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Aketa N, Kasai M, Noda S, Asano J, Kunieda A, Kawanishi S, Maruyama Y, Honda F. Insights into the clinical development of regenerative medical products through a comparison of three cell-based products recently approved for limbal stem cell deficiency. Ocul Surf 2023; 29:220-225. [PMID: 37257692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Three regenerative medical products for limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD), a rare and intractable ocular surface disease, have recently been approved in Japan. To our knowledge, this is the first time multiple stem-cell-based medical products have been approved for the same ocular disease. Development plans and study designs for each product differ, resulting in differences in indications. Since cell-based products have a heterogeneous formulation and often target rare diseases, they require a flexible approach to development. This review article describes the status and prospects of the clinical development of regenerative medical products by summarizing the issues of the three products from the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) standpoint. Implementing stem cell-based products is challenging, requiring scientific and flexible review by regulatory authorities. To overcome these issues in the development process, developers and regulatory authorities need to communicate and fully discuss study protocols from the early stage of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiko Aketa
- Office of Cellular and Tissue-based Products, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Kasai
- Office of Pharmacovigilance II, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Noda
- Office of Cellular and Tissue-based Products, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Junichi Asano
- Biostatistics Group, Center for Product Evaluation, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Kunieda
- Office of Cellular and Tissue-based Products, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shohei Kawanishi
- Office of Cellular and Tissue-based Products, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Maruyama
- Office of Cellular and Tissue-based Products, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Futaba Honda
- Office of Cellular and Tissue-based Products, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Kuroda E, Nishimura K, Kawanishi S, Sueyoshi M, Ueno F, Toji Y, Abo N, Konishi T, Harada K, Satake S, Shima C, Toda Y, Kitamura Y, Shimohama S, Ashihara E, Takata K. Mouse Bone Marrow-derived Microglia-like Cells Secrete Transforming Growth Factor-β1 and Promote Microglial Aβ Phagocytosis and Reduction of Brain Aβ. Neuroscience 2021; 438:217-228. [PMID: 32522344 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) in brain tissue contributes to the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We recently reported that intrahippocampal transplantation of mouse bone marrow-derived microglia-like (BMDML) cells suppresses brain amyloid pathology and cognitive impairment in a mouse model of AD. How these transplanted cells interact with resident microglia remains unknown. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of cytokines secreted from mouse BMDML cells on cultured mouse microglia. Conditioned medium from BMDML cells increased microglial Aβ phagocytosis. High levels of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) were present in the conditioned medium, and BMDML cells and microglia expressed Tgf-β1 mRNA and TGF-β receptor type 1 (TGF-βR1) protein, respectively. BMDML conditioned medium also induced microglial Smad2/3 phosphorylation. A TGF-βR1 inhibitor suppressed Smad2/3 phosphorylation and promotion of microglial Aβ phagocytosis induced by conditioned medium. Recombinant mouse TGF-β1 similarly increased microglial Aβ phagocytosis and induced Smad2/3 phosphorylation, which were suppressed by the TGF-βR1 inhibitor. Brain TGF-β1 levels and resident microglial TGF-β1R expression were increased by intrahippocampal injection of BMDML cells in a mouse model of AD. Cotreatment with the TGF-βR1 inhibitor suppressed the ability of transplanted BMDML cells to increase microglial TGF-β1R expression and decrease hippocampal Aβ levels. Taken together, these findings suggested that transplanted BMDML cells secreted TGF-β1 to stimulate Aβ phagocytosis by resident microglia and decrease brain Aβ pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Kuroda
- Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Kaneyasu Nishimura
- Division of Integrated Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Shohei Kawanishi
- Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan; Division of Integrated Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Mari Sueyoshi
- Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Ueno
- Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Yumiko Toji
- Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Naoko Abo
- Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Toko Konishi
- Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Koki Harada
- Division of Integrated Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Shiho Satake
- Division of Integrated Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Chiaki Shima
- Division of Integrated Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Yuki Toda
- Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Kitamura
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Shun Shimohama
- Department of Neurology, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan
| | - Eishi Ashihara
- Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Takata
- Division of Integrated Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
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Matsumoto K, Deguchi A, Motoyoshi A, Morita A, Maebashi U, Nakamoto T, Kawanishi S, Sueyoshi M, Nishimura K, Takata K, Tominaga M, Nakahara T, Kato S. Role of transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 4 in the regulation of azoymethane/dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis-associated cancer in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 867:172853. [PMID: 31836532 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ca2+-permeable ion channels, such as transient receptor channels, are one of the potential therapeutic targets in cancer. Transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 4 (TRPV4) is a nonselective cation channel associated with cancer progression. This study investigates the roles of TRPV4 in the pathogenesis of colitis-associated cancer (CAC) in mice. The role of TRPV4 was examined in azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced murine CAC model. The formation of colon tumours induced by AOM/DSS treatment was significantly attenuated in TRPV4-deficient mice (TRPV4KO). TRPV4 was co-localised with markers of angiogenesis and macrophages. AOM/DSS treatment upregulated the expression of CD105, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, and TRPV4 in wildtype, but the upregulation of CD105 was significantly attenuated in TRPV4KO. Bone marrow chimera experiments indicated that TRPV4, expressed in both vascular endothelial cells and bone marrow-derived macrophages, played a significant role in colitis-associated tumorigenesis. There was no significant difference in the population of hematopoietic cells, neutrophils, and monocytes between untreated and AOM/DSS-treated WT and TRPV4KO on flow cytometric analysis. TRPV4 activation by a selective agonist induced TNF-α and CXCL2 release in macrophages. Furthermore, TRPV4 activation enhanced the proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. These results suggest that TRPV4 expressed in neovascular endothelial cells and bone marrow-derived macrophages contributes to the progression of CAC in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenjiro Matsumoto
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, 6078414, Japan.
| | - Ayuka Deguchi
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, 6078414, Japan
| | - Aoi Motoyoshi
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, 6078414, Japan
| | - Akane Morita
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, 1070072, Japan
| | - Urara Maebashi
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, 6078414, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nakamoto
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, 6078414, Japan
| | - Shohei Kawanishi
- Division of Integrated Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, 6078414, Japan; Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, 6078414, Japan
| | - Mari Sueyoshi
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, 6078414, Japan
| | - Kaneyasu Nishimura
- Division of Integrated Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, 6078414, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Takata
- Division of Integrated Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, 6078414, Japan; Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, 6078414, Japan
| | - Makoto Tominaga
- Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 4440864, Japan; Thermal Biology Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, Okazaki, 4440864, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Nakahara
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, 1070072, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kato
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, 6078414, Japan
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Kawanishi S, Takata K, Itezono S, Nagayama H, Konoya S, Chisaki Y, Toda Y, Nakata S, Yano Y, Kitamura Y, Ashihara E. Bone-Marrow-Derived Microglia-Like Cells Ameliorate Brain Amyloid Pathology and Cognitive Impairment in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 64:563-585. [PMID: 29914020 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, the primary immune cells in the brain, sense pathogens and tissue damage, stimulate cytokine production, and phagocytosis to maintain homeostasis. Accumulation of amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) in the brain triggers the onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Accordingly, promotion of Aβ clearance represents a promising strategy for AD therapy. We previously demonstrated that primary-cultured rat microglia phagocytose Aβ, and that transplantation of these cells ameliorates the Aβ burden in brains of Aβ-injected rats. In this study, we demonstrate that stimulation with colony-stimulating factor-1 efficiently differentiates mouse bone marrow cells into bone marrow-derived microglia-like (BMDML) cells that express markers for microglia, including the recently identified transmembrane protein 119. BMDML cells effectively phagocytose Aβ in vitro, with effects comparable to primary-cultured mouse microglia and greater than peritoneal macrophages. RT-qPCR analysis for cytokine mRNA levels revealed that BMDML cells polarize to a relatively anti-inflammatory state under non-stimulated and inflammatory conditions but exert a pro-inflammatory reaction after lipopolysaccharide treatment. Moreover, BMDML cells hippocampally injected into a mouse model of AD are morphologically similar to the ramified and amoeboid types of residential microglia. Comparisons with simulations assuming a uniform distribution of cells suggest that BMDML cells migrate directionally toward Aβ plaques. We also detected Aβ phagocytosis by BMDML cells, concomitant with a reduction in the number and area of Aβ plaques. Finally, we observed amelioration of cognitive impairment in a mouse model of AD after hippocampal injection of BMDML cells. Our results suggest that BMDML cells have potential as a cell-based disease-modifying therapy against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Kawanishi
- Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Takata
- Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan.,Current address: Division of Integrated Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shouma Itezono
- Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroko Nagayama
- Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sayaka Konoya
- Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yugo Chisaki
- Education and Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Toda
- Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Susumu Nakata
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Yano
- Education and Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Kitamura
- Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan.,Laboratory of Pharmacology and Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Eishi Ashihara
- Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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Takata K, Kozaki T, Lee CZW, Thion MS, Otsuka M, Lim S, Utami KH, Fidan K, Park DS, Malleret B, Chakarov S, See P, Low D, Low G, Garcia-Miralles M, Zeng R, Zhang J, Goh CC, Gul A, Hubert S, Lee B, Chen J, Low I, Shadan NB, Lum J, Wei TS, Mok E, Kawanishi S, Kitamura Y, Larbi A, Poidinger M, Renia L, Ng LG, Wolf Y, Jung S, Önder T, Newell E, Huber T, Ashihara E, Garel S, Pouladi MA, Ginhoux F. Induced-Pluripotent-Stem-Cell-Derived Primitive Macrophages Provide a Platform for Modeling Tissue-Resident Macrophage Differentiation and Function. Immunity 2017; 47:183-198.e6. [PMID: 28723550 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tissue macrophages arise during embryogenesis from yolk-sac (YS) progenitors that give rise to primitive YS macrophages. Until recently, it has been impossible to isolate or derive sufficient numbers of YS-derived macrophages for further study, but data now suggest that induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be driven to undergo a process reminiscent of YS-hematopoiesis in vitro. We asked whether iPSC-derived primitive macrophages (iMacs) can terminally differentiate into specialized macrophages with the help of growth factors and organ-specific cues. Co-culturing human or murine iMacs with iPSC-derived neurons promoted differentiation into microglia-like cells in vitro. Furthermore, murine iMacs differentiated in vivo into microglia after injection into the brain and into functional alveolar macrophages after engraftment in the lung. Finally, iPSCs from a patient with familial Mediterranean fever differentiated into iMacs with pro-inflammatory characteristics, mimicking the disease phenotype. Altogether, iMacs constitute a source of tissue-resident macrophage precursors that can be used for biological, pathophysiological, and therapeutic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Takata
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kozaki
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Christopher Zhe Wei Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Morgane Sonia Thion
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), INSERM, U1024, CNRS, UMR8197, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Masayuki Otsuka
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Shawn Lim
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Kagistia Hana Utami
- Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Kerem Fidan
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Dong Shin Park
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Benoit Malleret
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Svetoslav Chakarov
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Peter See
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Donovan Low
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Gillian Low
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Marta Garcia-Miralles
- Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Ruizhu Zeng
- Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Jinqiu Zhang
- Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Chi Ching Goh
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Ahmet Gul
- Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34093, Turkey
| | - Sandra Hubert
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Bernett Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Jinmiao Chen
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Ivy Low
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Nurhidaya Binte Shadan
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Josephine Lum
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Tay Seok Wei
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Esther Mok
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Shohei Kawanishi
- Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Kitamura
- Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Anis Larbi
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Michael Poidinger
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Laurent Renia
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Lai Guan Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Yochai Wolf
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Steffen Jung
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Tamer Önder
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Evan Newell
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Tara Huber
- Stem Cell and Developmental Biology Department, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Eishi Ashihara
- Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Sonia Garel
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), INSERM, U1024, CNRS, UMR8197, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Mahmoud A Pouladi
- Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore.
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Kawanishi S, Takata K, Takada T, Kitamura Y, Ashihara E. Characterization of microglia-like cells derived from mouse bone marrow cells for new therapeutic strategy of alzheimer’s disease. Exp Hematol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2015.06.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ikeda K, Ueda C, Yamada K, Nakamura A, Hatsuda Y, Kawanishi S, Nishii S, Ogawa M. Carrier-mediated placental transport of cimetidine and valproic acid across differentiating JEG-3 cell layers. Pharmazie 2015; 70:471-476. [PMID: 26373208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Human choriocarcinoma has been used as a model to study trophoblast transcellular drug transport in the placenta. Previous models had limitations regarding low molecular weight drug transport through the intracellular gap junction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate placental carrier-mediated transport across a differentiating JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cell (DJEGs) layer model in which the intracellular gap junction was restricted. Cimetidine is the substrate of an efflux transporter, breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). BCRP highly expressed in the placenta, and its function in the DJEGs model was investigated. In addition, the placental drug transport of another efflux transporter, multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs), and an influx transporter, monocarboxylate transporter (MCT), were examined with various substrates. Cimetidine permeated from the fetal side to the maternal side at significantly high levels and saturated in a dose-dependent manner. The permeability coefficient of a MRP substrate, fluorescein, across the DJEGs model was significantly increased by inhibiting MRP function with probenecid. On the other hand, permeation in the influx direction to the fetal side with a substrate of MCT, valproic acid, had a gentle dose-dependent saturation. These findings suggest that the DJEGs model could be used to evaluate transcellular placental drug transport mediated by major placental transporters.
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Huang S, Guo S, Guo F, Yang Q, Xiao X, Murata M, Ohnishi S, Kawanishi S, Ma N. CD44v6 expression in human skin keratinocytes as a possible mechanism for carcinogenesis associated with chronic arsenic exposure. Eur J Histochem 2013; 57:e1. [PMID: 23549458 PMCID: PMC3683606 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2013.e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic is a well-known human skin carcinogen. Chronic arsenic exposure results in various types of human skin lesions, including squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). To investigate whether mutant stem cells participate in arsenic-associated carcinogenesis, we repeatedly exposed the human spontaneously immortalized skin keratinocytes (HaCaT) cell line to an environmentally relevant level of arsenic (0.05 ppm) in vitrofor 18 weeks. Following sodium arsenite administration, cell cycle, colony-forming efficiency (CFE), cell tumorigenicity, and expression of CD44v6, NF-κB and p53, were analyzed at different time points (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 passages). We found that a chronic exposure of HaCaT cells to a low level of arsenic induced a cancer stem-like phenotype. Furthermore, arsenictreated HaCaT cells also became tumorigenic in nude mice, their growth cycle was predominantly in G2/M and S phases. Relative to nontreated cells, they exhibited a higher growth rate and a significant increase in CFE. Western blot analysis found that arsenic was capable of increasing cell proliferation and sprouting of cancer stem-like phenotype. Additionally, immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that CD44v6 expression was upregulated in HaCaT cells exposed to a low level of arsenic during early stages of induction. The expression of CD44v6 in arsenic-treated cells was positively correlated with their cloning efficiency in soft agar (r=0.949, P=0.01). Likewise, the expressions of activating transcription factor NF-κB and p53 genes in the arsenic-treated HaCaT cells were significantly higher than that in non-treated cells. Higher expressions of CD44v6, NF-κB and p53 were also observed in tumor tissues isolated from Balb/c nude mice. The present results suggest that CD44v6 may be a biomarker of arsenicinduced neoplastic transformation in human skin cells, and that arsenic promotes malignant transformation in human skin lesions through a NF-κB signaling pathway-stimulated expression of CD44v6.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Huang
- Suzuka University of Medical Science, Japan
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Noguchi K, Kawanishi S, Nishimoto K, Tamura R. Synthesis of single-grained Zn 88Sc 12quasicrystal and its electrical resistivity. Acta Crystallogr A 2011. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767311084200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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10
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Kiriyama H, Mori M, Nakai Y, Shimomura T, Sasao H, Tanoue M, Kanazawa S, Wakai D, Sasao F, Okada H, Daito I, Suzuki M, Kondo S, Kondo K, Sugiyama A, Bolton PR, Yokoyama A, Daido H, Kawanishi S, Kimura T, Tajima T. High temporal and spatial quality petawatt-class Ti:sapphire chirped-pulse amplification laser system. Opt Lett 2010; 35:1497-1499. [PMID: 20479787 DOI: 10.1364/ol.35.001497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification (OPCPA) operation with low gain by seeding with high-energy, clean pulses is shown to significantly improve the contrast to better than 10(-10) to 10(-11) in a high-intensity Ti:sapphire laser system that is based on chirped-pulse amplification. In addition to the high-contrast broadband, high-energy output from the final amplifier is achieved with a flat-topped spatial profile of filling factor near 77%. This is the result of pump beam spatial profile homogenization with diffractive optical elements. Final pulse energies exceed 30 J, indicating capability for reaching peak powers in excess of 500 TW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Kiriyama
- Kansai Photon Science Institute and Photo-Medical Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency,8-1-7 Umemidai, Kizugawa-city, Kyoto 619-0215, Japan.
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11
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Fujita N, Sugimoto R, Ma N, Tanaka H, Iwasa M, Kobayashi Y, Kawanishi S, Watanabe S, Kaito M, Takei Y. Comparison of hepatic oxidative DNA damage in patients with chronic hepatitis B and C. J Viral Hepat 2008; 15:498-507. [PMID: 18331251 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2008.00972.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) is a promutagenic DNA lesion produced by hydroxyl radicals and is recognized as a useful marker in estimating DNA damage induced by oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to clarify the clinical significance of hepatic 8-OHdG levels in patients with chronic viral hepatitis. Hepatic 8-OHdG accumulation was investigated in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CH-C) (n = 77) and chronic hepatitis B (CH-B) (n = 34) by immunohistochemical staining of liver biopsy samples. 8-OHdG positive hepatocytes were significantly higher in patients with CH-C compared to CH-B (median 55.0 vs 18.8 cells/10(5) mum(2), P < 0.0001). The number of positive hepatocytes significantly increased with the elevation of serum aminotransferase levels, especially in CH-C patients (8-OHdG vs alanine aminotransferase (ALT)/aspartate aminotrasferase (AST) were r = 0.738/0.720 in CH-C and 0.506/0.515 in CH-B). 8-OHdG reactivity was strongly correlated with body and hepatic iron storage markers in CH-C (vs serum ferritin, r = 0.615; vs hepatic total iron score, r = 0.520; vs hepatic hepcidin mRNA levels, r = 0.571), although it was related to serum HBV-DNA titers (r = 0.540) and age of patients (r = -0.559) in CH-B. These results indicate that hepatic oxidative DNA damage is common in chronic viral hepatitis, in particular chronic HCV-infected patients, suggesting a possible link between chronic hepatic inflammation and hepatocarcinogenesis. The strong positive correlation between hepatic DNA damage and iron overload suggests that iron content is one of the most likely mediators of hepatic oxidative stress and iron reduction may be beneficial to reduce the incidence of hepatic cancer in CH-C patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Fujita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Division of Clinical Medicine and Biomedical Science, Institute of Medical Sciences, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan.
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12
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Ohshima H, Sawa T, Tazawa H, Kawanishi S. A6. The role of nitrative DNA damage in inflammation-associated carcinogenesis. Nitric Oxide 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2007.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Yamamoto T, Kubota H, Kawanishi S, Tanaka M, Yamaguchi S. Supercontinuum generation at 1.55 m in a dispersion-flattened polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber. Opt Express 2003; 11:1537-1540. [PMID: 19466027 DOI: 10.1364/oe.11.001537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the generation of symmetrical supercontinuum of over 40 nm in the 1.55 m region (1540 - 1580 nm) by injecting 1562 nm, 2.2 ps, 40 GHz optical pulses into a 200 m-long, dispersion-flattened polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber. The chromatic dispersion and dispersion slope of the fiber at 1.55 m are -0.23 ps/km/nm and 0.01 ps/km/nm2, respectively. This is the first report of 1.55 m band supercontinuum generation in a dispersion-flattened and polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber.
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14
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Suzuki K, Kubota H, Kawanishi S, Tanaka M, Fujita M. Optical properties of a low-loss polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber. Opt Express 2001; 9:676-680. [PMID: 19424307 DOI: 10.1364/oe.9.000676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A low-loss and highly birefringent polarization maintaining photonic crystal fiber has been fabricated. The fiber loss and modal birefringence at 1550 nm were 1.3 dB/km and 1.4x10 -3 , respectively.
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15
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Midorikawa K, Murata M, Oikawa S, Hiraku Y, Kawanishi S. Protective effect of phytic acid on oxidative DNA damage with reference to cancer chemoprevention. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 288:552-7. [PMID: 11676478 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Phytic acid (myo-inositol hexaphosphate) is one of the most promising cancer chemopreventive agents. We investigated the mechanism by which phytic acid expresses preventive action to cancer. Phytic acid inhibited the formation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine in cultured cells treated with an H2O2-generating system, although it did not scavenge H2O2. Site-specific DNA damage by H2O2 and Cu(II) at GG and GGG sequences was inhibited by phytic acid, but not by myo-inositol. Phytic acid alone did not cause DNA damage and thus, it should not act as a prooxidant. We conclude that phytic acid acts as an antioxidant to inhibit the generation of reactive oxygen species from H2O2 by chelating metals, resulting in chemoprevention of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Midorikawa
- Department of Hygiene, Mie University School of Medicine, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
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16
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Abstract
Hydroxyurea is a chemotherapeutic agent used for the treatment of myeloproliferative disorders (MPD) and solid tumors. The mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of hydroxyurea has not been established, although hydroxyurea has been associated with an increased risk of leukemia in MPD patients. To clarify whether hydroxyurea has potential carcinogenicity, we examined site-specific DNA damage induced by hydroxyurea using (32)P-5'-end-labeled DNA fragments obtained from the human p53 and p16 tumor suppressor genes and the c-Ha-ras-1 protooncogene. Hydroxyurea caused Cu(II)-mediated DNA damage especially at thymine and cytosine residues. NADH efficiently enhanced hydroxyurea-induced DNA damage. The DNA damage was almost entirely inhibited by catalase and bathocuproine, a Cu(I)-specific chelator, suggesting the involvement of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and Cu(I). Typical free hydroxyl radical scavengers did not inhibit DNA damage by hydroxyurea, but methional did. These results suggest that crypto-hydroxyl radicals such as Cu(I)-hydroperoxo complex (Cu(I)-OOH) cause DNA damage. Formation of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) was induced by hydroxyurea in the presence of Cu(II). An electron spin resonance spectroscopic study using N-(dithiocarboxy)sarcosine as a nitric oxide (NO)-trapping reagent demonstrated that NO was generated from hydroxyurea in the presence and absence of catalase. In addition, the generation of formamide was detected by both gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (TOF-MS). A high concentration of hydroxyurea induced depurination at DNA bases in an H(2)O(2)-independent manner, and endonuclease IV treatment led to chain cleavages. These results suggest that hydroxyurea could induce base oxidation as the major pathway of DNA modification and depurination as a minor pathway. Therefore, it is considered that DNA damage by hydroxyurea participates in not only anti-cancer activity, but also carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sakano
- Department of Hygiene, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507
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17
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Abstract
Acrylonitrile (ACN) is widely used as a monomer in the polymer industry. Studies on carcinogenicity in rats exposed to ACN showed increased incidences of tumors including glial cell tumors of central nervous system and increased production of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) in glial cells. Using a high performance liquid chromatograph equipped with an electrochemical detector, we revealed that ACN enhanced the formation of 8-oxo-dG induced by H2O2 and Cu(II) whereas ACN itself did not cause DNA damage. The enhancing effect of ACN was much more efficient in the double-stranded DNA than that in the single-stranded DNA. Experiments with 32P-labeled DNA revealed that addition of ACN enhanced the site-specific DNA damage at guanines, particularly at 5'-site of the GG and GGG sequences while H2O2/Cu(II) induced piperidine-labile sites at thymine, cytosine, and guanine residues. An electron spin resonance spectroscopy using alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone showed that a nitrogen-centered radical was generated from ACN in the presence of H2O2 and Cu(II). It is considered that ACN enhances H2O2-mediated DNA damage via nitrogen-centered radical formation. We will discuss the mechanism of the enhancing effect on oxidative DNA damage in relation to expression of ACN carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Murata
- Department of Hygiene, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
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18
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Sakano K, Oikawa S, Murata M, Hiraku Y, Kojima N, Kawanishi S. Mechanism of metal-mediated DNA damage induced by metabolites of carcinogenic 2-nitropropane. Mutat Res 2001; 479:101-11. [PMID: 11470485 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(01)00158-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
2-Nitropropane (2-NP), a widely used industrial solvent, is carcinogenic to rats. To clarify the mechanism of carcinogenesis by 2-NP, we investigated DNA damage by 2-NP metabolites, N-isopropylhydroxylamine (IPHA) and hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid (HAS), using 32P-5'-end-labelled DNA fragments obtained from genes that are relevant to human cancer. In the presence of Fe(III) EDTA, both IPHA and HAS caused DNA damage at every nucleotide position without marked site preference. The damage was inhibited by free hydroxyl radical (-*OH) scavengers, catalase and deferoxamine mesilate, an iron chelating agent. These results suggest that the DNA damage was caused by -*OH generated via H(2)O(2) by both IPHA and HAS. In contrast, in the presence of Cu(II), IPHA frequently caused DNA damage at thymine. The Cu(II)-mediated DNA damage caused by IPHA was inhibited by catalase, methional and bathocuproine, a Cu(I)-specific chelator, suggesting the involvement of H(2)O(2) and Cu(I). These results suggest that the DNA damage induced by IPHA in the presence of Cu(II) was caused by a reactive oxygen species like the Cu(I)-hydroperoxo complex. On the other hand, HAS most frequently induced DNA damage at 5'-TG-3', 5'-GG-3' and 5'-GGG-3' sequences. Catalase and methional only partly inhibited the Cu(II)-mediated DNA damage caused by HAS, suggesting that the reactive oxygen species and another reactive species participate in this process. Formation of 8-oxodG by IPHA or HAS increased in the presence of metal ions. This study suggests that metal-mediated DNA damage caused by 2-NP metabolites plays an important role in the mutagenicity and the carcinogenicity of 2-NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sakano
- Department of Hygiene, Mie University School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, 514-8507, Mie, Japan
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19
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Abstract
Catechol, a naturally occurring and an important industrial chemical, has been shown to have strong promotion activity and induce glandular stomach tumors in rodents. In addition, catechol is a major metabolite of carcinogenic benzene. To clarify the carcinogenic mechanism of catechol, we investigated DNA damage using human cultured cell lines and 32P-labeled DNA fragments obtained from the human p53 and p16 tumor suppressor genes and the c-Ha-ras-1 proto-oncogene. Catechol increased the amount of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG), which is known to be correlated with the incidence of cancer, in a human leukemia cell line HL-60, whereas the amount of 8-oxodG in its hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-resistant clone HP100 was not increased. The formation of 8-oxodG in calf thymus DNA was increased by catechol in the presence of Cu(2+). Catechol caused damage to 32P-labeled DNA fragments in the presence of Cu(2+). When NADH was added, DNA damage was markedly enhanced and clearly observed at relatively low concentrations of catechol (<1 microM). DNA cleavage was enhanced by piperidine treatment, suggesting that catechol plus NADH caused not only deoxyribose phosphate backbone breakage but also base modification. Catechol plus NADH frequently modified thymine residues. Bathocuproine, a specific Cu(+) chelator and catalase inhibited the DNA damage, indicating the participation of Cu(+) and H2O2 in DNA damage. Typical hydroxyl radical scavengers did not inhibit catechol plus Cu(2+)-induced DNA damage, whereas methional completely inhibited it. These results suggest that reactive species derived from the reaction of H2O2 with Cu(+) participates in catechol-induced DNA damage. Therefore, we conclude that oxidative DNA damage by catechol through the generation of H2O2 plays an important role in the carcinogenic process of catechol and benzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Oikawa
- Department of Hygiene, Mie University School of Medicine, Mie 514-8507, Japan
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20
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Ohnishi S, Murata M, Oikawa S, Totsuka Y, Takamura T, Wakabayashi K, Kawanishi S. Oxidative DNA damage by an N-hydroxy metabolite of the mutagenic compound formed from norharman and aniline. Mutat Res 2001; 494:63-72. [PMID: 11423346 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(01)00177-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Norharman (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole), which is a heterocyclic amine included in cigarette smoke or cooked foodstuffs, is not mutagenic itself. However, norharman reacts with non-mutagenic aniline to form mutagenic aminophenylnorharman (APNH), of which DNA adducts formation and hepatocarcinogenic potential are pointed out. We investigated whether N-OH-APNH, an N-hydroxy metabolite of APNH, can cause oxidative DNA damage or not, using 32P-labeled DNA fragments. N-OH-APNH caused Cu(II)-mediated DNA damage. When an endogenous reductant, beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) was added, the DNA damage was greatly enhanced. Catalase and a Cu(I)-specific chelator inhibited DNA damage, suggesting the involvement of H(2)O(2) and Cu(I). Typical -*OH scavenger did not inhibit DNA damage. These results suggest that the main reactive species are probably copper-hydroperoxo complexes with DNA. We also measured 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) formation by N-OH-APNH in the presence of Cu(II), using an electrochemical detector coupled to a high-pressure liquid chromatograph. Addition of NADH greatly enhanced 8-oxodG formation. UV-VIS spectra and mass spectra suggested that N-OH-APNH was autoxidized to nitrosophenylnorharman (NO-PNH). We speculated that NO-PNH was reduced by NADH. Cu(II) facilitated the redox cycle. In the presence of NADH and Cu(II), very low concentrations of N-OH-APNH could induce DNA damage via redox reactions. We conclude that oxidative DNA damage, in addition to DNA adduct formation, may play an important role in the expression of genotoxicity of APNH.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ohnishi
- Department of Hygiene, Mie University School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, 514-8507, Mie, Japan
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21
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Kawanishi S, Inoue S, Oikawa S, Yamashita N, Toyokuni S, Kawanishi M, Nishino K. Oxidative DNA damage in cultured cells and rat lungs by carcinogenic nickel compounds. Free Radic Biol Med 2001; 31:108-16. [PMID: 11425496 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(01)00558-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage in cultured cells and in lungs of rats induced by nickel compounds was investigated to clarify the mechanism of nickel carcinogenesis. DNA strand breaks in cultured cells exposed to nickel compounds were measured by using a pulsed field gel electrophoresis technique. Among nickel compounds (Ni(3)S(2), NiO (black), NiO (green), and NiSO(4)), only Ni(3)S(2), which is highly carcinogenic, induced lesions of both double- and single-stranded DNA in cultured human cells (Raji and HeLa cells). Treatment of cultured HeLa cells with Ni(3)S(2) (10 microg/ml) induced a 1.5-fold increase in 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) compared with control, whereas NiO (black), NiO (green), and NiSO(4) did not enhance the generation of 8-OH-dG. Intratracheal instillation of Ni(3)S(2), NiO(black), and NiO(green) to Wistar rats increased 8-OH-dG in the lungs significantly. NiSO(4) induced a smaller but significant increase in 8-OH-dG. Histological studies showed that all the nickel compounds used induced inflammation in lungs of the rats. Nitric oxide (NO) generation in phagocytic cells induced by Ni(3)S(2), NiO(black), and NiO(green) was examined using macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 cells. NO generation in RAW 264.7 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide was enhanced by all nickel particles. Two mechanisms for nickel-induced oxidative DNA damage have been proposed as follows: all the nickel compounds used induced indirect damage through inflammation, and Ni(3)S(2) also showed direct oxidative DNA damage through H(2)O(2) formation. This double action may explain relatively high carcinogenic risk of Ni(3)S(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kawanishi
- Department of Hygiene, Mie University School of Medicine, Mie, Japan.
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22
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Murata M, Bansho Y, Inoue S, Ito K, Ohnishi S, Midorikawa K, Kawanishi S. Requirement of glutathione and cysteine in guanine-specific oxidation of DNA by carcinogenic potassium bromate. Chem Res Toxicol 2001; 14:678-85. [PMID: 11409938 DOI: 10.1021/tx000209q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Potassium bromate (KBrO3), a food additive, induces renal-cell tumors in rats. KBrO3 induced 8-oxo-7, 8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) formation in human leukemia cell line HL-60 as well as in its H2O2-resistant clone, HP100, suggesting no involvement of H2O2. Depletion of GSH by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) had a little inhibitory effect on KBrO3-induced 8-oxodG formation. However, the amount of 8-oxodG was still significantly higher than that in control, suggesting that intracellular Cys can affect KBrO3 to oxidize DNA, when GSH decreased. KBrO3 caused 8-oxodG in isolated DNA in the presence of GSH (tripeptide; gamma-GluCysGly), gamma-GluCys, CysGly, or Cys. Methional completely inhibited 8-oxodG formation induced by KBrO3 plus GSH, but typical hydroxyl radical scavengers, SOD and catalase, had little or no inhibitory effects. When bromine solution (BrO(-)) was used instead of BrO3(-), similar scavenger effects were observed. Experiments with 32P-labeled DNA fragments obtained from the human p53 tumor suppressor gene and the c-Ha-ras-1 protooncogene suggested that KBrO3 induced 8-oxodG formation at 5'-site guanine of GG and GGG sequences of double-stranded DNA in the presence of GSH and that treatment of formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase led to chain cleavages at the guanine residues. ESR spin-trapping studies showed that 1:2:2:1 quartet DMPO (5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide) spectrum similar to DMPO/hydroxy radical (*OH) adduct, but the signals were not inhibited by ethanol. Therefore, the signal seemed not to be due to *OH but byproduct due to oxidation of DMPO by the reactive species. The signals were suppressed by the addition of dGMP, but not by other mononucleotides, suggesting the specific reactivity with guanine. On the basis of our results and previous literature, it is speculated that reduction of KBrO3 by SH compounds in renal proximal tubular cells yields bromine oxides and bromine radicals, which are the reactive species that cause guanine oxidation, leading to renal carcinogenesis of KBrO3.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Murata
- Department of Hygiene, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
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23
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Ohkuma Y, Hiraku Y, Kawanishi S. Sequence-specific DNA damage induced by carcinogenic danthron and anthraquinone in the presence of Cu(II), cytochrome P450 reductase and NADPH. Free Radic Res 2001; 34:595-604. [PMID: 11697035 DOI: 10.1080/10715760100300491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of metal-mediated DNA damage by carcinogenic danthron (1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone) and anthraquinone was investigated by the DNA sequencing technique using 32P-labeled human DNA fragments obtained from the human c-Ha-ras-1 protooncogene and the p53 tumor suppressor gene. Danthron caused DNA damage particularly at guanines in the 5'-GG-3', 5'-GGGG-3', 5'-GGGGG-3' sequences (damaged bases are underlined) in the presence of Cu(II), cytochrome P450 reductase and the NADPH-generating system. The DNA damage was inhibited by catalase and bathocuproine, suggesting the involvement of H2O2 and Cu(I). The formation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine increased with increasing concentration of danthron. On the other hand, carcinogenic anthraquinone induced less oxidative DNA damage than danthron. Electron spin resonance study showed that the semiquinone radical could be produced by P450 reductase plus NADPH-mediated reduction of danthron, while little signal was observed with anthraquinone. These results suggest that danthron is much more likely to be reduced by P450 reductase and generate reactive oxygen species through the redox cycle, leading to more extensive Cu(II)-mediated DNA damage than anthraquinone. In the case of anthraquinone, its hydroxylated metabolites with similar reactivity to danthron may participate in DNA damage in vivo. We conclude that oxidative DNA damage by danthron and anthraquinone seems to be relevant for the expression of their carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ohkuma
- Department of Hygiene, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
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24
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Ohkuma Y, Kawanishi S. Oxidative DNA damage induced by a metabolite of carcinogenic o-anisidine: enhancement of DNA damage and alteration in its sequence specificity by superoxide dismutase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2001; 389:49-56. [PMID: 11370671 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2001.2302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of DNA damage by a metabolite of the carcinogen o-anisidine in the presence of metals was investigated by the DNA sequencing technique using 32P-labeled human DNA fragments. The o-anisidine metabolite, o-aminophenol, caused DNA damage in the presence of Cu(II). The DNA damage was inhibited by catalase and bathocuproine, suggesting the involvement of H2O2 and Cu(I). The formation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine by o-aminophenol increased in the presence of Cu(II). We conclude that Cu(II)-mediated oxidative DNA damage by this o-anisidine metabolite seems to be relevant for the expression of the carcinogenicity of o-anisidine. o-Aminophenol plus Cu(II) caused preferential DNA damage at the 5'-site guanine of GG and GGG sequences. When CuZn-SOD or Mn-SOD was added, the DNA damage was enhanced and its predominant cleavage sites were changed into thymine and cytosine residues. We consider that SOD may increase the frequency of mutations due to DNA damage induced by o-aminophenol and thus increase its carcinogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ohkuma
- Department of Hygiene, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
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25
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Kawanishi S, Hiraku Y. Sequence-specific DNA damage induced by UVA radiation in the presence of endogenous and exogenous photosensitizers. Curr Probl Dermatol 2001; 29:74-82. [PMID: 11225203 DOI: 10.1159/000060655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Kawanishi
- Department of Hygiene, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan.
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26
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Abstract
Estrogen-induced carcinogenesis involves enhanced cell proliferation (promotion) and genotoxic effects (initiation). To investigate the contribution of estrogens and their metabolites to tumor initiation, we examined DNA damage induced by estradiol and its metabolites, the catechol estrogens 2-hydroxyestradiol (2-OHE(2)) and 4-hydroxyestradiol (4-OHE(2)). In the presence of Cu(II), catechol estrogens formed piperidine-labile sites at thymine and cytosine residues in (32)P 5'-end-labeled DNA fragments and induced the formation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine. NADH markedly enhanced Cu(II)-dependent DNA damage mediated by nanomolar concentrations of catechol estrogens. Catalase and bathocuproine inhibited the DNA damage, suggesting the involvement of H(2)O(2) and Cu(I). These results suggest that H(2)O(2), generated during Cu(II)-catalyzed autoxidation of catechol estrogens, reacts with Cu(I) to form the Cu(I)-peroxide complex, leading to oxidative DNA damage, and that NADH enhanced DNA damage through the formation of redox cycle. To investigate the role of estrogens and their metabolites in tumor promotion, we examined their effects on proliferation of estrogen-dependent MCF-7 cells. Estradiol enhanced the proliferation of MCF-7 cells at much lower concentrations than catechol estrogens. These findings indicate that catechol estrogens play a role in tumor initiation through oxidative DNA damage, whereas estrogens themselves induce tumor promotion and/or progression by enhancing cell proliferation in estrogen-induced carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hiraku
- Department of Hygiene, Mie University School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
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27
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Abstract
Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are involved in the protection of cells from oxygen toxicity. However, several papers have reported that the overexpression of CuZn-SOD causes oxidative damage to cells. We investigated a mechanism by which an excess of SODs accelerates oxidative stress. The presence of CuZn-SOD, Mn-SOD or Mn(II) enhanced the frequency of DNA damage induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and Cu(II), and altered the site specificity of the latter: H2O2 induced Cu(II)-dependent DNA damage with high frequency at the 5'-guanine of poly G sequences; when SODs were added, the frequency of cleavages at thymine and cytosine residues increased. SODs also enhanced the formation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine by H2O2 and Cu(II). We conclude that SODs may increase carcinogenic risks, e.g. of tumors in Down syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Midorikawa
- Department of Hygiene, Mie University School of Medicine, 514-8507, Mie, Japan
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28
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Abstract
Telomere shortening is associated with cellular senescence. We investigated whether UVA, which contributes to photoaging, accelerates telomere shortening in human cultured cells. The terminal restriction fragment (TRF) from WI-38 fibroblasts irradiated with UVA (365-nm light) decreased with increasing irradiation dose. Furthermore, UVA irradiation dose-dependently increased the formation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) in both WI-38 fibroblasts and HL-60 cells. To clarify the mechanism of the acceleration of telomere shortening, we investigated site-specific DNA damage induced by UVA irradiation in the presence of endogenous photosensitizers using (32)P 5'-end-labeled DNA fragments containing the telomeric oligonucleotide (TTAGGG)(4). UVA irradiation with riboflavin induced 8-oxodG formation in the DNA fragments containing telomeric sequence, and Fpg protein treatment led to chain cleavages at the central guanine of 5'-GGG-3' in telomere sequence. The amount of 8-oxodG formation in DNA fragment containing telomere sequence [5'-CGC(TTAGGG)(7)CGC-3'] was approximately 5 times more than that in DNA fragment containing nontelomere sequence [5'-CGC(TGTGAG)(7)CGC-3']. Catalase did not inhibit this oxidative DNA damage, indicating no or little participation of H(2)O(2) in DNA damage. These results indicate that the photoexcited endogenous photosensitizer specifically oxidizes the central guanine of 5'-GGG-3' in telomere sequence to produce 8-oxodG probably through an electron-transfer reaction. It is concluded that the site-specific damage in telomere sequence induced by UVA irradiation may participate in the increase of telomere shortening rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Oikawa
- Department of Hygiene, Mie University School of Medicine, Mie 514-8507, Japan
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29
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Abstract
DNA adduct formation is thought to be a major cause of DNA damage by carcinogenic aromatic amines. We investigated the ability of an aromatic amine, 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) and its N-hydroxy metabolite (4-ABP(NHOH)) to cause oxidative DNA damage, using (32)P-labeled human DNA fragments from the p53 tumor suppressor gene and the c-Ha-ras-1 protooncogene. 4-ABP(NHOH) was found to cause Cu(II)-mediated DNA damage, especially at thymine residues. Addition of the endogenous reductant NADH led to dramatic enhancement of this process. Catalase and bathocuproine, a Cu(I)-specific chelator, reduced the amount of DNA damage, suggesting the involvement of H(2)O(2) and Cu(I). 4-ABP(NHOH) dose-dependently induced 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) formation in the presence of Cu(ll) and NADH. 4-ABP(NHOH) conversion to nitrosobiphenyl, as measured by UV-visible spectroscopy, occurred rapidly in the presence of Cu(II), suggesting Cu(II)-mediated autoxidation. Increased amounts of 8-OHdG were found in HL-60 cells compared to the H(2)O(2)-resistant clone HP100 following 4-ABP(NHOH) treatment, further supporting the involvement of H(2)O(2). The present study demonstrates that an N-hydroxy derivative of 4-ABP induces oxidative DNA damage through H(2)O(2) in both a cell-free system and in cultured human cells. We conclude that, in addition to DNA adduct formation, oxidative DNA damage may play an important role in the carcinogenic process of 4-ABP.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Murata
- Department of Hygiene, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
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30
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Hishita T, Tada-Oikawa S, Tohyama K, Miura Y, Nishihara T, Tohyama Y, Yoshida Y, Uchiyama T, Kawanishi S. Caspase-3 activation by lysosomal enzymes in cytochrome c-independent apoptosis in myelodysplastic syndrome-derived cell line P39. Cancer Res 2001; 61:2878-84. [PMID: 11306462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
In most cases, apoptosis is considered to involve mitochondrial dysfunction with sequential release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, resulting in activation of caspase-3. However, we found that etoposide induced apoptosis in P39 cells, a myelodysplastic syndrome-derived cell line, without the release of cytochrome c. Furthermore, in etoposide-treated P39 cells, no changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (delta psi m) were detected by flow cytometry. Flow cytometry using a pH-sensitive probe demonstrated that lysosomal pH increased during early apoptosis in P39 cells treated with etoposide. A reduction in the ATP level preceded the elevation of lysosomal pH. In addition, specific inhibitors of vacuolar H+-ATPase induced apoptosis in P39 cells but not in HL60 cells. Although etoposide-induced activation of caspase-3 was followed by DNA ladder formation in P39 cells, E-64d, an inhibitor of lysosomal thiol proteases, specifically suppressed etoposide-induced activation of caspase-3. Western blotting analysis provided direct evidence for the involvement of a lysosomal enzyme, cathepsin L. These findings indicate that lysosomal dysfunction induced by a reduction in ATP results in leakage of lysosomal enzymes into the cytosolic compartment and that lysosomal enzyme(s) may be involved in activation of caspase-3 during apoptosis in P39 cells treated with etoposide.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hishita
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
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31
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Abstract
Reactive species generated by chemicals and UV radiation can cause sequence-specific DNA damage and play important roles in mutagenesis, carcinogenesis and aging. We have investigated sequence specificity of oxidative stress-mediated DNA damage by using 32P-labeled DNA fragments obtained from the human c-Ha-ras-1 and p53 genes. Free hydroxyl radical causes DNA damage with no marked site specificity. Reactive nitrogen species, sulfate radicals, nitrogen-centered radicals, benzoyloxyl radical and alkoxyl radical show different sequence specificity. Benzoyloxyl radical specifically causes damage to the 5'-G in GG sequence. UVA radiation also causes DNA damage at this site through electron transfer in the presence of certain photosensitizers. The 5'-G in GG sequence is easily oxidized because a large part of the highest occupied molecular orbital is distributed on this site. On the basis of these findings, the sequence specificity of DNA damage is presumably determined by (a) redox potential of reactive species; (b) ionization potential of DNA bases; and (c) site-specific binding of metal ion to DNA. Here we discuss the mechanisms of sequence-specific DNA damage in relation to carcinogenesis and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kawanishi
- Department of Hygiene, Mie University School of Medicine, 514-8507, Mie, Japan.
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32
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Hiraku Y, Oikawa S, Kuroki K, Sugiyama H, Saito I, Kawanishi S. Amplification of bleomycin-induced DNA cleavage at cytosine residues 3' to GGG sequences by pyrrole triamide. Biochem Pharmacol 2001; 61:351-6. [PMID: 11172740 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(00)00563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the amplification of bleomycin-induced DNA cleavage by synthetic triamides containing N-methylpyrrole (Py) and/or N-methylimidazole (Im), PyPyPy, PyPyIm, PyImPy, and PyImIm, using 32P-labeled DNA fragments obtained from the human c-Ha-ras-1 and p53 genes. Peplomycin, a bleomycin analog, plus Fe(II) caused DNA cleavage at the 5'-GC-3' and 5'-GT-3' sequences (damaged bases are underlined). The addition of PyPyPy dramatically enhanced the cleavage, particularly at cytosine residues 3' to consecutive guanines. Alteration in the site specificity was not observed with other triamides (PyPyIm, PyImPy, and PyImIm). DNase I footprinting revealed that PyPyPy bound to the sites adjacent to the sites where DNA cleavage was enhanced by PyPyPy, and that PyPyPy enhanced DNase I-induced cleavage in GC-rich regions. These findings suggest that binding of PyPyPy to the DNA minor groove changes the DNA conformation to allow peplomycin to cleave DNA more efficiently at GC-rich sequences, resulting in intensive site-specific DNA cleavage particularly at cytosines at the 3'-side of polyguanines. The present study on amplifiers of antitumor drugs would appear to offer a novel approach to the establishment of more effective chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hiraku
- Department of Hygiene, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, 514-8507, Mie, Japan
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33
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Abstract
Nitropyrenes are carcinogenic pollutants. Adduct formation following nitro-reduction is considered to be a major cause of nitropyrene-mediated DNA damage. We investigated the role of 1-nitrosopyrene, a metabolite of 1-nitropyrene, in causing oxidative DNA damage, using 32P-5'-end-labeled DNA. 1-Nitrosopyrene was found to facilitate Cu(II)-mediated DNA damage in the presence of NADH. Catalase and a Cu(I)-specific chelator attenuated DNA damage, indicating the involvement of H2O2 and Cu(I). Typical *OH scavenger did not have a significant effect. These results suggest that the main reactive species is probably a DNA-copper-hydroperoxo complex. We also measured 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine formation by 1-nitrosopyrene in the presence of Cu(II) and NADH, using an electrochemical detector coupled to a high-pressure liquid chromatograph. We conclude that oxidative DNA damage, in addition to DNA adduct formation, may play an important role in the carcinogenesis of nitropyrenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ohnishi
- Department of Hygiene, Mie University School of Medicine, 2-174, Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
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34
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Abstract
Formation of adducts has been considered to be a major causal factor of DNA damage by carcinogenic aminoazo dyes. We investigated whether a metabolite of hepatocarcinogenic 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (DAB) can cause oxidative DNA damage or not, using (32)P-5'-end-labeled DNA fragments. The DAB metabolite N-hydroxy-4-aminoazobenzene (N-OH-AAB) was found to cause Cu(II)-mediated DNA damage, including 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) formation. When an endogenous reductant, beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) was added, the DNA damage was greatly enhanced. Very low concentrations of N-OH-AAB could induce DNA damage via redox reactions. Catalase and a Cu(I)-specific chelator inhibited the DNA damage, suggesting the involvement of H2O2 and Cu(I). A typical.OH scavenger did not inhibit the DNA damage. The main reactive species are probably DNA-copper-hydroperoxo complexes. We conclude that oxidative DNA damage may play an important role in the carcinogenic processes of DAB, in addition to DNA adduct formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ohnishi
- Department of Hygiene, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
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35
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Abstract
Quercetin has been reported to have carcinogenic effects. However, both quercetin and luteolin have anti-cancer activity. To clarify the mechanism underlying the carcinogenic effects of quercetin, we compared DNA damage occurring during apoptosis induced by quercetin with that occuring during apoptosis induced by luteolin. Both quercetin and luteolin similarly induced DNA cleavage with subsequent DNA ladder formation, characteristics of apoptosis, in HL-60 cells. In HP 100 cells, an H2O2-resistant clone of HL-60 cells, the extent of DNA cleavage and DNA ladder formation induced by quercetin was less than that in HL-60 cells, whereas differences between the two cell types were minimal after treatment with luteolin. In addition, quercetin increased the formation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG), an indicator of oxidative DNA damage, in HL-60 cells but not in HP 100 cells. Luteolin did not increase 8-oxodG formation, but inhibited topoisomerase II (topo II) activity of nuclear extract more strongly than quercetin and cleaved DNA by forming a luteolin-topo II-DNA ternary complex. These results suggest that quercetin induces H2O2-mediated DNA damage, resulting in apoptosis or mutations, whereas luteolin induces apoptosis via topo II-mediated DNA cleavage. The H2O2-mediated DNA damage may be related to the carcinogenic effects of quercetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yamashita
- Department of Hygiene, School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
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36
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Kawanishi S, Oikawa S, Kawanishi M, Sugiyama H, Saito I, Strekowski L, Wilson WD. Amplification of pepleomycin-mediated DNA cleavage and apoptosis by unfused aromatic cations. Biochemistry 2000; 39:13210-5. [PMID: 11052673 DOI: 10.1021/bi0005310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An important approach to improve chemotherapy of members of the bleomycin (BLM) family of antibiotics is to find compounds (amplifiers) that enhance the activity of BLM-mediated DNA cleavage and apoptosis. Using a DNA-sequencing technique and pulsed field gel electrophoresis, we have investigated whether BLM-mediated cleavage of isolated and cellular DNA is amplifed by three compounds (RW-12, LS-20, 1S-5Me) which have a conformationally flexible, unfused polyaromatic system and cationic side chain in the molecules. RW-12 enhanced most effectively both pepleomycin (PEM)-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis. The order of the maximum enhancing effect of amplifiers on PEM-mediated DNA damage is RW-12 > LS-20 > 1S-5Me. RW-12 amplified PEM-mediated DNA cleavage most effectively not only in vitro but also in cultured cells. We have reported that the order of the DNA binding constants of these compounds is RW-12 > LS-20 > 1S-5Me. In this study, we found a good correlation between PEM-mediated cleavage of isolated DNA and cellular DNA. These results suggest that BLM amplifiers bind to DNA and by doing so enhance drug-mediated DNA degradation, ultimately leading to apoptosis. The present study on amplifiers of anticancer agents shows a novel approach to the potentially effective anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kawanishi
- Department of Hygiene, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ito
- Department of Public Health, Kyoto University, Japan
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38
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Tada-Oikawa S, Oikawa S, Kawanishi S. Determination of DNA damage, peroxide generation, mitochondrial membrane potential, and caspase-3 activity during ultraviolet A-induced apoptosis. Methods Enzymol 2000; 319:331-42. [PMID: 10907524 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(00)19033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Tada-Oikawa
- Department of Hygiene, Mie University School of Medicine, Japan
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39
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Hiraku Y, Kawanishi S. Distinct mechanisms of guanine-specific DNA photodamage induced by nalidixic acid and fluoroquinolone antibacterials. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000; 382:211-8. [PMID: 11068871 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2000.2025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fluoroquinolone antibacterials, which have been used for the treatment of a variety of infectious diseases, are reported to be photocarcinogenic. We investigated the mechanisms of DNA damage by UVA radiation (365 nm) plus fluoroquinolone antibacterials using 32P-labeled DNA fragments obtained from the human c-Ha-ras-1 proto-oncogene and the p53 tumor suppressor gene. Photocarcinogenic nalidixic acid (NA), which is an old member of synthetic quinolone antibacterials, caused DNA damage specifically at 5'-GG-3' sequences, whereas lomefloxacin (LFLX) did not exhibit the site preference for consecutive guanines. LFLX-induced DNA photodamage was inhibited by sodium azide and enhanced in D2O, suggesting that singlet oxygen plays the key role in the DNA damage. LFLX plus UVA induced the formation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) depending on LFLX concentrations, and 8-oxodG formation was enhanced in single-stranded DNA. In contrast, NA induced larger amounts of 8-oxodG in double-stranded DNA. ESR spin destruction method revealed that NA induced DNA photodamage through electron transfer but LFLX did not. These findings indicate that DNA damage induced by photoactivated LFLX and NA plays an important role in expression of their photocarcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hiraku
- Department of Hygiene, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
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40
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Hiraku Y, Oikawa S, Kawanishi S, Sugiyama H, Saito I. Amplification of bleomycin-induced DNA cleavage by pyrrole triamide. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser 2000:253-4. [PMID: 10780475 DOI: 10.1093/nass/42.1.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the amplification of bleomycin-induced DNA cleavage by synthetic pyrrole triamide (PyPyPy) using 32P-labeled DNA fragments obtained from human genes. Peplomycin, a kind of bleomycins, plus Fe(II) caused DNA cleavage at the 5'-GC-3' and 5'-GT-3' sequences (damaged bases are underlined). The addition of PyPyPy enhanced the cleavage at cytosine and thymine residues 3' to consecutive guanines, particularly at the 5'-GGGGC-3' and 5'-GGGGT-3' sequences. These results suggest that PyPyPy binds to DNA to induce its conformational change, resulting in alteration of the site specificity and amplification of DNA cleavage. The present study on amplifiers of antitumor drugs would show a novel approach to the establishment of more effective chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hiraku
- Department of Hygiene, Mie University School of Medicine, Japan
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41
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Abstract
Hydrazobenzene is carcinogenic to rats and mice and azobenzene is carcinogenic to rats. Hydrazobenzene is a metabolic intermediate of azobenzene. To clarify the mechanism of carcinogenesis by azobenzene and hydrazobenzene, we investigated DNA damage induced by hydrazobenzene, using 32P-5'-end-labeled DNA fragments obtained from the c-Ha-ras-1 protooncogene and the p53 tumor suppressor gene. Hydrazobenzene caused DNA damage in the presence of Cu(II). Piperidine treatment enhanced the DNA damage greatly, suggesting that hydrazobenzene caused base modification and liberation. However, azobenzene did not cause DNA damage even in the presence of Cu(II). Hydrazobenzene plus Cu(II) caused DNA damage frequently at thymine residues. Catalase and a Cu(I)-specific chelator inhibited Cu(II)-mediated DNA damage by hydrazobenzene. Typical *OH scavengers did not inhibit the DNA damage. The main active species is probably a metal oxygen complex, such as Cu(I)-OOH. Formation of 8-oxo-7, 8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine was increased by hydrazobenzene in the presence of Cu(II). Oxygen consumption and UV-Visible spectroscopic measurements have shown that hydrazobenzene is autoxidized to azobenzene with H2O2 formation. It is considered that the metal-mediated DNA damage by hydrazobenzene through H2O2 generation may be relevant for the expression of carcinogenicity of azobenzene and hydrazobenzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ohnishi
- Department of Hygiene, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
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42
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Midorikawa K, Murata M, Oikawa S, Tada-Oikawa S, Kawanishi S. DNA damage by dimethylformamide: role of hydrogen peroxide generated during degradation. Chem Res Toxicol 2000; 13:309-15. [PMID: 10775332 DOI: 10.1021/tx990139r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Dimethylformamide (DMF) has been suspected to associate with cancers in exposed workers, whereas there has been inadequate evidence for carcinogenicity in experimental animals. We demonstrated that H(2)O(2) was generated during the degradation of DMF under aerobic conditions, and that the amount of H(2)O(2) was enhanced by exposure to solar light or by the contamination of trace metal. Experiments using (32)P-5'-end-labeled DNA fragments revealed that the degraded DMF induced DNA damage in the presence of Cu(II). However, purified DMF did not induce DNA damage even in the presence of Cu(II). Addition of purified DMF enhanced DNA damage induced by H(2)O(2) in the presence of Cu(II). The degraded DMF caused Cu(II)-mediated DNA cleavage frequently at thymine and cytosine residues. The similar pattern of site-specific DNA damage was observed with purified DMF and H(2)O(2). Bathocuproine and catalase inhibited the DNA damage, indicating the involvement of Cu(I) and H(2)O(2). A typical free hydroxy radical scavenger showed no inhibitory effect on the DNA damage. Addition of purified DMF enhanced about 3-4-fold 8-oxo-7, 8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine formation induced by H(2)O(2) and Cu(II). ESR spectroscopic study demonstrated that carbon-centered radicals and nitrogen-centered radicals were generated in the reaction mixture of DMF, H(2)O(2), and Cu(II). Inhibitory effects of scavengers on radical formation and DNA damage suggest that carbon-centered radicals and/or nitrogen-centered radicals may contribute to the DNA damage. These results suggest that H(2)O(2) generation during DMF degradation is related to the possible carcinogenic activity of DMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Midorikawa
- Department of Hygiene, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
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43
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Abstract
Several isothiocyanates have been proposed as promising chemopreventive agents for human cancers. However, it has been reported that allyl isothiocyanate exhibit carcinogenic potential, and benzyl isothiocyanate and phenethyl isothiocyanate have tumor-promoting activities. We investigated whether these isothiocyanates could cause DNA damage, using (32)P-labeled DNA fragments obtained from the human p53 tumor suppressor gene and the c-Ha-ras-1 protooncogene. Allyl isothiocyanate caused Cu(II)-mediated DNA damage and formation of 8-oxo-7, 8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) more strongly than benzyl and phenethyl isothiocyanates. Catalase and bathocuproine, a Cu(I)-specific chelator, inhibited Cu(II)-mediated DNA damage by these isothiocyanates, suggesting involvement of H(2)O(2) and Cu(I). Isothiocyanates induced DNA damage frequently at thymine and cytosine residues in the presence of Cu(II). A UV-visible spectroscopic study revealed an association between the generation of superoxide and the yield of SH group from isothiocyanates. Furthermore, the yield of 8-oxodG formation was correlated with their superoxide-generating ability. Allyl isothiocyanate significantly induced 8-oxodG formation in HL-60 cells, but not in H(2)O(2)-resistant HP100 cells, suggesting the involvement of H(2)O(2) in cellular DNA damage. We conclude that oxidative DNA damage may play important roles in carcinogenic processes induced by allyl isothiocyanate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Murata
- Department of Hygiene, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
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44
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Abstract
Recent intervention studies revealed that beta-carotene supplement to smokers resulted in a higher incidence of lung cancer. However, the causal mechanisms remain to be clarified. We reported here that vitamin A (retinol) and its derivative (retinal) caused cellular DNA cleavage detected by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Retinol and retinal significantly induced 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine formation in HL-60 cells but not in H(2)O(2)-resistant HP100 cells, suggesting the involvement of H(2)O(2) in cellular DNA damage. Experiments using (32)P-labeled isolated DNA demonstrated that retinol and retinal caused Cu(II)-mediated DNA damage, which was inhibited by catalase. UV-visible spectroscopic and electron spin resonance-trapping studies revealed the generation of superoxide and carbon-centered radicals, respectively. The superoxide generation during autoxidation of retinoids was significantly correlated with the formation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine, although the yield of carbon-centered radicals was not necessarily related to the intensity of DNA damage. These findings suggest that superoxide generated by autoxidation of retinoids was dismutated to H(2)O(2), which was responsible for DNA damage in the presence of endogenous metals. Retinol and retinal have prooxidant abilities, which might lead to carcinogenesis of the supplements of beta-carotene.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Murata
- Department of Hygiene, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
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45
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Kawanishi S, Oikawa S, Murata M, Tsukitome H, Saito I. Site-specific oxidation at GG and GGG sequences in double-stranded DNA by benzoyl peroxide as a tumor promoter. Biochemistry 1999; 38:16733-9. [PMID: 10606504 DOI: 10.1021/bi990890z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Benzoyl peroxide (BzPO), a free-radical generator, has tumor-promoting activity. As a method for approaching the mechanism of tumor promoter function, the ability of oxidative DNA damage by BzPO was investigated by using (32)P-labeled DNA fragments obtained from the human p53 tumor suppressor gene and c-Ha-ras-1 protooncogene. BzPO induced piperidine-labile sites at the 5'-site guanine of GG and GGG sequences of double-stranded DNA in the presence of Cu(I), whereas the damage occurred at single guanine residues of single-stranded DNA. Both methional and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) inhibited DNA damage induced by BzPO and Cu(I), but typical hydroxyl radical ((*)OH) scavengers, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, did not inhibit it. On the other hand, H(2)O(2) induced piperidine-labile sites at cytosine and thymine residues of double-stranded DNA in the presence of Cu(I). Phenylhydrazine, which is known to produce phenyl radicals, induced Cu(I)-dependent damage at thymine residues but not at guanine residues. These results suggest that the BzPO-derived reactive species causing DNA damage is different from (*)OH and phenyl radicals generated from benzoyloxyl radicals. BzPO/Cu(I) induced 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) formation in double-stranded DNA more effectively than that in single-stranded DNA. Furthermore, we observed that BzPO increased the amount of 8-oxodG in human cultured cells. Consequently, it is concluded that benzoyloxyl radicals generated by the reaction of BzPO with Cu(I) may oxidize the 5'-guanine of GG and GGG sequences in double-stranded DNA to lead to 8-oxodG formation and piperidine-labile guanine lesions, and the damage seems to be relevant to the tumor-promoting activity of BzPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kawanishi
- Department of Hygiene, Mie University School of Medicine, Japan.
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46
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Nunoshiba T, Obata F, Boss AC, Oikawa S, Mori T, Kawanishi S, Yamamoto K. Role of iron and superoxide for generation of hydroxyl radical, oxidative DNA lesions, and mutagenesis in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:34832-7. [PMID: 10574955 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.49.34832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We measured the generation of hydroxyl radical (OH(.)) and oxidative DNA lesions in aerobically grown Escherichia coli cells lacking in both superoxide dismutases (SodA SodB) and repressor of iron uptake (Fur) using electroparamagnetic resonance and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with a selected-ion monitoring method. A specific signal corresponding to OH(.) generation and an increase in oxidative DNA lesions such as 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine and 1,2-dihydro-2-oxoadenine were detected in the strain deficient in sodA sodB fur. We showed that iron metabolism deregulation in fur mutant produced a 2.5-fold iron overload. The sodA sodB fur strain was about 100-fold higher mutability than the wild-type strain. The mutation spectrum in the strain was found to induce GC --> TA and AT --> CG transversions predominantly. The hypermutability of the strain was suppressed by the tonB mutation which reduces iron transport. Thus, excess iron and excess superoxide were responsible for OH(.) generation, oxidative DNA lesion formation, and hypermutability in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nunoshiba
- Biological Institute, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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47
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Ohkuma Y, Hiraku Y, Oikawa S, Yamashita N, Murata M, Kawanishi S. Distinct mechanisms of oxidative DNA damage by two metabolites of carcinogenic o-toluidine. Arch Biochem Biophys 1999; 372:97-106. [PMID: 10562421 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms of DNA damage by metabolites of carcinogenic o-toluidine in the presence of metals were investigated by the DNA sequencing technique using (32)P-labeled human DNA fragments. 4-Amino-3-methylphenol, a major metabolite, caused DNA damage in the presence of Cu(II). Predominant cleavage sites were thymine and cytosine residues. o-Nitrosotoluene, a minor metabolite, did not induce DNA damage even in the presence of Cu(II), but addition of NADH induced DNA damage very efficiently. The DNA cleavage pattern was similar to that in the case of 4-amino-3-methylphenol. Bathocuproine and catalase inhibited DNA damage by these o-toluidine metabolites, indicating the participation of Cu(I) and H(2)O(2) in the DNA damage. Typical free hydroxyl radical scavengers showed no inhibitory effects on the DNA damage. o-Toluidine metabolites increased the formation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine in calf thymus DNA in the presence of Cu(II). UV-visible and ESR spectroscopic studies have demonstrated that 4-amino-3-methylphenol is autoxidized to form the aminomethylphenoxyl radical and o-nitrosotoluene is reduced by NADH to the o-toluolhydronitroxide radical in the presence and absence of Cu(II). Consequently, it is considered that these radicals react with O(2) to form O(-)(2) and subsequently H(2)O(2), and that the reactive species generated by the reaction of H(2)O(2) with Cu(I) participate in the DNA damage. Metal-mediated DNA damage by o-toluidine metabolites through H(2)O(2) seems to be relevant for the expression of the carcinogenicity of o-toluidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ohkuma
- Department of Hygiene, Mie University School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
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48
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Abstract
We investigated the mechanisms of apoptosis and DNA damage induced by aminosugars in relation to their antitumor actions. The order of cytotoxic effects of aminosugars was D-mannosamine (ManN) >> D-galactosamine (GalN) > D-glucosamine (GlcN). A comparison of the frequency of apoptotic cells showed the same order. DNA ladders were formed by only ManN and the formation of DNA ladders was inhibited by a caspase inhibitor. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed that ManN caused cellular DNA cleavage at a lower concentration than those causing apoptosis. Cellular DNA cleavage was inhibited by catalase and enhanced by a catalase inhibitor. Flow cytometry showed that ManN enhanced the production of intracellular peroxides. These results suggest that ManN-induced apoptosis is preceded by H2O2-mediated DNA damage. The order of the extent of damage to 32P-labeled DNA fragments by aminosugars plus Cu(II) was ManN >> GalN > GlcN. The DNA damage was inhibited by catalase and bathocuproine, suggesting that H2O2 reacts with Cu(I) to form the metal-peroxide complex capable of causing DNA damage. Two mechanisms of H2O2 generation from aminosugars were proposed: one is the major pathway to form a dioxo compound and NH4+; the other is the minor pathway to form a pyrazine derivative through the condensation of two molecules of an aminosugar. The order of reactivity to generate these products was ManN >> GalN > GlcN. On the basis of these results, it is concluded that aminosugars, especially ManN, produce H2O2 to cause DNA damage, which mediates apoptosis resulting in tumor growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hiraku
- Department of Hygiene, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
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Yamada H, Tada-Oikawa S, Uchida A, Kawanishi S. TRAIL causes cleavage of bid by caspase-8 and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential resulting in apoptosis in BJAB cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 265:130-3. [PMID: 10548502 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A new member of the TNF family, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), has been shown to induce apoptosis. However, the mechanism for TRAIL-induced apoptosis remains to be clarified. SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis showed that cleavage of Bid was induced by a 1-h incubation of BJAB cells with TRAIL and was blocked by a caspase-8 inhibitor. Flow cytometry demonstrated that loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in BJAB cells began about 1.5 h after the treatment with TRAIL and was apparent at 2 h in comparison with the control. DNA ladder formation, which is characteristic for apoptosis, in the cells treated with TRAIL was detected at 2 h and observed most effectively at 3 h. The time course study suggests that TRAIL causes cleavage of Bid via activation of caspase-8, subsequently the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, resulting in apoptosis in BJAB cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yamada
- Department of Hygiene, Mie University School of Medicine, Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
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50
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Murata M, Tsujikawa M, Kawanishi S. Oxidative DNA damage by minor metabolites of toluene may lead to carcinogenesis and reproductive dysfunction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 261:478-83. [PMID: 10425210 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the concern that toluene might have carcinogenic and reproductive toxic potential has been raised. We investigated the ability of DNA damage by minor metabolites of toluene, methylhydroquinone, and methylbenzoquinone, using (32)P-5'-end-labeled DNA fragments obtained from the human genes. Methylhydroquinone caused Cu(II)-mediated DNA damage, whereas methylbenzoquinone did only in the presence of NADH. DNA damage by methylbenzoquinone was weaker than that by benzoquinone, a metabolite of carcinogenic benzene. Formation of 8-oxo-7, 8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine by metabolites of toluene increased with its concentration in the presence of Cu(II) and NADH. Generation of O(*-)(2) and semiquinone radicals was detected by UV-visible and ESR spectroscopies, respectively. These results suggest that these metabolites may play some roles in expression of carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicity of toluene. We have discussed the differences of carcinogenic potency between toluene and benzene in relation to the amount of metabolites and their ability to damage DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Murata
- Department of Hygiene, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
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