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Lewis JP, Ryves DB, Rasmussen P, Olsen J, van der Sluis LG, Reimer PJ, Knudsen KL, McGowan S, Anderson NJ, Juggins S. Reply to "Marine abundance and its prehistoric past in the Baltic". Nat Commun 2022; 13:2824. [PMID: 35595731 PMCID: PMC9123011 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30151-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J P Lewis
- Geography and Environment, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
| | - D B Ryves
- Geography and Environment, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - P Rasmussen
- Environmental Archaeology and Materials Science, National Museum of Denmark, Brede Værk, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - J Olsen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - L G van der Sluis
- School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - P J Reimer
- School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - K-L Knudsen
- Department of Earth Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - S McGowan
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherland Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - N J Anderson
- Geography and Environment, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - S Juggins
- School of Geography, Politics and Sociology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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2
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McGowan S, Leet J, Christensen L, Svoboda L. Hyperbaric Oxygen as Adjunctive Therapeutic in Management of Craniocervical Necrotizing Fasciitis: Case Series and Treatment Protocol. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2021.08.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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3
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Wernike K, Reimann I, Banyard AC, Kraatz F, La Rocca SA, Hoffmann B, McGowan S, Hechinger S, Choudhury B, Aebischer A, Steinbach F, Beer M. High genetic variability of Schmallenberg virus M-segment leads to efficient immune escape from neutralizing antibodies. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009247. [PMID: 33497419 PMCID: PMC7872300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Schmallenberg virus (SBV) is the cause of severe fetal malformations when immunologically naïve pregnant ruminants are infected. In those malformed fetuses, a "hot-spot"-region of high genetic variability within the N-terminal region of the viral envelope protein Gc has been observed previously, and this region co-localizes with a known key immunogenic domain. We studied a series of M-segments of those SBV variants from malformed fetuses with point mutations, insertions or large in-frame deletions of up to 612 nucleotides. Furthermore, a unique cell-culture isolate from a malformed fetus with large in-frame deletions within the M-segment was analyzed. Each Gc-protein with amino acid deletions within the "hot spot" of mutations failed to react with any neutralizing anti-SBV monoclonal antibodies or a domain specific antiserum. In addition, in vitro virus replication of the natural deletion variant could not be markedly reduced by neutralizing monoclonal antibodies or antisera from the field. The large-deletion variant of SBV that could be isolated in cell culture was highly attenuated with an impaired in vivo replication following the inoculation of sheep. In conclusion, the observed amino acid sequence mutations within the N-terminal main immunogenic domain of glycoprotein Gc result in an efficient immune evasion from neutralizing antibodies in the special environment of a developing fetus. These SBV-variants were never detected as circulating viruses, and therefore should be considered to be dead-end virus variants, which are not able to spread further. The observations described here may be transferred to other orthobunyaviruses, particularly those of the Simbu serogroup that have been shown to infect fetuses. Importantly, such mutant strains should not be included in attempts to trace the spatial-temporal evolution of orthobunyaviruses in molecular-epidemiolocal approaches during outbreak investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Wernike
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald—Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ilona Reimann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald—Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency Weybridge, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Franziska Kraatz
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald—Insel Riems, Germany
| | - S. Anna La Rocca
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency Weybridge, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald—Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sarah McGowan
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency Weybridge, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Silke Hechinger
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald—Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Bhudipa Choudhury
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency Weybridge, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Aebischer
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald—Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Falko Steinbach
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency Weybridge, Addlestone, United Kingdom
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald—Insel Riems, Germany
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4
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Carlson GC, Kelly MR, Josephson K, Mitchell M, Fiorentino L, McGowan S, Culver N, Kay M, Alessi C, Washington DL, Yano E, Martin JL. 0467 Benefits of CBT-I for Women Veterans with and without PTSD. Sleep 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
A quarter of women Veterans (WVs) receiving VA healthcare meet diagnostic criteria for both insomnia disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) is effective at improving sleep among individuals with comorbid psychiatric conditions; however, no studies have examined the impact of CBT-I in women with insomnia plus PTSD. The current analyses examined changes in sleep symptoms, quality of life (QoL), and mental health symptoms from pre- to post-CBT-I in WVs with and without PTSD.
Methods
This was a secondary analysis of 75 WVs with insomnia (32 with probable PTSD), who received CBT-I within a behavioral sleep intervention study (NCT02076165). Measures completed at baseline, posttreatment, and 3-month follow-up included: insomnia severity (Insomnia Severity Index, ISI), sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, PSQI), PTSD symptoms (PTSD Checklist-5, PCL-5; probable PTSD=total score ≥33), depressive symptoms (Patient Health Qestionnaire-9, PHQ-9), and mental and physical quality of life (Short Form Health Survey, SF-12). One sample T-tests examined changes in ISI, PSQI, PHQ-9, PCL-5, and SF-12 from baseline to posttreatment and baseline to follow-up. Two samples T-tests compared change scores in ISI, PSQI, PHQ-9, and SF-12 between participants with and without PTSD.
Results
There were significant improvements in ISI (p≤.001), PSQI (p≤.001), PHQ-9 (p≤.001), PCL-5 (p=.001), and SF-12 mental (p≤.001) and physical (p=.03) from baseline to posttreatment and 3-month follow-up (p≤.001-.01). There were no significant change score differences between WVs with and without PTSD from baseline to posttreatment (p=.06-.98) or 3-month follow-up (p=.09-.93).
Conclusion
CBT-I appears to be an effective treatment to improve insomnia symptoms among WVs with and without PTSD, and may reduce psychiatric symptoms as well. These findings suggest WVs with comorbid insomnia and PTSD benefit from CBT-I. The appropriate sequencing of CBT-I and PTSD treatments remains potentially important, but unstudied.
Support
VA/HSR&D IIR-HX002300; NIH/NHLBI K24HL14305; VA Office of Academic Affiliations through the Advanced Fellowship Programs in HSR&D and Women’s Health
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Carlson
- HSR&D Center for the Study Healthcare Innovation, Implementation and Policy, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
| | - M R Kelly
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
| | - K Josephson
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
| | - M Mitchell
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
| | - L Fiorentino
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - S McGowan
- Department of Mental Health, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - N Culver
- Department of Mental Health, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
| | - M Kay
- Department of Mental Health, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
| | - C Alessi
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - D L Washington
- HSR&D Center for the Study Healthcare Innovation, Implementation and Policy, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - E Yano
- HSR&D Center for the Study Healthcare Innovation, Implementation and Policy, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Health Policy & Management, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - J L Martin
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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5
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Lewis JP, Ryves DB, Rasmussen P, Olsen J, van der Sluis LG, Reimer PJ, Knudsen KL, McGowan S, Anderson NJ, Juggins S. Marine resource abundance drove pre-agricultural population increase in Stone Age Scandinavia. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2006. [PMID: 32332739 PMCID: PMC7181652 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15621-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
How climate and ecology affect key cultural transformations remains debated in the context of long-term socio-cultural development because of spatially and temporally disjunct climate and archaeological records. The introduction of agriculture triggered a major population increase across Europe. However, in Southern Scandinavia it was preceded by ~500 years of sustained population growth. Here we show that this growth was driven by long-term enhanced marine production conditioned by the Holocene Thermal Maximum, a time of elevated temperature, sea level and salinity across coastal waters. We identify two periods of increased marine production across trophic levels (P1 7600–7100 and P2 6400–5900 cal. yr BP) that coincide with markedly increased mollusc collection and accumulation of shell middens, indicating greater marine resource availability. Between ~7600–5900 BP, intense exploitation of a warmer, more productive marine environment by Mesolithic hunter-gatherers drove cultural development, including maritime technological innovation, and from ca. 6400–5900 BP, underpinned a ~four-fold human population growth. How the development of human societies is influenced through their ecological environment and climatic conditions has been the subject of intensive debate. Here, the authors present multi-proxy data from southern Scandinavia which suggests that pre-agricultural population growth there was likely influenced by enhanced marine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Lewis
- Geography and Environment, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - D B Ryves
- Geography and Environment, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - P Rasmussen
- Environmental Archaeology and Materials Science, National Museum of Denmark, Brede Værk, I.C. Modewegsvej, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - J Olsen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - L G van der Sluis
- School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK
| | - P J Reimer
- School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK
| | - K-L Knudsen
- Department of Earth Science, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 2, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - S McGowan
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RG, UK
| | - N J Anderson
- Geography and Environment, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - S Juggins
- School of Geography, Politics and Sociology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
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6
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Roberts S, Adams JK, Mackay AW, Swann GEA, McGowan S, Rose NL, Panizzo V, Yang H, Vologina E, Sturm M, Shchetnikov AA. Mercury loading within the Selenga River basin and Lake Baikal, Siberia. Environ Pollut 2020; 259:113814. [PMID: 32023784 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) loading in Lake Baikal, a UNESCO world heritage site, is growing and poses a serious health concern to the lake's ecosystem due to the ability of Hg to transform into a toxic form, known as methylmercury (MeHg). Monitoring of Hg into Lake Baikal is spatially and temporally sparse, highlighting the need for insights into historic Hg loading. This study reports measurements of Hg concentrations from water collected in August 2013 and 2014 from across Lake Baikal and its main inflow, the Selenga River basin (Russia, Mongolia). We also report historic Hg contamination using sediment cores taken from the south and north basins of Lake Baikal, and a shallow lake in the Selenga Delta. Field measurements from August 2013 and 2014 show high Hg concentrations in the Selenga Delta and river waters, in comparison to pelagic lake waters. Sediment cores from Lake Baikal show that Hg enrichment commenced first in the south basin in the late-19th century, and then in the north basin in the mid-20th century. Hg flux was also 20-fold greater in the south basin compared to the north basin sediments. Hg enrichment was greatest in the Selenga Delta shallow lake (Enrichment Ratio (ER) = 2.3 in 1994 CE), with enrichment occurring in the mid-to late-20th century. Local sources of Hg are predominantly from gold mining along the Selenga River, which have been expanding over the last few decades. More recently, another source is atmospheric deposition from industrial activity in Asia, due to rapid economic growth across the region since the 1980s. As Hg can bioaccumulate and biomagnify through trophic levels to Baikal's top consumer, the world's only truly freshwater seal (Pusa sibirica), it is vital that Hg input at Lake Baikal and within its catchment is monitored and controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Roberts
- Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada; School of Geography, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
| | - J K Adams
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada; Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography, Pearson Building, Gower Street, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
| | - A W Mackay
- Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography, Pearson Building, Gower Street, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - G E A Swann
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - S McGowan
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - N L Rose
- Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography, Pearson Building, Gower Street, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - V Panizzo
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - H Yang
- Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography, Pearson Building, Gower Street, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - E Vologina
- Institute of Earth's Crust, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 128 ul. Lermontov, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia
| | - M Sturm
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology EAWAG-ETH, 8600, Dubendorf, Switzerland
| | - A A Shchetnikov
- Institute of Earth's Crust, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 128 ul. Lermontov, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia; Irkutsk State University, 2 Chkalov St., Irkutsk, 664003, Russia; Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pyzhevsky lane 7, 119017, Moscow, Russia; Irkutsk Scientific Centre, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 134 ul, Lermontov, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia
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7
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Kelly J, Chapman S, Brereton P, Bertrand A, Guillou C, Wittkowski R, Lenartowicz P, Kiddie R, Durante P, Garcia A, Maignial L, Williams M, Low AD, Vidal JP, Richards AT, Bourrier M, Cuatero M, Grimm M, Lees M, Lamoureux T, Smith P, Swanson W, Smith A, Davies RJ, Wardle K, Terwel L, Lopes JMS, Clutton D, Williams M, Hampton IJ, Maynard P, Hiero JRG, Frank W, Bauer-Christoph C, Klingemann K, Senf DR, Liadouze I, Spyridon Bolkas M, Martin JD, Valcarcel Munoz MJ, Conchie EC, Malandain A, Leclerc A, Pineau M, Barboteau P, Lafage M, Laurichesse D, Airchinnigh MNA, McGowan S, Cresto B, Bossard A. Gas Chromatographic Determination of Volatile Congeners in Spirit Drinks: Interlaboratory Study. J AOAC Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/82.6.1375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
An interlaboratory study of a gas chromatographic (GC) method for the determination of volatile congeners in spirit drinks was conducted; 31 laboratories from 8 countries took part in the study. The method uses GC with flame ionization detection and incorpo rates several quality control measures which permit the choice of chromatographic system and conditions to be selected by the user. Spirit drink samples were prepared and sent to participants as 10 blind duplicate or split-level test materials for the determination of 1,1-diethoxyethane (acetal), 2-methylbutan-1-ol (active amyl alcohol), 3-methylbutan-1-ol (isoamyl alcohol), methanol (methyl alcohol), ethyl ethanoate (ethyl acetate), butan-1-ol (n-butanol), butan-2-ol (sec-butanol), 2-methylpropan-1-ol(isobutyl alcohol), propan-1-ol (n-propanol), and ethanal (acetaldehyde). The precision of the method for 9 of the 10 analytes was well within the range predicted by the Horwitz equation.The precision of the most volatile analyte, ethanal, was just above statistically predicted levels. This method is recommended for official regulatory purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Kelly
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, CSL Food Science Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UO. UK
| | - Stephen Chapman
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, CSL Food Science Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UO. UK
| | - Paul Brereton
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, CSL Food Science Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UO. UK
| | - Alain Bertrand
- University of Bordeaux 2, Faculté d’OEnologie, 351, Cours de la Liberation, 33405 Talence cedex, France
| | - Claude Guillou
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Environment Institute, Food & Drug Analysis/Consumer Protection Unit, BEVABS Laboratory, 1-21020 Ispra (Va), Italy
| | - Reiner Wittkowski
- Bundesinstitut fur Gesundheitlichen Verbraucherschutz und Veterinarmedizin (bgvv), Thielallee 88-92, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
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8
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Grierson SS, McGowan S, Cook C, Steinbach F, Choudhury B. Molecular and in vitro characterisation of hepatitis E virus from UK pigs. Virology 2018; 527:116-121. [PMID: 30496912 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is widespread in the global pig population. Although clinically inapparent in pigs, HEV infection is the cause of Hepatitis E in humans and transmission via the food chain has been established. Following a 2013 study that investigated prevalence of HEV infection in UK slaughter-age pigs samples indicating highest viral load were selected for further characterisation. High throughput sequencing was used to obtain the complete coding sequence from five samples. An in-frame insertion was observed within the HEV hypervariable region in two samples. To interrogate whether this mutation may be the cause of high-level viraemia and faecal shedding as observed in the sampled pigs virus isolation and culture was conducted. Based on viral growth kinetics there was no evidence that these insertions affected replication efficiency in vitro, suggesting as yet undetermined host factors may affect the course of infection and consequently the risk of foodborne transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia S Grierson
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Department of Virology, Addlestone, Surrey, UK.
| | - Sarah McGowan
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Department of Virology, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Charlotte Cook
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Falko Steinbach
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Department of Virology, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Bhudipa Choudhury
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Department of Virology, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
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9
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Moorhouse HL, Read DS, McGowan S, Wagner M, Roberts C, Armstrong LK, Nicholls DJE, Wickham HD, Hutchins MG, Bowes MJ. Characterisation of a major phytoplankton bloom in the River Thames (UK) using flow cytometry and high performance liquid chromatography. Sci Total Environ 2018; 624:366-376. [PMID: 29258037 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent river studies have observed rapid phytoplankton dynamics, driven by diurnal cycling and short-term responses to storm events, highlighting the need to adopt new high-frequency characterisation methods to understand these complex ecological systems. This study utilised two such analytical methods; pigment analysis by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and cell counting by flow cytometry (FCM), alongside traditional chlorophyll spectrophotometry and light microscopy screening, to characterise the major phytoplankton bloom of 2015 in the River Thames, UK. All analytical techniques observed a rapid increase in chlorophyll a concentration and cell abundances from March to early June, caused primarily by a diatom bloom. Light microscopy identified a shift from pennate to centric diatoms during this period. The initial diatom bloom coincided with increased HPLC peridinin concentrations, indicating the presence of dinoflagellates which were likely to be consuming the diatom population. The diatom bloom declined rapidly in early June, coinciding with a storm event. There were low chlorophyll a concentrations (by both HPLC and spectrophotometric methods) throughout July and August, implying low biomass and phytoplankton activity. However, FCM revealed high abundances of pico-chlorophytes and cyanobacteria through July and August, showing that phytoplankton communities remain active and abundant throughout the summer period. In combination, these techniques are able to simultaneously characterise a wider range of phytoplankton groups, with greater certainty, and provide improved understanding of phytoplankton functioning (e.g. production of UV inhibiting pigments by cyanobacteria in response to high light levels) and ecological status (through examination of pigment degradation products). Combined HPLC and FCM analyses offer rapid and cost-effective characterisation of phytoplankton communities at appropriate timescales. This will allow a more-targeted use of light microscopy to capture phytoplankton peaks or to investigate periods of rapid community succession. This will lead to greater system understanding of phytoplankton succession in response to biogeochemical drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Moorhouse
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8BB, United Kingdom; Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - D S Read
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8BB, United Kingdom
| | - S McGowan
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - M Wagner
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8BB, United Kingdom
| | - C Roberts
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8BB, United Kingdom
| | - L K Armstrong
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8BB, United Kingdom
| | - D J E Nicholls
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8BB, United Kingdom
| | - H D Wickham
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8BB, United Kingdom
| | - M G Hutchins
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8BB, United Kingdom
| | - M J Bowes
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8BB, United Kingdom.
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10
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Song Y, Fung CH, McGowan S, Jouldjian S, Josephson KR, Mitchell MN, McCurry SM, Irwin MR, Teng E, Alessi CA, Martin JL. 0708 Sleep and Daytime Dysfunction Among Women Veterans: The Impact of Caregiving. Sleep 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy061.707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Y Song
- University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - C H Fung
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - S McGowan
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - S Jouldjian
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - K R Josephson
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - M N Mitchell
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - S M McCurry
- University of Washington, School of Nursing, Department of Psychosocial and Community Health, Seattle, WA
| | - M R Irwin
- University of California, Los Angeles, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Los Angeles, CA
| | - E Teng
- University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - C A Alessi
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - J L Martin
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Los Angeles, CA
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11
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Engels S, Fong LSRZ, Chen Q, Leng MJ, McGowan S, Idris M, Rose NL, Ruslan MS, Taylor D, Yang H. Historical atmospheric pollution trends in Southeast Asia inferred from lake sediment records. Environ Pollut 2018; 235:907-917. [PMID: 29353806 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fossil fuel combustion leads to increased levels of air pollution, which negatively affects human health as well as the environment. Documented data for Southeast Asia (SEA) show a strong increase in fossil fuel consumption since 1980, but information on coal and oil combustion before 1980 is not widely available. Spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCPs) and heavy metals, such as mercury (Hg), are emitted as by-products of fossil fuel combustion and may accumulate in sediments following atmospheric fallout. Here we use sediment SCP and Hg records from several freshwater lentic ecosystems in SEA (Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore) to reconstruct long-term, region-wide variations in levels of these two key atmospheric pollution indicators. The age-depth models of Philippine sediment cores do not reach back far enough to date first SCP presence, but single SCP occurrences are first observed between 1925 and 1950 for a Malaysian site. Increasing SCP flux is observed at our sites from 1960 onward, although individual sites show minor differences in trends. SCP fluxes show a general decline after 2000 at each of our study sites. While the records show broadly similar temporal trends across SEA, absolute SCP fluxes differ between sites, with a record from Malaysia showing SCP fluxes that are two orders of magnitude lower than records from the Philippines. Similar trends in records from China and Japan represent the emergence of atmospheric pollution as a broadly-based inter-region environmental problem during the 20th century. Hg fluxes were relatively stable from the second half of the 20th century onward. As catchment soils are also contaminated with atmospheric Hg, future soil erosion can be expected to lead to enhanced Hg flux into surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Engels
- Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK; School of Geography, Birkbeck University of London, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, UK.
| | - L S R Z Fong
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117570, Singapore
| | - Q Chen
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117570, Singapore
| | - M J Leng
- Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK; NERC Isotope Geosciences Facilities, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - S McGowan
- Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK; School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - M Idris
- Tasik Chini Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Malaysia
| | - N L Rose
- Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - M S Ruslan
- Tasik Chini Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Malaysia
| | - D Taylor
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117570, Singapore
| | - H Yang
- Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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Fung C, Alessi C, Song Y, Pedigo-Vaughn C, Markland A, Huang A, McGowan S, Martin J. BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES FOR INSOMNIA IMPROVE NOCTURIA IN OLDER WOMEN VETERANS. Innov Aging 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igx004.4439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C. Fung
- VA Greater Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California,
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California,
| | - C.A. Alessi
- VA Greater Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California,
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California,
| | - Y. Song
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California,
| | - C. Pedigo-Vaughn
- Atlanta VA, Decatur, Georgia,
- Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia,
| | - A. Markland
- Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama,
- University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama,
| | - A. Huang
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - S. McGowan
- VA Greater Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California,
| | - J. Martin
- VA Greater Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California,
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California,
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah McGowan
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, e-mail:
| | - Bhudipa Choudhury
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, e-mail:
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14
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Mokhtar H, Biffar L, Somavarapu S, Frossard JP, McGowan S, Pedrera M, Strong R, Edwards JC, Garcia-Durán M, Rodriguez MJ, Stewart GR, Steinbach F, Graham SP. Evaluation of hydrophobic chitosan-based particulate formulations of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccine candidate T cell antigens. Vet Microbiol 2017; 209:66-74. [PMID: 28228336 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PRRS control is hampered by the inadequacies of existing vaccines to combat the extreme diversity of circulating viruses. Since immune clearance of PRRSV infection may not be dependent on the development of neutralising antibodies and the identification of broadly-neutralising antibody epitopes have proven elusive, we hypothesised that conserved T cell antigens represent potential candidates for development of a novel PRRS vaccine. Previously we had identified the M and NSP5 proteins as well-conserved targets of polyfunctional CD8 and CD4 T cells. To assess their vaccine potential, peptides representing M and NSP5 were encapsulated in hydrophobically-modified chitosan particles adjuvanted by incorporation of a synthetic multi-TLR2/TLR7 agonist and coated with a model B cell PRRSV antigen. For comparison, empty particles and adjuvanted particles encapsulating inactivated PRRSV-1 were prepared. Vaccination with the particulate formulations induced antigen-specific antibody responses, which were most pronounced following booster immunisation. M and NSP5-specific CD4, but not CD8, T cell IFN-γ reactivity was measurable following the booster immunisation in a proportion of animals vaccinated with peptide-loaded particles. Upon challenge, CD4 and CD8 T cell reactivity was detected in all groups, with the greatest responses being detected in the peptide vaccinated group but with limited evidence of an enhanced control of viraemia. Analysis of the lungs during the resolution of infection showed significant M/NSP5 specific IFN-γ responses from CD8 rather than CD4 T cells. Vaccine primed CD8 T cell responses may therefore be required for protection and future work should focus on enhancing the cross-presentation of M/NSP5 to CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Mokhtar
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Lucia Biffar
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Satyanarayana Somavarapu
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Pierre Frossard
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah McGowan
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Miriam Pedrera
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Strong
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Jane C Edwards
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Graham R Stewart
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Falko Steinbach
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Simon P Graham
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
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15
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Johnson E, Chase K, McGowan S, Mondo E, Pfister E, Mick E, Friedline RH, Kim JK, Sapp E, DiFiglia M, Aronin N. Safety of Striatal Infusion of siRNA in a Transgenic Huntington's Disease Mouse Model. J Huntingtons Dis 2016; 4:219-229. [PMID: 26444021 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-150163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immune system In Huntington's disease (HD) is activated and may overreact to some therapies. RNA interference using siRNA lowers mutant huntingtin (mHTT) protein but could increase immune responses. OBJECTIVE To examine the innate immune response following siRNA infusion into the striatum of wild-type (WT) and HD transgenic (YAC128) mice. METHODS siRNAs (2'-O-methyl phosphorothioated) were infused unilaterally into striatum of four month-old WT and YAC128 mice for 28 days. Microglia number and morphology (resting (normal), activated, dystrophic), cytokine levels, and DARPP32-positive neurons were measured in striatum immediately or 14 days post-infusion. Controls included contralateral untreated striatum, and PBS and sham treated striata. RESULTS The striata of untreated YAC128 mice had significantly fewer resting microglia and more dystrophic microglia than WT mice, but no difference from WT in the proportion of activated microglia or total number of microglia. siRNA infusion increased the total number of microglia in YAC128 mice compared to PBS treated and untreated striata and increased the proportion of activated microglia in WT and YAC128 mice compared to untreated striata and sham treated groups. Cytokine levels were low and siRNA infusion resulted in only modest changes in those levels. siRNA infusion did not change the number of DARPP32-positive neurons. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that siRNA infusion may be a safe method for lowering mHTT levels in the striatum in young animals, since treatment does not produce a robust cytokine response or cause neurotoxicity. The potential long-term effects of a sustained increase in total and activated microglia after siRNA infusion in HD mice need to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Johnson
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Kathryn Chase
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Sarah McGowan
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Erica Mondo
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Edith Pfister
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Eric Mick
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Randall H Friedline
- Department of Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Jason K Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA.,Department of Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Ellen Sapp
- Department of Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA
| | - Marian DiFiglia
- Department of Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA
| | - Neil Aronin
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
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16
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Dhiraj H, Thomas S, McGowan S. EP-1537: Developing an in vivo dosimetry system for TomoTherapy® using the CT detector array. Radiother Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(16)32787-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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McGowan S, Holloway M, Burnet N, Thomas S. SU-E-T-653: Quantifying Inter-Fraction Range Uncertainty for Input Into Robust Proton Planning. Med Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4925016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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18
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van der Bom IMJ, Moser RP, Gao G, Mondo E, O'Connell D, Gounis MJ, McGowan S, Chaurette J, Bishop N, Sena-Esteves MS, Mueller C, Aronin N. Finding the striatum in sheep: use of a multi-modal guided approach for convection enhanced delivery. J Huntingtons Dis 2014; 2:41-5. [PMID: 25063428 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-130053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Our goal is delivery of a long-term treatment for Huntington's disease. We administer intracerebrally in sheep adeno-associated virus (AAV) to establish optimal safety, spread and neuronal uptake of AAV based therapeutics. Sheep have large gyrencephalic brains and offer the opportunity to study a transgenic Huntington's disease model. However, lack of a relevant brain stereotactic atlas and the difficulty of skull fixation make conventional stereotaxy unreliable. We describe a multi-modal image-guidance technique to achieve accurate placement of therapeutics into the sheep striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M J van der Bom
- Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - R P Moser
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - G Gao
- Departments of Microbiology & Physiological Systems, Immunology & Virology, Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Gene Therapy Center, and RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - E Mondo
- Department of Medicine, Neuro-therapeutics Institute and RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - D O'Connell
- Department of Animal Medicine, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - M J Gounis
- Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - S McGowan
- Departments of Microbiology & Physiological Systems, Immunology & Virology, Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Gene Therapy Center, and RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - J Chaurette
- Departments of Microbiology & Physiological Systems, Immunology & Virology, Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Gene Therapy Center, and RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - N Bishop
- Department of Animal Medicine, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - M S Sena-Esteves
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - C Mueller
- Departments of Pediatrics and Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - N Aronin
- Departments of Microbiology & Physiological Systems, Immunology & Virology, Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Gene Therapy Center, and RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, USA
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19
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20
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Denk D, Stidworthy MF, Redrobe S, Latimer E, Hayward GS, Cracknell J, Claessens A, Steinbach F, McGowan S, Dastjerdi A. Fatal elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus type 5 infection in a captive Asian elephant. Vet Rec 2012; 171:380-1. [PMID: 23065589 DOI: 10.1136/vr.e6833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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21
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Malavige GN, McGowan S, Atukorale V, Salimi M, Peelawatta M, Fernando N, Jayaratne SD, Ogg G. Identification of serotype-specific T cell responses to highly conserved regions of the dengue viruses. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 168:215-23. [PMID: 22471283 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2012.04566.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining previous infecting dengue virus (DENV) serotypes has been difficult due to highly cross-reactive immune responses from previous DENV infections. Determining the correlates of serotype-specific immune responses would be crucial in understanding dengue transmission in the community and would also help to determine the correlates of protective immune responses. Therefore, we set out to define highly conserved, serotype-specific regions of the DENVs. Serotype-specific and highly conserved regions of the four DENV serotypes were identified using Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) searches and custom perl scripts. Using ex-vivo and cultured enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays, we identified serotype-specific T cell epitopes within the four DENV serotypes in healthy adult donors from Sri Lanka. We identified T cell responses to 19 regions of the four DENV serotypes. Six peptides were from the NS2A region and four peptides were from the NS4A region. All immune donors responded to peptides of at least two DENV serotypes, suggesting that heterologous infection is common in Sri Lanka. Eight of 20 individuals responded to at least two peptides of DENV-4, despite this serotype not being implicated previously in any of the epidemics in Sri Lanka. The use of these regions to determine past and current infecting DENV serotypes will be of value to characterize further the dynamics of silent dengue transmission in the community. In addition, these T cell responses to these regions could be used to characterize DENV serotype-specific immune responses and thus possibly help us to understand the immune correlates of a protective immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Malavige
- Department of Microbiology, University of Sri Jayawardanapura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
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22
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Obholzer R, Patel P, McGowan S, Grunfeld E, Sherriff M, Gleeson M. Quality of Life and Paragangliomas of the Head and Neck. Skull Base Surg 2012. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1314310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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23
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Lee K, McGowan S, Javed A, Bernard J. Optic Nerve and Gray Matter Diffusion Tensor Imaging in CADASIL (S43.001). Neurology 2012. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.s43.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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24
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Barlow AM, Schock A, Bradshaw J, Mullineaux E, Dastjerdi A, Everest DJ, McGowan S, Steinbach F, Cowen S. Parvovirus enteritis in Eurasian badgers (Meles meles
). Vet Rec 2012; 170:416. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.100680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - A. Dastjerdi
- Virology Department; AHVLA - Weybridge; New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB UK
| | - D. J. Everest
- Specialist Scientific Services Department; AHVLA - Weybridge; Addlestone KT15 3NB UK
| | - S. McGowan
- Virology Department; AHVLA - Weybridge; New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB UK
| | - F. Steinbach
- Virology Department; AHVLA - Weybridge; New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB UK
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25
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Vane CH, Kim AW, McGowan S, Leng MJ, Heaton THE, Kendrick CP, Coombs P, Yang H, Swann GEA. Sedimentary records of sewage pollution using faecal markers in contrasting peri-urban shallow lakes. Sci Total Environ 2010; 409:345-56. [PMID: 21067795 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Sewage contamination in shallow lake sediments is of concern because the pathogens, organic matter and nutrients contribute to the deterioration of the water-bodies' health and ecology. Sediment cores from three shallow lakes (Coneries, Church and Clifton Ponds) within Attenborough nature reserve located downstream of sewage treatment works were analysed for TOC, C/N, δ(13)C, δ(15)N, bacterial coliforms and faecal sterols. (210)Pb and (137)Cs activities were used to date the sediments. Elemental analysis suggests that the source of organic matter was algal and down profile changes in δ(13)C indicate a possible decrease in productivity with time which could be due to improvements in sewage treatment. δ(15)N for Coneries Pond are slightly higher than those observed in Church or Clifton and are consistent with a sewage-derived nitrate source which has been diluted by non-sewage sources of N. The similarity in δ(15)N values (+12 ‰ to +10 ‰) indicates that the three ponds were not entirely hydrologically isolated. Analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) reveals that Coneries Pond had sterol concentrations in the range 20 to 30 μg/g (dry wt.), whereas, those from Clifton and Church Ponds were lower. The highest concentrations of the human-sourced sewage marker 5β-coprostanol were observed in the top 40 cm of Coneries Pond with values up to 2.2 μg/g. In contrast, Church and Clifton Pond sediments contain only trace amounts throughout. Down-profile comparison of 5β-coprostanol/cholesterol, 5β-coprostanol/(5β-coprostanol+5α-cholestanol) and 5β-epicoprostanol/coprostanol as well as 5α-cholestanol/cholesterol suggests that Coneries Pond has received appreciable amounts of faecal contamination. Examination of 5β-stigmastanol (marker for herbivorous/ruminant animals) down core concentrations suggests a recent decrease in manure slurry input to Coneries Pond. The greater concentration of β-sitosterol in sediments from Church and Clifton Ponds as compared to Coneries is attributed in part to their greater diversity and extent of aquatic plants and avian faeces.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Vane
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK.
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26
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Michels CE, Scales HE, Saunders KA, McGowan S, Brombracher F, Alexander J, Lawrence CE. Neither interleukin-4 receptor alpha expression on CD4+ T cells, or macrophages and neutrophils is required for protective immunity to Trichinella spiralis. Immunology 2008; 128:e385-94. [PMID: 19191917 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.02987.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The T helper type 2 (Th2) mediated expulsion of the gastrointestinal nematode Trichinella spiralis requires interleukin-4 receptor alpha (IL-4Ralpha) expression on both bone-marrow-derived and non-bone-marrow-derived cells. To more definitively investigate the role of IL-4/IL-13 responsiveness in the development of protective immunity to T. spiralis, cell-specific IL-4Ralpha signalling on CD4(+) T cells (Lck(cre) IL-4Ralpha(-/flox)) and macrophages/neutrophils (LysM(cre) IL-4Ralpha(-/flox)) was analysed on the BALB/c background. Infection of wild-type and control IL-4Ralpha(-/flox) mice induced a Th2-type immune response with elevated IL-4 cytokine production, parasite-specific immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1), total IgE, intestinal mastocytosis and enteropathy. In contrast, global IL-4Ralpha-deficient BALB/c mice showed reduced worm expulsion, antibody production, intestinal mastocytosis and gut pathology. BALB/c mice generated with cell-specific deletion of IL-4Ralpha on CD4(+) T lymphocytes or macrophages/neutrophils, controlled gastrointestinal helminth infection by eliciting a protective immune response comparable to that observed with wild-type and IL-4Ralpha(-/flox) controls. Together, this shows that the development of host protective Th2 responses accompanied by parasite loss is independent of IL-4Ralpha expression on CD4(+) T cells and macrophages/neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chesney E Michels
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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27
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Wright C, Edelmann M, diGleria K, Kollnberger S, Kramer H, McGowan S, McHugh K, Taylor S, Kessler B, Bowness P. Ankylosing spondylitis monocytes show upregulation of proteins involved in inflammation and the ubiquitin proteasome pathway. Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 68:1626-32. [PMID: 18952638 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2008.097204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine if peripheral blood monocytes from patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) differed in protein expression compared to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and healthy controls (HC). METHODS Monocyte protein expression was characterised by 2D gel electrophoresis and by label-free quantitative expression profiling, using nano-ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS(E), where (E) refers to low/high collision energy switching). Data sets were analysed using the Waters expression profiling system and Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA). RESULTS Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis showed upregulation of proteasomal constituents in AS monocytes, including the beta subunit of proteasome activator (PA)28. Monocyte expression profiling and IPA showed that significant changes in protein expression within the ubiquitin proteasome pathway (UPP) were restricted to AS monocytes. Statistically significant differences in protein expression involving the leucocyte extravasation, vascular endothelial growth factor, integrin and Toll-like receptor signalling pathways were seen in AS and RA monocytes compared to healthy controls. No evidence of upregulation of proteins involved in the endoplasmic reticulum stress response pathway was found in either AS or RA monocytes. Finally, the PA28 complex was shown to increase the generation of human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-B27 antigenic epitopes by the proteasome in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Our proteomic analyses support the hypothesis that monocytes play an important role in the pathogenesis of AS and RA, and further suggest a specific role in AS for the UPP. Quantitative proteomic expression profiling constitutes a powerful new tool for rheumatology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wright
- Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
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Buckle A, Androulakis S, Schmidberger J, Bate M, DeGori R, Beitz A, McGowan S, Porter C, Harrison A, Hunter J, Kobe B, Dobson R, Parker M, Whisstock J, Gray J, Treloar A. Federated repositories of X-ray diffraction images. Acta Crystallogr A 2008. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767308095056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper reports the findings of a descriptive study of a patient population over a three-month period on an eight bed psychiatric intensive care unit (PICU) in Western Australia. The report provides a quantitative insight into the profile of patients in PICUs. It provides information on patients' diagnoses, presenting signs, symptoms and/or behaviours, legal codes assigned to patients, treatment interventions and management. METHOD Data were collected prospectively from August to October 1999. A total of 122 patients were admitted to the PICU during the review period. Data were entered into an Access program then exported to SPSS (Version 9 for Windows) for analysis and frequency distributions were obtained. RESULTS The results confirmed that the majority of patients admitted to the PICU were assessed as a high level of risk or needed containment. This finding is in line with the admission criteria developed by staff working in the PICU. It also supports the view that staff working in these units require expertise and confidence to communicate with and manage potentially aggressive and highly aroused patients. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the importance of ongoing evaluations of patient populations in promoting best practice initiatives in psychiatric care.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wynaden
- School of Nursing, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, WA, Australia.
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Renberg I, Bindler R, Bradshaw E, Emteryd O, McGowan S. Sediment evidence of early eutrophication and heavy metal pollution of Lake Mälaren, central Sweden. Ambio 2001; 30:496-502. [PMID: 11878023 DOI: 10.1579/0044-7447-30.8.496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Lake Mälaren is the water supply and recreation area for more than 1 million people in central Sweden and subject to considerable environmental concern. To establish background data for assessments of contemporary levels of trophy and heavy metal pollution, sediment cores from the lake were analyzed. Diatom-inferred lake-water phosphorus concentrations suggest that pre-20th century nutrient levels in Södra Björkfjärden, a basin in the eastern part of Mälaren, were higher (c. 10-20 micrograms TP L-1) than previously assumed (c. 6 micrograms TP L-1). Stable lead isotope and lead concentration analyses from 3 basins (S. Björkfjärden, Gisselfjärden and Asköfjärden) show that the lake was polluted in the 19th century and earlier from extensive metal production and processing in the catchment, particularly in the Bergslagen region. The lake has experienced a substantial improvement of the lead pollution situation in the 20th century following closure of the mining and metal industry. The lead pollution from the old mining industry was large compared to late-20th century pollution from car emissions, burning of fossil fuels and modern industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Renberg
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
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Nesler MS, Hanner MB, Melburg V, McGowan S. Professional Socialization of Baccalaureate Nursing Students: Can Students in Distance Nursing Programs Become Socialized? J Nurs Educ 2001; 40:293-302. [PMID: 11596682 DOI: 10.3928/0148-4834-20011001-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Distance education programs may have difficulty socializing nursing students due to limited face-to-face student-faculty interaction. Socialized attitudes toward the nursing profession were assessed using two measures with three groups--senior BSN students enrolled at campus-based programs, senior BSN students enrolled in distance programs, and non-nursing students. The purpose of this analysis was to determine whether nursing students enrolled in distance programs had professional socialization outcomes comparable to nursing students enrolled in campus-based programs, and to examine the psychometric properties of two popular measures of professional socialization. Results indicated that students in the distance programs had higher scores than the campus-based nursing students, who, in turn, had higher scores than non-nursing students. A statistical interaction of RN status by program type indicated that health care experience was a critical factor in the socialization process. Of the two socialization measures examined, one had acceptable psychometric properties. These data suggest that health care and preceptorship experiences are important determinants of professional socialization and that students who opt for distance nursing programs graduate with socialization outcomes that are at least comparable to those of students who attend traditional programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Nesler
- School of Nursing, Excelsior College, Albany, New York 12203-5159, USA
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32
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Münchau A, Good CD, McGowan S, Quinn NP, Palmer JD, Bhatia KP. Prospective study of swallowing function in patients with cervical dystonia undergoing selective peripheral denervation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001; 71:67-72. [PMID: 11413266 PMCID: PMC1737449 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.71.1.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterise swallowing function in patients with cervical dystonia with botulinum toxin treatment failure, before and after selective peripheral denervation surgery. METHODS Twelve patients with cervical dystonia had a thorough examination including standardised assessment for cervical dystonia, scoring of subjective dysphagia, and videofluoroscopic swallow. Videofluoroscopy was scored by consensus opinion between a speech and language therapist and an independent blinded radiologist using a validated scoring system. RESULTS Seven patients with cervical dystonia experienced no subjective dysphagia either before or after surgery, although in all these patients there was objective videofluoroscopic evidence of underlying mild to moderate oropharyngeal dysphagia preoperatively and postoperatively. The most common finding was delayed initiation of swallow. Three other patients, also without subjective dysphagia before surgery, developed postoperative dysphagia. In these patients, videofluoroscopy showed a delayed swallow reflex before surgery, which was worse postoperatively in two. The remaining two patients had mild subjective dysphagia before surgery that improved postoperatively in one and deteriorated in the other. In the first, videofluoroscopy was normal preoperatively and postoperatively, and in the second, oral bolus preparation was moderately abnormal preoperatively and swallow initiation was delayed postoperatively. Mean subjective dysphagia scores did not change significantly. Apart from a significant improvement of tongue base retraction, videofluoroscopic scores were not significantly different after surgery. Postoperatively there was significant improvement of overall cervical dystonia severity and abnormal head rotation in the group as a whole. There was no correlation between age, duration of symptoms of cervical dystonia, preoperative or postoperative cervical dystonia severity, subjective dysphagia scores, or videofluoroscopic scores. However, in the five patients with persisting anterior sagittal head shift as part of the torticollis, tongue base retraction was less likely to improve after surgery compared with those without head shift. CONCLUSION Surgical denervation of dystonic neck muscles, leading to improved neck posture, can also improve tongue base retraction, which is a key component of normal bolus propagation. However, delayed swallow initiation, a common feature in patients with cervical dystonia, can be further compromised by surgery, leading to subjective dysphagia. In general, selective peripheral denervation seems to be a safe procedure with no major compromise of swallowing function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Münchau
- University Department of Clinical Neurology, Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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34
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Abstract
The ability to integrate education, practice and research initiatives is well documented and the nursing literature presents several collaborative models that have emerged between educational institutions and service agencies to achieve this aim. However, a collaborative partnership agreement does more than integrate these initiatives; it is a vehicle by which the theory-clinical practice gap is bridged and best practice outcomes are achieved. This paper outlines an innovative collaborative partnership agreement between Fremantle Hospital and Health Service and Curtin University of Technology in Perth, Western Australia. The partnership engages academics in the clinical setting in two formalised collaborative appointments. This partnership not only enhances communication between educational and health services, but fosters the development of nursing research and knowledge. The process of the collaborative partnership agreement involved the development of a Practice-Research Model (PRM) of collaboration. This model encourages a close working relationship between registered nurses and academics, and has also facilitated strong links at the health service with the Nursing Research and Evaluation Unit, medical staff and other allied health professionals. Links have also been established with other health services and agencies in the metropolitan area. The key concepts exemplified in the application of the model include practice-driven research development, collegial partnership, collaborative ownership and best practice. Many specific outcomes have been achieved through implementation of the model, but overall the partnership between registered nurses and academics in the pursuit of research to support clinical practice has been the highlight. This has resulted in changes and innovations in current nursing practice and, importantly, dissemination of best practice outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Downie
- School of Nursing, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845
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35
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Abstract
Most health service organisations depend solely upon spontaneous voluntary reporting of medication incidents and a wide variety of available denominators are used in order to calculate the Medication Incident Rate (MIR). This paper describes how nursing staff and clinical pharmacists reviewed medication incident data, revised and established new systems of reporting and developed a clinically useful, rate-based MIR Clinical Indicator. In order to make the MIR more meaningful, the frequency of occurrence of incidents was considered within the context of the total number of medications given to patients. This was achieved by undertaking a point prevalence audit of all inpatient medication charts (n=372) to determine the total number of doses of medication given to patients during a 24 hour period (n=3211). This value was then used as the denominator for the MIR indicator. During 1998, a total of 475 medication incidents were reported; the average number of incidents was 1.3 per 24 hours. The MIR per 1000 doses was calculated to be 0.4. In most cases (77%) the incident caused no harm to the patient and no change in treatment was required, and the most 'severe' category for any incident was that active treatment was required (3% of reported incidents). The most common type of incident was the omission of a dose of medication (50%). A wide range of drugs were involved in the incidents, most commonly morphine (3.4%). The authors consider that the development and use of the MIR Clinical Indicator has positively influenced clinical practice in some areas at the authors' hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Headford
- Nursing Research and Evaluation, Fremantle Hospital and Health Service
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Abstract
This study was undertaken to examine the perceptions of nurses working in three psychiatric settings regarding the effect and use of seclusion. It also aimed to identify current practices at these sites in the metropolitan area of Western Australia. A total of 78 nurses specialising in mental health care participated in the study by completing the 'Attitude towards seclusion survey'. The findings of this study indicate that nurses perceive seclusion as an accepted patient management strategy. The results also showed that the decision to seclude the patient was made by a senior mental health practitioner and that one hour was the average time a patient spent in seclusion. It is important to ensure that punishment, paternalistic attitudes or punitive actions are not part of clinical judgment regarding the use of seclusion. The study has provided evidence of nurses' perceptions concerning seclusion and the results highlight the need for staff to continue to explore and evaluate issues that lead to seclusion in order to facilitate the use of other management strategies that encourage a less restrictive environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wynaden
- School of Nursing, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, WA.
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Wynaden D, Orb A, McGowan S, Downie J. Are universities preparing nurses to meet the challenges posed by the Australian mental health care system? Aust N Z J Ment Health Nurs 2000; 9:138-46. [PMID: 11887257 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-0979.2000.00175.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The preparedness of comprehensive nurses to work with the mentally ill is of concern to many mental health professionals. Discussion as to whether current undergraduate nursing programs in Australia prepare a graduate to work as a beginning practitioner in the mental health area has been the centre of debate for most of the 1990s. This, along with the apparent lack of interest and motivation of these nurses to work in the mental health area following graduation, remains a major problem for mental health care providers. With one in five Australians now experiencing the burden of a major mental illness, the preparation of a nurse who is competent to work with the mentally ill would appear to be a priority. The purpose of the present study was to determine third year undergraduate nursing students' perceived level of preparedness to work with mentally ill clients. The results suggested significant differences in students' perceived level of confidence, knowledge and skills prior to and following theoretical and clinical exposure to the mental health area. Pre-testing of students before entering their third year indicated that the philosophy of comprehensive nursing: integration, although aspired to in principle, does not appear to occur in reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wynaden
- School of Nursing, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
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38
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McGowan S, Jackson SK, Jenkins-Moore M, Dai HH, Chambon P, Snyder JM. Mice bearing deletions of retinoic acid receptors demonstrate reduced lung elastin and alveolar numbers. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2000; 23:162-7. [PMID: 10919981 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.23.2.3904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, including rats and mice, the development of pulmonary alveolar septa is primarily limited to late gestation and the early periods of postnatal life. Before this time, the rat lung contains a relatively large supply of endogenous retinyl ester that, together with its metabolite retinoic acid, has been shown to increase elastin gene expression and the number of alveoli. We have hypothesized that mice bearing a deletion of one or more genes encoding for retinoic acid receptors (which are DNA binding proteins that alter transcription of retinoic acid-responsive genes) may demonstrate abnormalities in retinoid-mediated alveolar formation. Our studies demonstrate that the absence of the retinoic acid receptor-gamma (RARgamma) is associated with a decrease in the steady-state level of tropoelastin messenger RNA in a subpopulation of lung fibroblasts at Postnatal Day 12. RARgamma gene deletion also resulted in a decrease in whole lung elastic tissue and alveolar number, and an increase in mean cord length of alveoli (L(m)) at Postnatal Day 28. The additional deletion of one retinoid X receptor (RXR)alpha allele resulted in a decrease in alveolar surface area and alveolar number, and an increase in L (m). These data indicate that RARgamma is required for the formation of normal alveoli and alveolar elastic fibers in the mouse, and that RAR/RXR heterodimers are involved in alveolar morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S McGowan
- Departments of Veterans Affairs Research Service, Internal Medicine, and Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
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39
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McGowan S, Wynaden D, Harding N, Yassine A, Parker J. Staff confidence in dealing with aggressive patients: a benchmarking exercise. Aust N Z J Ment Health Nurs 1999; 8:104-8. [PMID: 10661079 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-0979.1999.00140.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Interacting with potentially aggressive patients is a common occurrence for nurses working in psychiatric intensive care units. Although the literature highlights the need to educate staff in the prevention and management of aggression, often little, or no, training is provided by employers. This article describes a benchmarking exercise conducted in psychiatric intensive care units at two Western Australian hospitals to assess staff confidence in coping with patient aggression. Results demonstrated that staff in the hospital where regular training was undertaken were significantly more confident in dealing with aggression. Following the completion of a safe physical restraint module at the other hospital staff reported a significant increase in their level of confidence that either matched or bettered the results of their benchmark colleagues.
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Affiliation(s)
- S McGowan
- Fremantle Hospital & Health Service, Fremantle, Australia
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40
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Rouse J, McGowan S. Restoration of the anterior maxilla with ultraconservative veneers: clinical and laboratory considerations. Pract Periodontics Aesthet Dent 1999; 11:333-9; quiz 340. [PMID: 10379293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
One significant challenge in aesthetic dentistry is to integrate individual restorations with the adjacent natural dentition. In order to achieve a seamless result postoperatively, the clinical preparation and the laboratory fabrication phases of treatment must be performed in concert. The use of ultraconservative laminate veneers is a restorative modality that permits the development of a functional, aesthetic outcome while preserving the greatest degree of natural tooth structure. This article highlights the preparation design and material considerations that are involved with ultrathin porcelain laminate veneer restorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rouse
- University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, USA.
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41
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Chen H, Jackson S, Doro M, McGowan S. Perinatal expression of genes that may participate in lipid metabolism by lipid-laden lung fibroblasts. J Lipid Res 1998; 39:2483-92. [PMID: 9831638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although a morphologically distinct population of lipid-laden interstitial cells (lipofibroblasts, LF), has been identified, the origins and functions of this population during lung development and disease remain undefined. Illumination of the developmental and functional characteristics of two other populations of lipid-laden mesenchymal cells, namely adipocytes and hepatic lipocytes, has fashioned tools that can be used to explore similar properties in pulmonary LFs. As the LF is transiently a very abundant cell in the perinatal lung, we elected to study the perinatal ontogeny of the expression of several genes that are involved in the acquisition of lipids by adipocytes, and may be involved in promoting the triglyceride accumulation that is the morphologic hallmark of the pulmonary LF. We found that the maximal expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma), at gestational day 21 in the LF, precedes the rise at birth, in the expression of genes that are involved in the hydrolysis of triglycerides at the plasma membrane (lipoprotein lipase, LPL), transport of fatty acids across the plasma membrane (fatty acid transporter, FAT) and in the cytoplasm (adipocyte lipid binding protein, ALBP). The steady-state levels of LPL, FAT, and ALBP mRNAs that were isolated from whole lung tissue showed a similar temporal pattern. The levels of the protein products of the LPL and ALBP genes changed in tandem with those of their precursor mRNAs in the LF, suggesting that these gene products are under pre-translational control. These findings indicate that characteristic adipocyte genes are also expressed in lipid-laden pulmonary fibroblasts and may participate in triglyceride accumulation and metabolism by these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Chen
- Department of Veterans Affairs Research Service, Iowa City, IA
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42
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Mason C, Gilpin P, McGowan S, Rossiter D. The effect of intrathecal baclofen on functional intelligibility of speech. Int J Lang Commun Disord 1998; 33 Suppl:24-25. [PMID: 10343658 DOI: 10.3109/13682829809179389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Mason
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London
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43
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Burnet PW, Chen CP, McGowan S, Franklin M, Harrison PJ. The effects of clozapine and haloperidol on serotonin-1A, -2A and -2C receptor gene expression and serotonin metabolism in the rat forebrain. Neuroscience 1996; 73:531-40. [PMID: 8783268 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(96)00062-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic and side-effect profiles of clozapine differ from those of typical antipsychotic drugs such as haloperidol. Effects on the serotonin system, especially serotonin-2 receptors, may contribute to clozapine's atypicality. We injected rats for 14 days with clozapine (25 mg/kg/day) or haloperidol (2 mg/kg/day), and measured three aspects of the serotonin system in forebrain regions: abundance of serotonin-2A, -2C and -1A receptor messenger RNAs by in situ hybridization histochemistry; serotonin-2A and -1A binding sites using receptor autoradiography, and levels of serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid with high-performance liquid chromatography. Clozapine administration decreased serotonin-2A receptor messenger RNA and the density of [3H]ketanserin binding in cingulate and frontal cortex, but not in piriform cortex. Serotonin-1A receptor expression and serotonin-2C receptor messenger RNA were unchanged in all areas. The treatment markedly decreased serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentrations in striatum with similar trends in cortex and hippocampus. Haloperidol administration did not affect the expression of the three serotonin receptors, but was associated with a modest reduction of striatal and hippocampal 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. The selective reduction of serotonin-2A receptors confirms earlier findings and supports the view that this receptor may have relevance for the actions of clozapine. The fact that the encoding messenger RNA is decreased shows that the the effect is mediated at the level of gene expression. In contrast, the unchanged serotonin-2C receptor messenger RNA level indicates that the reported loss of serotonin-2C receptors after clozapine treatment is due to translational or post-translational events. The relationship between the reduction in serotonin-2A receptor expression and the altered serotonin metabolism remains unclear.
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MESH Headings
- 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin/metabolism
- Animals
- Autoradiography
- Cerebral Cortex/metabolism
- Clozapine/pharmacology
- Corpus Striatum/metabolism
- Haloperidol/pharmacology
- Hippocampus/metabolism
- Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid/metabolism
- In Situ Hybridization
- Ketanserin/metabolism
- Male
- Organ Specificity
- Prosencephalon/drug effects
- Prosencephalon/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C
- Receptors, Serotonin/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT1
- Reference Values
- Serotonin/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Tritium
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Burnet
- University Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
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44
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McGowan S, Eastwood SL, Mead A, Burnet PW, Smith C, Flanigan TP, Harrison PJ. Hippocampal and cortical G protein (Gs alpha, G(o) alpha and Gi2 alpha) mRNA expression after electroconvulsive shock or lithium carbonate treatment. Eur J Pharmacol 1996; 306:249-55. [PMID: 8813638 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(96)00207-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
GTP-binding proteins (G proteins) are heteromers composed of alpha, beta and gamma subunits. The expression of some G protein subunits is altered both by affective disorders and by antidepressant treatments. Here we have studied three G protein alpha subunit mRNAs in the hippocampus and frontoparietal cortex of rats treated with lithium for 14 days or with repeated electroconvulsive shock (five shocks over 10 days). After electroconvulsive shock, the three mRNAs changed differentially in the hippocampus. Specifically, Gs alpha mRNA was decreased in CA3 and CA1, whilst G(o) alpha mRNA was increased in dentate gyrus and Gi2 alpha mRNA was reduced in dentate gyrus and CA3. Lithium carbonate treatment produced a modest, uniform increase in the three mRNAs in dentate gyrus and CA3, and a selective elevation of G(o) alpha mRNA in CA1. Neither treatment altered the G protein mRNAs in the cortex nor cyclophilin mRNA in any region. These data extend the evidence that altered G protein expression is a part of the biochemical response to antidepressant treatments. Differences in the molecular and anatomical pattern of the alterations induced by electroconvulsive shock compared to lithium may contribute to their different therapeutic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- S McGowan
- University Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
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45
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McGowan S, Sebaihia M, Jones S, Yu B, Bainton N, Chan PF, Bycroft B, Stewart GSAB, Williams P, Salmond GPC. Carbapenem antibiotic production in Erwinia carotovora is regulated by CarR, a homologue of the LuxR transcriptional activator. Microbiology (Reading) 1995; 141:1268. [PMID: 33820120 DOI: 10.1099/13500872-141-5-1268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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46
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Williams S, McGowan S. Professional autonomy: a pilot study to determine the effects of a professional development program on nurses' attitudes. J Nurs Staff Dev 1995; 11:150-5. [PMID: 7782873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this article, the authors describe a pilot study conducted to evaluate a component of a professional development program designed for Clinical Nurses in a general teaching hospital. Permission was obtained to use an established instrument for measuring attitude toward professional autonomy. A non equivalent pre-test/post-test, control group design was used. Results indicate that the program was influential in changing nurses' attitudes toward autonomy. Implications of using an instrument designed for an American cohort of nurses and modified to depict an Australian nursing culture are discussed.
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47
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McGowan S, Sebaihia M, Jones S, Yu B, Bainton N, Chan PF, Bycroft B, Stewart GS, Williams P, Salmond GP. Carbapenem antibiotic production in Erwinia carotovora is regulated by CarR, a homologue of the LuxR transcriptional activator. Microbiology (Reading) 1995; 141 ( Pt 3):541-50. [PMID: 7711893 DOI: 10.1099/13500872-141-3-541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Strain GS101 of Erwinia carotovora makes the carbapenem antibiotic, 1-carbapen-2-em-3-carboxylic acid. Mutants defective in antibiotic production can be assigned to two groups, group 1 and group 2. Group 2 mutants are defective in the carl gene encoding a protein responsible for synthesis of the Lux autoinducer N-(3-oxohexanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (OHHL), which is required to induce carbapenem synthesis in strain GS101. In this paper we describe the molecular genetic analysis of the group 1 mutants which we presumed were defective in the carbapenem biosynthesis (car) genes. We isolated a cosmid (cWU142) that complemented the group 1 mutants of strain GS101. A small (1.03 kb) subclone of cWU142 complemented most of the group 1 mutants, and the sequence revealed that the relevant gene (carR) encodes a homologue of the Vibrio fischeri LuxR protein. A disproportionately high frequency of carR mutants arose in strain GS101 and this was due to carR acting as a 'hot spot' target for secondary transposition of a Tn5 element in this strain. The CarR protein joins a rapidly growing list of homologues, found in taxonomically unrelated bacteria, which act as positive transcriptional activators of genes encoding diverse metabolic functions, including bioluminescence, exoenzyme virulence factor synthesis, cell division, plasmid conjugation, rhizosphere-specific gene induction, surfactant synthesis and antibiotic production. Most of these LuxR-type regulators have been shown to depend, for their function, on N-acyl homoserine lactones, which act as chemical signals enabling co-ordination of gene expression with cell density.
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Affiliation(s)
- S McGowan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Berglund J, Elding LI, Buxton GV, McGowan S, Salmon GA. Reaction of peroxomonosulfate radical with manganese(II) in acidic aqueous solution. A pulse radiolysis study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1039/ft9949003309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bartu A, McGowan S, Nelson M, Ng C, Robertson J. A Western Australian Delphi survey of staff development research priorities. J Nurs Staff Dev 1993; 9:141-6; discussion 146-7. [PMID: 8326413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A modified Delphi survey conducted during 1989-1990 identifies problems that Western Australian nurses consider research priorities. Participants were employed in hospital and health-care agencies throughout metropolitan and rural regions of the state. The large number of topics generated were analyzed and categorized into three areas of nursing: staff development, clinical practice, and management. Participants rated each topic on its importance to nurses and patients. The results are based on the 10 priority items identified in the staff development field.
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Coulter J, Molloy RG, Moran KT, Waldron R, Kirwan WO, O’Suilleabhain C, Horgan A, Mealy K, Burke P, Hyland J, Horgan AF, Sheehan M, Browne RM, Austin O, Clery AP, Deasy JM, Sulaiman-Shoaib S, Soeda J, O’Briain DS, Puri P, Coveney EC, McAllister V, McDermott EWM, O’Higgins NJ, Maher M, Caldwell MTP, Murchan P, Beesley W, Feeley TM, Tanner WA, Keane FBV, Abbasakoor F, Attwood SEA, McGrath LP, Stephens RB, O’Broin E, Davies MG, McGinley J, Mannion C, Gupta S, Shine MF, Lennon F, Ninan G, Fitzgerald RJ, Guiney EJ, O’Donnell B, O’Donnell AF, Luke D, Wood AE, Murphy PG, Walsh TN, Hill ADK, Li H, Hennessy TPJ, Noonan N, Breslin B, Keeling PWN, Curran AJ, Gough DB, Davidson IR, Keeling P, O’Leary DP, Smythe A, Bird NC, Johnson AG, Nicholson P, Traynor O, Dawson K, Aitken J, Cooke BA, Parbhoo SP, N.Williams N, Daly JM, Herlyn M, Bouchier-Hayes D, Stuart RC, Allen MJ, Thompson WD, Peel ALG, Hehir DT, Cronin K, McCann A, Dervan PA, Heffernan SJ, Hederman WP, Galea MH, Dilks B, Gilmour A, Ellis LO, Elston CW, Blarney RW, O’Rourke S, Mookens A, Carter R, Parkin D, Couse NF, Delaney CP, Horgan PG, Fitzpatrick JM, Gorey TF, O’Byrne JM, McCabe JP, Stephens M, McManus F, L.Mangan J, Barr DA, Mulvenna GJ, Maginn P, Kernohan WG, Mollan RAB, O’Flanagan SJ, Stack JP, Dervan P, Hurson B, Tierney S, Fitzgerald P, O’Sullivan T, Grace P, Wyatt JP, Evans RJ, Cusack SP, McGowan S, McGovem E, Schwaitzberg SD, Connolly RJ, Sullivan RP, Mortimer G, Geraghty JG, O’Dwyer PJ, McGlone BS, O’Brien DP, Younis HA, Given HF, Phelan C, Byrne J, Barry K, Gough D, Hanrahan L, Given F, Sweeney JP, Korebrits AM, Reynolds JV, Gorey TF, O’Hanlon DM, Stokes MA, Redmond HP, McCarthy J, Daly JM, Losty P, Murphy M, Butler PEM, Grace PG, Novell JR, Hobbs SK, Smith O, Hazlehurst G, Brozovic B, Rolles K, Burroughs A, Mallett S, Mehta A, Buckley D, Waldron D, O’Brien D, Curran C, Given F, Grey L, Leahy A, Darzi A, Leader D, Broe P, Geoghegan JG, Cheng CA, Lawson DC, Pappas TN, O’Sullivan D, Lieber MM, Colby TV, Barrett DM, Rogers E, Greally J, Bredin HC, Corcoran MO, Kenny M, Horgan P, Headon D, Grace A, Grace PA, Bouchier-Hayes D, Cross S, Hehir D, O’Briain S, Hartigan P, Colgan MP, Moore D, Shanik G, Zaidi SZ, Hehir DJ, Cross KS, Colgan MP, Moore DJ, Shanik DG, Lacy P, Cross S, Hehir D, Moore D, Shanik G, Coleman JE, McEnroe CS, Gelfand JA, O’Donnell TF, Callow AD, Buckley DJ, O’Riordain DS, O’Donnell JA, Meagher P, Boos K, Gillen P, Corrigan T, Vashisht R, Sian M, Sharp EJ, O’Malley MK, Kerin MJ, Wilkinson D, Parkin A, Kester RC, Maher MM, Waldron RP, Waldron DJ, Brady MP, Allen M, Lyncy TH, Waymont B, Emtage L, Blackledge GR, Hughes MA, Wallace DMA, O’Sullivan D, Mynderse L, Barrett DM, Rogers E, Grimes H, Chambers F, Lowe D, Bredin HC, Corcoran MO, Waldron DJ, Prasad B, O’Sullivan DC, Gillen MBP, McNicholas M, Traynor O, Bredin H, O’Dowd TH, Corcoran M, O’Donoghue JM, Corcoran M, McGuire M, McNamara A, Creagh T, Grainger R, McDermott TBD, Butler MR, Gleeson M, Creagh T, Grainger R, McDermott TED, Hurley JP, Hone R, Neligan M, Hurley J, White M, McDonagh P, Phelan D, McGovern E, Quinn F, Breatnach F, O’Meara A, McGrath JP, McCann SR, Gaffney EF, Hennessy A, Leader M, Taleb FS, McKiernan MV, Leyden PJ, McCann JJ, Coleman J, Quereshi A, Ajayi N, McEntee G, Osborne H, Bouchier-Hayes DJ, Johnston S, O’Malley K, Smyth E, Bouchier-Hayes DL, Darzi A, Quereshi A, McEntee G, O’Connell PR, Gorey T, McAnena OJ, Reed MW, Duncan JL, Reilly CS, McGibney C, Lawlor P, Lawless B, McGuinness E, Leahy S. Sixteenth sir peter freyer memorial lecture and surgical symposium September 13th & 14th, 1991 Session I. Ir J Med Sci 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02942125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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