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Kondamuri SR, Thadikemalla VSG, Suryanarayana G, Karthik C, Reddy VS, Sahithi VB, Anitha Y, Yogitha V, Valli PR. Chest CT Image based Lung Disease Classification - A Review. Curr Med Imaging 2024; 20:1-14. [PMID: 38389342 DOI: 10.2174/0115734056248176230923143105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) scans are widely used to diagnose lung conditions due to their ability to provide a detailed overview of the body's respiratory system. Despite its popularity, visual examination of CT scan images can lead to misinterpretations that impede a timely diagnosis. Utilizing technology to evaluate images for disease detection is also a challenge. As a result, there is a significant demand for more advanced systems that can accurately classify lung diseases from CT scan images. In this work, we provide an extensive analysis of different approaches and their performances that can help young researchers to build more advanced systems. First, we briefly introduce diagnosis and treatment procedures for various lung diseases. Then, a brief description of existing methods used for the classification of lung diseases is presented. Later, an overview of the general procedures for lung disease classification using machine learning (ML) is provided. Furthermore, an overview of recent progress in ML-based classification of lung diseases is provided. Finally, existing challenges in ML techniques are presented. It is concluded that deep learning techniques have revolutionized the early identification of lung disorders. We expect that this work will equip medical professionals with the awareness they require in order to recognize and classify certain medical disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shri Ramtej Kondamuri
- Department of ECE, Velagapudi Ramakrishna Siddhartha Engineering College, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, 520007, India
| | | | - Gunnam Suryanarayana
- Department of ECE, Velagapudi Ramakrishna Siddhartha Engineering College, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, 520007, India
| | - Chandran Karthik
- Department of Robotics and Automation, Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, Kerala 679531, India
| | - Vanga Siva Reddy
- Department of ECE, Velagapudi Ramakrishna Siddhartha Engineering College, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, 520007, India
| | - V Bhuvana Sahithi
- Department of ECE, Velagapudi Ramakrishna Siddhartha Engineering College, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, 520007, India
| | - Y Anitha
- Department of ECE, Velagapudi Ramakrishna Siddhartha Engineering College, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, 520007, India
| | - V Yogitha
- Department of ECE, Velagapudi Ramakrishna Siddhartha Engineering College, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, 520007, India
| | - P Reshma Valli
- Department of ECE, Velagapudi Ramakrishna Siddhartha Engineering College, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, 520007, India
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Fumagalli M, Gerace D, Faè M, Iadarola P, Leelavathi S, Reddy VS, Cella R. Molecular, biochemical, and proteomic analyses of transplastomic tobacco plants expressing an endoglucanase support chloroplast-based molecular farming for industrial scale production of enzymes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:9479-9491. [PMID: 31701198 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10186-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The successful production of recombinant enzymes by tobacco transplastomic plants must maintain compatibility of the heterologous enzyme with chloroplast metabolism and its long-time enzyme stability. Based on previous reports, it has been taken for granted that following biolistic-transformation, homoplasticity could be obtained from the initially heteroplastic state following successive rounds of selection in the presence of the selection agent. However, several studies indicated that this procedure does not always ensure the complete elimination of unmodified wild-type plastomes. The present study demonstrates that CelK1 transplastomic plants, which were photosyntetically as active as untransformed ones, remain heteroplastomic even after repeated selection steps and that this state does not impair the relatively high-level production of the recombinant enzyme. In fact, even in the heteroplastomic state, the recombinant protein represented about 6% of the total soluble proteins (TSP). Moreover, our data also show that, while the recombinant endoglucanase undergoes phosphorylation, this post-translation modification does not have any significant impact on the enzymatic activity. Biomass storage might be required whenever the enzyme extraction process could not be performed immediately following the harvest of tobacco mature plants. In this respect, we have observed that enzyme activity in the detached leaves stored at 4 °C is maintained up to 20 weeks without significant loss of activity. These findings may have major implications in the future of chloroplast genetic engineering-based molecular farming to produce industrial enzymes in transplastomic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fumagalli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - D Gerace
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - M Faè
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - P Iadarola
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - S Leelavathi
- Plant Transformation Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - V S Reddy
- Plant Transformation Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Rino Cella
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
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Nair AT, Palappra SP, Reddy VS. Influence of Ag Nanostructure Location on the Absorption Enhancement in Polymer Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:32483-32491. [PMID: 30168314 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b13560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The optical absorption enhancement in Ag nanocube (NC)- and nanosphere (NS)-embedded poly[ N-9'-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole- alt-5,5-(4',7'-di-2-thienyl-2',1',3'-benzothiadiazole)]:[6,6]-phenyl C71-butyric acid methyl ester active layer was calculated using three-dimensional finite-difference time domain simulations. The simulations were carried out by incorporating Ag nanostructures as a two-dimensional array at various locations in the active layer matrix. High absorption enhancements of 53 and 61% were achieved with NSs and NCs, respectively, when they were incorporated at the top portion of the active layer. The influence of various passivation layers on the absorption enhancement was also investigated. The simulation results revealed that the absorption enhancement is mainly due to the near-field enhancement around the nanostructures and the backward reflection of incident light from the nanostructure array.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijith T Nair
- Organic and Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Physics , National Institute of Technology Calicut (NITC) , Calicut 673 601 , Kerala , India
| | - Shamjid P Palappra
- Organic and Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Physics , National Institute of Technology Calicut (NITC) , Calicut 673 601 , Kerala , India
| | - V S Reddy
- Organic and Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Physics , National Institute of Technology Calicut (NITC) , Calicut 673 601 , Kerala , India
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Abstract
Achievement of an immunosuppression-free condition defined as clinical operational tolerance is an ideal goal. We hereby report a case of clinical operational tolerance in a patient whose allograft is functioning normally, without immunosuppression, for more than 3 years. The patient withdrew from immunosuppression in 2011 following which his serum creatinine was 1.34 mg/dl and proteinuria was 178 mg/24 h. Flowcytometric studies showed an elevated number of B lymphocytes and NK cells. IL-10 cytokine levels had increased, whereas those of IFN-γ decreased, suggesting that both B lymphocytes and NK cells, with their immunoregulatory function, contribute to the maintenance of long-term graft function. Consequently, further studies in understanding the interactions of NK cells and B lymphocytes may give us a better insight into the underlying mechanisms that underpin organ tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailaja Kesiraju
- Department of Immunology and Biochemistry, Transimmun-Transplantation Immunology and Research Center, Somajiguda, Hyderabad, 500082, India.
| | - Uma Maheswara Rao Ch
- Kidney Transplant Unit, Mahavir Hospital and Research Center, AC Guards, Hyderabad, India
| | - Purna Paritala
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sreedhar Reddy
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| | - V S Reddy
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| | - S Sahariah
- Department of Immunology and Biochemistry, Transimmun-Transplantation Immunology and Research Center, Somajiguda, Hyderabad, 500082, India
- Kidney Transplant Unit, Mahavir Hospital and Research Center, AC Guards, Hyderabad, India
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
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Hande AS, Katageri IS, Jadhav MP, Adiger S, Gamanagatti S, Padmalatha KV, Dhandapani G, Kanakachari M, Kumar PA, Reddy VS. Transcript profiling of genes expressed during fibre development in diploid cotton (Gossypium arboreum L.). BMC Genomics 2017; 18:675. [PMID: 28859611 PMCID: PMC5580217 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4066-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cotton fibre is a single cell and it is one of the best platforms for unraveling the genes express during various stages of fibre development. There are reports devoted to comparative transcriptome study on fiber cell initiation and elongation in tetraploid cultivated cotton. However, in the present investigation, comparative transcriptome study was made in diploid cultivated cotton using isogenic fuzzy-lintless (Fl) and normal fuzzy linted (FL) lines belong to Gossypium arboreum, diploid species at two stages, 0 and 10 dpa (days post anthesis), using Affymetrix cotton GeneChip genome array. Result Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis uncovered the occurrence of few fibre cell initials in the Fl line as compared to many in Normal FL at −2 and 0 dpa. However, at 10 dpa there were no fibre cells found elongated in Fl but many elongated cells were found in FL line. Up-regulation of transcription factors, AP2-EREBP, C2H2, C3H, HB and WRKY was observed at 0 dpa whereas in 10 dpa transcription factors, AP2-EREBP, AUX/IAA, bHLH, C2H2, C3H, HB, MYB, NAC, Orphans, PLATZ and WRKY were found down regulated in Fl line. These transcription factors were mainly involved in metabolic pathways such as phytohormone signaling, energy metabolism of cell, fatty acid metabolism, secondary metabolism and other signaling pathways and are related directly or indirectly in fiber development. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to check fold up or down-regulation of these genes and transcription factors (TFs) down regulated in mutants as compared to normal at 0 and 10 dpa. Conclusion This study elucidates that the up-regulation of transcription factors like AP2-EREBP, C2H2, C3H, HB, WRKY and phytohormone signaling genes at 0 dpa and their down-regulation at the 10 dpa might have constrain the fibre elongation in fuzzy-lintless line. Along with this the down-regulation of genes involved in synthesis of VLCFA chain, transcripts necessary for energy and cell wall metabolism, EXPANSINs, arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), tubulin might also be the probable reason for reduced growth of fibres in the Fl. Plant receptor-like kinases (RLKs), Leucine Rich Repeats) LRR- family protein and signal transduction coding for mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, have been engaged in coordination of cell elongation and SCW biosynthesis, down-regulation of these might loss the function leads to reduced fibre growth. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-4066-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul S Hande
- University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | | | | | - Sateesh Adiger
- University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | | | | | - Gurusamy Dhandapani
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology (NRCPB), IARI, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Vanga Siva Reddy
- Plant Transformation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
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Kapoor NR, Chadha R, Kumar S, Choedon T, Reddy VS, Kumar V. The HBx gene of hepatitis B virus can influence hepatic microenvironment via exosomes by transferring its mRNA and protein. Virus Res 2017; 240:166-174. [PMID: 28847700 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cellular secretory vesicles known as 'exosomes' have emerged as key player in intercellular transport and communication between different eukaryotic in order to maintain body homeostasis. Many pathogenic viruses utilize exosome pathway to efficiently transfer bioactive components from infected cells to naïve cells. Here, we show that HBx can tweak the exosome biogenesis machinery both by enhancing neutral sphingomyelinase2 activity as well as by interacting with exosomal biomarkers such as neutral sphingomyelinase2, CD9 and CD81. The nano particle tracking analysis revealed enhanced secretion of exosomes by the HBx-expressing cells while confocal studies confirmed the co-localization of HBx with CD9 and CD63. Importantly, we observed the encapsulation of HBx mRNA and protein in these exosomes besides some other qualitative changes. The exosomal cargo secreted by HBx-expressing cells had a profound effect on the recipient hepatic cells including creation of a milieu conducive for cellular-transformation. Thus, the present study unfolds a novel role of HBx in intercellular communication by facilitating horizontal transfer of viral gene products and other host factors via exosomes in order to support viral spread and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Rohit Kapoor
- Virology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Radhika Chadha
- Virology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Saravanan Kumar
- Plant Transformation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Tenzin Choedon
- Virology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Vanga Siva Reddy
- Plant Transformation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Virology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
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Faè M, Accossato S, Cella R, Fontana F, Goldschmidt-Clermont M, Leelavathi S, Reddy VS, Longoni P. Comparison of transplastomic Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Nicotiana tabacum expression system for the production of a bacterial endoglucanase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:4085-4092. [PMID: 28190097 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8164-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The bulk production of recombinant enzymes by either prokaryotic or eukaryotic organisms might contribute to replace environmentally non-friendly chemistry-based industrial processes with enzyme-based biocatalysis, provided the cost of enzyme production is low. In this context, it is worth noting that the production of recombinant proteins by photosynthetic organisms offer both eukaryotic (nuclear) and prokaryotic (chloroplast) alternatives, along with the advantage of an autotrophic nutrition. Compared to nuclear transformation, chloroplast transformation generally allows a higher level of accumulation of the recombinant protein of interest. Furthermore, among the photosynthetic organisms, there is a choice of using either multicellular or unicellular ones. Tobacco, being a non-food and non-feed plant, has been considered as a good choice for producing enzymes with applications in technical industry, using a transplastomic approach. Also, unicellular green algae, in particular Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, have been proposed as candidate organisms for the production of recombinant proteins. In the light of the different features of these two transplastomic systems, we decided to make a direct comparison of the efficiency of production of a bacterial endoglucanase. With respect to the amount obtained, 14 mg g-1 of biomass fresh weight equivalent to 8-10% of the total protein content and estimated production cost, 1.5-2€ kg-1, tobacco proved to be far more favorable for bulk enzyme production when compared to C. reinhardtii which accumulated this endoglucanase at 0.003% of the total protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Faè
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sonia Accossato
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emilie-Argand 11, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Rino Cella
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Fontana
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, Sciences III, CH-1211, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Michel Goldschmidt-Clermont
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, Sciences III, CH-1211, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Sadhu Leelavathi
- Plant Transformation Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Vanga Siva Reddy
- Plant Transformation Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Paolo Longoni
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, Sciences III, CH-1211, Genève, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Organic bistable memory devices were fabricated by embedding a thin layer of molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) between two tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum (Alq3) layers. The device exhibited excellent switching characteristics with an ON/OFF current ratio of 1.15 × 103 at a read voltage of 1 V. The device showed repeatable write-erase capability and good stability in both the conductance states. These conductance states are non-volatile in nature and can be obtained by applying appropriate voltage pulses. The effect of MoO3 layer thickness and its location in the Alq3 matrix on characteristics of the memory device was investigated. The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images of the MoO3 layer revealed the presence of isolated nanoparticles. Based on the experimental results, a mechanism has been proposed for explaining the conductance switching of fabricated devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Abhijith
- Organic and Nano Electronics Laboratory, Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut-673601, Kerala, India
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9
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Pagliano C, Bersanini L, Cella R, Longoni P, Pantaleoni L, Dass A, Leelavathi S, Reddy VS. Use of Nicotiana tabacum transplastomic plants engineered to express a His-tagged CP47 for the isolation of functional photosystem II core complexes. Plant Physiol Biochem 2017; 111:266-273. [PMID: 27987471 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This work focuses on the development of a molecular tool for purification of Photosystem II (PSII) from Nicotiana tabacum (L.). To this end, the chloroplast psbB gene encoding the CP47 PSII subunit was replaced with an engineered version of the same gene containing a C-terminal His-tag. Molecular analyses assessed the effective integration of the recombinant gene and its expression. Despite not exhibiting any obvious phenotype, the transplastomic plants remained heteroplasmic even after three rounds of regeneration under antibiotic selection. However, the recombinant His-tagged CP47 protein associated in vivo to the other PSII subunits allowing the isolation of a functional PSII core complex, although with low yield of extraction. These results will open up possible perspectives for further spectroscopic and structural studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pagliano
- Applied Science and Technology Department-BioSolar Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Luca Bersanini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Rino Cella
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Paolo Longoni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Laura Pantaleoni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Abhishek Dass
- Plant Transformation Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sadhu Leelavathi
- Plant Transformation Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Vanga Siva Reddy
- Plant Transformation Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.
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Nguyen VC, Nguyen VK, Singh CH, Devi GS, Reddy VS, Leelavathi S. Fast recovery of transgenic submergence tolerant rice cultivars of North-East India by early co-cultivation of Agrobacterium with pre-cultured callus. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 2017; 23:115-123. [PMID: 28250588 PMCID: PMC5313402 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-016-0398-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Agro-climatic conditions of North-East India are very complex and rice cultivars present in the region have been adapted to grow under harsh environmental conditions. Germplasm present in the region is considered to possess several important and unique traits that are of importance in rice improvement programs. Genetic engineering is a powerful tool to introduce new traits into crop plants. However, not much information is available on the methods to introduce foreign genes into North-East rice cultivars. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to develop transformation procedures for fast recovery of transgenic plants from North-East rice cultivars. To achieve this objective, a systematic study was carried out to identify media components and culture conditions for efficient embryogenic callus induction from the mature seeds and differentiation of callus into plantlets from two North-East deep water rice cultivars, Taothabi and Khongan. Also, role of preculture of callus on Agrobacterium-mediated transformation was studied. Co-cultivation of Agrobacterium with 1-5 days precultured callus was found to result in high frequency of transformation. Detailed characterization of transgenic lines confirmed stable integration of transgenes and expression of reporter gfp gene. The whole process starting from callus induction to regenerating of transgenic rice plants that can be established in the soil was achieved in about 35-45 days. The procedures developed were found to be applicable to a popular variety IR 64. Therefore, methods developed in this study should be useful not only to introduce new traits quickly but also to validate the function(s) of several candidate gene(s) identified under the functional genomics of rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Cuu Nguyen
- Plant Transformation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Van Khiem Nguyen
- Plant Transformation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067 India
- National Institute of Medicinal Materials (NIMM), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Chongtham Henary Singh
- Plant Physiology Lab., Department of Life Sciences, Manipur University, Imphal, Manipur 795003 India
| | | | - Vanga Siva Reddy
- Plant Transformation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Sadhu Leelavathi
- Plant Transformation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067 India
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Paul TR, Uppin MS, Uppin SG, Radhika K, Prayaga AK, Sundaram C, Reddy VS, Rao DR, Rajappa S, Sreenivasan VR. Spectrum of malignancies in human immunodeficiency virus - positive patients at a Tertiary Care Centre in South India. Indian J Cancer 2016; 51:459-63. [PMID: 26842162 DOI: 10.4103/0019-509x.175295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT India has a very large number of patients living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Opportunistic infections in these patients are commonly encountered. However, malignancies in such patients also do occur. AIM The aim was to study the spectrum of malignancies in HIV-positive patients at a tertiary health care center. SETTINGS AND DESIGN Retrospective study. MATERIALS AND METHODS The cases were retrieved from pathology record files at our Institute from January 2003 to December 2008. The follow-up was obtained from Medical oncology records. The morphology of each case was reviewed along with immunohistochemistry wherever done. RESULTS There were 61 such cases (51 males, 10 females). The age range was 7-78 years with a median of 35 years. The clinical presentation varied according to the malignancy. The largest group was non-Hodgkin lymphoma (18 nodal, 23 extra-nodal). The others included carcinoma breast (4), chronic myeloid leukemia (3), Burkitt Leukemia (2), squamous cell carcinoma anal region (2), multiple myeloma (2) and one each of miscellaneous malignancies (7). CONCLUSION Malignancies in HIV positive individual occurred in younger individuals. Non-Hodgkin lymphomas, especially extra-nodal lymphomas, were the most common malignancy. There were no cases of proven Kaposi's sarcoma or invasive cervical carcinomas. There were two cases of multiple myeloma which are infrequently reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Paul
- Department of Pathology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Kumar S, Kanakachari M, Gurusamy D, Kumar K, Narayanasamy P, Kethireddy Venkata P, Solanke A, Gamanagatti S, Hiremath V, Katageri IS, Leelavathi S, Kumar PA, Reddy VS. Genome-wide transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of bollworm-infested developing cotton bolls revealed the genes and pathways involved in the insect pest defence mechanism. Plant Biotechnol J 2016; 14:1438-55. [PMID: 26799171 PMCID: PMC5066800 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, is a major insect pest that feeds on cotton bolls causing extensive damage leading to crop and productivity loss. In spite of such a major impact, cotton plant response to bollworm infection is yet to be witnessed. In this context, we have studied the genome-wide response of cotton bolls infested with bollworm using transcriptomic and proteomic approaches. Further, we have validated this data using semi-quantitative real-time PCR. Comparative analyses have revealed that 39% of the transcriptome and 35% of the proteome were differentially regulated during bollworm infestation. Around 36% of significantly regulated transcripts and 45% of differentially expressed proteins were found to be involved in signalling followed by redox regulation. Further analysis showed that defence-related stress hormones and their lipid precursors, transcription factors, signalling molecules, etc. were stimulated, whereas the growth-related counterparts were suppressed during bollworm infestation. Around 26% of the significantly up-regulated proteins were defence molecules, while >50% of the significantly down-regulated were related to photosynthesis and growth. Interestingly, the biosynthesis genes for synergistically regulated jasmonate, ethylene and suppressors of the antagonistic factor salicylate were found to be up-regulated, suggesting a choice among stress-responsive phytohormone regulation. Manual curation of the enzymes and TFs highlighted the components of retrograde signalling pathways. Our data suggest that a selective regulatory mechanism directs the reallocation of metabolic resources favouring defence over growth under bollworm infestation and these insights could be exploited to develop bollworm-resistant cotton varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Kumar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Mogilicherla Kanakachari
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
| | - Dhandapani Gurusamy
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
| | - Krishan Kumar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Prabhakaran Narayanasamy
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
| | | | - Amolkumar Solanke
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | - Sadhu Leelavathi
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Polumetla Ananda Kumar
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
| | - Vanga Siva Reddy
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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13
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Kesiraju S, Rao UM, Paritala P, Reddy VS, Sahariah S. Everolimus with low-dose cyclosporine in de novo renal transplant recipients: A single center Indian experience. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 2015; 26:1294-9. [PMID: 26586076 DOI: 10.4103/1319-2442.168679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sailaja Kesiraju
- Transimmun-Transplantation Immunology and Research Center, Somajiguda, Hyderabad, India
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Agrawal A, Rajamani V, Reddy VS, Mukherjee SK, Bhatnagar RK. Transgenic plants over-expressing insect-specific microRNA acquire insecticidal activity against Helicoverpa armigera: an alternative to Bt-toxin technology. Transgenic Res 2015; 24:791-801. [PMID: 25947089 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-015-9880-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The success of Bt transgenics in controlling predation of crops has been tempered by sporadic emergence of resistance in targeted insect larvae. Such emerging threats have prompted the search for novel insecticidal molecules that are specific and could be expressed through plants. We have resorted to small RNA-based technology for an investigative search and focused our attention to an insect-specific miRNA that interferes with the insect molting process resulting in the death of the larvae. In this study, we report the designing of a vector that produces artificial microRNA (amiR), namely amiR-24, which targets the chitinase gene of Helicoverpa armigera. This vector was used as transgene in tobacco. Northern blot and real-time analysis revealed the high level expression of amiR-24 in transgenic tobacco plants. Larvae feeding on the transgenic plants ceased to molt further and eventually died. Our results demonstrate that transgenic tobacco plants can express amiR-24 insectice specific to H. armigera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Agrawal
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Vijayalakshmi Rajamani
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Vanga Siva Reddy
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | | | - Raj K Bhatnagar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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15
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Reddy VS, Reddy GB. Emerging role for αB-crystallin as a therapeutic agent: pros and cons. Curr Mol Med 2015; 15:47-61. [PMID: 25601468 DOI: 10.2174/1566524015666150114112853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
HSPB5 or αB-crystallin (αBC) is a major protein of the vertebrate eye lens belonging to the small heat-shock protein family of proteins that respond to various stressful conditions. αBC also is found outside the lens in various non-ocular tissues and acts as a molecular chaperone by preventing aggregation of proteins, inhibits apoptosis and inflammation, and maintains cytoskeletal architecture. The αBC protein is phosphorylated on three serine residues S59, S45, and S19, and several functions of αBC are modulated by phosphorylation. Numerous studies have revealed the upregulation of αBC in pathological conditions such as neurodegenerative diseases, cancers, diabetes, retinal diseases, cataracts, ischemia/repurfusion, aging, and others. However, it is unknown whether the up-regulation of αBC is causative or protective for these pathological conditions. Although αBC has been shown to provide a protective effect in neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation, diabetes, and retinal diseases, other studies have described a deleterious role of αBC in cancers and pulmonary fibrosis. The therapeutic potential of αBC alone or in combination with αA-crystallin has been reported. Acetylated αBC peptides have been shown to be more potent than native αBC for chaperone as well as therapeutic activities using both in vitro and in vivo models. Further, for efficient delivery of α BC into cells, carrier molecules such as polylacticcoglycolic acid, polycaprolactone and cell penetration peptides have been used. In this review, we have summarized current data from emerging and exciting studies of the therapeutic strategies of α BC and α BC peptides and the efficient delivery strategies of these proteins in various disease models, including neurodegenerative diseases, retinal diseases, platelet aggregation, inflammation, and ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G B Reddy
- National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad-500 007, India.
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Longoni P, Leelavathi S, Doria E, Reddy VS, Cella R. Production by Tobacco Transplastomic Plants of Recombinant Fungal and Bacterial Cell-Wall Degrading Enzymes to Be Used for Cellulosic Biomass Saccharification. Biomed Res Int 2015; 2015:289759. [PMID: 26137472 PMCID: PMC4468278 DOI: 10.1155/2015/289759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Biofuels from renewable plant biomass are gaining momentum due to climate change related to atmospheric CO2 increase. However, the production cost of enzymes required for cellulosic biomass saccharification is a major limiting step in this process. Low-cost production of large amounts of recombinant enzymes by transgenic plants was proposed as an alternative to the conventional microbial based fermentation. A number of studies have shown that chloroplast-based gene expression offers several advantages over nuclear transformation due to efficient transcription and translation systems and high copy number of the transgene. In this study, we expressed in tobacco chloroplasts microbial genes encoding five cellulases and a polygalacturonase. Leaf extracts containing the recombinant enzymes showed the ability to degrade various cell-wall components under different conditions, singly and in combinations. In addition, our group also tested a previously described thermostable xylanase in combination with a cellulase and a polygalacturonase to study the cumulative effect on the depolymerization of a complex plant substrate. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of using transplastomic tobacco leaf extracts to convert cell-wall polysaccharides into reducing sugars, fulfilling a major prerequisite of large scale availability of a variety of cell-wall degrading enzymes for biofuel industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Longoni
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Dipartimento de Biologie Végétale, Université de Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, Sciences III, 1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - Sadhu Leelavathi
- Plant Transformation Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Enrico Doria
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Centre of Sustainable Livelihood (CSL), Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark 1900, South Africa
| | - Vanga Siva Reddy
- Plant Transformation Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Rino Cella
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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17
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Haka J, Niemi MH, Iljin K, Reddy VS, Takkinen K, Laukkanen ML. Isolation of Mal d 1 and Api g 1 - specific recombinant antibodies from mouse IgG Fab fragment libraries - Mal d 1-specific antibody exhibits cross-reactivity against Bet v 1. BMC Biotechnol 2015; 15:34. [PMID: 26013405 PMCID: PMC4446070 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-015-0157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Around 3–5% of the population suffer from IgE-mediated food allergies in Western countries and the number of food-allergenic people is increasing. Individuals with certain pollen allergies may also suffer from a sensitisation to proteins in the food products. As an example a person sensitised to the major birch pollen allergen, Bet v 1, is often sensitised to its homologues, such as the major allergens of apple, Mal d 1, and celery, Api g 1, as well. Development of tools for the reliable, sensitive and quick detection of allergens present in various food products is essential for allergic persons to prevent the consumption of substances causing mild and even life-threatening immune responses. The use of monoclonal antibodies would ensure the specific detection of the harmful food content for a sensitised person. Methods Mouse IgG antibody libraries were constructed from immunised mice and specific recombinant antibodies for Mal d 1 and Api g 1 were isolated from the libraries by phage display. More detailed characterisation of the resulting antibodies was carried out using ELISA, SPR experiments and immunoprecipitation assays. Results The allergen-specific Fab fragments exhibited high affinity towards the target recombinant allergens. Furthermore, the Fab fragments also recognised native allergens from natural sources. Interestingly, isolated Mal d 1-specific antibody bound also to Bet v 1, the main allergen eliciting the cross-reactivity syndrome between the birch pollen and apple. Despite the similarities in Api g 1 and Bet v 1 tertiary structures, the isolated Api g 1-specific antibodies showed no cross-reactivity to Bet v 1. Conclusions Here, high-affinity allergen-specific recombinant antibodies were isolated with interesting binding properties. With further development, these antibodies can be utilised as tools for the specific and reliable detection of allergens from different consumable products. This study gives new preliminary insights to elucidate the mechanism behind the pollen-food syndrome and to study the IgG epitope of the allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaana Haka
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, Espoo, FI-02044 VTT, Finland.
| | - Merja H Niemi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu Campus, P.O. Box 111, Joensuu, FI-80101, Finland.
| | - Kristiina Iljin
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, Espoo, FI-02044 VTT, Finland.
| | - Vanga Siva Reddy
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Kristiina Takkinen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, Espoo, FI-02044 VTT, Finland.
| | - Marja-Leena Laukkanen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, Espoo, FI-02044 VTT, Finland.
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Haka J, Niemi M, Iljin K, Reddy VS, Takkinen K, Laukkanen M. Development of recombinant antibodies for reliable and sensitive food allergen detection. Clin Transl Allergy 2015. [PMCID: PMC4412413 DOI: 10.1186/2045-7022-5-s3-p52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jaana Haka
- VTT Technical Research Centre of FinlandEspooFinland
| | - Merja Niemi
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuuFinland
| | | | - Vanga Siva Reddy
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyNew DelhiIndia
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19
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Pantaleoni L, Longoni P, Ferroni L, Baldisserotto C, Leelavathi S, Reddy VS, Pancaldi S, Cella R. Chloroplast molecular farming: efficient production of a thermostable xylanase by Nicotiana tabacum plants and long-term conservation of the recombinant enzyme. Protoplasma 2014; 251:639-48. [PMID: 24158375 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-013-0564-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The high cost of recombinant enzymes for the production of biofuel from ligno-cellulosic biomass is a crucial factor affecting the economic sustainability of the process. The use of plants as biofactories for the production of the suitable recombinant enzymes might be an alternative to microbial fermentation. In the case of enzyme accumulation in chloroplasts, it is fundamental to focus on the issue of full photosynthetic efficiency of transplastomic plants in the field where they might be exposed to abiotic stress such as high light intensity and high temperature. Xylanases (EC 3.2.1.8), a group of enzymes that hydrolyse linear polysaccharides of beta-1,4-xylan into xylose, find an application in the biofuel industry favouring biomass saccharification along with other cell-wall degrading enzymes. In the present study, we analysed how a high level of accumulation of a thermostable xylanase in tobacco chloroplasts does not impact on photosynthetic performance of transplastomic plants grown outdoors. The recombinant enzyme was found to be stable during plant development, ex planta and after long-term storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pantaleoni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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20
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Kesiraju S, Paritala P, Rao Ch UM, Athmakuri SM, Reddy VS, Sahariah S. Anti-thymocyte globulin versus basiliximab induction in renal transplant recipients: Long-term outcome. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 2014; 25:9-15. [PMID: 24434376 DOI: 10.4103/1319-2442.124459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Although basiliximab and rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) are effective in delaying and reducing the incidence of acute rejection (AR) thus improving short-term graft survival, their impact on long-term graft survival has not been well established in renal transplant recipients. To evaluate the long-term efficacy after induction therapy with ATG/basiliximab in renal transplant recipients, we studied retrospectively 86 renal transplant recipients of living donor renal transplantation from 2003 to 2006; of them, 42 patients received induction with ATG three doses of 50 mg, 25 mg, 25 mg/day on 0, 1 and 2 post-operative days (POD) and 44 age-matched patients received induction with basiliximab (20 mg/day on 0 and 4 PODs). All the patients received tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil and corticosteroids as maintenance immunosuppressive therapy. Demographic characteristics were similar between both groups. Patient survival at 5 years was 90.5% in the ATG group and 84.1% in the basiliximab group, while graft survival was 83.4% and 77.3%, respectively. The incidence of acute rejection was 14.2% and 18.1% in the ATG and the basiliximab groups, respectively. The estimated mean glomerular filtration rates at 5 years post-transplantation was 52.1 mL/min and 49.1 mL/min and the mean serum creatinine levels were 1.55 ± 0.37 and 1.66 ± 0.51 mg/dL in the ATG and basiliximab groups, respectively. A low incidence of tuberculosis and cytomegalovirus (CMV) was observed in the ATG group. There were no significant differences between the two groups, and both induction regimens assured a safe and effective treatment and were associated with similar excellent long-term patient and graft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailaja Kesiraju
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Transimmun, Transplantation Immunology and Research Center, Hyderabad, India
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Ritala A, Leelavathi S, Oksman-Caldentey KM, Reddy VS, Laukkanen ML. Recombinant barley-produced antibody for detection and immunoprecipitation of the major bovine milk allergen, β-lactoglobulin. Transgenic Res 2014; 23:477-87. [PMID: 24497085 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-014-9783-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant allergens and antibodies are needed for diagnostic, therapeutic, food processing and quality verification purposes. The aim of this work was to develop a barley-based production system for β-lactoglobulin (BLG) specific immunoglobulin E antibody (D1 scFv). The expression level in the best barley cell clone was 0.8-1.2 mg/kg fresh weight, and was constant over an expression period of 21 days. In the case of barley grains, the highest stable productivity (followed up to T2 grains) was obtained when the D1 scFv cDNA was expressed under a seed-specific Glutelin promoter rather than under the constitutive Ubiquitin promoter. Translational fusion of ER retention signal significantly improved the accumulation of recombinant antibody. Furthermore, lines without ER retention signal lost D1 scFv accumulation in T2 grains. Pilot scale purification was performed for a T2 grain pool (51 g) containing 55.0 mg D1 scFv/kg grains. The crude extract was purified by a two-step purification protocol including IMAC and size exclusion chromatography. The purification resulted in a yield of 0.47 mg of D1 scFv (31 kD) with high purity. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that 29 % of the purified protein was fully functional. In immunoprecipitation assay the purified D1 scFv recognized the native 18 kD BLG in the milk sample. No binding was observed with the heat-treated milk sample, as expected. The developed barley-based expression system clearly demonstrated its potential for application in the processing of dairy milk products as well as in detecting allergens from foods possibly contaminated by bovine milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ritala
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 2, P.O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland,
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Bhardwaj U, Bhardwaj A, Kumar R, Leelavathi S, Reddy VS, Mazumdar-Leighton S. Revisiting rubisco as a protein substrate for insect midgut proteases. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2014; 85:13-35. [PMID: 24338735 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Gene fragments encoding the large subunit (LS) of Rubisco (RBCL) were cloned from various species of host plants of phytophagous Lepidoptera and expressed as recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli. Recombinant RBCLs were compared among each other along with casein and native Rubisco as proteinaceous substrates for measuring total midgut protease activities of fourth instar larvae of Helicoverpa armigera feeding on casein, Pieris brassicae feeding on cauliflower, and Antheraea assamensis feeding on Litsea monopetala and Persea bombycina. Cognate rRBCL (from the pertinent host plant species) substrates performed similar to noncognate rRBCL reflecting the conserved nature of encoding genes and the versatile use of these recombinant proteins. Casein and recombinant RBCL generally outperformed native Rubisco as substrates, except where inclusion of a reducing agent in the enzyme assay likely unfolded the plant proteins. Levels of total midgut protease activities detected in A. assamensis larvae feeding on two primary host species were similar, suggesting that the suite(s) of digestive enzymes in these insects could hydrolyze a plant protein efficiently. Protease activities detected in the presence of protease inhibitors and the reducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT) suggested that recombinant RBCL was a suitable protein substrate for studying insect proteases using in vitro enzyme assays and substrate zymography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usha Bhardwaj
- Plant-Insect Interactions Group, Department of Botany, Delhi University, Delhi, India
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Kumar S, Kumar K, Pandey P, Rajamani V, Padmalatha KV, Dhandapani G, Kanakachari M, Leelavathi S, Kumar PA, Reddy VS. Glycoproteome of elongating cotton fiber cells. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:3677-89. [PMID: 24019148 PMCID: PMC3861716 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.030726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotton ovule epidermal cell differentiation into long fibers primarily depends on wall-oriented processes such as loosening, elongation, remodeling, and maturation. Such processes are governed by cell wall bound structural proteins and interacting carbohydrate active enzymes. Glycosylation plays a major role in the structural, functional, and localization aspects of the cell wall and extracellular destined proteins. Elucidating the glycoproteome of fiber cells would reflect its wall composition as well as compartmental requirement, which must be system specific. Following complementary proteomic approaches, we have identified 334 unique proteins comprising structural and regulatory families. Glycopeptide-based enrichment followed by deglycosylation with PNGase F and A revealed 92 unique peptides containing 106 formerly N-linked glycosylated sites from 67 unique proteins. Our results showed that structural proteins like arabinogalactans and carbohydrate active enzymes were relatively more abundant and showed stage- and isoform-specific expression patterns in the differentiating fiber cell. Furthermore, our data also revealed the presence of heterogeneous and novel forms of structural and regulatory glycoproteins. Comparative analysis with other plant glycoproteomes highlighted the unique composition of the fiber glycoproteome. The present study provides the first insight into the identity, abundance, diversity, and composition of the glycoproteome within single celled cotton fibers. The elucidated composition also indirectly provides clues about unicellular compartmental requirements underlying single cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Kumar
- From the ‡Plant Transformation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Krishan Kumar
- From the ‡Plant Transformation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Pankaj Pandey
- From the ‡Plant Transformation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Vijayalakshmi Rajamani
- From the ‡Plant Transformation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | | | - Gurusamy Dhandapani
- §National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology (NRCPB), IARI, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sadhu Leelavathi
- From the ‡Plant Transformation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | | | - Vanga Siva Reddy
- From the ‡Plant Transformation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
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Abstract
Oxidative stress as a result of disequilibrium between free radical generation and antioxidant status has been implicated in several pathologies including thyroid diseases. Studies on antioxidant status in overt (OHT) and subclinical hypothyroidism (SHT) are controversial and limited. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of OHT and SHT on antioxidant status. Thirty-six patients with OHT, 36 patients with SHT, and 39 healthy euthyroid subjects as the control group were included in the study. Plasma levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) as ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), and erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), SOD/GPx ratios, catalase (CAT), and glutathione reductase (GR) were analyzed in all groups. MDA and GPx values were elevated, while GSH, FRAP, SOD, and SOD/GPx ratio were decreased in both patient groups compared with controls. No change in activities of CAT and GR were observed in both the patient groups. Significant differences were observed between OHT and SHT groups with high MDA, GPX and low GSH, FRAP, SOD, and SOD/GPx ratio in OHT group. Thus, hypothyroid patients have a deficient antioxidant defense in the form of decreased activity of SOD, decreased levels of FRAP and GSH along with an increase in GPx activity. The severity of the disease appears to decide the degree of deficiency and our findings also point to this, in the form of decrease in SOD, FRAP, and GSH observed being more in OHT than in SHT patients. Hormonal changes and increased lipid peroxidation, which also vary with severity of disease, appear to contribute to the antioxidant deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Reddy
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
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25
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Tejovathi B, Suchitra MM, Suresh V, Reddy VS, Sachan A, Srinivas Rao PVLN, Bitla AR. Association of lipid peroxidation with endothelial dysfunction in patients with overt hypothyroidism. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2013; 121:306-9. [PMID: 23450331 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1333298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Hypothyroidism is associated with increased oxidative stress. The mechanism underlying the endothelial dysfunction in thyroid disease is not yet clear. This study aims to investigate lipid peroxidation and its association with endothelial dysfunction in overt hypothyroidism (OHT).Plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) as a marker of oxidative stress and plasma nitrates and asymmetric dimethyl arginine levels (ADMA) as markers of endothelial dysfunction were estimated in 25 OHT patients in comparison to 25 euthyroid controls. Plasma MDA, ADMA levels were significantly increased, whereas plasma nitrates were significantly decreased in the patient group compared to control group (p<0.01). Moreover, a significant positive association between plasma MDA and ADMA was found in the patient group (ρ=0.472, p=0.036). Our results reveal the presence of endothelial dysfunction in OHT patients as evidenced by decreased plasma nitrates and increased ADMA levels. Increased levels of MDA represent an increased generation of reactive oxygen species in these patients. A finding of significant direct relation of plasma MDA with ADMA indicates that oxidative stress has a strong impact on endothelial dysfunction in overt hypothyroidism. Further studies focusing on the role of oxidative stress in endothelial dysfunction and the effects of antioxidant supplementation on endothelial function in OHT patients are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Tejovathi
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences (SVIMS), Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Padmalatha KV, Patil DP, Kumar K, Dhandapani G, Kanakachari M, Phanindra MLV, Kumar S, Mohan TC, Jain N, Prakash AH, Vamadevaiah H, Katageri IS, Leelavathi S, Reddy MK, Kumar PA, Reddy VS. Functional genomics of fuzzless-lintless mutant of Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. MCU5 reveal key genes and pathways involved in cotton fibre initiation and elongation. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:624. [PMID: 23151214 PMCID: PMC3556503 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fuzzless-lintless cotton mutants are considered to be the ideal material to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in fibre cell development. Although there are few reports on transcriptome and proteome analyses in cotton at fibre initiation and elongation stages, there is no comprehensive comparative transcriptome analysis of fibre-bearing and fuzzless-lintless cotton ovules covering fibre initiation to secondary cell wall (SCW) synthesis stages. In the present study, a comparative transcriptome analysis was carried out using G. hirsutum L. cv. MCU5 wild-type (WT) and it’s near isogenic fuzzless-lintless (fl) mutant at fibre initiation (0 dpa/days post anthesis), elongation (5, 10 and 15 dpa) and SCW synthesis (20 dpa) stages. Results Scanning electron microscopy study revealed the delay in the initiation of fibre cells and lack of any further development after 2 dpa in the fl mutant. Transcriptome analysis showed major down regulation of transcripts (90%) at fibre initiation and early elongation (5 dpa) stages in the fl mutant. Majority of the down regulated transcripts at fibre initiation stage in the fl mutant represent calcium and phytohormone mediated signal transduction pathways, biosynthesis of auxin and ethylene and stress responsive transcription factors (TFs). Further, transcripts involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolisms, mitochondrial electron transport system (mETS) and cell wall loosening and elongation were highly down-regulated at fibre elongation stage (5–15 dpa) in the fl mutant. In addition, cellulose synthases and sucrose synthase C were down-regulated at SCW biosynthesis stage (15–20 dpa). Interestingly, some of the transcripts (~50%) involved in phytohormone signalling and stress responsive transcription factors that were up-regulated at fibre initiation stage in the WT were found to be up-regulated at much later stage (15 dpa) in fl mutant. Conclusions Comparative transcriptome analysis of WT and its near isogenic fl mutant revealed key genes and pathways involved at various stages of fibre development. Our data implicated the significant role of mitochondria mediated energy metabolism during fibre elongation process. The delayed expression of genes involved in phytohormone signalling and stress responsive TFs in the fl mutant suggests the need for a coordinated expression of regulatory mechanisms in fibre cell initiation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kethireddy Venkata Padmalatha
- Plant Transformation Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
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Bhardwaj A, Mahanta P, Ramakumar S, Ghosh A, Leelavathi S, Reddy VS. Emerging role of N- and C-terminal interactions in stabilizing (β/α)8 fold with special emphasis on Family 10 xylanases. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2012; 2:e201209014. [PMID: 24688655 PMCID: PMC3962208 DOI: 10.5936/csbj.201209014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylanases belong to an important class of industrial enzymes. Various xylanases have been purified and characterized from a plethora of organisms including bacteria, marine algae, plants, protozoans, insects, snails and crustaceans. Depending on the source, the enzymatic activity of xylanases varies considerably under various physico-chemical conditions such as temperature, pH, high salt and in the presence of proteases. Family 10 or glycosyl hydrolase 10 (GH10) xylanases are one of the well characterized and thoroughly studied classes of industrial enzymes. The TIM-barrel fold structure which is ubiquitous in nature is one of the characteristics of family 10 xylanases. Family 10 xylanases have been used as a “model system” due to their TIM-barrel fold to dissect and understand protein stability under various conditions. A better understanding of structure-stability-function relationships of family 10 xylanases allows one to apply these governing molecular rules to engineer other TIM-barrel fold proteins to improve their stability and retain function(s) under adverse conditions. In this review, we discuss the implications of N-and C-terminal interactions, observed in family 10 xylanases on protein stability under extreme conditions. The role of metal binding and aromatic clusters in protein stability is also discussed. Studying and understanding family 10 xylanase structure and function, can contribute to our protein engineering knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Bhardwaj
- Molecular Pathology Lab, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, AREA Science Park, Padriciano 99, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Pranjal Mahanta
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Amit Ghosh
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Sadhu Leelavathi
- Plant Transformation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi - 110067, India
| | - Vanga Siva Reddy
- Plant Transformation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi - 110067, India
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Padmalatha KV, Dhandapani G, Kanakachari M, Kumar S, Dass A, Patil DP, Rajamani V, Kumar K, Pathak R, Rawat B, Leelavathi S, Reddy PS, Jain N, Powar KN, Hiremath V, Katageri IS, Reddy MK, Solanke AU, Reddy VS, Kumar PA. Genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of cotton under drought stress reveal significant down-regulation of genes and pathways involved in fibre elongation and up-regulation of defense responsive genes. Plant Mol Biol 2012; 78:223-46. [PMID: 22143977 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-011-9857-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cotton is an important source of natural fibre used in the textile industry and the productivity of the crop is adversely affected by drought stress. High throughput transcriptomic analyses were used to identify genes involved in fibre development. However, not much information is available on cotton genome response in developing fibres under drought stress. In the present study a genome wide transcriptome analysis was carried out to identify differentially expressed genes at various stages of fibre growth under drought stress. Our study identified a number of genes differentially expressed during fibre elongation as compared to other stages. High level up-regulation of genes encoding for enzymes involved in pectin modification and cytoskeleton proteins was observed at fibre initiation stage. While a large number of genes encoding transcription factors (AP2-EREBP, WRKY, NAC and C2H2), osmoprotectants, ion transporters and heat shock proteins and pathways involved in hormone (ABA, ethylene and JA) biosynthesis and signal transduction were up-regulated and genes involved in phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis, pentose and glucuronate interconversions and starch and sucrose metabolism pathways were down-regulated during fibre elongation. This study showed that drought has relatively less impact on fibre initiation but has profound effect on fibre elongation by down-regulating important genes involved in cell wall loosening and expansion process. The comprehensive transcriptome analysis under drought stress has provided valuable information on differentially expressed genes and pathways during fibre development that will be useful in developing drought tolerant cotton cultivars without compromising fibre quality.
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Zaffalon V, Mukherjee SK, Reddy VS, Thompson JR, Tepfer M. A survey of geminiviruses and associated satellite DNAs in the cotton-growing areas of northwestern India. Arch Virol 2011; 157:483-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-1201-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sailaja K, Poorna P, Reddy VS, Murthy AS, Rao UM, Sahariah S. 13 Anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) vs. Basiliximab induction in renal transplant recipients: A long term outcome. Indian Journal of Transplantation 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s2212-0017(11)60017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Reddy VS, Natchiar SK, Gritton L, Mullen TM, Stewart PL, Nemerow GR. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of human adenovirus. Virology 2010; 402:209-14. [PMID: 20394956 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Replication-defective and conditionally replicating adenovirus (AdV) vectors are currently being utilized in approximately 25% of human gene transfer clinical trials. Unfortunately, progress in vector development has been hindered by a lack of accurate structural information. Here we describe the crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of a HAdV5 vector that displays a short flexible fiber derived from HAdV35. Crystals of Ad35F were grown in 100mM HEPES pH 7.0, 200mM Ca(OAc)(2), 14% PEG 550 MME, 15% glycerol in 100mM Tris-HCl 8.5. Freshly grown crystals diffracted well to 4.5A resolution and weakly to 3.5A at synchrotron sources. HAdV crystals belong to space group P1 with unit cell parameters a=854.03A, b=855.17A, c=865.24A, alpha=119.57 degrees , beta=91.71 degrees , gamma=118.08 degrees with a single particle in the unit cell. Self-rotation and locked-rotation function analysis allowed the determination of the particle orientation. Molecular replacement, density modification and phase-extension procedures are being employed for structure determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Reddy
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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32
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Reddy VS, Guleria S, Gupta A, Bansal VK, Mahajan S, Bhowmik D, Sagar R, Tiwari SC. A prospective study of quality of life of live related kidney donors. Indian Journal of Transplantation 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s2212-0017(11)60112-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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33
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Mondal SP, Reddy VS, Das S, Dhar A, Ray SK. Memory effect in a junction-like CdS nanocomposite/conducting polymer poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)1,4-phenylene-vinylene] heterostructure. Nanotechnology 2008; 19:215306. [PMID: 21730573 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/21/215306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The operation of a nonvolatile memory device is demonstrated using junction-like CdS nanocomposites embedded in a polymer matrix. The capacitance-voltage characteristics of Al/conducting polymer poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene-vinylene]/CdS nanocomposites in a polyvinyl alcohol matrix/indium tin oxide device exhibit hysteresis, which is attributed to the trapping, storage, and emission of holes in the quantized valence band energy levels of isolated CdS nanoneedles. The characteristics at different operating frequencies show that the hysteresis is due to trapping of charge carriers in CdS nanocomposites rather than in the interfacial states. The memory behavior in the inorganic/organic heterostructure is explained on the basis of a simple energy band diagram.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Mondal
- Department of Physics and Meteorology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721 302, India
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Nasare K, Yadav A, Singh AK, Shivasharanappa KB, Nerkar YS, Reddy VS. Molecular and Symptom Analysis Reveal the Presence of New Phytoplasmas Associated with Sugarcane Grassy Shoot Disease in India. Plant Dis 2007; 91:1413-1418. [PMID: 30780751 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-91-11-1413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A total of 240 sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) plants showing phenotypic symptoms of sugarcane grassy shoot (SCGS) disease were collected from three states of India, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Uttar Pradesh. Phytoplasmas were detected in all symptomatic samples by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of phytoplasma-specific 16S rRNA gene and 16S-23S rRNA spacer region (SR) sequences. No amplification was observed when DNA from asymptomatic plant samples was used as a template. Sixteen samples were selected on the basis of phenotypic symptoms and geographic location, and cloning and sequencing of the 16S rRNA and spacer regions were performed. Multiple sequence alignments of the 16S rRNA sequences revealed that they share very high sequence similarity with phytoplasmas of rice yellow dwarf, 16SrXI. However, the 16S-23S rRNA SR sequence analysis revealed that while the majority of phytoplasmas shared very high (>99%) sequence similarity with previously reported sugarcane phytoplasmas, two of them, namely BV2 (DQ380342) and VD7 (DQ380343), shared relatively low sequence similarity (79 and 84%, respectively). Therefore, these two phytoplasmas may be previously unreported ones that cause significant yield losses in sugarcane in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Nasare
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Vasantdada Sugar Institute, Manjari (Bk), Pune-412307, India
| | - Amit Yadav
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Vasantdada Sugar Institute, Manjari (Bk), Pune-412307, India
| | - Anil K Singh
- Plant Transformation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - K B Shivasharanappa
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Vasantdada Sugar Institute, Manjari (Bk), Pune-412307, India
| | - Y S Nerkar
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Vasantdada Sugar Institute, Manjari (Bk), Pune-412307, India
| | - V S Reddy
- Plant Transformation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India
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Pandey GK, Pandey A, Reddy VS, Deswal R, Bhattacharya A, Upadhyaya KC, Sopory SK. Antisense expression of a gene encoding a calcium-binding protein in transgenic tobacco leads to altered morphology and enhanced chlorophyll. J Biosci 2007; 32:251-60. [PMID: 17435317 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-007-0025-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica contains a novel calcium-binding protein like calmodulin,which was discovered earlier,and we have reported the presence of its homologue(s)and a dependent protein kinase in plants.To understand the functions of these in plants,a cDNA encoding a calcium-binding protein isolated from Entamoeba histolytica (EhCaBP)was cloned into vector pBI121 in antisense orientation and transgenic tobacco plants were raised.These plants showed variation in several phenotypic characters,of which two distinct features,more greenness and leaf thickness,were inherited in subsequent generations.The increase in the level of total chlorophyll in different plants ranged from 60% to 70%.There was no major change in chloroplast structure and in the protein level of D1,D2,LHCP and RuBP carboxylase.These morphological changes were not seen in antisense calmodulin transgenic tobacco plants,nor was the calmodulin level altered in EhCaBP antisense plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girdhar K Pandey
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India.
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36
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Manikandan K, Bhardwaj A, Gupta N, Lokanath NK, Ghosh A, Reddy VS, Ramakumar S. Crystal structures of native and xylosaccharide-bound alkali thermostable xylanase from an alkalophilic Bacillus sp. NG-27: structural insights into alkalophilicity and implications for adaptation to polyextreme conditions. Protein Sci 2006; 15:1951-60. [PMID: 16823036 PMCID: PMC2242578 DOI: 10.1110/ps.062220206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Crystal structures are known for several glycosyl hydrolase family 10 (GH10) xylanases. However, none of them is from an alkalophilic organism that can grow in alkaline conditions. We have determined the crystal structures at 2.2 Angstroms of a GH10 extracellular endoxylanase (BSX) from an alkalophilic Bacillus sp. NG-27, for the native and the complex enzyme with xylosaccharides. The industrially important enzyme is optimally active and stable at 343 K and at a pH of 8.4. Comparison of the structure of BSX with those of other thermostable GH10 xylanases optimally active at acidic or close to neutral pH showed that the solvent-exposed acidic amino acids, Asp and Glu, are markedly enhanced in BSX, while solvent-exposed Asn was noticeably depleted. The BSX crystal structure when compared with putative three-dimensional homology models of other extracellular alkalophilic GH10 xylanases from alkalophilic organisms suggests that a protein surface rich in acidic residues may be an important feature common to these alkali thermostable enzymes. A comparison of the surface features of BSX and of halophilic proteins allowed us to predict the activity of BSX at high salt concentrations, which we verified through experiments. This offered us important lessons in the polyextremophilicity of proteins, where understanding the structural features of a protein stable in one set of extreme conditions provided clues about the activity of the protein in other extreme conditions. The work brings to the fore the role of the nature and composition of solvent-exposed residues in the adaptation of enzymes to polyextreme conditions, as in BSX.
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Abstract
We report the use of nesiritide in two infants following cardiac surgery. Both infants had increased intracardiac filling pressures postoperatively, despite traditional afterload reduction and diuretics. Both infants demonstrated clinical improvement with nesiritide therapy. There is currently limited data available describing the use of nesiritide in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Simsic
- Sibley Heart Center Cardiology, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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38
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Nguyen HT, Leelavathi S, Reddy VS. Bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase-directed, inducible and tissue-specific over-expression of foreign genes in transgenic plants. Plant Biotechnol J 2004; 2:301-10. [PMID: 17134391 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2004.00071.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A widely applicable bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase-directed, tissue-specific and inducible over-expression of foreign genes in transgenic plants was developed. This was achieved through the simultaneous transformation of a modified T7 RNA polymerase to specifically transcribe the foreign gene placed under the control of T7 expression signals. The T7 RNA polymerase recognized the chimeric uidA gene integrated randomly into tobacco and rice genomes. Results from the use of six different promoters with different tissue specificities indicated that the recombinant protein was expressed at a several-fold (3-10-fold) higher level when compared with transgenes expressed directly under the control of these tissue-specific promoters. An important feature of the T7 system in plants was the near-uniform expression in the independently transformed plants, in contrast with the large variations observed in transgene expression under the direct control of plant promoters. In addition, our results demonstrated the application of the T7 system in the regulation of transgene expression through chemically inducible mechanisms. This versatility of controlled and regulated expression offers a powerful tool that could be used in various programmes in plant biotechnology and genomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huu Tam Nguyen
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India
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Tewari-Singh N, Sen J, Kiesecker H, Reddy VS, Jacobsen HJ, Guha-Mukherjee S. Use of a herbicide or lysine plus threonine for non-antibiotic selection of transgenic chickpea. Plant Cell Rep 2004; 22:576-83. [PMID: 14749891 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-003-0730-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2003] [Revised: 09/15/2003] [Accepted: 09/23/2003] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A desensitized aspartate kinase (AK) gene has been developed as a non-antibiotic selection marker for use in the production of transgenic chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.). Transgenic shoots regenerated from embryo explants bombarded with the desensitized AK gene were selected on media containing two amino acids, lysine and threonine (LT). Approximately 15% of the putative transgenic shoots of vars. P-362 and P-1042 survived after 4 weeks of growth on MSB5 medium (MS mineral salts and B5 vitamins) containing 2 microM thidiazuron (TDZ) and 2 mM lysine and 2 m M threonine. These shoots were subsequently grown on MSB5 medium supplemented with 2 micro M TDZ and 5 mM lysine and 5 mM threonine, and nearly 1% continued to grow after 16 weeks of selection. A phosphinothricin (PPT) selection system for Agrobacterium-mediated chickpea transformation was also developed. Three varieties of chickpea, P-362, P-1042 and P-1043, were successfully used for Agrobacterium transformation. Following Agrobacterium infection, 3-8% of the regenerated shoots remained green and continued to grow on MSB5 medium supplemented with 2.5 mg l(-1 )PPT. Increasing the concentrations of PPT to 15 mg l(-1) reduced transgenic shoot production in P-362, P-1042 and P-1043 to 0.7%, 1.2% and 1.1%, respectively. Selected putatively transformed shoots of all three varieties were rooted and grown to maturity. Southern hybridization analysis revealed single as well as multiple integration of genes in selected transgenic lines. The level of AK activity detected in LT-selected plants was higher than that detected in the non-transformed control.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tewari-Singh
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, 110067 New Delhi, India
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Leelavathi S, Sunnichan VG, Kumria R, Vijaykanth GP, Bhatnagar RK, Reddy VS. A simple and rapid Agrobacterium-mediated transformation protocol for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.): embryogenic calli as a source to generate large numbers of transgenic plants. Plant Cell Rep 2004; 22:465-470. [PMID: 13680138 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-003-0710-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2003] [Revised: 07/15/2003] [Accepted: 08/14/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A protocol is presented for efficient transformation and regeneration of cotton. Embryogenic calli co-cultivated with Agrobacterium carrying cry1Ia5 gene were cultured under dehydration stress and antibiotic selection for 3-6 weeks to generate several transgenic embryos. An average of 75 globular embryo clusters were observed on selection plates and these embryos were cultured on multiplication medium followed by development of cotyledonary embryos on embryo maturation medium to obtain an average of 12 plants per Petri plate of co-cultivated callus. About 83% of these plants have been confirmed to be transgenic by Southern blot analysis. An efficiency of ten kanamycin-resistant plants per Petri plate of co-cultivated embryogenic callus was obtained. The simplicity of the procedure and the efficiency of the initial material allow transformation of any variety where a single regenerating embryogenic callus line can be obtained. In addition, multiple transformations can be performed either simultaneously or sequentially. The method is extremely simple, reliable, efficient, and much less laborious than any other existing method for cotton transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Leelavathi
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, 110 067, New Delhi, India
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Singh SK, Unnikrishnan AG, Reddy VS, Sahay RK, Bhadada SK, Agrawal JK. Cerebral salt wasting syndrome in a patient with a pituitary adenoma. Neurol India 2003; 51:110-1. [PMID: 12865538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral salt wasting syndrome (CSWS) is often an unrecognized cause of hyponatremia that occurs in the setting of intracranial lesions. It is important to differentiate CSWS from the syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion, as this would alter the management of hyponatremia. We describe a case of CSWS that occurred in association with a non-functioning pituitary adenoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Singh
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
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Kumria R, Sunnichan VG, Das DK, Gupta SK, Reddy VS, Bhatnagar RK, Leelavathi S. High-frequency somatic embryo production and maturation into normal plants in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) through metabolic stress. Plant Cell Rep 2003; 21:635-9. [PMID: 12789412 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-002-0554-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2002] [Revised: 10/18/2002] [Accepted: 10/19/2002] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A highly efficient somatic embryo production and maturation procedure has been developed to regenerate plantlets from cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum). This procedure involves the acceleration of differentiation through manipulations of nutrient and microenvironment conditions. Embryogenic calli, initiated from hypocotyls or cotyledonary leaf sections on MS medium containing 0.1 mg/l 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 0.5 mg/l kinetin, and 3% maltose produced globular-stage somatic embryos when transferred to hormone-free MS medium supplemented with high concentrations of nitrate. Subculture of globular embryos on hormone-free MS medium led to the development of torpedo- and cotyledonary-stage at a low frequency (two to four per plate) with the majority of embryos lacking further growth or entering into the dedifferentiation stage. Significant improvement in embryogenesis (two- to threefold) was achieved when calli were cultured on 1/5-strength MS medium irrespective of stress treatment. However, the frequency of globular embryos developing into normal plantlets improved considerably (20-24 per plate) when cultured on filter paper placed on MS medium. In this procedure, about 33% of globular embryos not only developed into the cotyledonary stage but rooted simultaneously, eliminating a separate rooting step. More than 70% of cotyledonary embryos developed into normal plantlets when cultured on full- strength MS medium containing 0.05 mg/l gibberellic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kumria
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, 110 067, New Delhi, India
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Reddy VS, Natarajan P, Okerberg B, Li K, Damodaran KV, Morton RT, Brooks CL, Johnson JE. Virus Particle Explorer (VIPER), a website for virus capsid structures and their computational analyses. J Virol 2001; 75:11943-7. [PMID: 11711584 PMCID: PMC116089 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.24.11943-11947.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- V S Reddy
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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Drinkwater DC, Aharon AS, Quisling SV, Dodd D, Reddy VS, Kavanaugh-McHugh A, Doyle T, Patel NR, Barr FE, Kambam JK, Graham TP, Chang PA. Modified Norwood operation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Ann Thorac Surg 2001; 72:2081-6; discussion 2087. [PMID: 11789798 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975(01)03195-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined early results in infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome undergoing the Norwood operation with perioperative use of inhaled nitric oxide and application of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. METHODS Medical records were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS Between April 1997 and March 2001, 50 infants underwent a modified Norwood operation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Mean age at operation was 7.5 +/- 5.7 days, and mean weight was 3.1 +/- 0.5 kg. Five infants had a delayed operation because of sepsis. The mean diameter of the ascending aorta by echocardiography was 3.6 +/- 1.8 mm. Ductal cannulation was used to establish cardiopulmonary bypass in all patients. Mean circulatory arrest time was 39.4 +/- 4.8 minutes. The size of the pulmonary-systemic shunt was 3.0 mm in 6 infants, 3.5 mm in 37, and 4.0 mm in 7. Infants with persistent hypoxia (partial pressure of oxygen < 30 mm Hg) received nitric oxide after they were weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was initiated in 8 infants in the pediatric intensive care unit primarily for low cardiac output and in 8 in the operating room because of the inability to separate them from cardiopulmonary bypass. The 30-day mortality rate was 22% (11 of 50 patients), and the hospital mortality rate was 32% (16 of 50 patients). Mean follow-up was 17 months. Ten patients (20%) underwent stage-two repair, with one operative death. One survivor had a Fontan procedure, and 2 underwent heart transplantation, with one death. CONCLUSIONS Early application of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for hemodynamic instability and selective use of nitric oxide for persistent hypoxia in the immediate postoperative period may improve survival of patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Renal failure requiring hemofiltration during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (p < 0.05) and cardiopulmonary arrest in the pediatric intensive care unit (p < 0.05) were predictors of hospital mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Drinkwater
- Department of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-5734, USA.
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Aharon AS, Drinkwater DC, Churchwell KB, Quisling SV, Reddy VS, Taylor M, Hix S, Christian KG, Pietsch JB, Deshpande JK, Kambam J, Graham TP, Chang PA. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in children after repair of congenital cardiac lesions. Ann Thorac Surg 2001; 72:2095-101; discussion 2101-2. [PMID: 11789800 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975(01)03209-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to review our experience in the early application of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in patients requiring mechanical assistance after cardiac surgical procedures. METHODS The hospital records of all children requiring ECMO after cardiac operation were retrospectively reviewed, and an analysis of variables affecting survival was performed. RESULTS Fifty pediatric patients between May 1997 and October 2000 required ECMO for cardiopulmonary support after cardiac operation. Patients ranged in age from 1 day to 11 years (median age, 40 days). Forty-eight patients underwent repair of congenital cardiac lesions and 2 were included after receiving a heart transplant. Twenty-two children could not be weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass and were placed on ECMO in the operating room for circulatory support. Of the 28 children who required ECMO in the intensive care unit, 10 had ECMO instituted after cardiopulmonary arrest (mean cardiopulmonary resuscitation time 42 minutes; range, 5 to 110 minutes). In infants with single-ventricle physiology, survival to discharge was 61% (11 of 18 patients) as compared with 43% (14 of 32 patients) in those with biventricular physiology. Thirty of the 50 patients (60%) were successfully weaned from ECMO, of which 25 (83%) were discharged home. Overall survival to discharge in the entire cohort was 50%. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support greater than 72 hours was a grave prognostic indicator. Overall survival in this group was 36% (9 of 25 patients) compared with 56% (14 of 25 patients) in those with ECMO support less than 72 hours (p < 0.05). Univariate analysis revealed the presence of renal failure, extended periods of circulatory support, and a prolonged period of cardiopulmonary resuscitation as risk factors for mortality. The presence of shunt-dependent flow, operative procedure, and institution of ECMO in the intensive care unit did not alter survival. CONCLUSIONS Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation provides effective support for postoperative cardiac and pulmonary failure refractory to medical management. Early institution of ECMO may decrease the incidence of cardiac arrest and end-organ damage, thus increasing survival in these critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Aharon
- Department of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-5734, USA
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Reddy VS, Phan HH, O'Neill JA, Neblett WW, Pietsch JB, Morgan WM, Cywes R. Laparoscopic versus open splenectomy in the pediatric population: a contemporary single-center experience. Am Surg 2001; 67:859-63; discussion 863-4. [PMID: 11565764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare a recent contemporaneous experience between laparoscopic (LS) and open (OS) splenectomy in children. All splenectomy cases between 1994 and 1999 at our institution were reviewed. The study included open and laparoscopic cases performed according to surgeon preference. Emergency splenectomies for trauma were excluded. The patient record was reviewed for the diagnosis, indications, postoperative length of stay, operative technique, postoperative complications, blood loss/blood transfusion, total amount of parenteral narcotics, and time to resumption of oral intake. Chi-square and t tests were used to compare measured differences for statistical significance. Between May 1994 and December 1999, 52 splenectomies were performed at Vanderbilt Children's Hospital. Of these, 45 were elective operations with 29 open and 16 laparoscopic procedures. During four OS and five LS operations a concomitant cholecystectomy was performed. The median patient age was 9.2 years (range 0.5 to 17.3). There was no statistical difference between the two groups in terms of age, weight, American Society of Anesthesiologists class, or estimated blood loss. There were no immediate postoperative complications in either group. There were no conversions from LS to OS. The mean duration of surgery was 264 minutes (LS) versus 169 minutes (OS) (P < 0.05). The average time to first oral intake was shorter in patients undergoing LS (1.1 vs 1.6 days, P < 0.05) and the mean postoperative length of stay was also shorter in the LS group (1.3 vs 3.1 days, P < 0.05). The use of postoperative intravenous narcotics (in morphine-equivalent doses) was significantly less in LS patients than in OS patients (7.5 mg or 0.15 mg/kg vs 46.9 mg or 1.5 mg/kg, P < 0.001), as was the need for PCA pump analgesia (90% in the OS group vs 25% in LS group, P < 0.01). Overall the average hospital charge (anesthesia fee, narcotics charge, and hospital room charge) was $5400 (range $4240-6250) in the OS group and $4950 (range $4450-6240) in the LS group (P < 0.05). Among the nine patients undergoing splenectomy with cholecystectomy, findings between the OS and LS groups were similar except for one late complication consisting of a diaphragmatic hernia in an LS patient. Both LS and OS with or without a concomitant procedure can be accomplished safely in children. LS appears to result in longer operative times but shorter lengths of stay, earlier first oral intake, and significantly fewer requirements for intravenous narcotics; all of these contribute to a reduction in hospital charges compared with the open operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Reddy
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Ren G, Reddy VS, Cheng A, Melnyk P, Mitra AK. Visualization of a water-selective pore by electron crystallography in vitreous ice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:1398-403. [PMID: 11171962 PMCID: PMC29268 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.98.4.1398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2000] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The water-selective pathway through the aquaporin-1 membrane channel has been visualized by fitting an atomic model to a 3.7-A resolution three-dimensional density map. This map was determined by analyzing images and electron diffraction patterns of lipid-reconstituted two-dimensional crystals of aquaporin-1 preserved in vitrified buffer in the absence of any additive. The aqueous pathway is characterized by a size-selective pore that is approximately 4.0 +/- 0.5A in diameter, spans a length of approximately 18A, and bends by approximately 25 degrees as it traverses the bilayer. This narrow pore is connected by wide, funnel-shaped openings at the extracellular and cytoplasmic faces. The size-selective pore is outlined mostly by hydrophobic residues, resulting in a relatively inert pathway conducive to diffusion-limited water flow. The apex of the curved pore is close to the locations of the in-plane pseudo-2-fold symmetry axis that relates the N- and C-terminal halves and the conserved, functionally important N76 and N192 residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ren
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Agrawal JK, Bhadada SK, Unnikrishnan AG, Sahay RK, Reddy VS, Agrawal NK. Post-prandial hyperglycemia in pregnancy and elderly. J Assoc Physicians India 2001; 49 Spec No:25-7. [PMID: 11235601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J K Agrawal
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005
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Abstract
Calmodulin (CaM), a key calcium sensor in all eukaryotes, regulates diverse cellular processes by interacting with other proteins. To isolate CaM binding proteins involved in ethylene signal transduction, we screened an expression library prepared from ethylene-treated Arabidopsis seedlings with 35S-labeled CaM. A cDNA clone, EICBP (Ethylene-Induced CaM Binding Protein), encoding a protein that interacts with activated CaM was isolated in this screening. The CaM binding domain in EICBP was mapped to the C-terminus of the protein. These results indicate that calcium, through CaM, could regulate the activity of EICBP. The EICBP is expressed in different tissues and its expression in seedlings is induced by ethylene. The EICBP contains, in addition to a CaM binding domain, several features that are typical of transcription factors. These include a DNA-binding domain at the N terminus, an acidic region at the C terminus, and nuclear localization signals. In database searches a partial cDNA (CG-1) encoding a DNA-binding motif from parsley and an ethylene up-regulated partial cDNA from tomato (ER66) showed significant similarity to EICBP. In addition, five hypothetical proteins in the Arabidopsis genome also showed a very high sequence similarity with EICBP, indicating that there are several EICBP-related proteins in Arabidopsis. The structural features of EICBP are conserved in all EICBP-related proteins in Arabidopsis, suggesting that they may constitute a new family of DNA binding proteins and are likely to be involved in modulating gene expression in the presence of ethylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Reddy
- Department of Biology and Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
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Reddy VS, O'Neill JA, Holcomb GW, Neblett WW, Pietsch JB, Morgan WM, Goldstein RE. Twenty-five-year surgical experience with pheochromocytoma in children. Am Surg 2000; 66:1085-91; discussion 1092. [PMID: 11149577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Our objective was to analyze the presentation, diagnostic localization, operative management, histology, and long-term outcome of a single center's experience with pheochromocytomas in children. A chart review was done to identify all operatively managed pheochromocytomas in patients age 18 years or younger. Open and laparoscopic cases were included. We reviewed the presentation, diagnostic imaging, localization, operative management, pathology, and postoperative outcome of these patients. Clinic visits, contact with the tumor registry, and telephone interviews were used for follow-up. From 1973 through 1999, there were 11 children (four males and seven females) with 14 pheochromocytomas. Two (18.2%) patients had bilateral adrenal lesions and one patient had both adrenal and extra-adrenal tumors. Six (54.5%) patients had extra-adrenal lesions. The average age at operation was 14.7 years (range 9-18 years). Nine (82%) patients had significant hypertension at presentation. CT was used to localize the tumor in eight patients and urine catecholamine levels were used to confirm the diagnosis. Two of the cases were associated with inherited syndromes (multiple endocrine neoplasia 2A and von Hippel-Lindau). Ten patients underwent an open operation and one patient had a laparoscopic resection. The average patient follow-up was 9.2 years (range 9 months to 25 years). There were no operative complications and all patients were alive and well at the time of last follow-up. Three patients (27.2%) had tumors with microscopic malignant features. No tumors recurred or had evidence for metastatic spread. We conclude that peak incidence of pheochromocytomas in children is in early adolescence. Resection can be carried out safely with minimal morbidity and mortality. Current best management of this entity includes establishment of a biochemical diagnosis, adequate preoperative blockade, appropriate imaging, and an individualized operative approach based on tumor location and size.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Reddy
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232-2577, USA
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