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Klein HE, Krohne SG, Moore GE, Mohamed AS, Stiles J. Effect of eyelid manipulation and manual jugular compression on intraocular pressure measurement in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011; 238:1292-5. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.238.10.1292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Klein HE, Krohne SG, Moore GE, Stiles J. Postoperative complications and visual outcomes of phacoemulsification in 103 dogs (179 eyes): 2006-2008. Vet Ophthalmol 2011; 14:114-20. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00853.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE-To report values for tear production, central corneal touch threshold (CTT), and intraocular pressure (IOP) in healthy guinea pigs and determine results of aerobic bacterial culture and cytologic examination of conjunctival swab specimens. DESIGN-Cross-sectional study. ANIMALS-31 Healthy guinea pigs (62 eyes) of various ages and breeds. PROCEDURES-Tear production was measured by the phenol red thread tear test (PRT) and Schirmer tear test (STT) before and after topical anesthetic application, CTT was measured with an esthesiometer, and IOP was measured by applanation tonometry. RESULTS-Combining data from all eyes, mean +/- SD PRT values before and after topical anesthetic administration were 21.26 +/- 4.19 mm/15 s and 22.47 +/- 3.31 mm/15 s, respectively, and mean IOP was 18.27 +/- 4.55 mm Hg. Median STT values before and after topical anesthetic administration were 3 mm/min (range, 0 to 12 mm/min) and 4 mm/min (range, 0 to 11 mm/min), respectively, and median CTT was 2.0 cm (range, 0.5 to 3.0 cm). Values did not differ between eyes for any test, but significant differences were identified for PRT values between males and females and between values obtained before and after topical anesthetic administration. Common bacterial isolates included Corynebacterium spp, Streptococcus spp, and Staphylococcus spp. Cytologic examination of conjunctival swab specimens revealed mainly basal epithelial cells; lymphocytes were common. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE-Results provided information on values for PRT, STT, CTT, and IOP in healthy guinea pigs and on expected findings for aerobic bacterial culture and cytologic examination of conjunctival swab specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin E Coster
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Townsend WM, Rankin AJ, Stiles J, Krohne SG. Heterologous penetrating keratoplasty for treatment of a corneal sequestrum in a cat. Vet Ophthalmol 2008; 11:273-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00634.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Finn MJ, Stiles J, Krohne SG. Visual outcome in a group of dogs with ocular blastomycosis treated with systemic antifungals and systemic corticosteroids. Vet Ophthalmol 2007; 10:299-303. [PMID: 17760709 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2007.00554.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the success of the use of systemic corticosteroids and antifungal medications in the treatment of dogs with ocular lesions associated with systemic blastomycosis. DESIGN Retrospective study. ANIMALS STUDIED Medical records of 25 dogs diagnosed with blastomycosis, via either cytology or histopathology, at the Purdue University Veterinary Teaching Hospital between 1 January 2000 and 1 January 2005, were reviewed. PROCEDURE Data collected from the medical records included signalment, presence and progression of ocular lesions, antifungal drugs administered, oral and topical corticosteroid administration, length of follow-up, response to treatment, and visual outcome. RESULTS Of the 25 cases reviewed, 12 dogs (19 eyes) with follow-up information were found to have lesions consistent with ocular blastomycosis. Length of follow-up in the 12 cases ranged from 1 month to 31 months with a mean of 9 months. Antifungal therapy for all cases consisted of oral itraconazole (5 mg/kg every 24 h) initially. In seven cases, the antifungal drug administered was changed from itraconazole to oral fluconazole. Two of these also received intravenous amphotericin B, and two received additional treatment with itraconazole. All 12 dogs also received oral prednisone. The dose of oral prednisone utilized ranged from 0.2 mg/kg/day to 1.4 mg/kg/day with a mean of 0.7 mg/kg/day; the duration of oral prednisone administration ranged from 2 weeks to 8.5 months with a mean of 3 months. Topical prednisolone was a component of the treatment of 16 of the 19 eyes. Duration of topical prednisolone treatment ranged from 1 month to 30 months with a mean of 5 months. Lesions not located in the eyes exhibited a positive response to treatment in 11 (92%) of the 12 dogs. Overall, 14/19 (74%) affected eyes were visual at the time of their final recheck. All eyes with mild or moderate lesions and 5/10 (50%) severely affected eyes were visual at their last recorded recheck examination. CONCLUSIONS The administration of systemic corticosteroids did not appear to adversely affect the survival rate and might have played a role in preservation of vision in a majority of dogs in this group with ocular blastomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Finn
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the frequency of bacterial contamination of multidose proparacaine hydrochloride, tropicamide, and eyewash bottles used in veterinary ophthalmology examination rooms during normal operating procedures. METHODS Three representative bottles each of proparacaine hydrochloride, tropicamide, and purified water eye wash were opened at the same time, numbered, and placed into small animal examination rooms. Doctors, students and technicians who were using the solutions were blinded to the study. Aerobic cultures were obtained at the time of opening (time 0), at 1 week (time 1), and at 2 weeks after opening (time 2) the bottles. The sites cultured included a drop of each solution, the inside of the bottle cap, the tip of the bottle, and the bottle threads and medication residue found in these threads. RESULTS Aerobic cultures of tropicamide and proparacaine had no growth of bacteria from any of the evaluated sites. Staphylococcus epidermidis was cultured from the tip of one bottle of eye wash after 1 week. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that proparacaine, tropicamide, and eyewash solutions used in veterinary examination rooms are adequately preserved for use in ophthalmic examination. They have a low level of bacterial contamination 1 or 2 weeks after opening when used and stored according to the recommendations of the product manufacturers and previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Betbeze
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Betbeze CM, Wu CC, Krohne SG, Stiles J. In vitro fungistatic and fungicidal activities of silver sulfadiazine and natamycin on pathogenic fungi isolated from horses with keratomycosis. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67:1788-93. [PMID: 17014335 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.10.1788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the in vitro antifungal properties of silver sulfadiazine (SSD) and natamycin against filamentous fungi isolated from eyes of horses with keratomycosis. SAMPLE POPULATION Filamentous fungal isolates obtained from eyes of keratomycosis-affected horses. PROCEDURES Fungal culture of ocular samples yielded 6 Fusarium spp; 7 Aspergillus spp; and 1 isolate each of Curvularia, Scopulariopsis, Penicillium, and Chrysosporium. For each fungal isolate, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of SSD and natamycin were determined. RESULTS For all 17 fungal isolates, SSD MIC distribution ranged from < or = 1 to > 64 microg/mL; MIC50 and MIC90 (MICs at which 50% and 90% of organisms were inhibited) were 4 and 32 microg/mL, respectively. The SSD MFC distribution for all isolates was < or = 1 to > 64 microg/mL; MFC50 and MFC90 (MFCs at which 50% and 90% of organisms were killed) were 8 and > 64 microg/mL, respectively. For all fungal isolates, natamycin MIC distribution ranged from 256 to > 1,000 microg/mL; MIC50 and MIC90 were 512 and > 1,000 microg/mL, respectively. The natamycin MFC distribution for all isolates ranged from 512 to > 1,000 microg/mL; MFC(50) and MFC(90) were each > 1,000 microg/mL. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These in vitro data suggest that SSD is fungicidal against the fungal isolates that were obtained from eyes of horses with keratomycosis and that natamycin is fungicidal against some of the isolates at the drug concentrations evaluated. Silver sulfadiazine may be a therapeutic option for equine keratomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Betbeze
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Abstract
A case of panuveitis as a result of leptospiral infection in an 8-year-old Jack Russell Terrier is reported. Mild hyphema, aqueous flare, and partial serous retinal detachments were noted in both eyes on initial ophthalmic examination. The serum microscopic agglutination testing for Leptospira serovarieties revealed titers of 1 : 12 800 for Leptospira canicola and 1 : 200 for Leptospira icterohemorrhagiae. With medical therapy, the panuveitis resolved and functional vision was regained. Four weeks after the initial presentation, convalescent titers were 1 : 200 for L. canicola and 1 : 100 for L. icterohemorrhagiae. The incidence of leptospirosis, along with difficulties diagnosing, and current medical therapies for this disease are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy M Townsend
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2026, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether oral administration of L-lysine to cats would lessen the severity of conjunctivitis caused by feline herpesvirus (FHV-1). ANIMALS 8 healthy young adult cats. PROCEDURE Cats received oral administration of lysine monohydrochloride (500 mg, q 12 h) or placebo (lactose) beginning 6 hours prior to inoculation of virus. The left conjunctival sac received a 50-microl suspension of FHV-1 grown in cell culture (1.8 X 10(8) tissue culture infective dose50) on day 1. Cats were evaluated and scores given for clinical signs each day for 21 days. Samples for virus isolation were collected from the eye and throat every third day. Plasma lysine and arginine concentrations were measured prior to the study and on days 3, 14, and 22. RESULTS Cats that received lysine had less severe conjunctivitis than cats that received placebo. Virus isolation results did not differ between the groups. Plasma lysine concentration was significantly higher in cats that received lysine, compared with control cats, whereas plasma arginine concentrations did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Oral administration of 500 mg of lysine to cats was well tolerated and resulted in less severe manifestations of conjunctivitis caused by FHV-1, compared with cats that received placebo. Oral administration of lysine may be helpful in early treatment for FHV-1 infection by lessening the severity of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Stiles
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Bussieres M, Krohne SG, Stiles J, Townsend WM. The Use of Carbon Dioxide Laser for the Ablation of Meibomian Gland Adenomas in Dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2005; 41:227-34. [PMID: 15995159 DOI: 10.5326/0410227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Twelve eyelid meibomian gland adenomas in dogs were surgically ablated using the carbon dioxide (CO2) laser. The laser site was not sutured. All procedures resulted in complete removal of the adenoma with no recurrences at 6 months. In addition, no dogs developed corneal disease secondary to the procedure, and the cosmetic appearance of the eyelid margins was good at the end of the 6-month study. Based on results of this study, CO2 laser ablation of canine meibomian gland adenomas is an effective alternative to standard surgical removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bussieres
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2026, USA
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Bussieres M, Krohne SG, Stiles J, Townsend WM. The use of porcine small intestinal submucosa for the repair of full-thickness corneal defects in dogs, cats and horses. Vet Ophthalmol 2004; 7:352-9. [PMID: 15310296 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2004.04055.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of using a porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS) graft covered by a conjunctival flap for the surgical repair of full-thickness corneal wounds in dogs, cats and horses. PROCEDURE All records dating from August 1999 to February 2003 from Purdue University Veterinary Teaching Hospital of patients that had undergone ophthalmic surgical procedures and received a SIS corneal graft for a full-thickness lesion were reviewed. Fifteen cases were identified including six dogs, two cats and seven horses. Requirements for inclusion in this study were that SIS was used as a corneal graft in a full-thickness corneal defect and that the graft was completely covered with a conjunctival flap. RESULTS Of the 15 cases, one canine patient had received SIS following removal of an epibulbar melanocytoma. The remaining five canine patients had undergone this surgical procedure for the repair of corneal perforation. The two feline patients had been presented for corneal perforation following chronic ulceration. One equine patient had been presented for a deep melting ulcer, three for stromal corneal abscesses, and three for corneal perforations. Complications encountered postoperatively included aqueous leakage, conjunctival flap dehiscence, synechia, cataract and fibrin in the anterior chamber. Fourteen out of 15 patients were visual at the final re-evaluation. CONCLUSION SIS is an inexpensive, easy-to-handle biomaterial that appears to be suitable for the repair of full-thickness corneal wounds in dogs, cats and horses. Results of our study support the conclusion that this relatively new product is an effective alternative to traditional implantation materials utilized in veterinary ophthalmology.
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Townsend WM, Stiles J, Guptill-Yoran L, Krohne SG. Development of a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay to detect feline herpesvirus-1 latency-associated transcripts in the trigeminal ganglia and corneas of cats that did not have clinical signs of ocular disease. Am J Vet Res 2004; 65:314-9. [PMID: 15027679 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay to detect feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) latency-associated transcripts (LATs) in the corneas and trigeminal ganglia of cats that did not have clinical signs of ocular disease. SAMPLE POPULATION Corneas and trigeminal ganglia obtained from 21 cats necropsied at the Indiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and 25 cats euthanatized at a humane shelter; none of the cats had a recent history of respiratory tract or ocular disease, and all had normal results for ophthalmic examinations. PROCEDURE Both corneas and both trigeminal ganglia were harvested from each cat. An initial PCR assay detected FHV-1 DNA in the corneas and trigeminal ganglia. The RNA was then isolated from samples positive for FHV-1 DNA, and an RT-PCR assay was used to detect LATs. RESULTS FHV-1 DNA was detected in 45 of 92 (48.9%) corneas and 38 of 92 (41.3%) trigeminal ganglia. In many samples, the RNA had degraded and RT-PCR assay was not possible. Of the samples subjected to RT-PCR assay, none of the 39 corneas but 4 of 16 trigeminal ganglia had positive results when tested for LATs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Analysis of the results indicated that a high percentage of cats that did not have clinical signs of ocular disease had detectable FHV-1 DNA in their corneas and trigeminal ganglia. This study documents that the RT-PCR assay can successfully identify LATs and may serve as a tool to better understand the biologic characteristics of FHV-1 and its relationship to clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy M Townsend
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2026, USA
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Abstract
Six Holstein calves were evaluated for progressive exophthalmos. The affected calves were receiving daily injections of dexamethasone (30 microg/kg subcutaneously twice daily) as part of a metabolic study. The control calves did not exhibit exophthalmos. The ocular examinations were normal except for the exophthalmos, which ranged from mild to marked in severity. Upon postmortem examination, marked deposition of retrobulbar adipose tissue was noted in the affected calves. Dexamethasone administration appears to increase deposition of retrobulbar adipose tissue resulting in a progressive exophthalmos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy M Townsend
- Purdue University School of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Stiles J, Honda CN, Krohne SG, Kazacos EA. Effect of topical administration of 1% morphine sulfate solution on signs of pain and corneal wound healing in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2003; 64:813-8. [PMID: 12856763 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of topical application of a 1% morphine sulfate solution (MSS) on signs of pain and wound healing in dogs with corneal ulcers and examine normal corneas immunohistochemically for the presence of mu and delta opioid receptors. ANIMALS 12 dogs. PROCEDURE A 7-mm superficial corneal ulcer was surgically created in the right eye (OD) of 10 dogs, after which gentamicin solution and 1% MSS (n = 6) or saline solution (4) was administered topically OD 3 times daily. Blepharospasm, tearing, conjunctival hyperemia, aqueous flare, esthesiometer readings, and pupil size were recorded before and 30 minutes after treatment in all dogs. Ulcer size and days to completion of healing were recorded. Corneas from 4 treated and 3 control dogs were evaluated histologically. Normal canine corneas from 2 dogs not used in the study were evaluated immunohistochemically for the presence of mu and delta opioid receptors. RESULTS Dogs treated with MSS had significantly less blepharospasm and lower esthesiometer readings than did control dogs. Duration of ulcer healing and findings of histologic evaluation of corneas did not differ between groups. Numerous delta and infrequent mu opioid receptors were identified in the corneal epithelium and anterior stroma of normal corneas. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Topical use of 1% MSS in dogs with corneal ulcers provided analgesia and did not interfere with normal wound healing. Both mu and delta opioid receptors were identified in normal corneas of dogs, although the mu receptors were present only in small numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Stiles
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Abstract
A young female Akita presented for ocular and nasal lesions. Examination showed bilateral 360 degree limbal masses that extended onto the peripheral cornea. In addition, intranasal granulomatous masses were observed by rhinoscopy. Histopathologic examination with immunohistochemical staining showed that these masses were almost identical and were classified as an idiopathic, T-cell rich, granulomatous inflammation. The dog responded well to anti-inflammatory medication and the disease remains in remission 2 years after the initial presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet R Gionfriddo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80536, USA.
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Rankin AJ, Krohne SG, Glickman NW, Glickman LT, Stiles J. Laser flaremetric evaluation of experimentally induced blood-aqueous barrier disruption in cats. Am J Vet Res 2002; 63:750-6. [PMID: 12013479 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether aqueous humor flare, measured by use of laser flaremetry, was proportional to aqueous humor protein concentration and to use laser flaremetry to evaluate disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier (BAB) in cats. ANIMALS 30 healthy adult cats. PROCEDURE Laser flaremetry values for all eyes were compared with aqueous humor protein concentrations determined by use of a Coomassie blue microprotein assay. Laser flaremetry was then performed on both eyes before (0 hours) and 4, 8, and 26 hours after initiation of topical application of 2% pilocarpine (q 8 h) to 1 eye of 9 cats or paracentesis of the anterior chamber of 1 eye of 8 cats. Intraocular pressure and pupil size were also determined. Aqueous humor protein concentration was extrapolated from flare values by use of linear regression. RESULTS There was a linear relationship between flare values and aqueous humor protein concentrations. Topical application of 2% pilocarpine and paracentesis of the anterior chamber caused a breakdown of the BAB that was detected by use of laser flaremetry. The highest mean flare readings after application of pilocarpine or paracentesis were 24.4 and 132.8 pc/ms, respectively, which corresponded to aqueous humor protein concentrations of 85.5 and 434.9 mg/dl, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Paracentesis of the anterior chamber resulted in a more severe breakdown of the BAB in cats than topical application of 2% pilocarpine. Laser flaremetry may be a useful clinical method to detect increases in aqueous flare and, hence, disruptions of the BAB in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Rankin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1248, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the tears of llamas, sheep, and cattle contain lysozyme and compare lysozyme concentrations in tears among these species. ANIMALS 40 llamas, 5 sheep, and 36 cattle. PROCEDURE Electrophoresis, western blot immunoassay for lysozyme, a spectrophotometric assay to detect tear lysozyme by its ability to lyse a suspension of Micrococcus lysodeiticus, and a microtiter plate colorometric assay were performed. RESULTS A 13.6-kd protein band was detected by use of electrophoresis and western blot immunoassay in llama and sheep tears but not cattle tears. Results of spectrophotometric assay suggested that llama and sheep tears had high concentrations of lysozyme, whereas cattle tears had low concentrations. Results of the microtiter plate colorometric assay suggested that llama tears had high concentrations of lysozyme, whereas concentrations in sheep and cattle tears were lower. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Lysozyme concentrations in tears may vary among species and this variability may contribute to differing susceptibilities to ocular diseases such as infectious keratoconjunctivitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Gionfriddo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze and compare contents of the preocular tear films of llamas and cattle. ANIMALS 40 llamas and 35 cattle. PROCEDURE Tear pH was determined by use of a pH meter. Total protein concentration was determined by use of 2 microtiter methods. Tear proteins were separated by use of electrophoresis and molecular weights of bands were calculated. Western blot immunoassay was used to detect IgA, lactoferrin, transferrin, ceruloplasmin, alpha1-antitrypsin, alpha1-amylase, and alpha2-macroglobulin. Enzyme electrophoresis was used to detect proteases. RESULTS The pH of llama and cattle tears were 8.05 +/- 0.01 and 8.10 +/- 0.01, respectively. For results of both methods, total protein concentration of llama tears was significantly greater than that of cattle tears. Molecular weights of tear protein bands were similar within and between the 2 species, although llama tears had a distinct 13.6-kd band that was not detected in cattle. Lactoferrin, IgA, transferrin, ceruloplasmin, alpha1-antitrypsin, alpha1-amylase, alpha2-macroglobulin, and proteases were detected in both species. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Llama tears have significantly greater total protein concentration than cattle tears, whereas pH is similar between species. Because little variation was detected within species for the number and molecular weight of protein bands, pooling of tears for analysis is justified. Results suggest that lactoferrin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin, alpha1-antitrypsin, alpha2-macroglobulin, alpha1-amylase, and IgA are present in the tears of llamas and cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Gionfriddo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
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Abstract
The principal route of infection for the disseminated fungal diseases discussed in this article is inhalation. In some cases, direct wound contamination and ingestion may also have an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease, especially in histoplasmosis. Another common theme of these diseases is the response of the immune system. If the inoculum is small and the animal is not immunocompromised, the infection may be limited to the respiratory tract and may resolve with few or no clinical signs. Dogs are usually presented to the veterinarian when the fungus has disseminated throughout the body via the circulatory or lymphatic systems, thus causing clinical signs secondary to specific organ infection. Draining skin tracts and lymphadenopathy occur in several of the diseases. The ocular location that is frequently affected is the choroid, where the organisms cause cell-mediated chorioretinitis. Early detection of these changes is important for saving vision and for diagnosing the systemic nature of the disease. Treatment is often effective, especially early in the disease, although it is expensive and long-term, with many animals needing over a year of treatment. Sometimes the treatment must continue lifelong. Ocular disease may not respond to treatment even when respiratory and other organ system clinical signs are rapidly improving. This isolation of the eye is similar to that of the CNS and requires regular monitoring of ocular disease, especially in the fundus, to ensure that systemic drugs are penetrating into the eye. Once the disease progresses to the anterior segment, the ocular prognosis worsens. Better penetration of the blood-retinal and blood-aqueous barriers may be achieved with fluconazole when compared with the other antifungal drugs. Secondary inflammatory ocular disease must also be monitored and treated appropriately to prevent scarring, which may cause vision loss or glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Krohne
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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Krohne SG, Reagan WJ, Welch PM. Use of laser flare-cell photometry to count anterior chamber canine leukocytes and latex beads in vitro. Am J Vet Res 1998; 59:1221-6. [PMID: 9781451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the cell measuring function of a laser flare-cell photometer is accurate and reproducible, using an in vitro model. SAMPLE POPULATION Leukocytes from 8 clinically normal Beagles. PROCEDURE Latex beads 11.9 and 6.4 microm in diameter were used to simulate canine WBC and RBC, respectively. Beads were diluted to known concentrations, placed in a model eye, and counted by use of the laser flare-cell photometer. A range of protein diluents from 0 to 2,000 mg/dl was used to suspend beads and simulate anterior uveitis, when cells and protein would be in the aqueous humor. A similar series of experiments were repeated, using leukocytes isolated from the blood of Beagles. RESULTS The laser flare-cell photometer can count 6.4-microm beads reproducibly and linearly up to a total of 510 cells/mm3, and 11.9-microm beads up to 1,300 cells/mm3 over a protein range of 0 to 2,000 mg/dl. The instrument can also count canine leukocytes reproducibly and linearly up to 1,300 cells/mms over that protein range. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Cell and bead sizes and concentrations and protein concentrations were chosen to mimic the range observed in dogs with uveitis. Because the laser flare-cell photometer accurately counted these cells in a range of protein concentrations in the model eye, it has the potential for use in noninvasive quantitative evaluation and monitoring of uveitis in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Krohne
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1240, USA
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Krohne SG, Gionfriddo J, Morrison EA. Inhibition of pilocarpine-induced aqueous humor flare, hypotony, and miosis by topical administration of anti-inflammatory and anesthetic drugs to dogs. Am J Vet Res 1998; 59:482-8. [PMID: 9563635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanism by which pilocarpine causes increased aqueous humor (AH) flare, hypotony, and miosis in dogs. ANIMALS 6 dogs with normal eyes. PROCEDURE Both eyes of each dog were treated topically with a 2% solution of pilocarpine, and 1 eye of each dog was additionally treated with commercially available ophthamic solutions. Breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier (BAB) was quantitated in each eye, using laser flaremetry to measure AH flare. Intraocular pressure and pupil size were also measured. RESULTS Pilocarpine caused increased flare from BAB breakdown that was inhibited by the drugs tested. Inhibition (most to least) of BAB breakdown was flurbiprofen more than diclofenac, proparacaine, or suprofen, which were more than 0.125 or 1.0% prednisolone. Inhibition appeared dose-dependent and caused consensual inhibition in the contralateral eye. Intraocular pressure was decreased only in proparacaine-treated eyes and increased in eyes treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). Flurbiprofen and proparacaine were the most effective at blocking miosis. CONCLUSIONS Pilocarpine produced a predictable, reproducible BAB breakdown in dogs. Miosis and increased AH flare were inhibited equally by proparacaine or NSAID, suggesting that these signs were caused by neuropeptide release into the AH from antidromic stimulation, which subsequently triggers prostaglandin production. Hypotony was inhibited only by anti-inflammatory drugs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Proparacaine in combination with pilocarpine would be the best choice for treating dogs with acute glaucoma. Topical administration of NSAID should not be used to treat dogs with acute glaucoma, because they increase intraocular pressure and negate the effects of pilocarpine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Krohne
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1240, USA
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Gionfriddo JR, Gionfriddo JP, Krohne SG. Ocular diseases of llamas: 194 cases (1980-1993). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997; 210:1784-7. [PMID: 9187731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify ocular and adnexal diseases to which llamas in North America are susceptible, to determine prevalence of these diseases in llamas, and to compare prevalences of the major ocular diseases of llamas, cattle, and horses. DESIGN Retrospective study. ANIMALS 194 llamas, 4,937 cows, and 11,950 horses with ocular disease. PROCEDURE Medical records of all llamas entered into the Veterinary Medical Database between 1980 and 1993 were reviewed. Data on ocular structures affected and types of ocular disease were compiled. Prevalences of uveitis, corneal ulcers, and ocular squamous cell carcinoma in llamas were compared with prevalences in cattle and horses. RESULTS 194 of 3,243 (6%) llamas had at least 1 ocular disease. The proportion of llamas that had ocular disease was significantly higher than the proportions of cattle or horses. The most frequently affected ocular structure in llamas was the cornea, and ulcerative keratitis was the most common corneal disease. The second most commonly affected structure was the uveal tract. Cataracts were reported in 20 (10%) of the llamas with ocular problems. Eyelid disorders, retinal diseases, glaucoma, and ocular or adnexal neoplasia were reported infrequently in llamas. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Results suggest that corneal disease is common in llamas and is usually secondary to trauma. Uveitis may also be common in llamas, but llamas do not appear to be highly susceptible to glaucoma, ocular neoplasia, or to direct corneal invasion by bacteria such as Moraxella sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Gionfriddo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Krohne SG, Krohne DT, Lindley DM, Will MT. Use of laser flaremetry to measure aqueous humor protein concentration in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1995; 206:1167-72. [PMID: 7768737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The blood-aqueous barrier in dogs is compromised by uveitis, surgery, and limbal paracentesis. Breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier allows protein into the aqueous humor and results in mild to severe inflammation. Diagnosis of protein in the aqueous humor is traditionally a subjective measurement. Laser flaremetry was used for noninvasive quantitation of aqueous humor protein concentration in dogs. Flaremetry data were compared with aqueous humor protein concentrations obtained from aqueous humor paracentesis and slit-lamp flare evaluations. Results from clinically normal eyes and those with uveitis and cataracts were compared. Subjective evaluations of flare were correlated with a range of flaremetry readings and aqueous humor protein concentrations. Clinically normal eyes had a range of flaremetry readings of 1.4 to 7.0 photon counts (PC)/ms, with a mean of 3.8 PC/ms. Corresponding aqueous humor protein concentrations ranged from 5 to 28 mg/dl, with a mean of 15.1 mg/dl. Eyes with uveitis or cataracts had a range of aqueous protein concentrations of 13 to 729 mg/dl. Flaremetry readings accurately and sensitively measured total protein concentrations in the aqueous humor of dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Krohne
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1248, USA
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Krohne SG. Effect of topically applied 2% pilocarpine and 0.25% demecarium bromide on blood-aqueous barrier permeability in dogs. Am J Vet Res 1994; 55:1729-33. [PMID: 7887518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The effect of topically applied 2% pilocarpine and 0.25% demecarium bromide on aqueous humor flare was evaluated while treating normal eyes of dogs 3 times daily for 8 days. Fifteen clinically normal Beagles were allotted to 2 drug treatment groups, and flare was measured, using laser flaremetry. Pilocarpine caused an increase of flare to 167 photon counts (pc)/ms at 7 hours, compared with the nontreated control eye mean value 3.7 pc/ms. By 31 hours, flare had decreased to 70 pc/ms with 3 daily topical treatments. By 55 hours, the flare measurement was in the normal range. Intraocular pressure (IOP) decreased in the treated eyes, compared with the non-treated eyes, and maximal decrease in IOP was observed at the same time as maximal flare. Demecarium induced a similar increase in flare and decrease in IOP, with peak effect seen at 31 hours. At that time, the flaremetry result was 28 pc/ms, compared with 3.4 pc/ms in the nontreated control eyes. After 8 days of 3 times daily treatment, flare values had returned to normal in eyes of dogs in both treatment groups. The transient increase in aqueous humor protein concentration did not result in ocular or visual damage, and long-term changes were not seen. The amount of flare increase attributable to topical application of pilocarpine was greater than the increase in human eyes when measured by use of laser flaremetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Krohne
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1248
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Ringle MJ, Lindley DM, Krohne SG. Lymphoplasmacytic keratitis in a ferret with lymphoma. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1993; 203:670-2. [PMID: 8407535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Unilateral lymphoplasmacytic keratitis was believed to be associated with multicentric lymphoma in a ferret. Plasmacytosis (Aleutian disease) should be considered in any ferret with lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of any organ. Ferrets with antibodies to the parvovirus causing plasmacytosis are believed to be more susceptible to concurrent disease because of immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Ringle
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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