [PMID: 12789412 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-002-0554-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2002] [Revised: 10/18/2002] [Accepted: 10/19/2002] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A highly efficient somatic embryo production and maturation procedure has been developed to regenerate plantlets from cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum). This procedure involves the acceleration of differentiation through manipulations of nutrient and microenvironment conditions. Embryogenic calli, initiated from hypocotyls or cotyledonary leaf sections on MS medium containing 0.1 mg/l 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 0.5 mg/l kinetin, and 3% maltose produced globular-stage somatic embryos when transferred to hormone-free MS medium supplemented with high concentrations of nitrate. Subculture of globular embryos on hormone-free MS medium led to the development of torpedo- and cotyledonary-stage at a low frequency (two to four per plate) with the majority of embryos lacking further growth or entering into the dedifferentiation stage. Significant improvement in embryogenesis (two- to threefold) was achieved when calli were cultured on 1/5-strength MS medium irrespective of stress treatment. However, the frequency of globular embryos developing into normal plantlets improved considerably (20-24 per plate) when cultured on filter paper placed on MS medium. In this procedure, about 33% of globular embryos not only developed into the cotyledonary stage but rooted simultaneously, eliminating a separate rooting step. More than 70% of cotyledonary embryos developed into normal plantlets when cultured on full- strength MS medium containing 0.05 mg/l gibberellic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kumria
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, 110 067, New Delhi, India
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Abstract
Segregation of genes controlling expression of anthocyanin pigmentation in rice (Oryza sativa L. subsp. indica) leaf blade and leaf sheath was examined in the microspore-derived plants. The segregation pattern of marker genes was found to fit closely the expected gametic segregation ratios among microspore-derived green as well as albino plants. Microspore-derived in vitro regenerated plants expressed genetic traits similar to seedlings. The results indicate that the germ cell culture technique can be of significance while monitoring gene action, i.e. anthocyanin synthesis at monoploid phase of plant development.
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Leelavathi S, Reddy VS, Sen SK. Somatic cell genetic studies inBrassica species : I. High frequency production of haploid plants inBrassica alba (L.) H. f. & T. Plant Cell Rep 1984; 3:102-105. [PMID: 24253435 DOI: 10.1007/bf02441010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/1984] [Revised: 04/26/1984] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In vitro culture ofBrassica alba anthers on a growth medium containing inorganics of KB5 and organics, iron, sucrose and hormones of B5 resulted in a very high response of anthers (93.75%) towards callus induction. All the calli transferred to regeneration media responded favourably even after six months of callus induction. Numerous torpedo-shaped embryoids developed in clusters at many sites from each callus mass. Secondary embryogenesis and multiple shoot formation was also observed in many cases. The number of embryoids and plantlets produced by one embryogenic anther were as high as 169.8 and 17 respectively. 87% of the regenerated plants were haploids.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Leelavathi
- Programme in Genetical Research, Department of Botany, Bose Institute, 700 009, Calcutta, India
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