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Wu Q, Bell BA, Yan JX, Chevrette MG, Brittin NJ, Zhu Y, Chanana S, Maity M, Braun DR, Wheaton AM, Guzei IA, Ge Y, Rajski SR, Thomas MG, Bugni TS. Metabolomics and Genomics Enable the Discovery of a New Class of Nonribosomal Peptidic Metallophores from a Marine Micromonospora. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:58-69. [PMID: 36535031 PMCID: PMC10570848 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although microbial genomes harbor an abundance of biosynthetic gene clusters, there remain substantial technological gaps that impair the direct correlation of newly discovered gene clusters and their corresponding secondary metabolite products. As an example of one approach designed to minimize or bridge such gaps, we employed hierarchical clustering analysis and principal component analysis (hcapca, whose sole input is MS data) to prioritize 109 marine Micromonospora strains and ultimately identify novel strain WMMB482 as a candidate for in-depth "metabologenomics" analysis following its prioritization. Highlighting the power of current MS-based technologies, not only did hcapca enable the discovery of one new, nonribosomal peptide bearing an incredible diversity of unique functional groups, but metabolomics for WMMB482 unveiled 16 additional congeners via the application of Global Natural Product Social molecular networking (GNPS), herein named ecteinamines A-Q (1-17). The ecteinamines possess an unprecedented skeleton housing a host of uncommon functionalities including a menaquinone pathway-derived 2-naphthoate moiety, 4-methyloxazoline, the first example of a naturally occurring Ψ[CH2NH] "reduced amide", a methylsulfinyl moiety, and a d-cysteinyl residue that appears to derive from a unique noncanonical epimerase domain. Extensive in silico analysis of the ecteinamine (ect) biosynthetic gene cluster and stable isotope-feeding experiments helped illuminate the novel enzymology driving ecteinamine assembly as well the role of cluster collaborations or "duets" in producing such structurally complex agents. Finally, ecteinamines were found to bind nickel, cobalt, zinc, and copper, suggesting a possible biological role as broad-spectrum metallophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihao Wu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Bailey A Bell
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Jia-Xuan Yan
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Marc G Chevrette
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Nathan J Brittin
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Yanlong Zhu
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Shaurya Chanana
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Mitasree Maity
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Doug R Braun
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Amelia M Wheaton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Ilia A Guzei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Ying Ge
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Scott R Rajski
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Michael G Thomas
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Tim S Bugni
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- The Small Molecule Screening Facility, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, United States
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5
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Schorn MA, Verhoeven S, Ridder L, Huber F, Acharya DD, Aksenov AA, Aleti G, Moghaddam JA, Aron AT, Aziz S, Bauermeister A, Bauman KD, Baunach M, Beemelmanns C, Beman JM, Berlanga-Clavero MV, Blacutt AA, Bode HB, Boullie A, Brejnrod A, Bugni TS, Calteau A, Cao L, Carrión VJ, Castelo-Branco R, Chanana S, Chase AB, Chevrette MG, Costa-Lotufo LV, Crawford JM, Currie CR, Cuypers B, Dang T, de Rond T, Demko AM, Dittmann E, Du C, Drozd C, Dujardin JC, Dutton RJ, Edlund A, Fewer DP, Garg N, Gauglitz JM, Gentry EC, Gerwick L, Glukhov E, Gross H, Gugger M, Guillén Matus DG, Helfrich EJN, Hempel BF, Hur JS, Iorio M, Jensen PR, Kang KB, Kaysser L, Kelleher NL, Kim CS, Kim KH, Koester I, König GM, Leao T, Lee SR, Lee YY, Li X, Little JC, Maloney KN, Männle D, Martin H C, McAvoy AC, Metcalf WW, Mohimani H, Molina-Santiago C, Moore BS, Mullowney MW, Muskat M, Nothias LF, O'Neill EC, Parkinson EI, Petras D, Piel J, Pierce EC, Pires K, Reher R, Romero D, Roper MC, Rust M, Saad H, Saenz C, Sanchez LM, Sørensen SJ, Sosio M, Süssmuth RD, Sweeney D, Tahlan K, Thomson RJ, Tobias NJ, Trindade-Silva AE, van Wezel GP, Wang M, Weldon KC, Zhang F, Ziemert N, Duncan KR, Crüsemann M, Rogers S, Dorrestein PC, Medema MH, van der Hooft JJJ. A community resource for paired genomic and metabolomic data mining. Nat Chem Biol 2021; 17:363-368. [PMID: 33589842 PMCID: PMC7987574 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-020-00724-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Genomics and metabolomics are widely used to explore specialized metabolite diversity. The Paired Omics Data Platform is a community initiative to systematically document links between metabolome and (meta)genome data, aiding identification of natural product biosynthetic origins and metabolite structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Schorn
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Lars Ridder
- Netherlands eScience Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Florian Huber
- Netherlands eScience Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Deepa D Acharya
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alexander A Aksenov
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gajender Aleti
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jamshid Amiri Moghaddam
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology e.V. Hans-Knöll-Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Allegra T Aron
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Saefuddin Aziz
- Pharmaceutical Biology Department, Pharmaceutical Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Microbiology Department, Biology Faculty, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Indonesia
| | - Anelize Bauermeister
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Katherine D Bauman
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Martin Baunach
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Christine Beemelmanns
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology e.V. Hans-Knöll-Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - J Michael Beman
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA
- Sierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - María Victoria Berlanga-Clavero
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Alex A Blacutt
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Helge B Bode
- Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Department of Natural Products in Organismic Interactions, Marburg, Germany
| | - Anne Boullie
- Institut Pasteur, Collection of Cyanobacteria, Paris, France
| | - Asker Brejnrod
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tim S Bugni
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alexandra Calteau
- Laboratoire d'Analyses Bioinformatiques pour la Génomique et le Métabolisme, Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Liu Cao
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Víctor J Carrión
- Microbial Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Raquel Castelo-Branco
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shaurya Chanana
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alexander B Chase
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marc G Chevrette
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Jason M Crawford
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Chemical Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Cameron R Currie
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Bart Cuypers
- Adrem Data Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tam Dang
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tristan de Rond
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alyssa M Demko
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Elke Dittmann
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Chao Du
- Microbial Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Christopher Drozd
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jean-Claude Dujardin
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Rachel J Dutton
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anna Edlund
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Genomic Medicine Group, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David P Fewer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Neha Garg
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Julia M Gauglitz
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Emily C Gentry
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lena Gerwick
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Evgenia Glukhov
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Harald Gross
- Pharmaceutical Biology Department, Pharmaceutical Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Muriel Gugger
- Institut Pasteur, Collection of Cyanobacteria, Paris, France
| | - Dulce G Guillén Matus
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eric J N Helfrich
- Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin-Florian Hempel
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Berlin, Germany
- Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapy (BCRT), Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jae-Seoun Hur
- Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Paul R Jensen
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kyo Bin Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Leonard Kaysser
- Pharmaceutical Biology Department, Pharmaceutical Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Neil L Kelleher
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Chung Sub Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Chemical Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Irina Koester
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gabriele M König
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tiago Leao
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Seoung Rak Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Yi-Yuan Lee
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xuanji Li
- Section of Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jessica C Little
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Daniel Männle
- Pharmaceutical Biology Department, Pharmaceutical Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Tübingen, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Martin H
- Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de Drogas, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Andrew C McAvoy
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Willam W Metcalf
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology and Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Hosein Mohimani
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Carlos Molina-Santiago
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Bradley S Moore
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Mitchell Muskat
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Louis-Félix Nothias
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ellis C O'Neill
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Elizabeth I Parkinson
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Daniel Petras
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jörn Piel
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Emily C Pierce
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Karine Pires
- Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Raphael Reher
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Diego Romero
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - M Caroline Roper
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Michael Rust
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hamada Saad
- Pharmaceutical Biology Department, Pharmaceutical Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Phytochemistry and Plant Systematics Department, Division of Pharmaceutical Industries, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Carmen Saenz
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laura M Sanchez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Douglas Sweeney
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kapil Tahlan
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
| | - Regan J Thomson
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Nicholas J Tobias
- Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- LOEWE-Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Amaro E Trindade-Silva
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Gilles P van Wezel
- Microbial Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mingxun Wang
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kelly C Weldon
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nadine Ziemert
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Tübingen, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katherine R Duncan
- University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Max Crüsemann
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Simon Rogers
- School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Pieter C Dorrestein
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Marnix H Medema
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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