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Nievergelt CM, Maihofer AX, Atkinson EG, Chen CY, Choi KW, Coleman JRI, Daskalakis NP, Duncan LE, Polimanti R, Aaronson C, Amstadter AB, Andersen SB, Andreassen OA, Arbisi PA, Ashley-Koch AE, Austin SB, Avdibegoviç E, Babić D, Bacanu SA, Baker DG, Batzler A, Beckham JC, Belangero S, Benjet C, Bergner C, Bierer LM, Biernacka JM, Bierut LJ, Bisson JI, Boks MP, Bolger EA, Brandolino A, Breen G, Bressan RA, Bryant RA, Bustamante AC, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Bækvad-Hansen M, Børglum AD, Børte S, Cahn L, Calabrese JR, Caldas-de-Almeida JM, Chatzinakos C, Cheema S, Clouston SAP, Colodro-Conde L, Coombes BJ, Cruz-Fuentes CS, Dale AM, Dalvie S, Davis LK, Deckert J, Delahanty DL, Dennis MF, Desarnaud F, DiPietro CP, Disner SG, Docherty AR, Domschke K, Dyb G, Kulenović AD, Edenberg HJ, Evans A, Fabbri C, Fani N, Farrer LA, Feder A, Feeny NC, Flory JD, Forbes D, Franz CE, Galea S, Garrett ME, Gelaye B, Gelernter J, Geuze E, Gillespie CF, Goleva SB, Gordon SD, Goçi A, Grasser LR, Guindalini C, Haas M, Hagenaars S, Hauser MA, Heath AC, Hemmings SMJ, Hesselbrock V, Hickie IB, Hogan K, Hougaard DM, Huang H, Huckins LM, Hveem K, Jakovljević M, Javanbakht A, Jenkins GD, Johnson J, Jones I, Jovanovic T, Karstoft KI, Kaufman ML, Kennedy JL, Kessler RC, Khan A, Kimbrel NA, King AP, Koen N, Kotov R, Kranzler HR, Krebs K, Kremen WS, Kuan PF, Lawford BR, Lebois LAM, Lehto K, Levey DF, Lewis C, Liberzon I, Linnstaedt SD, Logue MW, Lori A, Lu Y, Luft BJ, Lupton MK, Luykx JJ, Makotkine I, Maples-Keller JL, Marchese S, Marmar C, Martin NG, Martínez-Levy GA, McAloney K, McFarlane A, McLaughlin KA, McLean SA, Medland SE, Mehta D, Meyers J, Michopoulos V, Mikita EA, Milani L, Milberg W, Miller MW, Morey RA, Morris CP, Mors O, Mortensen PB, Mufford MS, Nelson EC, Nordentoft M, Norman SB, Nugent NR, O'Donnell M, Orcutt HK, Pan PM, Panizzon MS, Pathak GA, Peters ES, Peterson AL, Peverill M, Pietrzak RH, Polusny MA, Porjesz B, Powers A, Qin XJ, Ratanatharathorn A, Risbrough VB, Roberts AL, Rothbaum AO, Rothbaum BO, Roy-Byrne P, Ruggiero KJ, Rung A, Runz H, Rutten BPF, de Viteri SS, Salum GA, Sampson L, Sanchez SE, Santoro M, Seah C, Seedat S, Seng JS, Shabalin A, Sheerin CM, Silove D, Smith AK, Smoller JW, Sponheim SR, Stein DJ, Stensland S, Stevens JS, Sumner JA, Teicher MH, Thompson WK, Tiwari AK, Trapido E, Uddin M, Ursano RJ, Valdimarsdóttir U, Van Hooff M, Vermetten E, Vinkers CH, Voisey J, Wang Y, Wang Z, Waszczuk M, Weber H, Wendt FR, Werge T, Williams MA, Williamson DE, Winsvold BS, Winternitz S, Wolf C, Wolf EJ, Xia Y, Xiong Y, Yehuda R, Young KA, Young RM, Zai CC, Zai GC, Zervas M, Zhao H, Zoellner LA, Zwart JA, deRoon-Cassini T, van Rooij SJH, van den Heuvel LL, Stein MB, Ressler KJ, Koenen KC. Genome-wide association analyses identify 95 risk loci and provide insights into the neurobiology of post-traumatic stress disorder. Nat Genet 2024:10.1038/s41588-024-01707-9. [PMID: 38637617 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-024-01707-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) genetics are characterized by lower discoverability than most other psychiatric disorders. The contribution to biological understanding from previous genetic studies has thus been limited. We performed a multi-ancestry meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies across 1,222,882 individuals of European ancestry (137,136 cases) and 58,051 admixed individuals with African and Native American ancestry (13,624 cases). We identified 95 genome-wide significant loci (80 new). Convergent multi-omic approaches identified 43 potential causal genes, broadly classified as neurotransmitter and ion channel synaptic modulators (for example, GRIA1, GRM8 and CACNA1E), developmental, axon guidance and transcription factors (for example, FOXP2, EFNA5 and DCC), synaptic structure and function genes (for example, PCLO, NCAM1 and PDE4B) and endocrine or immune regulators (for example, ESR1, TRAF3 and TANK). Additional top genes influence stress, immune, fear and threat-related processes, previously hypothesized to underlie PTSD neurobiology. These findings strengthen our understanding of neurobiological systems relevant to PTSD pathophysiology, while also opening new areas for investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Nievergelt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA.
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Research Service, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Adam X Maihofer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Research Service, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Atkinson
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chia-Yen Chen
- Biogen Inc.,Translational Sciences, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Karmel W Choi
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan R I Coleman
- King's College London, National Institute for Health and Care Research Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- King's College London, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Nikolaos P Daskalakis
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- McLean Hospital, Center of Excellence in Depression and Anxiety Disorders, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Laramie E Duncan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Renato Polimanti
- VA Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Cindy Aaronson
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Ananda B Amstadter
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Soren B Andersen
- The Danish Veteran Centre, Research and Knowledge Centre, Ringsted, Denmark
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Oslo University Hospital, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo, Norway
- University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - Paul A Arbisi
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Mental Health Service Line, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - S Bryn Austin
- Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Esmina Avdibegoviç
- Department of Psychiatry, University Clinical Center of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Dragan Babić
- Department of Psychiatry, University Clinical Center of Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Silviu-Alin Bacanu
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Dewleen G Baker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Psychiatry Service, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Anthony Batzler
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jean C Beckham
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Research, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC, USA
- VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Genetics Research Laboratory, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sintia Belangero
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Corina Benjet
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatraía Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Center for Global Mental Health, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carisa Bergner
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Comprehensive Injury Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Linda M Bierer
- Department of Psychiatry, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Joanna M Biernacka
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Laura J Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jonathan I Bisson
- Cardiff University, National Centre for Mental Health, MRC Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, UK
| | - Marco P Boks
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth A Bolger
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Amber Brandolino
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma & Acute Care Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Gerome Breen
- King's College London, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
- King's College London, NIHR Maudsley BRC, London, UK
| | - Rodrigo Affonseca Bressan
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richard A Bryant
- University of New South Wales, School of Psychology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Angela C Bustamante
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marie Bækvad-Hansen
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders D Børglum
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Aarhus University, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sigrid Børte
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, K. G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Trondheim, Norway
- Oslo University Hospital, Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo, Norway
| | - Leah Cahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Joseph R Calabrese
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Chris Chatzinakos
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- McLean Hospital, Division of Depression and Anxiety Disorders, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Sheraz Cheema
- University of Toronto, CanPath National Coordinating Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sean A P Clouston
- Stony Brook University, Family, Population, and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Stony Brook University, Public Health, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Lucía Colodro-Conde
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Mental Health & Neuroscience Program, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brandon J Coombes
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Carlos S Cruz-Fuentes
- Department of Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatraía Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Anders M Dale
- Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shareefa Dalvie
- Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Division of Human Genetics, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lea K Davis
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jürgen Deckert
- University Hospital of Würzburg, Center of Mental Health, Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Würzburg, Denmark
| | | | - Michelle F Dennis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Research, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC, USA
- VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Genetics Research Laboratory, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Frank Desarnaud
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Christopher P DiPietro
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- McLean Hospital, Division of Depression and Anxiety Disorders, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Seth G Disner
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Research Service Line, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Anna R Docherty
- Huntsman Mental Health Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Katharina Domschke
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Basics in Neuromodulation, Freiburg, Denmark
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Denmark
| | - Grete Dyb
- University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alma Džubur Kulenović
- Department of Psychiatry, University Clinical Center of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Howard J Edenberg
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alexandra Evans
- Cardiff University, National Centre for Mental Health, MRC Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, UK
| | - Chiara Fabbri
- King's College London, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Negar Fani
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lindsay A Farrer
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adriana Feder
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Norah C Feeny
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Janine D Flory
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - David Forbes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carol E Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sandro Galea
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Melanie E Garrett
- Duke University, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bizu Gelaye
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joel Gelernter
- VA Connecticut Healthcare Center, Psychiatry Service, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Elbert Geuze
- Netherlands Ministry of Defence, Brain Research and Innovation Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Charles F Gillespie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Slavina B Goleva
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Nashville, TN, USA
- National Institutes of Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Scott D Gordon
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Mental Health & Neuroscience Program, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Aferdita Goçi
- Department of Psychiatry, University Clinical Centre of Kosovo, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Lana Ruvolo Grasser
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciencess, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Camila Guindalini
- Gallipoli Medical Research Foundation, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Greenslopes, Queensland, Australia
| | - Magali Haas
- Cohen Veterans Bioscience, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Saskia Hagenaars
- King's College London, National Institute for Health and Care Research Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- King's College London, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Michael A Hauser
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sian M J Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- SAMRC Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Victor Hesselbrock
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Psychiatry, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Ian B Hickie
- University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kelleigh Hogan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Research Service, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - David Michael Hougaard
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hailiang Huang
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura M Huckins
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kristian Hveem
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, K. G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Miro Jakovljević
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Center of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Arash Javanbakht
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciencess, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Gregory D Jenkins
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jessica Johnson
- Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Ian Jones
- Cardiff University, National Centre for Mental Health, Cardiff University Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, UK
| | - Tanja Jovanovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Karen-Inge Karstoft
- The Danish Veteran Centre, Research and Knowledge Centre, Ringsted, Denmark
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Milissa L Kaufman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - James L Kennedy
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Neurogenetics Section, Molecular Brain Science Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ronald C Kessler
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alaptagin Khan
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Nathan A Kimbrel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Genetics Research Laboratory, Durham, NC, USA
- Durham VA Health Care System, Mental Health Service Line, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Anthony P King
- The Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nastassja Koen
- University of Cape Town, Department of Psychiatry & Neuroscience Institute, SA MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Roman Kotov
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Henry R Kranzler
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kristi Krebs
- University of Tartu, Institute of Genomics, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia
| | - William S Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pei-Fen Kuan
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Bruce R Lawford
- Queensland University of Technology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lauren A M Lebois
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- McLean Hospital, Center of Excellence in Depression and Anxiety Disorders, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Kelli Lehto
- University of Tartu, Institute of Genomics, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Daniel F Levey
- VA Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Catrin Lewis
- Cardiff University, National Centre for Mental Health, MRC Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, UK
| | - Israel Liberzon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Sarah D Linnstaedt
- Department of Anesthesiology, UNC Institute for Trauma Recovery, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mark W Logue
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston University School of Medicine, Psychiatry, Biomedical Genetics, Boston, MA, USA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, National Center for PTSD, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adriana Lori
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benjamin J Luft
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Michelle K Lupton
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Mental Health & Neuroscience Program, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jurjen J Luykx
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Iouri Makotkine
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | | | - Shelby Marchese
- Department of Genetic and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charles Marmar
- New York University, Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Genetics, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gabriela A Martínez-Levy
- Department of Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatraía Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Kerrie McAloney
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Mental Health & Neuroscience Program, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alexander McFarlane
- University of Adelaide, Discipline of Psychiatry, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Samuel A McLean
- Department of Anesthesiology, UNC Institute for Trauma Recovery, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, UNC Institute for Trauma Recovery, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sarah E Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Mental Health & Neuroscience Program, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Divya Mehta
- Queensland University of Technology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland University of Technology, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jacquelyn Meyers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Vasiliki Michopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Mikita
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Research Service, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lili Milani
- University of Tartu, Institute of Genomics, Estonian Genome Center, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Mark W Miller
- Boston University School of Medicine, Psychiatry, Biomedical Genetics, Boston, MA, USA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, National Center for PTSD, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rajendra A Morey
- Duke University School of Medicine, Duke Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Charles Phillip Morris
- Queensland University of Technology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ole Mors
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Aarhus University Hospital-Psychiatry, Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Preben Bo Mortensen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Aarhus University, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus, Denmark
- Aarhus University, Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Aarhus University, National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mary S Mufford
- Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Division of Human Genetics, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elliot C Nelson
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- University of Copenhagen, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sonya B Norman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA
- National Center for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Executive Division, White River Junction, VT, USA
| | - Nicole R Nugent
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Alpert Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Meaghan O'Donnell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Phoenix Australia, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Holly K Orcutt
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
| | - Pedro M Pan
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Psychiatry, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matthew S Panizzon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gita A Pathak
- VA Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Edward S Peters
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, College of Public Health, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Alan L Peterson
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Research and Development Service, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Matthew Peverill
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert H Pietrzak
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Melissa A Polusny
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Mental Health Service Line, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Care Delivery and Outcomes Research (CCDOR), Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Bernice Porjesz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Abigail Powers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xue-Jun Qin
- Duke University, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrew Ratanatharathorn
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailmain School of Public Health, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Victoria B Risbrough
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Research Service, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Andrea L Roberts
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alex O Rothbaum
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Research and Outcomes, Skyland Trail, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Barbara O Rothbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Peter Roy-Byrne
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kenneth J Ruggiero
- Department of Nursing, Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Ariane Rung
- Department of Epidemiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Public Health, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Heiko Runz
- Biogen Inc., Research & Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bart P F Rutten
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht Universitair Medisch Centrum, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Giovanni Abrahão Salum
- Child Mind Institute, New York City, NY, USA
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria de Desenvolvimento, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laura Sampson
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sixto E Sanchez
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
| | - Marcos Santoro
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Bioquímica-Disciplina de Biologia Molecular, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carina Seah
- Department of Genetic and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Stellenbosch University, SAMRC Extramural Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Julia S Seng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Women's and Gender Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Michigan, Institute for Research on Women and Gender, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Michigan, School of Nursing, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrey Shabalin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Christina M Sheerin
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Derrick Silove
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alicia K Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (PNGU), Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott R Sponheim
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Mental Health Service Line, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Dan J Stein
- University of Cape Town, Department of Psychiatry & Neuroscience Institute, SA MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Synne Stensland
- Oslo University Hospital, Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jennifer S Stevens
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Sumner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Martin H Teicher
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- McLean Hospital, Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Wesley K Thompson
- Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Roskilde, Denmark
- University of California San Diego, Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Arun K Tiwari
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Neurogenetics Section, Molecular Brain Science Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edward Trapido
- Department of Epidemiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Public Health, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Monica Uddin
- University of South Florida College of Public Health, Genomics Program, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Robert J Ursano
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Unnur Valdimarsdóttir
- Karolinska Institutet, Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
- University of Iceland, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Public Health Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Miranda Van Hooff
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Eric Vermetten
- ARQ Nationaal Psychotrauma Centrum, Psychotrauma Research Expert Group, Diemen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Christiaan H Vinkers
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Mood, Anxiety, Psychosis, Sleep & Stress Program, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joanne Voisey
- Queensland University of Technology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland University of Technology, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition (LCBC), Oslo, Norway
| | - Zhewu Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Mental Health, Ralph H Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Monika Waszczuk
- Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Heike Weber
- University Hospital of Würzburg, Center of Mental Health, Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Würzburg, Denmark
| | - Frank R Wendt
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Werge
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Copenhagen University Hospital, Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- University of Copenhagen, The Globe Institute, Lundbeck Foundation Center for Geogenetics, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michelle A Williams
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Douglas E Williamson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Research, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bendik S Winsvold
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, K. G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Trondheim, Norway
- Oslo University Hospital, Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sherry Winternitz
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Christiane Wolf
- University Hospital of Würzburg, Center of Mental Health, Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Würzburg, Denmark
| | - Erika J Wolf
- VA Boston Healthcare System, National Center for PTSD, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yan Xia
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ying Xiong
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rachel Yehuda
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
- Department of Mental Health, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Keith A Young
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Research Service, Temple, TX, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Ross McD Young
- Queensland University of Technology, School of Clinical Sciences, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
- University of the Sunshine Coast, The Chancellory, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Clement C Zai
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Neurogenetics Section, Molecular Brain Science Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gwyneth C Zai
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Neurogenetics Section, Molecular Brain Science Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, General Adult Psychiatry and Health Systems Division, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Zervas
- Cohen Veterans Bioscience, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lori A Zoellner
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John-Anker Zwart
- University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, K. G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Trondheim, Norway
- Oslo University Hospital, Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo, Norway
| | - Terri deRoon-Cassini
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma & Acute Care Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Sanne J H van Rooij
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Leigh L van den Heuvel
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- SAMRC Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Murray B Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Psychiatry Service, San Diego, CA, USA
- University of California San Diego, School of Public Health, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kerry J Ressler
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Karestan C Koenen
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (PNGU), Boston, MA, USA
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2
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Maihofer AX, Ratanatharathorn A, Hemmings SMJ, Costenbader KH, Michopoulos V, Polimanti R, Rothbaum AO, Seedat S, Mikita EA, Smith AK, Salem RM, Shaffer RA, Wu T, Sebat J, Ressler KJ, Stein MB, Koenen KC, Wolf EJ, Sumner JA, Nievergelt CM. Effects of genetically predicted posttraumatic stress disorder on autoimmune phenotypes. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:172. [PMID: 38561342 PMCID: PMC10984931 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02869-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Observational studies suggest that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) increases risk for various autoimmune diseases. Insights into shared biology and causal relationships between these diseases may inform intervention approaches to PTSD and co-morbid autoimmune conditions. We investigated the shared genetic contributions and causal relationships between PTSD, 18 autoimmune diseases, and 3 immune/inflammatory biomarkers. Univariate MiXeR was used to contrast the genetic architectures of phenotypes. Genetic correlations were estimated using linkage disequilibrium score regression. Bi-directional, two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) was performed using independent, genome-wide significant single nucleotide polymorphisms; inverse variance weighted and weighted median MR estimates were evaluated. Sensitivity analyses for uncorrelated (MR PRESSO) and correlated horizontal pleiotropy (CAUSE) were also performed. PTSD was considerably more polygenic (10,863 influential variants) than autoimmune diseases (median 255 influential variants). However, PTSD evidenced significant genetic correlation with nine autoimmune diseases and three inflammatory biomarkers. PTSD had putative causal effects on autoimmune thyroid disease (p = 0.00009) and C-reactive protein (CRP) (p = 4.3 × 10-7). Inferences were not substantially altered by sensitivity analyses. Additionally, the PTSD-autoimmune thyroid disease association remained significant in multivariable MR analysis adjusted for genetically predicted inflammatory biomarkers as potential mechanistic pathway variables. No autoimmune disease had a significant causal effect on PTSD (all p values > 0.05). Although causal effect models were supported for associations of PTSD with CRP, shared pleiotropy was adequate to explain a putative causal effect of CRP on PTSD (p = 0.18). In summary, our results suggest a significant genetic overlap between PTSD, autoimmune diseases, and biomarkers of inflammation. PTSD has a putative causal effect on autoimmune thyroid disease, consistent with existing epidemiologic evidence. A previously reported causal effect of CRP on PTSD is potentially confounded by shared genetics. Together, results highlight the nuanced links between PTSD, autoimmune disorders, and associated inflammatory signatures, and suggest the importance of targeting related pathways to protect against disease and disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam X Maihofer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA.
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Andrew Ratanatharathorn
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sian M J Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council/Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Karen H Costenbader
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vasiliki Michopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Renato Polimanti
- VA Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alex O Rothbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Research and Outcomes, Skyland Trail, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council/Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth A Mikita
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alicia K Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rany M Salem
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Richard A Shaffer
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Sciences, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Tianying Wu
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Sebat
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kerry J Ressler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Murray B Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Karestan C Koenen
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erika J Wolf
- VA Boston Healthcare System, National Center for PTSD, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Sumner
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Caroline M Nievergelt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
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3
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Rust C, Malan-Muller S, van den Heuvel LL, Tonge D, Seedat S, Pretorius E, Hemmings SMJ. Platelets bridging the gap between gut dysbiosis and neuroinflammation in stress-linked disorders: A narrative review. J Neuroimmunol 2023; 382:578155. [PMID: 37523892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
In this narrative review, we examine the association between gut dysbiosis, neuroinflammation, and stress-linked disorders, including depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and investigate whether tryptophan (TRP) metabolism and platelets play a role in this association. The mechanisms underlying the aetiology of stress-linked disorders are complex and not yet completely understood. However, a potential link between chronic inflammation and these disorders may potentially be found in TRP metabolism and platelets. By critically analysing existing literature on platelets, the gut microbiome, and stress-linked disorders, we hope to elicit the role of platelets in mediating the effects on serotonin (5-HT) levels and neuroinflammation. We have included studies specifically investigating platelets and TRP metabolism in relation to inflammation, neuroinflammation and neuropsychiatric disorders. Alteration in microbial composition due to stress could contribute to increased intestinal permeability, facilitating the translocation of microbial products, and triggering the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This causes platelets to become hyperactive and secrete 5-HT into the plasma. Increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines may also lead to increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), allowing inflammatory mediators entry into the brain, affecting the balance of TRP metabolism products, such as 5-HT, kynurenic acid (KYNA), and quinolinic acid (QUIN). These alterations may contribute to neuroinflammation and possible neurological damage. Furthermore, platelets can cross the compromised BBB and interact with astrocytes and neurons, leading to the secretion of 5-HT and pro-inflammatory factors, exacerbating inflammatory conditions in the brain. The mechanisms underlying neuroinflammation resulting from peripheral inflammation are still unclear, but the connection between the brain and gut through the bloodstream could be significant. Identifying peripheral biomarkers and mechanisms in the plasma that reflect neuroinflammation may be important. This review serves as a foundation for further research on the association between the gut microbiome, blood microbiome, and neuropsychiatric disorders. The integration of these findings with protein and metabolite markers in the blood may expand our understanding of the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlien Rust
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Unit, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Stefanie Malan-Muller
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Center of Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Neurochemistry Research Institute UCM, Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (Imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Leigh L van den Heuvel
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Unit, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Daniel Tonge
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Keele University, ST5 5BG Newcastle, England, UK
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Unit, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Sian M J Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Unit, Cape Town, South Africa
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4
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Moodley A, Womersley JS, Swart PC, van den Heuvel LL, Malan-Müller S, Seedat S, Hemmings SMJ. A network analysis investigating the associations between posttraumatic stress symptoms, markers of inflammation and metabolic syndrome. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 165:105-114. [PMID: 37487292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Chronic systemic inflammation has been implicated in trauma exposure, independent of a psychiatric diagnosis, and in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its highly comorbid conditions, such as metabolic syndrome (MetS). The present study used network analysis to examine the interacting associations between pro-inflammatory cytokines, posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms and symptom clusters, and individual components of MetS, in a cohort of 312 participants (n = 139 PTSD cases, n = 173 trauma-exposed controls). Pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured in serum samples using immunoturbidimetric and multiplex assays. Three network models were assessed, and the decision on which model to use was guided by network stability estimates and denseness. Weak negative associations were observed between interleukin one beta (IL-1β) and detachment (D6) and irritability (E1); tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and hypervigilance (E3); and C-reactive protein (CRP) and emotional cue reactivity (B4), which could be due to high cortisol levels present in a female-majority cohort. Network models also identified positive associations between CRP and waist circumference, blood pressure, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). The strongest association was observed between CRP and waist circumference, providing evidence that central obesity is an important inflammatory component of MetS. Some networks displayed high instability, which could be due to the small pool of participants with viable cytokine data. Overall, this study provides evidence for associations between inflammation, PTS symptoms and components of MetS. Future longitudinal studies measuring pro-inflammatory cytokines in the immediate aftermath of trauma are required to gain better insight into the role of inflammation in trauma-exposure and PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allegra Moodley
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Extramural Unit on the Genomics of Brain Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jacqueline S Womersley
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Extramural Unit on the Genomics of Brain Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Patricia C Swart
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Extramural Unit on the Genomics of Brain Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Leigh L van den Heuvel
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Extramural Unit on the Genomics of Brain Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Stefanie Malan-Müller
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Extramural Unit on the Genomics of Brain Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Center of Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Neurochemistry Research Institute UCM, Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (Imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Extramural Unit on the Genomics of Brain Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sian M J Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Extramural Unit on the Genomics of Brain Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Swart PC, Du Plessis M, Rust C, Womersley JS, van den Heuvel LL, Seedat S, Hemmings SMJ. Identifying genetic loci that are associated with changes in gene expression in PTSD in a South African cohort. J Neurochem 2023; 166:705-719. [PMID: 37522158 PMCID: PMC10953375 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are yet to be fully elucidated, especially in underrepresented population groups. Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) are DNA sequence variants that influence gene expression, in a local (cis-) or distal (trans-) manner, and subsequently impact cellular, tissue, and system physiology. This study aims to identify genetic loci associated with gene expression changes in a South African PTSD cohort. Genome-wide genotype and RNA-sequencing data were obtained from 32 trauma-exposed controls and 35 PTSD cases of mixed-ancestry, as part of the SHARED ROOTS project. The first approach utilised 108 937 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (MAF > 10%) and 11 312 genes with Matrix eQTL to map potential eQTLs, while controlling for covariates as appropriate. The second analysis was focused on 5638 SNPs related to a previously calculated PTSD polygenic risk score for this cohort. SNP-gene pairs were considered eQTLs if they surpassed Bonferroni correction and had a false discovery rate <0.05. We did not identify eQTLs that significantly influenced gene expression in a PTSD-dependent manner. However, several known cis-eQTLs, independent of PTSD diagnosis, were observed. rs8521 (C > T) was associated with TAGLN and SIDT2 expression, and rs11085906 (C > T) was associated with ZNF333 expression. This exploratory study provides insight into the molecular mechanisms associated with PTSD in a non-European, admixed sample population. This study was limited by the cross-sectional design and insufficient statistical power. Overall, this study should encourage further multi-omics approaches towards investigating PTSD in diverse populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia C. Swart
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesStellenbosch UniversityCape TownSouth Africa
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders UnitCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Morne Du Plessis
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesStellenbosch UniversityCape TownSouth Africa
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders UnitCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Carlien Rust
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesStellenbosch UniversityCape TownSouth Africa
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders UnitCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Jacqueline S. Womersley
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesStellenbosch UniversityCape TownSouth Africa
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders UnitCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Leigh L. van den Heuvel
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesStellenbosch UniversityCape TownSouth Africa
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders UnitCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesStellenbosch UniversityCape TownSouth Africa
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders UnitCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Sian M. J. Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesStellenbosch UniversityCape TownSouth Africa
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders UnitCape TownSouth Africa
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6
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Womersley JS, Roeh S, Martin L, Ahmed-Leitao F, Sauer S, Rex-Haffner M, Hemmings SMJ, Binder EB, Seedat S. FKBP5 intron 7 methylation is associated with higher anxiety proneness and smaller right thalamus volume in adolescents. Brain Struct Funct 2022; 227:2809-2820. [PMID: 36197505 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-022-02577-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of stress response systems may mediate the detrimental effects of childhood trauma (CT) on mental health. FKBP5 regulates glucocorticoid receptor sensitivity and exerts pleiotropic effects on intracellular signaling, neurobiology and behavior. We investigated whether CT, alone and in combination with rs1360780 genotype, is associated with altered FKBP5 methylation and whether CT-associated methylation profiles are associated with anxiety proneness (AP) and structural brain volumes. Ninety-four adolescents completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and a composite AP score was generated from the Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait measure. Mean methylation values for 12 regulatory regions and 25 individual CpG sites were determined using high-accuracy measurement via targeted bisulfite sequencing. FKBP5 rs1360780 genotype and structural MRI data were available for a subset of participants (n = 71 and n = 75, respectively). Regression models revealed an inverse association between methylation of three intron 7 CpG sites (35558438, 35558566 and 35558710) and right thalamus volume. CpG35558438 methylation was positively associated with AP scores. Our data indicate that an intron 7 methylation profile, consistent with lower FKBP5 expression and elevated high sensitivity glucocorticoid receptor levels, is associated with higher AP and smaller right thalamus volume. Research into the mechanisms underlying the intron 7 methylation-thalamus volume relationship, and whether it confers increased risk for long-term psychopathology by altering the regulatory threshold of stress responding, is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline S Womersley
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa. .,South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa. .,Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
| | - Simone Roeh
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Lindi Martin
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Fatima Ahmed-Leitao
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Susann Sauer
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Monika Rex-Haffner
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Sian M J Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.,South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elisabeth B Binder
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.,South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.,South African Research Chairs Initiative (SARChI) in PTSD, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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7
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Ryklief Z, Suliman S, Hemmings SMJ, van den Heuvel LL, Seedat S. Rates of and factors associated with atopy and allergies in posttraumatic stress disorder as compared to controls. J Psychosom Res 2022; 158:110938. [PMID: 35580455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.110938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several studies suggest a relationship between atopy and psychiatric disorders, but few have investigated the association between atopic conditions and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We sought to compare the rates of atopy and allergies in a South African case-control study of 220 patients with PTSD (mean age 41.7 years, SD = 11.7) and 196 trauma exposed controls (TEC, mean age 45.4 years, SD = 14.7) conducted in Cape Town, South Africa from May 2014 to June 2017. METHODS Self-reported atopic conditions and allergies were regressed on PTSD, as determined with the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5), in multivariate logistic regression models, controlling for age, gender, body mass index, physical activity, lifetime and childhood trauma, and time since index trauma. RESULTS Rates of lifetime atopy (p = 0.03), current asthma (p = 0.04), lifetime allergic rhinitis (p = 0.002), and current allergic rhinitis (p = 0.004) were significantly higher in patients than TEC on bivariate analysis. On multivariate analysis, rates of current atopy (Cohen's d = 0.26, p = 0.04) and current allergic rhinitis (Cohen's d = 0.34, p = 0.012) were significantly higher in patients with PTSD than in TEC. Current eczema (p = 0.24), current asthma (p = 0.26), and allergies (p = 0.59) were not associated with PTSD. CONCLUSIONS Rates of atopy are higher in participants with PTSD than TEC, and this effect is related to higher rates of allergic rhinitis. Further studies are needed to elucidate the pathways linking allergic rhinitis and PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulfa Ryklief
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg 7505, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sharain Suliman
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg 7505, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sian M J Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg 7505, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Leigh L van den Heuvel
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg 7505, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg 7505, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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8
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Hemmings SMJ, Swart P, Womersely JS, Ovenden ES, van den Heuvel LL, McGregor NW, Meier S, Bardien S, Abrahams S, Tromp G, Emsley R, Carr J, Seedat S. RNA-seq analysis of gene expression profiles in posttraumatic stress disorder, Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia identifies roles for common and distinct biological pathways. Discov Ment Health 2022; 2:6. [PMID: 37861850 PMCID: PMC10501040 DOI: 10.1007/s44192-022-00009-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that shared pathophysiological mechanisms in neuropsychiatric disorders (NPDs) may contribute to risk and resilience. We used single-gene and network-level transcriptomic approaches to investigate shared and disorder-specific processes underlying posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and schizophrenia in a South African sample. RNA-seq was performed on blood obtained from cases and controls from each cohort. Gene expression and weighted gene correlation network analyses (WGCNA) were performed using DESeq2 and CEMiTool, respectively. Significant differences in gene expression were limited to the PTSD cohort. However, WGCNA implicated, amongst others, ribosomal expression, inflammation and ubiquitination as key players in the NPDs under investigation. Differential expression in ribosomal-related pathways was observed in the PTSD and PD cohorts, and focal adhesion and extracellular matrix pathways were implicated in PD and schizophrenia. We propose that, despite different phenotypic presentations, core transdiagnostic mechanisms may play important roles in the molecular aetiology of NPDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian M J Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa.
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Patricia Swart
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jacqueline S Womersely
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ellen S Ovenden
- Systems Genetics Working Group, Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Leigh L van den Heuvel
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nathaniel W McGregor
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
- Systems Genetics Working Group, Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Stuart Meier
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Tuberculosis Bioinformatics Initiative, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Soraya Bardien
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shameemah Abrahams
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gerard Tromp
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Tuberculosis Bioinformatics Initiative, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Robin Emsley
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Carr
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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9
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Womersley JS, Xulu KR, Sommer J, Hinsberger M, Kidd M, Elbert T, Weierstall R, Kaminer D, Malan-Müller S, Seedat S, M J Hemmings S. Associations between telomere length and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and appetitive aggression in trauma-exposed men. Neurosci Lett 2021; 769:136388. [PMID: 34890718 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to community violence is common in South Africa and negatively impacts on biopsychosocial health. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterised by symptoms of intrusion, avoidance, hypervigilance and negative alterations in cognition and mood, and can develop consequent to trauma exposure. Individuals who repeatedly experience and witness violence may also come to view it as appealing and rewarding. This appetitive aggression (AA) increases the likelihood of perpetrating violence. Telomeres are repetitive nucleotide sequences that protect the ends of chromosomes. Telomere length (TL) attrition is a stress-sensitive marker of biological aging that has been associated with a range of psychiatric disorders. This study investigated the cross-sectional relationship between TL and symptoms of PTSD and AA in South African men residing in areas with high community violence. PTSD and AA symptom severity was assessed in 290 men using the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Scale - Interview (PSS-I) and Appetitive Aggression Scale (AAS), respectively. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed on DNA extracted from saliva and used to calculate relative TL (rTL). Regression models were used to assess the relationships between rTL and PSS-I and AAS scores. Network analyses using EBIC glasso methods were performed using rTL and items from each of the AAS and PSS-I measures. Both PSS-I (p = 0.023) and AAS (p = 0.016) scores were positively associated with rTL. Network analyses indicated that rTL was weakly related to two PSS-I and five AAS items but performed poorly on indicators of centrality and was not strongly associated with measure items either directly or indirectly. The positive association between rTL and measures of AA and PTSD may be due to the induction of protective homeostatic mechanisms, which reduce TL attrition, following early life trauma exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline S Womersley
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council / Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Khethelo R Xulu
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Jessica Sommer
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
| | | | - Martin Kidd
- Centre for Statistical Consultation, Department of Statistics & Actuarial Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
| | - Thomas Elbert
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Roland Weierstall
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany; Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Oberberg Clinics, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Debbie Kaminer
- Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Stefanie Malan-Müller
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council / Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Sian M J Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council / Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
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10
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Sumner JA, Maihofer AX, Michopoulos V, Rothbaum AO, Almli LM, Andreassen OA, Ashley-Koch AE, Baker DG, Beckham JC, Bradley B, Breen G, Coleman JRI, Dale AM, Dennis MF, Feeny NC, Franz CE, Garrett ME, Gillespie CF, Guffanti G, Hauser MA, Hemmings SMJ, Jovanovic T, Kimbrel NA, Kremen WS, Lawford BR, Logue MW, Lori A, Lyons MJ, Maples-Keller J, Mavissakalian MR, McGlinchey RE, Mehta D, Mellor R, Milberg W, Miller MW, Morris CP, Panizzon MS, Ressler KJ, Risbrough VB, Rothbaum BO, Roy-Byrne P, Seedat S, Smith AK, Stevens JS, van den Heuvel LL, Voisey J, Young RM, Zoellner LA, Nievergelt CM, Wolf EJ. Examining Individual and Synergistic Contributions of PTSD and Genetics to Blood Pressure: A Trans-Ethnic Meta-Analysis. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:678503. [PMID: 34248484 PMCID: PMC8262489 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.678503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing research suggests that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may be a risk factor for poor cardiovascular health, and yet our understanding of who might be at greatest risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes after trauma is limited. In this study, we conducted the first examination of the individual and synergistic contributions of PTSD symptoms and blood pressure genetics to continuous blood pressure levels. We harnessed the power of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium-PTSD Physical Health Working Group and investigated these associations across 11 studies of 72,224 trauma-exposed individuals of European (n = 70,870) and African (n = 1,354) ancestry. Genetic contributions to blood pressure were modeled via polygenic scores (PGS) for systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) that were derived from a prior trans-ethnic blood pressure genome-wide association study (GWAS). Results of trans-ethnic meta-analyses revealed significant main effects of the PGS on blood pressure levels [SBP: β = 2.83, standard error (SE) = 0.06, p < 1E-20; DBP: β = 1.32, SE = 0.04, p < 1E-20]. Significant main effects of PTSD symptoms were also detected for SBP and DBP in trans-ethnic meta-analyses, though there was significant heterogeneity in these results. When including data from the largest contributing study - United Kingdom Biobank - PTSD symptoms were negatively associated with SBP levels (β = -1.46, SE = 0.44, p = 9.8E-4) and positively associated with DBP levels (β = 0.70, SE = 0.26, p = 8.1E-3). However, when excluding the United Kingdom Biobank cohort in trans-ethnic meta-analyses, there was a nominally significant positive association between PTSD symptoms and SBP levels (β = 2.81, SE = 1.13, p = 0.01); no significant association was observed for DBP (β = 0.43, SE = 0.78, p = 0.58). Blood pressure PGS did not significantly moderate the associations between PTSD symptoms and blood pressure levels in meta-analyses. Additional research is needed to better understand the extent to which PTSD is associated with high blood pressure and how genetic as well as contextual factors may play a role in influencing cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Sumner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Jennifer A. Sumner,
| | - Adam X. Maihofer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (CESAMH), San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Vasiliki Michopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Alex O. Rothbaum
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Lynn M. Almli
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Dewleen G. Baker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (CESAMH), San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Jean C. Beckham
- Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC, United States,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States,VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Genetics Research Laboratory, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Bekh Bradley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States,Atlanta VA Health Care System, Decatur, GA, United States
| | - Gerome Breen
- Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom,NIHR BRC at the Maudsley, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R. I. Coleman
- Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom,NIHR BRC at the Maudsley, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anders M. Dale
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States,Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Michelle F. Dennis
- Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC, United States,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States,VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Genetics Research Laboratory, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Norah C. Feeny
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Carol E. Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Melanie E. Garrett
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Charles F. Gillespie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Guia Guffanti
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States,McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Michael A. Hauser
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sian M. J. Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa,South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tanja Jovanovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Nathan A. Kimbrel
- Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC, United States,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States,VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Genetics Research Laboratory, Durham, NC, United States
| | - William S. Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (CESAMH), San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Bruce R. Lawford
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark W. Logue
- National Center for PTSD, Behavioral Science Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States,Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States,Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States,Biomedical Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Adriana Lori
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Michael J. Lyons
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jessica Maples-Keller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | | | - Divya Mehta
- Center for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Rebecca Mellor
- Gallipoli Medical Research Foundation, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - William Milberg
- GRECC/TRACTS, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mark W. Miller
- National Center for PTSD, Behavioral Science Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States,Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Charles Phillip Morris
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Matthew S. Panizzon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Kerry J. Ressler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States,McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Victoria B. Risbrough
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (CESAMH), San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Barbara O. Rothbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Peter Roy-Byrne
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa,South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alicia K. Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jennifer S. Stevens
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Leigh Luella van den Heuvel
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa,South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Joanne Voisey
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia,Center for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Ross McD Young
- School of Psychology and Counseling, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Lori A. Zoellner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Caroline M. Nievergelt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (CESAMH), San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Erika J. Wolf
- National Center for PTSD, Behavioral Science Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States,Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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11
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Swart PC, van den Heuvel LL, Lewis CM, Seedat S, Hemmings SMJ. A Genome-Wide Association Study and Polygenic Risk Score Analysis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Metabolic Syndrome in a South African Population. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:677800. [PMID: 34177453 PMCID: PMC8222611 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.677800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a trauma-related disorder that frequently co-occurs with metabolic syndrome (MetS). MetS is characterized by obesity, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. To provide insight into these co-morbidities, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis to identify genetic variants associated with PTSD, and determined if PTSD polygenic risk scores (PRS) could predict PTSD and MetS in a South African mixed-ancestry sample. The GWAS meta-analysis of PTSD participants (n = 260) and controls (n = 343) revealed no SNPs of genome-wide significance. However, several independent loci, as well as five SNPs in the PARK2 gene, were suggestively associated with PTSD (p < 5 × 10-6). PTSD-PRS was associated with PTSD diagnosis (Nagelkerke's pseudo R 2 = 0.0131, p = 0.00786), PTSD symptom severity [as measured by CAPS-5 total score (R 2 = 0.00856, p = 0.0367) and PCL-5 score (R 2 = 0.00737, p = 0.0353)], and MetS (Nagelkerke's pseudo R 2 = 0.00969, p = 0.0217). These findings suggest an association between PTSD and PARK2, corresponding with results from the largest PTSD-GWAS conducted to date. PRS analysis suggests that genetic variants associated with PTSD are also involved in the development of MetS. Overall, the results contribute to a broader goal of increasing diversity in psychiatric genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia C. Swart
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council, Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Leigh L. van den Heuvel
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council, Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Cathryn M. Lewis
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council, Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sian M. J. Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council, Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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12
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Muniz Carvalho C, Wendt FR, Maihofer AX, Stein DJ, Stein MB, Sumner JA, Hemmings SMJ, Nievergelt CM, Koenen KC, Gelernter J, Belangero SI, Polimanti R. Dissecting the genetic association of C-reactive protein with PTSD, traumatic events, and social support. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:1071-1077. [PMID: 32179874 PMCID: PMC8115274 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0655-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein (CRP) have been associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and traumatic experiences, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We investigated the relationship among serum CRP, PTSD, and traits related to traumatic events and social support using genetic association data from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (23,185 PTSD cases and 151,309 controls), the UK Biobank (UKB; up to 117,900 individuals), and the CHARGE study (Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology, 148,164 individual). Linkage disequilibrium score regression, polygenic risk scoring, and two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses were used to investigate genetic overlap and causal relationships. Genetic correlations of CRP were observed with PTSD (rg = 0.16, p = 0.026) and traits related to traumatic events, and the presence of social support (-0.28 < rg < 0.20; p < 0.008). We observed a bidirectional association between CRP and PTSD (CRP → PTSD: β = 0.065, p = 0.015; PTSD → CRP: β = 0.008, p = 0.009). CRP also showed a negative association with the "felt loved as a child" trait (UKB, β = -0.017, p = 0.008). Owing to the known association of socioeconomic status (SES) on PTSD, a multivariable MR was performed to investigate SES as potential mediator. We found that household income (univariate MR: β = -0.22, p = 1.57 × 10-7; multivariate MR: β = -0.17, p = 0.005) and deprivation index (univariate MR: β = 0.38, p = 1.63 × 10-9; multivariate MR: β = 0.27, p = 0.016) were driving the causal estimates of "felt loved as a child" and CRP on PTSD. The present findings highlight a bidirectional genetic association between PTSD and CRP, also suggesting a potential role of SES in the interplay between childhood support and inflammatory processes with respect to PTSD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Muniz Carvalho
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Genetics Division, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Frank R Wendt
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Adam X Maihofer
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Dan J Stein
- MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Murray B Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Psychiatry Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Sumner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sian M J Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Caroline M Nievergelt
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Karestan C Koenen
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
- Departments of Genetics and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Sintia I Belangero
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Genetics Division, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renato Polimanti
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA.
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13
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Kalungi A, Womersley JS, Kinyanda E, Joloba ML, Ssembajjwe W, Nsubuga RN, Seedat S, Hemmings SMJ. The 5-HTTLPR-rs25531 S-A-S-A Haplotype and Chronic Stress Moderate the Association Between Acute Stress and Internalizing Mental Disorders Among HIV+ Children and Adolescents in Uganda. Front Genet 2021; 12:649055. [PMID: 33968131 PMCID: PMC8104030 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.649055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Internalizing mental disorders (IMDs) among HIV-positive (HIV+) children and adolescents are associated with poor disease outcomes, such as faster HIV disease progression. Although it has been suggested that the development of IMDs is moderated by interaction of stressful life events and vulnerability factors, the underlying etiology is largely unknown. Serotonin transporter gene [solute carrier family 6 member A4 (SLC6A4)] and human tryptophan hydroxylase 2 gene (TPH2) polymorphisms have been implicated in the development of IMDs. This study investigated the association between acute stress and IMDs, and moderation by chronic stress and genetic variants in SLC6A4 and TPH2. Hypothesis: Acute stress acts through genetic and environmental vulnerability factors to increase the risk of developing IMDs. Methods: Polymorphisms in SLC6A4 (5-HTTLPR, rs25531, 5-HTTLPR-rs25531, and STin2 VNTR) and TPH2 (rs1843809, rs1386494, rs4570625, and rs34517220) were genotyped in 368 HIV+ children and adolescents (aged 5-17 years) with any internalizing mental disorder (depression, anxiety disorders, or posttraumatic stress disorder), and 368 age- and sex-matched controls, who were also HIV+. Chronic and acute stress categories were derived by hierarchical cluster analysis. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the independent moderating effect of chronic stress and each selected polymorphism on the association between acute stress and IMDs. Results: We observed a statistically significant association between severe acute stress and IMDs (p = 0.001). Children and adolescents who experienced severe acute stress were twice as likely to develop IMDs, compared to children and adolescents who experienced mild acute stress (p = 0.001). Chronic stress interacted with severe acute stress to increase the risk of IMDs (p = 0.033). Acute stress was found to interact with 5-HTTLPR-rs25531 S-A-S-A haplotype to increase the risk for IMDs among Ugandan HIV+ children and adolescents (p = 0.049). We found no evidence for a combined interaction of acute stress, chronic stress, and 5-HTTLPR-rs25531 on IMDs. Conclusion: The odds of having an internalizing mental disorder (IMD) were higher among HIV+ children and adolescents who experienced severe acute stress compared to HIV+ children and adolescents who experienced mild acute stress. Chronic stress and 5-HTTLPR-rs25531 independently moderated the association between acute stress and IMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Kalungi
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Mental Health Project, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Psychiatry, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jacqueline S. Womersley
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Eugene Kinyanda
- Mental Health Project, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Psychiatry, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Moses L. Joloba
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Wilber Ssembajjwe
- Mental Health Project, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Statistics and Data Science Section, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Rebecca N. Nsubuga
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Statistics and Data Science Section, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sian M. J. Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Cape Town, South Africa
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14
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Kalungi A, Kinyanda E, Womersley JS, Joloba ML, Ssembajjwe W, Nsubuga RN, Kaleebu P, Levin J, Kidd M, Seedat S, Hemmings SMJ. TERT rs2736100 and TERC rs16847897 genotypes moderate the association between internalizing mental disorders and accelerated telomere length attrition among HIV+ children and adolescents in Uganda. BMC Med Genomics 2021; 14:15. [PMID: 33407441 PMCID: PMC7789327 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-020-00857-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Internalizing mental disorders (IMDs) (depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder) have been associated with accelerated telomere length (TL) attrition; however, this association has not been investigated in the context of genetic variation that has been found to influence TL. We have previously reported an association between IMDs and accelerated TL attrition among Ugandan HIV+ children and adolescents. This study investigated the moderating effects of selected single nucleotide polymorphisms in the telomerase reverse transcriptase gene (TERT) (rs2736100, rs7726159, rs10069690 and rs2853669) and the telomerase RNA component gene (TERC) (rs12696304, rs16847897 and rs10936599) on the association between IMDs and TL, among Ugandan HIV+ children (aged 5-11 years) and adolescents (aged 12-17 years). RESULTS We found no significant interaction between IMDs as a group and any of the selected SNPs on TL at baseline. We observed significant interactions of IMDs with TERT rs2736100 (p = 0.007) and TERC rs16847897 (p = 0.012), respectively, on TL at 12 months. CONCLUSIONS TERT rs2736100 and TERC rs16847897 moderate the association between IMDs and TL among Ugandan HIV+ children and adolescents at 12 months. Understanding the nature of this association may shed light on the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying advanced cellular aging in IMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Kalungi
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Mental Health Section, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Eugene Kinyanda
- Mental Health Section, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jacqueline S Womersley
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Moses L Joloba
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Wilber Ssembajjwe
- Mental Health Section, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Statistics and Data Science Section, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Rebecca N Nsubuga
- Statistics and Data Science Section, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | - Jonathan Levin
- School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Martin Kidd
- Centre for Statistical Consultation, Department of Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sian M J Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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15
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Xulu KR, Womersley JS, Sommer J, Hinsberger M, Elbert T, Weierstall R, Kaminer D, Malan-Müller S, Seedat S, Hemmings SMJ. DNA methylation and psychotherapy response in trauma-exposed men with appetitive aggression. Psychiatry Res 2021; 295:113608. [PMID: 33290938 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to violence can lead to appetitive aggression (AA), the positive feeling and fascination associated with violence, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), characterised by hyperarousal, reexperience and feelings of ongoing threat. Psychotherapeutic interventions may act via DNA methylation, an environmentally sensitive epigenetic mechanism that can influence gene expression. We investigated epigenetic signatures of psychotherapy for PTSD and AA symptoms in South African men with chronic trauma exposure. Participants were assigned to one of three groups: narrative exposure therapy for forensic offender rehabilitation (FORNET), cognitive behavioural therapy or waiting list control (n = 9-10/group). Participants provided saliva and completed the Appetitive Aggression Scale and PTSD Symptom Severity Index at baseline, 8-month and 16-month follow-up. The relationship, over time, between methylation in 22 gene promoter region sites, symptom scores, and treatment was assessed using linear mixed models. Compared to baseline, PTSD and AA symptom severity were significantly reduced at 8 and 16 months, respectively, in the FORNET group. Increased methylation of genes implicated in dopaminergic neurotransmission (NR4A2) and synaptic plasticity (AUTS2) was associated with reduced PTSD symptom severity in participants receiving FORNET. Analyses across participants revealed a proportional relationship between AA and methylation of TFAM, a gene involved in mitochondrial biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khethelo R Xulu
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Jacqueline S Womersley
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council / Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Jessica Sommer
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
| | | | - Thomas Elbert
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Roland Weierstall
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany; Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Debbie Kaminer
- Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Stefanie Malan-Müller
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council / Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Sian M J Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council / Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
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16
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Womersley JS, Clauss LB, Varathan O, Engelbrecht S, Hemmings SMJ, Seedat S, Spies G. The effect of childhood trauma, ApoE genotype and HIV-1 viral protein R variants on change in cognitive performance. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:828. [PMID: 31881924 PMCID: PMC6935155 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4869-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gene-environment interactions contribute to the development of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. We examined whether childhood trauma, apolipoprotein E isoforms and viral protein R (Vpr) variants were associated with change in cognitive performance. Seventy-three seropositive women completed neuropsychological assessments at baseline and 1-year follow-up. We conducted genetic analyses using DNA obtained from blood and calculated risk scores based on Vpr amino acid 37, 41 and 55 variants that were previously associated with cognitive performance. RESULTS Global cognitive scores declined significantly over the 1-year study period (p = 0.029). A reduction in global cognitive scores was associated with childhood trauma experience (p = 0.039).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline S Womersley
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa.
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa.
| | - Lara B Clauss
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
- Joint Master in Neuroscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Olivette Varathan
- Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
| | - Susan Engelbrecht
- Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS), Tygerberg Coastal, Tygerberg, Western Cape Region, South Africa
| | - Sian M J Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
| | - Georgina Spies
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
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17
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Scheepers IM, Cryan JF, Bastiaanssen TFS, Rea K, Clarke G, Jaspan HB, Harvey BH, Hemmings SMJ, Santana L, van der Sluis R, Malan-Müller S, Wolmarans DW. Natural compulsive-like behaviour in the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii) is associated with altered gut microbiota composition. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 51:1419-1427. [PMID: 31663195 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a psychiatric illness that significantly impacts affected patients and available treatments yield suboptimal therapeutic response. Recently, the role of the gut-brain axis (GBA) in psychiatric illness has emerged as a potential target for therapeutic exploration. However, studies concerning the role of the GBA in OCD are limited. To investigate whether a naturally occurring obsessive-compulsive-like phenotype in a rodent model, that is large nest building in deer mice, is associated with perturbations in the gut microbiome, we investigated and characterised the gut microbiota in specific-pathogen-free bred and housed large (LNB) and normal (NNB) nest-building deer mice of both sexes (n = 11 per group, including three males and eight females). Following baseline characterisation of nest-building behaviour, a single faecal sample was collected from each animal and the gut microbiota analysed. Our results reveal the overall microbial composition of LNB animals to be distinctly different compared to controls (PERMANOVA p < .05). While no genera were found to be significantly differentially abundant after correcting for multiple comparisons, the normal phenotype showed a higher loading of Prevotella and Anaeroplasma, while the OC phenotype demonstrated a higher loading of Desulfovermiculus, Aestuariispira, Peptococcus and Holdemanella (cut-off threshold for loading at 0.2 in either the first or second component of the PCA). These findings not only provide proof-of-concept for continued investigation of the GBA in OCD, but also highlight a potential underlying aetiological association between alterations in the gut microbiota and the natural development of obsessive-compulsive-like behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella M Scheepers
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North West-University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Thomaz F S Bastiaanssen
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kieran Rea
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Heather B Jaspan
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brian H Harvey
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North West-University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.,MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sian M J Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Leonard Santana
- Unit for Business Mathematics and Informatics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Rencia van der Sluis
- Focus area for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | | | - De Wet Wolmarans
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North West-University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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18
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Nievergelt CM, Maihofer AX, Klengel T, Atkinson EG, Chen CY, Choi KW, Coleman JRI, Dalvie S, Duncan LE, Gelernter J, Levey DF, Logue MW, Polimanti R, Provost AC, Ratanatharathorn A, Stein MB, Torres K, Aiello AE, Almli LM, Amstadter AB, Andersen SB, Andreassen OA, Arbisi PA, Ashley-Koch AE, Austin SB, Avdibegovic E, Babić D, Bækvad-Hansen M, Baker DG, Beckham JC, Bierut LJ, Bisson JI, Boks MP, Bolger EA, Børglum AD, Bradley B, Brashear M, Breen G, Bryant RA, Bustamante AC, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Calabrese JR, Caldas-de-Almeida JM, Dale AM, Daly MJ, Daskalakis NP, Deckert J, Delahanty DL, Dennis MF, Disner SG, Domschke K, Dzubur-Kulenovic A, Erbes CR, Evans A, Farrer LA, Feeny NC, Flory JD, Forbes D, Franz CE, Galea S, Garrett ME, Gelaye B, Geuze E, Gillespie C, Uka AG, Gordon SD, Guffanti G, Hammamieh R, Harnal S, Hauser MA, Heath AC, Hemmings SMJ, Hougaard DM, Jakovljevic M, Jett M, Johnson EO, Jones I, Jovanovic T, Qin XJ, Junglen AG, Karstoft KI, Kaufman ML, Kessler RC, Khan A, Kimbrel NA, King AP, Koen N, Kranzler HR, Kremen WS, Lawford BR, Lebois LAM, Lewis CE, Linnstaedt SD, Lori A, Lugonja B, Luykx JJ, Lyons MJ, Maples-Keller J, Marmar C, Martin AR, Martin NG, Maurer D, Mavissakalian MR, McFarlane A, McGlinchey RE, McLaughlin KA, McLean SA, McLeay S, Mehta D, Milberg WP, Miller MW, Morey RA, Morris CP, Mors O, Mortensen PB, Neale BM, Nelson EC, Nordentoft M, Norman SB, O'Donnell M, Orcutt HK, Panizzon MS, Peters ES, Peterson AL, Peverill M, Pietrzak RH, Polusny MA, Rice JP, Ripke S, Risbrough VB, Roberts AL, Rothbaum AO, Rothbaum BO, Roy-Byrne P, Ruggiero K, Rung A, Rutten BPF, Saccone NL, Sanchez SE, Schijven D, Seedat S, Seligowski AV, Seng JS, Sheerin CM, Silove D, Smith AK, Smoller JW, Sponheim SR, Stein DJ, Stevens JS, Sumner JA, Teicher MH, Thompson WK, Trapido E, Uddin M, Ursano RJ, van den Heuvel LL, Van Hooff M, Vermetten E, Vinkers CH, Voisey J, Wang Y, Wang Z, Werge T, Williams MA, Williamson DE, Winternitz S, Wolf C, Wolf EJ, Wolff JD, Yehuda R, Young RM, Young KA, Zhao H, Zoellner LA, Liberzon I, Ressler KJ, Haas M, Koenen KC. International meta-analysis of PTSD genome-wide association studies identifies sex- and ancestry-specific genetic risk loci. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4558. [PMID: 31594949 PMCID: PMC6783435 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12576-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following trauma is heritable, but robust common variants have yet to be identified. In a multi-ethnic cohort including over 30,000 PTSD cases and 170,000 controls we conduct a genome-wide association study of PTSD. We demonstrate SNP-based heritability estimates of 5-20%, varying by sex. Three genome-wide significant loci are identified, 2 in European and 1 in African-ancestry analyses. Analyses stratified by sex implicate 3 additional loci in men. Along with other novel genes and non-coding RNAs, a Parkinson's disease gene involved in dopamine regulation, PARK2, is associated with PTSD. Finally, we demonstrate that polygenic risk for PTSD is significantly predictive of re-experiencing symptoms in the Million Veteran Program dataset, although specific loci did not replicate. These results demonstrate the role of genetic variation in the biology of risk for PTSD and highlight the necessity of conducting sex-stratified analyses and expanding GWAS beyond European ancestry populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Nievergelt
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA.
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Research Service, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Adam X Maihofer
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Research Service, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Torsten Klengel
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- University Medical Center Goettingen, Department of Psychiatry, Göttingen, DE, Germany
| | - Elizabeth G Atkinson
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chia-Yen Chen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (PNGU), Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karmel W Choi
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan R I Coleman
- King's College London, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, GB, USA
- King's College London, NIHR BRC at the Maudsley, London, GB, USA
| | - Shareefa Dalvie
- University of Cape Town, SA MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Cape Town, Western Cape, ZA, USA
| | - Laramie E Duncan
- Stanford University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joel Gelernter
- US Department of Veterans Affairs, Department of Psychiatry, West Haven, CT, USA
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Genetics and Neuroscience, New Haven, CT, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Daniel F Levey
- VA Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mark W Logue
- VA Boston Healthcare System, National Center for PTSD, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Renato Polimanti
- VA Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, USA
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Murray B Stein
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Million Veteran Program, San Diego, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Psychiatry Service, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Katy Torres
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Research Service, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Allison E Aiello
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lynn M Almli
- Emory University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ananda B Amstadter
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Søren B Andersen
- The Danish Veteran Centre, Research and Knowledge Centre, Ringsted, Sjaelland, Denmark
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, NO, Norway
| | - Paul A Arbisi
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Mental Health Service Line, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - S Bryn Austin
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Esmina Avdibegovic
- University Clinical Center of Tuzla, Department of Psychiatry, Tuzla, BA, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Dragan Babić
- University Clinical Center of Mostar, Department of Psychiatry, Mostar, BA, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Marie Bækvad-Hansen
- Statens Serum Institut, Department for Congenital Disorders, Copenhagen, DK, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, DK, Denmark
| | - Dewleen G Baker
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Psychiatry Service, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jean C Beckham
- Durham VA Medical Center, Research, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
- VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Genetics Research Laboratory, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Laura J Bierut
- Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jonathan I Bisson
- Cardiff University, National Centre for Mental Health, MRC Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, UK
| | - Marco P Boks
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Utrecht, Utrecht, NL, Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth A Bolger
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Anders D Børglum
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, DK, Denmark
- Aarhus University, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus, DK, Denmark
- Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine - Human Genetics, Aarhus, DK, Denmark
| | - Bekh Bradley
- Emory University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Atlanta VA Health Care System, Mental Health Service Line, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Megan Brashear
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Public Health and Department of Epidemiology, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Gerome Breen
- King's College London, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, GB, USA
- King's College London, NIHR BRC at the Maudsley, London, GB, USA
| | - Richard A Bryant
- University of New South Wales, Department of Psychology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Angela C Bustamante
- University of Michigan Medical School, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm
- Statens Serum Institut, Department for Congenital Disorders, Copenhagen, DK, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, DK, Denmark
| | | | - José M Caldas-de-Almeida
- CEDOC -Chronic Diseases Research Centre, Lisbon Institute of Global Mental Health, Lisbon, PT, Portugal
| | - Anders M Dale
- University of California San Diego, Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosciences, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark J Daly
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (PNGU), Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nikolaos P Daskalakis
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Cohen Veterans Bioscience, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jürgen Deckert
- University Hospital of Würzburg, Center of Mental Health, Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Würzburg, DE, Germany
| | - Douglas L Delahanty
- Kent State University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent, OH, USA
- Kent State University, Research and Sponsored Programs, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Michelle F Dennis
- Durham VA Medical Center, Research, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
- VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Genetics Research Laboratory, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Seth G Disner
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Research Service Line, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Katharina Domschke
- Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Freiburg, DE, Germany
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Basics in Neuromodulation, Freiburg, DE, Germany
| | - Alma Dzubur-Kulenovic
- University Clinical Center of Sarajevo, Department of Psychiatry, Sarajevo, BA, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Christopher R Erbes
- University of Minnesota, Department of Psychiatry, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Center for Care Delivery and Outcomes Research (CCDOR), Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Alexandra Evans
- Cardiff University, National Centre for Mental Health, MRC Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, GB, USA
| | - Lindsay A Farrer
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Norah C Feeny
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Janine D Flory
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Forbes
- University of Melbourne, Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne, VIC, AU, USA
| | - Carol E Franz
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sandro Galea
- Boston University, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Melanie E Garrett
- Duke University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bizu Gelaye
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elbert Geuze
- Netherlands Ministry of Defence, Brain Research and Innovation Centre, Utrecht, Utrecht, NL, Netherlands
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, Utrecht, Utrecht, NL, Netherlands
| | - Charles Gillespie
- Emory University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Aferdita Goci Uka
- University Clinical Centre of Kosovo, Department of Psychiatry, Prishtina, Kosovo, XK, USA
| | - Scott D Gordon
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Guia Guffanti
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Rasha Hammamieh
- US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, USACEHR, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Supriya Harnal
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael A Hauser
- Duke University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sian M J Hemmings
- Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Cape Town, Western Cape, ZA, South Africa
| | - David Michael Hougaard
- Statens Serum Institut, Department for Congenital Disorders, Copenhagen, DK, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, DK, Denmark
| | - Miro Jakovljevic
- University Hospital Center of Zagreb, Department of Psychiatry, Zagreb, HR, USA
| | - Marti Jett
- US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, USACEHR, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Eric Otto Johnson
- RTI International, Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice Division, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Ian Jones
- Cardiff University, National Centre for Mental Health, MRC Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, GB, USA
| | - Tanja Jovanovic
- Emory University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xue-Jun Qin
- Duke University, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Angela G Junglen
- Kent State University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Karen-Inge Karstoft
- The Danish Veteran Centre, Research and Knowledge Centre, Ringsted, Sjaelland, Denmark
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Psychology, Copenhagen, DK, Denmark
| | - Milissa L Kaufman
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Ronald C Kessler
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alaptagin Khan
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Health Care Policy, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nathan A Kimbrel
- Duke University, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Durham, NC, USA
- Durham VA Medical Center, Research, Durham, NC, USA
- VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Genetics Research Laboratory, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Anthony P King
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nastassja Koen
- University of Cape Town, SA MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Cape Town, Western Cape, ZA, USA
| | - Henry R Kranzler
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - William S Kremen
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Bruce R Lawford
- Queensland University of Technology, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Kelvin Grove, QLD, AU, Australia
- Queensland University of Technology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kelvin Grove, QLD, AU, Australia
| | - Lauren A M Lebois
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Catrin E Lewis
- Cardiff University, National Centre for Mental Health, MRC Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, GB, USA
| | - Sarah D Linnstaedt
- UNC Institute for Trauma Recovery, Department of Anesthesiology, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Adriana Lori
- Emory University, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bozo Lugonja
- Cardiff University, National Centre for Mental Health, MRC Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, GB, USA
| | - Jurjen J Luykx
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Utrecht, Utrecht, NL, Netherlands
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, Utrecht, Utrecht, NL, Netherlands
| | | | - Jessica Maples-Keller
- Emory University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Charles Marmar
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alicia R Martin
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | - Alexander McFarlane
- University of Adelaide, Department of Psychiatry, Adelaide, South Australia, AU, Australia
| | | | | | - Samuel A McLean
- UNC Institute for Trauma Recovery, Department of Anesthesiology, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- UNC Institute for Trauma Recovery, Department of Emergency Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sarah McLeay
- Gallipoli Medical Research Institute, PTSD Initiative, Greenslopes, Queensland, AU, Australia
| | - Divya Mehta
- Queensland University of Technology, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Kelvin Grove, QLD, AU, Australia
- Queensland University of Technology, School of Psychology and Counseling, Faculty of Health, Kelvin Grove, QLD, AU, Australia
| | | | - Mark W Miller
- VA Boston Healthcare System, National Center for PTSD, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rajendra A Morey
- Duke University, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Charles Phillip Morris
- Queensland University of Technology, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Kelvin Grove, QLD, AU, Australia
- Queensland University of Technology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kelvin Grove, QLD, AU, Australia
| | - Ole Mors
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, DK, Denmark
- Aarhus University Hospital, Psychosis Research Unit, Risskov, DK, Denmark
| | - Preben B Mortensen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, DK, Denmark
- Aarhus University, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus, DK, Denmark
- Aarhus University, Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus, DK, Denmark
- Aarhus University, National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus, DK, Denmark
| | - Benjamin M Neale
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elliot C Nelson
- Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, DK, Denmark
- University of Copenhagen, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK, Denmark
| | - Sonya B Norman
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Department of Research and Psychiatry, San Diego, CA, USA
- National Center for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Executive Division, White River Junction, San Diego, VT, USA
| | - Meaghan O'Donnell
- University of Melbourne, Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne, VIC, AU, USA
| | - Holly K Orcutt
- Northern Illinois University, Department of Psychology, DeKalb, IL, USA
| | - Matthew S Panizzon
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Edward S Peters
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Public Health and Department of Epidemiology, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Alan L Peterson
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Department of Psychiatry, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Matthew Peverill
- University of Washington, Department of Psychology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert H Pietrzak
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Melissa A Polusny
- University of Minnesota, Department of Psychiatry, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Department of Mental Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Department of Psychology, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - John P Rice
- Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (PNGU), Boston, MA, USA
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Berlin, GE, Germany
| | - Victoria B Risbrough
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Research Service, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Andrea L Roberts
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alex O Rothbaum
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Barbara O Rothbaum
- Emory University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Peter Roy-Byrne
- University of Washington, Department of Psychology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ken Ruggiero
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Nursing and Department of Psychiatry, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Ariane Rung
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Public Health and Department of Epidemiology, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Bart P F Rutten
- Maastricht Universitair Medisch Centrum, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht, Limburg, NL, Netherlands
| | - Nancy L Saccone
- Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sixto E Sanchez
- Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Department of Medicine, Lima, Lima, PE, USA
| | - Dick Schijven
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Utrecht, Utrecht, NL, Netherlands
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, Utrecht, Utrecht, NL, Netherlands
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Cape Town, Western Cape, ZA, South Africa
| | - Antonia V Seligowski
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Julia S Seng
- University of Michigan, School of Nursing, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Christina M Sheerin
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Derrick Silove
- University of New South Wales, Department of Psychiatry, Sydney, NSW, AU, USA
| | - Alicia K Smith
- Emory University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory University, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott R Sponheim
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Mental Health Service Line, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- University of Minnesota, Department of Psychiatry, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Dan J Stein
- University of Cape Town, SA MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Cape Town, Western Cape, ZA, USA
| | - Jennifer S Stevens
- Emory University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Sumner
- Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martin H Teicher
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Wesley K Thompson
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, USA
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, DK, Denmark
- Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Roskilde, DK, Denmark
- Oslo University Hospital, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Norway Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo, NO, USA
| | - Edward Trapido
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Public Health and Department of Epidemiology, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Monica Uddin
- University of South Florida College of Public Health, Genomics Program, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Robert J Ursano
- Uniformed Services University, Department of Psychiatry, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Leigh Luella van den Heuvel
- Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Cape Town, Western Cape, ZA, South Africa
| | - Miranda Van Hooff
- University of Adelaide, Department of Psychiatry, Adelaide, South Australia, AU, Australia
| | - Eric Vermetten
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA
- Arq, Psychotrauma Reseach Expert Group, Diemen, NH, Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Leiden, ZH, NL, Netherlands
- Netherlands Defense Department, Research Center, Utrecht, UT, Netherlands
| | - Christiaan H Vinkers
- Amsterdam UMC (location VUmc), Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam, Holland, NL, Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC (location VUmc), Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, Holland, NL, Netherlands
| | - Joanne Voisey
- Queensland University of Technology, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Kelvin Grove, QLD, AU, Australia
- Queensland University of Technology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kelvin Grove, QLD, AU, Australia
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, DK, Denmark
- Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Roskilde, DK, Denmark
- Oslo University Hospital, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Norway Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo, NO, USA
| | - Zhewu Wang
- Ralph H Johnson VA Medical Center, Department of Mental Health, Charleston, SC, USA
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Thomas Werge
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, DK, Denmark
- Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Roskilde, DK, Denmark
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michelle A Williams
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Douglas E Williamson
- Durham VA Medical Center, Research, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sherry Winternitz
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Christiane Wolf
- University Hospital of Würzburg, Center of Mental Health, Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Würzburg, DE, Germany
| | - Erika J Wolf
- VA Boston Healthcare System, National Center for PTSD, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Rachel Yehuda
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA
- James J Peters VA Medical Center, Department of Mental Health, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ross McD Young
- Queensland University of Technology, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Kelvin Grove, QLD, AU, Australia
- Queensland University of Technology, School of Psychology and Counseling, Faculty of Health, Kelvin Grove, QLD, AU, Australia
| | - Keith A Young
- Baylor Scott and White Central Texas, Department of Psychiatry, Temple, TX, USA
- CTVHCS, COE for Research on Returning War Veterans, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Yale University, Department of Biostatistics, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lori A Zoellner
- University of Washington, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Israel Liberzon
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kerry J Ressler
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Emory University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Magali Haas
- Cohen Veterans Bioscience, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Karestan C Koenen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (PNGU), Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Boston, MA, USA
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19
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Kalungi A, Womersley JS, Kinyanda E, Joloba ML, Ssembajjwe W, Nsubuga RN, Levin J, Kaleebu P, Kidd M, Seedat S, Hemmings SMJ. Internalizing Mental Disorders and Accelerated Cellular Aging Among Perinatally HIV-Infected Youth in Uganda. Front Genet 2019; 10:705. [PMID: 31428136 PMCID: PMC6688656 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Internalizing mental disorders (IMDs) in HIV+ children and adolescents are associated with impaired quality of life and non-adherence to anti-retroviral treatment. Telomere length is a biomarker of cellular aging, and shorter telomere length has been associated with IMDs. However, the nature of this association has yet to be elucidated. Objective: We determined the longitudinal association between IMDs and relative telomere length (rTL) and the influence of chronic stress among Ugandan perinatally HIV-infected youth (PHIY). Methods: IMDs (depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder) and IMDs were assessed using the locally adapted Child and Adolescent Symptom Inventory-5. In 368 PHIY with any IMD and 368 age- and sex-matched PHIY controls without any psychiatric disorder, rTL was assessed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to generate the three chronic stress classes (mild, moderate, and severe). t-tests were used to assess the difference between baseline and 12 month rTL and the mean difference in rTL between cases and controls both at baseline and at 12 months. Linear regression analysis was used to model the effects of chronic stress on the association between IMDs and rTL, controlling for age and sex. Results: We observed longer rTL among cases of IMDs compared with controls (p < 0.001). We also observed a statistically significant reduction in rTL between baseline and 12 months in the combined sample of cases and controls (p < 0.001). The same statistical difference was observed when cases and controls were individually analyzed (p < 0.001). We found no significant difference in rTL between cases and controls at 12 months (p = 0.117). We found no significant influence of chronic stress on the association between IMDs and rTL at both baseline and 12 months. Conclusion: rTL is longer among cases of IMDs compared with age- and sex-matched controls. We observed a significant attrition in rTL over 12 months, which seems to be driven by the presence of any IMDs. There is a need for future longitudinal and experimental studies to understand the mechanisms driving our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Kalungi
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.,Mental Health Project, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Eugene Kinyanda
- Mental Health Project, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda.,Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Moses L Joloba
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Wilber Ssembajjwe
- Mental Health Project, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda.,Statistics and Data Science Section, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Rebecca N Nsubuga
- Statistics and Data Science Section, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Jonathan Levin
- School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Martin Kidd
- Centre for Statistical Consultation, Department of Statistics and Actuarial Sciences University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sian M J Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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20
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Womersley JS, Spies G, Seedat S, Hemmings SMJ. Childhood trauma interacts with ApoE to influence neurocognitive function in women living with HIV. J Neurovirol 2019; 25:183-193. [PMID: 30478798 PMCID: PMC7010592 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-018-0700-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) describes a spectrum of behavioural, motor and cognitive disturbances that can occur secondary to HIV infection. Less severe forms of the disorder persist despite advances in antiretroviral medication efficacy and availability. Childhood trauma (CT) may predispose individuals to developing HAND. As genetic variation in human apolipoprotein E (ApoE) has been implicated in cognitive decline and may mediate the development of long-term health outcomes following CT, we investigated the influence of ApoE and CT on cognitive function in the context of HIV. One hundred twenty-eight HIV-positive Xhosa women completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF) as well as the HIV Neurobehavioural Research Center neurocognitive test battery. rs7412 and rs429358 were genotyped using KASP assays, and this data was used to determine the ApoE isoform. Baseline differences in demographic and clinical variables according to CT exposure were calculated. Analysis of covariance was used to assess the contributions of CT and ApoE variants, as well as their interaction, to cognitive function. Eighty-eight participants reported experiencing CT. The rs7412 C allele protected against the harmful effect of CT on motor scores using an additive model. The interaction of ApoE ε4 and CT was associated with worse attention/working memory scores. ApoE ε4, alone and in combination with CT, is associated with poorer cognitive function. Further research into this gene-environment interaction may assist in identifying at-risk individuals for targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline S Womersley
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
| | - Georgina Spies
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
| | - Sian M J Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa.
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21
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Womersley JS, Martin LI, van der Merwe L, Seedat S, Hemmings SMJ. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis variants and childhood trauma influence anxiety sensitivity in South African adolescents. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:601-613. [PMID: 29101603 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0138-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety sensitivity (AS) is characterised by the fear of anxiety-related symptoms and is a risk factor for the development of anxiety-related disorders. We examined whether genetic variation in three stress response genes, CRHR1, NR3C1, and FKBP5, interact with childhood trauma (CT) to predict AS in South African adolescents. Xhosa (n = 634) and Coloured (n = 317) students completed self-report measures of AS and CT, and a total of eighteen polymorphisms within CRHR1, NR3C1, and FKBP5 were genotyped. Differences in AS based on genetic variation and CT were analysed within population and gender groups using multiple linear regression. Associations were found between AS and FKBP5 rs9296158 (p = 0.025) and rs737054 (p = 0.045) in Coloured males. Analysis of gene x CT interactions indicated that NR3C1 rs190488 CC-genotype, NR3C1 rs10482605 G-allele addition, and FKBP5 rs3800373 C-allele addition protect against AS with increasing CT in Xhosa females (p = 0.009), Xhosa males (p = 0.036) and Coloured males (p = 0.049), respectively. We identified two different protective single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) combinations in a four-SNP CRHR1 haplotype in Coloured males. An analysis of the interaction between CT and a six-SNP FKBP5 haplotype in Coloured males revealed both protective and risk allelic combinations. Our results provide evidence for the influence of both genetic variation in CRHR1, NR3C1 and FKBP5, as well as CT x SNP interactions, on AS in South African adolescents. This study reinforces the importance of examining the influence of gene-environment (G X E) interactions within gender and population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline S Womersley
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Lindi I Martin
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Lize van der Merwe
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Sian M J Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa.
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22
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Womersley JS, Seedat S, Hemmings SMJ. Childhood maltreatment and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders share similar pathophysiology: a potential sensitisation mechanism? Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:1717-1733. [PMID: 28681198 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0062-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are increasingly prevalent despite the use of antiretroviral therapies. Previous research suggests that individual host factors play an important role in determining susceptibility to HAND. In this review, we propose that childhood trauma (CT) and HAND share several common aetiological mechanisms, namely hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. These convergent and consequent mechanisms may translate into an increased risk of developing HAND in individuals who have experienced early life stress. We provide an overview of basic and clinical research relating to these pathophysiological mechanisms and suggest that further research examine brain-derived neurotrophic factor and telomere length as common mediating factors and potential therapeutic targets for HAND and CT. Graphical abstract Both childhood trauma and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders are associated with HPA axis dysregulation, inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline S Womersley
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
| | - Sian M J Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa.
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23
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Kalungi A, Seedat S, Hemmings SMJ, van der Merwe L, Joloba ML, Nanteza A, Nakassujja N, Birabwa H, Serwanga J, Kaleebu P, Kinyanda E. Association between serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms and increased suicidal risk among HIV positive patients in Uganda. BMC Genet 2017; 18:71. [PMID: 28743254 PMCID: PMC5526289 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-017-0538-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) are at an increased risk of suicide. Increased suicidal risk is a predictor of future attempted and completed suicides and has been associated with poor quality of life and poor adherence with antiretroviral therapy. Clinical risk factors have low predictive value for suicide, hence the interest in potential neurobiological correlates and specific heritable markers of suicide vulnerability. The serotonin transporter gene has previously been implicated in the aetiology of increased suicidal risk in non-HIV infected study populations and its variations may provide a platform for identifying genetic risk for suicidality among PLWHA. The present cross-sectional study aimed at identifying two common genetic variants of the serotonin transporter gene and their association with increased suicidal risk among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive adults in Uganda. RESULTS The prevalence of increased suicidal risk (defined as moderate to high risk suicidality on the suicidality module of the Mini Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I) was 3.3% (95% CI, 2.0-5.3). The 5-HTTLPR was found to be associated with increased suicidal risk before Bonferroni correction (p-value = 0.0174). A protective effect on increased suicidal risk was found for the 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 S A allele (p-value = 0.0046)- which directs reduced expression of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT). CONCLUSION The S A allele at the 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 locus is associated with increased suicidal risk among Ugandan PLWHA. Further studies are needed to validate this finding in Ugandan and other sub-Saharan samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Kalungi
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosafety (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. .,Mental Health Project, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute (MRC/UVRI) Research Unit on AIDS, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sian M J Hemmings
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lize van der Merwe
- Department of Statistics, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Moses L Joloba
- School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ann Nanteza
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosafety (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Noeline Nakassujja
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Harriet Birabwa
- Butabika National Psychiatric Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jennifer Serwanga
- Basic Science Programme, MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Pontiano Kaleebu
- Basic Science Programme, MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Eugene Kinyanda
- Mental Health Project, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute (MRC/UVRI) Research Unit on AIDS, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Faculty of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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24
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McGregor NW, Hemmings SMJ, Erdman L, Calmarza-Font I, Stein DJ, Lochner C. Modification of the association between early adversity and obsessive-compulsive disorder by polymorphisms in the MAOA, MAOB and COMT genes. Psychiatry Res 2016; 246:527-532. [PMID: 27821364 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The monoamine oxidases (MAOA/B) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) enzymes break down regulatory components within serotonin and dopamine pathways, and polymorphisms within these genes are candidates for OCD susceptibility. Childhood trauma has been linked OCD psychopathology, but little attention has been paid to the interactions between genes and environment in OCD aetiology. This pilot study investigated gene-by-environment interactions between childhood trauma and polymorphisms in the MAOA, MAOB and COMT genes in OCD. Ten polymorphisms (MAOA: 3 variants, MAOB: 4 variants, COMT: 3 variants) were genotyped in a cohort of OCD patients and controls. Early-life trauma was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Gene-by-gene (GxG) and gene-by-environment interactions (GxE) of the variants and childhood trauma were assessed using logistic regression models. Significant GxG interactions were found between rs362204 (COMT) and two independent polymorphisms in the MAOB gene (rs1799836 and rs6651806). Haplotype associations for OCD susceptibility were found for MAOB. Investigation of GxE interactions indicated that the sexual abuse sub-category was significantly associated with all three genes in haplotype x environment interaction analyses. Preliminary findings indicate that polymorphisms within the MAOB and COMT genes interact resulting in risk for OCD. Childhood trauma interacts with haplotypes in COMT, MAOA and MAOB, increasing risk for OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- N W McGregor
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa; Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
| | - S M J Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - L Erdman
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - I Calmarza-Font
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - D J Stein
- US/UCT MRC Unit on Anxiety and Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - C Lochner
- US/UCT MRC Unit on Anxiety and Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
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25
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Hemmings SMJ, Martin LI, van der Merwe L, Benecke R, Domschke K, Seedat S. Serotonin transporter variants play a role in anxiety sensitivity in South African adolescents. World J Biol Psychiatry 2016; 17:66-75. [PMID: 26635248 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2015.1102324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Anxiety sensitivity (AS) has predictive potential for the development of anxiety disorders. We investigated the role that gene-environment (G × E) interactions, focussing on childhood trauma (CT) and selected SLC6A4 variants, play in modulating levels of AS in a South African adolescent population. METHODS All adolescents (n = 951) completed measures for AS and CT. Six SLC6A4 polymorphisms were genotyped. G × E influences on AS levels were assessed using multiple linear regression models. Relevant confounders were included in all analyses. RESULTS Xhosa (n = 634) and Coloured (n = 317) participants were analysed independently of one another. The 5-HTTLPR-rs25531 L-G haplotype associated with reduced AS among Xhosa adolescents (P = 0.010). In addition, the rs1042173 CC-genotype protected against increased levels of AS in Xhosa participants who had experienced increased levels of CT (P = 0.038). Coloured males homozygous for the S-allele had significantly increased levels of AS compared to Coloured males with at least one L-allele (P = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to be conducted on AS in adolescents from two ethnically diverse populations. Results indicate that the L-G haplotype confers protection against high AS levels in a Xhosa population. Furthermore, increased CT was found to protect against high levels of AS in Xhosa rs1042173 CC-carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian M J Hemmings
- a Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Stellenbosch University , Tygerberg , South Africa
| | - Lindi I Martin
- a Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Stellenbosch University , Tygerberg , South Africa
| | - Lize van der Merwe
- b Department of Statistics , University of the Western Cape , Bellville , South Africa
| | - Rohan Benecke
- c Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Stellenbosch University , Tygerberg , South Africa
| | - Katharina Domschke
- d Department of Psychiatry , University of Wuerzburg , Wuerzburg , Germany
| | - Soraya Seedat
- a Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Stellenbosch University , Tygerberg , South Africa
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26
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Lowry CA, Smith DG, Siebler PH, Schmidt D, Stamper CE, Hassell JE, Yamashita PS, Fox JH, Reber SO, Brenner LA, Hoisington AJ, Postolache TT, Kinney KA, Marciani D, Hernandez M, Hemmings SMJ, Malan-Muller S, Wright KP, Knight R, Raison CL, Rook GAW. The Microbiota, Immunoregulation, and Mental Health: Implications for Public Health. Curr Environ Health Rep 2016; 3:270-86. [PMID: 27436048 PMCID: PMC5763918 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-016-0100-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The hygiene or "Old Friends" hypothesis proposes that the epidemic of inflammatory disease in modern urban societies stems at least in part from reduced exposure to microbes that normally prime mammalian immunoregulatory circuits and suppress inappropriate inflammation. Such diseases include but are not limited to allergies and asthma; we and others have proposed that the markedly reduced exposure to these Old Friends in modern urban societies may also increase vulnerability to neurodevelopmental disorders and stress-related psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety and affective disorders, where data are emerging in support of inflammation as a risk factor. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the potential for Old Friends, including environmental microbial inputs, to modify risk for inflammatory disease, with a focus on neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions. We highlight potential mechanisms, involving bacterially derived metabolites, bacterial antigens, and helminthic antigens, through which these inputs promote immunoregulation. Though findings are encouraging, significant human subjects' research is required to evaluate the potential impact of Old Friends, including environmental microbial inputs, on biological signatures and clinically meaningful mental health prevention and intervention outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Lowry
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 1725 Pleasant Street, Boulder, CO, 80309-0354, USA.
| | - David G Smith
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 1725 Pleasant Street, Boulder, CO, 80309-0354, USA
| | - Philip H Siebler
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 1725 Pleasant Street, Boulder, CO, 80309-0354, USA
| | - Dominic Schmidt
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 1725 Pleasant Street, Boulder, CO, 80309-0354, USA
| | - Christopher E Stamper
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 1725 Pleasant Street, Boulder, CO, 80309-0354, USA
| | - James E Hassell
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 1725 Pleasant Street, Boulder, CO, 80309-0354, USA
| | - Paula S Yamashita
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 1725 Pleasant Street, Boulder, CO, 80309-0354, USA
| | - James H Fox
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 1725 Pleasant Street, Boulder, CO, 80309-0354, USA
| | - Stefan O Reber
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychosomatics, Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lisa A Brenner
- Departments of Psychiatry, Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Colorado, Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Integrated Service Network (VISN) 19, Denver, CO, 80220, USA
| | - Andrew J Hoisington
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO, 80840, USA
| | - Teodor T Postolache
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Rocky Mountain MIRECC, Denver, CO, 80220, USA
- VISN 5 MIRECC, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Kerry A Kinney
- Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | | | - Mark Hernandez
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Sian M J Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, 7505, South Africa
| | - Stefanie Malan-Muller
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, 7505, South Africa
| | - Kenneth P Wright
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 1725 Pleasant Street, Boulder, CO, 80309-0354, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Departments of Pediatrics and Computer Science and Engineering, and Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Charles L Raison
- School of Human Ecology and School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Graham A W Rook
- Center for Clinical Microbiology, UCL (University College London), WC1E 6BT, London, UK
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McGregor NW, Lochner C, Stein DJ, Hemmings SMJ. Polymorphisms within the neuronal cadherin (CDH2) gene are associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in a South African cohort. Metab Brain Dis 2016; 31:191-6. [PMID: 26093892 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-015-9693-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OCD is characterised by recurrent obsessions and compulsions that result in severe distress and increased risk for comorbidity. Recently published findings have indicated that the neuronal cadherin gene (CDH2) plays a role in the development of canine OCD, and led us to investigate the human ortholog, CDH2, in a human OCD cohort. Seven CDH2 polymorphisms were selected and genotyped in a South African Caucasian cohort of 234 OCD patients and 180 healthy controls using TaqMan assays. Polymorphisms were analysed in a single-locus and haplotypic context. Of the seven polymorphisms, two reached statistical significance for OCD under additive and codominant models of inheritance (rs1120154 and rs12605662). CDH2 SNP, rs1120154, C-allele carriers were found to be significantly associated with lower risk to develop OCD compared to TT-homozygotes (OR = 0.49; 95% CI: 0.32-0.75; p < 0.001), and rs12605662 G-allele carriers were significantly associated with reduced risk OCD compared to TT-homozygotes (OR = 0.46; 95% CI: 0.30-0.71; p < 0.001), Furthermore, a single haplotype was found to infer an increased risk for OCD diagnosis (*rs8087457-rs1148374: A-T). Polymorphisms within the CDH2 gene are associated with susceptibility to OCD in a South African cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- N W McGregor
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
- MRC Unit on Anxiety and Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - C Lochner
- MRC Unit on Anxiety and Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - D J Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - S M J Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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Temmingh H, Stein DJ, Howells FM, Botha UA, Koen L, Mazinu M, Jordaan E, Niehaus DJH, Burger A, Brooks S, Stein DJ, Howells FM, Burger A, Roos A, Kwiatkowski M, Stein DJ, Donald KA, Howells FM, Chiliza B, Asmal L, Emsley R, Clark HM, Du Plessis I, Du Plessis I, Du Plessis S, Vink M, Joska JA, Koutsilieri E, Bagadia A, Stein DJ, Emsley R, Emsley R, Sian MJ, Hemmings SMJ, Martin LI, Van der Merwe L, Benecke R, Domschke K, Seedat S, Janse van Rensburg S, Van Toorn R, Schoeman JF, Peeters A, Fisher LR, Moremi K, Kotze MJ, Joubert P, Lippi G, Lochner C, Taljaard L, Stein DJ, Louw KA, Phillips N, Ipser J, Hoare J, Malan-Muller S, Fairbairn L, Daniels WMU, Dashti MJS, Oakeley EJ, Altorfer M, Harvey J, Seedat S, Gamieldien J, Hemmings SMJ, Maodi ML, Rataemande ST, Kyaw T, McGregor NW, Dimatelis J, Hemmings SMJ, Kinnear CJ, Stein DJ, Russel V, Nortje G. Biological Psychiatry Congress 2015. S Afr J Psychiatr 2015. [DOI: 10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v21i3.893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
<p><strong>List of Abstract Titles and authors:<br /></strong></p><p><strong>1. Psychosis: A matter of mental effort?</strong></p><p>M Borg, Y Y van der Zee, J H Hsieh, H Temmingh, D J Stein, F M Howells</p><p><strong>2.In search of an affordable, effective post-discharge intervention: A randomised control trial assessing the influence of a telephone-based intervention on readmissions for patients with severe mental illness in a developing country</strong></p><p><strong></strong>U A Botha, L Koen, M Mazinu, E Jordaan, D J H Niehaus</p><p><strong>3. The effect of early abstinence from long-term methamphetamine use on brain metabolism using 1H-magnetic resonance spectro-scopy (1H-MRS)</strong></p><p>A Burger, S Brooks, D J Stein, F M Howells</p><p><strong>4. The effect of <em>in utero exposure </em>to methamphetamine on brain metabolism in childhood using 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS)</strong></p><p>A Burger, A Roos, M Kwiatkowski, D J Stein, K A Donald, F M Howells</p><p><strong>5. A prospective study of clinical, biological and functional aspects of outcome in first-episode psychosis: The EONKCS Study</strong></p><p><strong></strong>B Chiliza, L Asmal, R Emsley</p><p><strong>6. Stimulants as cognitive enhancers - perceptions v. evidence in a very real world</strong></p><p><strong></strong>H M Clark</p><p><strong>7. Pharmacogenomics in antipsychotic drugs</strong></p><p><strong></strong>Ilse du Plessis</p><p><strong>8. Serotonin in anxiety disorders and beyond</strong></p><p><strong></strong>Ilse du Plessis</p><p><strong>9. HIV infection results in ventral-striatal reward system hypo-activation during cue processing</strong></p><p><strong></strong>S du Plessis, M Vink, J A Joska, E Koutsilieri, A Bagadia, D J Stein, R Emsley</p><p><strong>10. Disease progression in schizophrenia: Is the illness or the treatment to blame?</strong></p><p>R Emsley, M J Sian</p><p><strong>11. Serotonin transporter variants play a role in anxiety sensitivity in South African adolescents</strong></p><p> S M J Hemmings, L I Martin, L van der Merwe, R Benecke, K Domschke, S Seedat</p><p><strong>12. Iron deficiency in two children diagnosed with multiple sclerosis: Report on whole exom sequencing</strong></p><p><strong></strong>S Janse van Rensburg, R van Toorn, J F Schoeman, A Peeters, L R Fisher, K Moremi, M J Kotze</p><p><strong>13. Benzodiazepines: Practical pharmacokinetics</strong></p><p><strong></strong>P Joubert</p><p><strong>14. What to consider when prescribing psychotropic medications</strong></p><p><strong></strong>G Lippi</p><p><strong>15. Current prescribing practices for obsessive-compulsive disorder in South Africa: Controversies and consensus</strong></p><p><strong></strong>C Lochner, L Taljaard, D J Stein</p><p><strong>16. Correlates of emotional and behavioural problems in children with preinatally acquired HIV in Cape Town, South Africa</strong></p><p><strong></strong>K-A Louw, N Phillips, JIpser, J Hoare</p><p><strong>17. The role of non-coding RNAs in fear extinction</strong></p><p><strong></strong>S Malan-Muller, L Fairbairn, W M U Daniels, M J S Dashti, E J Oakleley, M Altorfer, J Harvey, S Seedat, J Gamieldien, S M J Hemmings</p><p><strong>18. An analysis of the management og HIV-mental illness comorbidity at the psychiatric unit of the Dr George Mukhari Academic Hospital</strong></p><p><strong></strong>M L Maodi, S T Rataemane, T Kyaw</p><p><strong>19. The identification of novel genes in anxiety disorders: A gene X environment correlation and interaction study</strong></p><p><strong></strong>N W McGregor, J Dimatelis, S M J Hemmings, C J Kinnear, D J Stein, V Russel, C Lochner</p><p><strong>20. Collaborations between conventional medicine and traditional healers: Obstacles and possibilities</strong></p><p><strong></strong>G Nortje, S Seedat, O Gureje</p><p><strong>21. Thought disorder and form perception: Relationships with symptoms and cognitive function in first-episode schizophrenia</strong></p><p>M R Olivier, R Emsley</p><p><strong>22. Investigating the functional significance of genome-wide variants associated with antipsychotic treatment response</strong></p><p><strong></strong>E Ovenden, B Drogemoller, L van der Merwe, R Emsley, L Warnich</p><p><strong>23. The moral and bioethical determinants of "futility" in psychiatry</strong></p><p><strong></strong>W P Pienaar</p><p><strong>24. Single voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) and volumetry of the amylgdala in social anxiety disorder in the context of early developmental trauma</strong></p><p>D Rosenstein, A T Hess, J Zwart, F Ahmed-Leitao, E Meintjies, S Seedat</p><p><strong>25. Schizoaffective disorder in an acute psychiatric unit: Profile of users and agreement with Operational Criteria (OPCRIT)</strong></p><p><strong></strong>R R Singh, U Subramaney</p><p><strong>26. The right to privacy and confidentiality: The ethics of expert diagnosis in the public media and the Oscar Pistorius trial</strong></p><p><strong></strong>C Smith</p><p><strong>27. A birth cohort study in South Africa: A psychiatric perspective</strong></p><p>D J Stein</p><p><strong>28. 'Womb Raiders': Women referred for observation in terms of the Criminal Procedures Act (CPA) charged with fetal abduction and murder</strong></p><p><strong></strong>U Subramaney</p><p><strong>29. Psycho-pharmacology of sleep wake disorders: An update</strong></p><p>R Sykes</p><p><strong>30. Refugee post-settlement in South Africa: Role of adjustment challenges and family in mental health outcomes</strong></p><p><strong></strong>L Thela, A Tomita, V Maharaj, M Mhlongo, K Jonathan</p><p><strong>31. Dstinguishing ADHD symptoms in psychotic disorders: A new insight in the adult ADHD questionnaire</strong></p><p>Y van der Zee, M Borg, J H Hsieh, H Temmingh, D J Stein, F M Howells</p><p><strong>32. Oscar Pistorius ethical dilemmas in a trial by media: Does this include psychiatric evaluation by media?</strong></p><p>M Vorster</p><p><strong>33. Genetic investigation of apetite aggression in South African former young offenders: The involvement of serotonin transporter gene</strong></p><p>K Xulu, J Somer, M Hinsberger, R Weierstall, T Elbert, S Seedat, S Hemmings</p><p><strong>34. Effects of HIV and childhood trauma on brain morphemtry and neurocognitive function</strong></p><p>G Spies, F Ahmed-Leitao, C Fennema-Notestine, M Cherner, S Seedat</p><p><strong>35. Measuring intentional behaviour normative data of a newly developed motor task battery</strong></p><p><strong></strong>S Bakelaar, J Blampain, S Seedat, J van Hoof, Y Delevoye-Turrel</p><p><strong>36. Resilience in social anxiety disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder in the context of childhood trauma</strong></p><p>M Bship, S Bakelaar, D Rosenstein, S Seedat</p><p><strong>37. The ethical dilemma of seclusion practices in psychiatry</strong></p><p>G Chiba, U Subramaney</p><p><strong>38. Physical activity and neurological soft signs in patients with schizophrenia</strong></p><p>O Esan, C Osunbote, I Oladele, S Fakunle, C Ehindero</p><p><strong>39. A retrospective study of completed suicides in the Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Area from 2008 to 2013 - preliminary results</strong></p><p><strong></strong>C Grobler, J Strumpher, R Jacobs</p><p><strong>40. Serotonin transporter variants play a role in anxiety sensitivity in South African adolescents</strong></p><p><strong></strong>S M J Hemmings, L I Martin, L van der Merwe, R Benecke, K Domschke, S Seedat</p><p><strong>41. Investigation of variants within antipsychotic candidate pharmacogenes associated with treatment outcome</strong></p><p>F Higgins, B Drogmoller, G Wright, L van der Merwe, N McGregor, B Chiliza, L Asmal, L Koen, D Niehaus, R Emsley, L Warnich</p><p><strong>42. Effects of diet, smoking and alcohol consumption on disability (EDSS) in people diagnosed with multiple sclerosis</strong></p><p>S Janse van Rensburg, W Davis, D Geiger, F J Cronje, L Whati, M Kidd, M J Kotze</p><p><strong>43. The clinical utility of neuroimaging in an acute adolescnet psychiatric inpatient population</strong></p><p><strong></strong>Z Khan, A Lachman, J Harvey</p><p><strong>44. Relationships between childhood trauma (CT) and premorbid adjustment (PA) in a highly traumatised sample of patients with first-episode schizophrenia (FES</strong>)</p><p>S Kilian, J Burns, S Seedat, L Asmal, B Chiliza, S du Plessis, R Olivier, R Emsley</p><p><strong>45. Functional and cognitive outcomes using an mTOR inhibitor in an adolescent with TSC</strong></p><p>A Lachman, C van der Merwe, P Boyes, P de Vries</p><p><strong>46. Perceptions about adolescent body image and eating behaviour</strong></p><p><strong></strong>K Laxton, A B R Janse van Rensburg</p><p><strong>47. Clinical relevance of FTO rs9939609 as a determinant of cardio-metabolic risk in South African patients with major depressive disorder</strong></p><p>H K Luckhoff, M J Kotze</p><p><strong>48. Childhood abuse and neglect as predictors of deficits in verbal auditory memory in non-clinical adolescents with low anxiety proneness</strong></p><p>L Martin, K Martin, S Seedat</p><p><strong>49. The changes of pro-inflammatory cytokines in a prenatally stressed febrile seizure animal model and whether <em>Rhus chirindensis</em> may attenuate these changes</strong></p><p><strong></strong>A Mohamed, M V Mabandla, L Qulu</p><p><strong>50. Influence of TMPRSS6 A736v and HFE C282y on serum iron parameters and age of onset in patients with multiple sclerosis</strong></p><p><strong></strong>K E Moremi, M J Kotze, H K Luckhoff, L R Fisher, M Kidd, R van Toorn, S Janse van Rensburg</p><p><strong>51. Polypharmacy in pregnant women with serious mental illness</strong></p><p>E Thomas, E du Toit, L Koen, D Niehaus</p><p><strong>52. Infant attachment and maternal depression as predictors of neurodevelopmental and behavioural outcomes at follow-up</strong></p><p>J Nothling, B Laughton, S Seedat</p><p><strong>53. Differences in abuse, neglect and exposure to community violence in adolescents with and without PTSD</strong></p><p><strong></strong>J Nothling, S Suliman, L Martin, C Simmons, S Seedat</p><p><strong>54. Assessment of oxidative stress markers in children with autistic spectrum disorders in Lagos, Nigeria</strong></p><p><strong></strong>Y Oshodi, O Ojewunmi, T A Oshodi, T Ijarogbe, O F Aina, J Okpuzor, O C F E A Lesi</p><p><strong>55. Change in diagnosis and management of 'gender identity disorder' in pre-adolescent children</strong></p><p>S Pickstone-Taylor</p><p><strong>56. Brain network connectivity in women exposed to intimate partner violence</strong></p><p>A Roos, J-P Fouche, B Vythilingum, D J Stein</p><p><strong>57. Prolonged exposure treatment for PTSD in a Third-World, task-shifting, community-based environment</strong></p><p>J Rossouw, E Yadin, I Mbanga, T Jacobs, W Rossouw, D Alexander, S Seedat</p><p><strong>58. Contrasting effects of early0life stress on mitochondrial energy-related proteins in striatum and hippocampus of a rat model of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder</strong></p><p><strong></strong>V Russell, J Dimatelis, J Womersley, T-L Sterley</p><p><strong>59. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: A South African perspective</strong></p><p>R Schoeman, M de Klerk, M Kidd</p><p><strong>60. Cognitive function in women with HIV infection and early-life stress</strong></p><p>G Spies, C Fennema-Notestine, M Cherner, S Seedat</p><p><strong>61. Changes in functional connectivity networks in bipolar disorder patients after mindfulness-based cognitic therapy</strong></p><p>J A Starke, C F Beckmann, N Horn</p><p><strong>62. Post-traumatic stress disorder, overweight and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis</strong></p><p><strong></strong>S Suliman, L Anthonissen, J Carr, S du Plessis, R Emsley, S M J Hemmings, C Lochner, N McGregor L van den Heuvel, S Seedat</p><p><strong>63. The brain and behaviour in a third-trimester equivalent animal model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders</strong></p><p>P C Swart, C B Currin, J J Dimatelis, V A Russell</p><p><strong>64. Irritability Assessment Model (IAM) to monitor irritability in child and adolescent psychiatric disorders.</strong></p><p>D van der Westhuizen</p><p><strong>65. Outcome of parent-adolescent training in chilhood victimisation: Adaptive functioning, psychosocial and physiological variables</strong></p><p>D van der Westhuizen</p><p><strong>66. The effect of ketamine in the Wistar-Kyoto and Sprague Dawley rat models of depression</strong></p><p>P J van Zyl, J J Dimatelis, V A Russell</p><p><strong>67. Investigating COMT variants in anxiety sensitivity in South African adolescents</strong></p><p>L J Zass, L Martin, S Seedat, S M J Hemmings</p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p><strong><br /></strong></p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p>
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McGrath LM, Yu D, Marshall C, Davis LK, Thiruvahindrapuram B, Li B, Cappi C, Gerber G, Wolf A, Schroeder FA, Osiecki L, O'Dushlaine C, Kirby A, Illmann C, Haddad S, Gallagher P, Fagerness JA, Barr CL, Bellodi L, Benarroch F, Bienvenu OJ, Black DW, Bloch MH, Bruun RD, Budman CL, Camarena B, Cath DC, Cavallini MC, Chouinard S, Coric V, Cullen B, Delorme R, Denys D, Derks EM, Dion Y, Rosário MC, Eapen V, Evans P, Falkai P, Fernandez TV, Garrido H, Geller D, Grabe HJ, Grados MA, Greenberg BD, Gross-Tsur V, Grünblatt E, Heiman GA, Hemmings SMJ, Herrera LD, Hounie AG, Jankovic J, Kennedy JL, King RA, Kurlan R, Lanzagorta N, Leboyer M, Leckman JF, Lennertz L, Lochner C, Lowe TL, Lyon GJ, Macciardi F, Maier W, McCracken JT, McMahon W, Murphy DL, Naarden AL, Neale BM, Nurmi E, Pakstis AJ, Pato MT, Pato CN, Piacentini J, Pittenger C, Pollak Y, Reus VI, Richter MA, Riddle M, Robertson MM, Rosenberg D, Rouleau GA, Ruhrmann S, Sampaio AS, Samuels J, Sandor P, Sheppard B, Singer HS, Smit JH, Stein DJ, Tischfield JA, Vallada H, Veenstra-VanderWeele J, Walitza S, Wang Y, Wendland JR, Shugart YY, Miguel EC, Nicolini H, Oostra BA, Moessner R, Wagner M, Ruiz-Linares A, Heutink P, Nestadt G, Freimer N, Petryshen T, Posthuma D, Jenike MA, Cox NJ, Hanna GL, Brentani H, Scherer SW, Arnold PD, Stewart SE, Mathews CA, Knowles JA, Cook EH, Pauls DL, Wang K, Scharf JM. Copy number variation in obsessive-compulsive disorder and tourette syndrome: a cross-disorder study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2014; 53:910-9. [PMID: 25062598 PMCID: PMC4218748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2014.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette syndrome (TS) are heritable neurodevelopmental disorders with a partially shared genetic etiology. This study represents the first genome-wide investigation of large (>500 kb), rare (<1%) copy number variants (CNVs) in OCD and the largest genome-wide CNV analysis in TS to date. METHOD The primary analyses used a cross-disorder design for 2,699 case patients (1,613 ascertained for OCD, 1,086 ascertained for TS) and 1,789 controls. Parental data facilitated a de novo analysis in 348 OCD trios. RESULTS Although no global CNV burden was detected in the cross-disorder analysis or in secondary, disease-specific analyses, there was a 3.3-fold increased burden of large deletions previously associated with other neurodevelopmental disorders (p = .09). Half of these neurodevelopmental deletions were located in a single locus, 16p13.11 (5 case patient deletions: 0 control deletions, p = .08 in the current study, p = .025 compared to published controls). Three 16p13.11 deletions were confirmed de novo, providing further support for the etiological significance of this region. The overall OCD de novo rate was 1.4%, which is intermediate between published rates in controls (0.7%) and in individuals with autism or schizophrenia (2-4%). CONCLUSION Several converging lines of evidence implicate 16p13.11 deletions in OCD, with weaker evidence for a role in TS. The trend toward increased overall neurodevelopmental CNV burden in TS and OCD suggests that deletions previously associated with other neurodevelopmental disorders may also contribute to these phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M McGrath
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; American University, Washington, DC; Harvard-MIT Broad Institute, Boston
| | - Dongmei Yu
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Harvard-MIT Broad Institute, Boston
| | | | | | | | - Bingbin Li
- University of Toronto and the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cathy L Barr
- University of Toronto and the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ruth D Bruun
- North Shore-Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, NY; New York University Medical Center, New York
| | - Cathy L Budman
- North Shore-Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, NY; Hofstra University School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY
| | - Beatriz Camarena
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramon de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Richard Delorme
- Robert Debre University Hospital, Paris and the French National Science Foundation, Creteil, France; Institut Pasteur, Paris
| | - Damiaan Denys
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam; Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Helena Garrido
- Hospital Nacional de Niños, San Jose, Costa Rica; Clinica Herrera Amighetti, Avenida Escazú, San José, Costa Rica
| | | | - Hans J Grabe
- University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marion Leboyer
- Robert Debre University Hospital, Paris and the French National Science Foundation, Creteil, France; Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Créteil, France
| | | | | | | | - Thomas L Lowe
- University of California at San Francisco School of Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dennis L Murphy
- National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Benjamin M Neale
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Harvard-MIT Broad Institute, Boston
| | - Erika Nurmi
- University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Medicine
| | | | | | | | - John Piacentini
- University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Victor I Reus
- University of California at San Francisco School of Medicine
| | - Margaret A Richter
- University of Toronto and the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto
| | - Mark Riddle
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | | | | | | | | | - Aline S Sampaio
- Federal University of São Paulo; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Jack Samuels
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Paul Sandor
- University of Toronto and the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto
| | - Brooke Sheppard
- University of California at San Francisco School of Medicine
| | | | - Jan H Smit
- VU Amsterdam and Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam; VU University Amsterdam; VU Medical Center, Amsterdam
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ying Wang
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Jens R Wendland
- National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD
| | - Yin Yao Shugart
- National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | - Ben A Oostra
- Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Peter Heutink
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn and VU Medical Center Amsterdam
| | | | - Nelson Freimer
- University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Medicine; Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA
| | - Tracey Petryshen
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Harvard-MIT Broad Institute, Boston
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul D Arnold
- University of Toronto and the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto
| | - S Evelyn Stewart
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; University of British Columbia, Vancouver
| | - Carol A Mathews
- University of California at San Francisco School of Medicine
| | | | | | | | - Kai Wang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Los Angeles
| | - Jeremiah M Scharf
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Brigham and Womens Hospital, Boston; Harvard-MIT Broad Institute, Boston.
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Davis LK, Yu D, Keenan CL, Gamazon ER, Konkashbaev AI, Derks EM, Neale BM, Yang J, Lee SH, Evans P, Barr CL, Bellodi L, Benarroch F, Berrio GB, Bienvenu OJ, Bloch MH, Blom RM, Bruun RD, Budman CL, Camarena B, Campbell D, Cappi C, Cardona Silgado JC, Cath DC, Cavallini MC, Chavira DA, Chouinard S, Conti DV, Cook EH, Coric V, Cullen BA, Deforce D, Delorme R, Dion Y, Edlund CK, Egberts K, Falkai P, Fernandez TV, Gallagher PJ, Garrido H, Geller D, Girard SL, Grabe HJ, Grados MA, Greenberg BD, Gross-Tsur V, Haddad S, Heiman GA, Hemmings SMJ, Hounie AG, Illmann C, Jankovic J, Jenike MA, Kennedy JL, King RA, Kremeyer B, Kurlan R, Lanzagorta N, Leboyer M, Leckman JF, Lennertz L, Liu C, Lochner C, Lowe TL, Macciardi F, McCracken JT, McGrath LM, Mesa Restrepo SC, Moessner R, Morgan J, Muller H, Murphy DL, Naarden AL, Ochoa WC, Ophoff RA, Osiecki L, Pakstis AJ, Pato MT, Pato CN, Piacentini J, Pittenger C, Pollak Y, Rauch SL, Renner TJ, Reus VI, Richter MA, Riddle MA, Robertson MM, Romero R, Rosàrio MC, Rosenberg D, Rouleau GA, Ruhrmann S, Ruiz-Linares A, Sampaio AS, Samuels J, Sandor P, Sheppard B, Singer HS, Smit JH, Stein DJ, Strengman E, Tischfield JA, Valencia Duarte AV, Vallada H, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Veenstra-VanderWeele J, Walitza S, Wang Y, Wendland JR, Westenberg HGM, Shugart YY, Miguel EC, McMahon W, Wagner M, Nicolini H, Posthuma D, Hanna GL, Heutink P, Denys D, Arnold PD, Oostra BA, Nestadt G, Freimer NB, Pauls DL, Wray NR, Stewart SE, Mathews CA, Knowles JA, Cox NJ, Scharf JM. Partitioning the heritability of Tourette syndrome and obsessive compulsive disorder reveals differences in genetic architecture. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003864. [PMID: 24204291 PMCID: PMC3812053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct estimation of heritability from genome-wide common variant data as implemented in the program Genome-wide Complex Trait Analysis (GCTA) has provided a means to quantify heritability attributable to all interrogated variants. We have quantified the variance in liability to disease explained by all SNPs for two phenotypically-related neurobehavioral disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette Syndrome (TS), using GCTA. Our analysis yielded a heritability point estimate of 0.58 (se = 0.09, p = 5.64e-12) for TS, and 0.37 (se = 0.07, p = 1.5e-07) for OCD. In addition, we conducted multiple genomic partitioning analyses to identify genomic elements that concentrate this heritability. We examined genomic architectures of TS and OCD by chromosome, MAF bin, and functional annotations. In addition, we assessed heritability for early onset and adult onset OCD. Among other notable results, we found that SNPs with a minor allele frequency of less than 5% accounted for 21% of the TS heritability and 0% of the OCD heritability. Additionally, we identified a significant contribution to TS and OCD heritability by variants significantly associated with gene expression in two regions of the brain (parietal cortex and cerebellum) for which we had available expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs). Finally we analyzed the genetic correlation between TS and OCD, revealing a genetic correlation of 0.41 (se = 0.15, p = 0.002). These results are very close to previous heritability estimates for TS and OCD based on twin and family studies, suggesting that very little, if any, heritability is truly missing (i.e., unassayed) from TS and OCD GWAS studies of common variation. The results also indicate that there is some genetic overlap between these two phenotypically-related neuropsychiatric disorders, but suggest that the two disorders have distinct genetic architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea K. Davis
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LKD); (JMS)
| | - Dongmei Yu
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Clare L. Keenan
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Eric R. Gamazon
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Anuar I. Konkashbaev
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Eske M. Derks
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin M. Neale
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jian Yang
- The University of Queensland, Diamantina Institute, Queensland, Australia
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - S. Hong Lee
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Patrick Evans
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Cathy L. Barr
- The Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Fortu Benarroch
- Herman Dana Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Oscar J. Bienvenu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael H. Bloch
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Rianne M. Blom
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruth D. Bruun
- North Shore-Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
- New York University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Cathy L. Budman
- North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
- Hofstra University School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York, United States of America
| | - Beatriz Camarena
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramon de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Desmond Campbell
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Carolina Cappi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Danielle C. Cath
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical & Health Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Altrecht Academic Anxiety Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Denise A. Chavira
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | | | - David V. Conti
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Division of Biostatistics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Edwin H. Cook
- Institute for Juvenile Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Vladimir Coric
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Bernadette A. Cullen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dieter Deforce
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Richard Delorme
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Fondation Fondamental, French National Science Foundation, Creteil, France
- AP-HP, Robert Debré Hospital, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Paris, France
| | - Yves Dion
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christopher K. Edlund
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Division of Biostatistics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Karin Egberts
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas V. Fernandez
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Patience J. Gallagher
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Helena Garrido
- Clinica Herrera Amighetti, Avenida Escazú, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Daniel Geller
- OCD Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Hans J. Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Helios-Hospital Stralsund, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marco A. Grados
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Benjamin D. Greenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Butler Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Varda Gross-Tsur
- Neuropediatric Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Stephen Haddad
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gary A. Heiman
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Sian M. J. Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Ana G. Hounie
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Säo Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cornelia Illmann
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Jenike
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James L. Kennedy
- Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert A. King
- Yale Child Study Center, Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | | | - Roger Kurlan
- Atlantic Neuroscience Institute, Overlook Hospital, Summit, New Jersey, United States of America
| | | | - Marion Leboyer
- Fondation Fondamental, French National Science Foundation, Creteil, France
- AP-HP, Robert Debré Hospital, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Paris, France
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Psychiatric Genetics, Créteil, France
| | - James F. Leckman
- Child Study Center, Psychiatry, Pediatrics and Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Leonhard Lennertz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Christine Lochner
- MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Thomas L. Lowe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Fabio Macciardi
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - James T. McCracken
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Lauren M. McGrath
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Rainald Moessner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jubel Morgan
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Heike Muller
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dennis L. Murphy
- Laboratory of Clinical Science, NIMH Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Allan L. Naarden
- Department of Clinical Research, Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | | | - Roel A. Ophoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Lisa Osiecki
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Pakstis
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Michele T. Pato
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Carlos N. Pato
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - John Piacentini
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher Pittenger
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology and the Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Yehuda Pollak
- Neuropediatric Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Scott L. Rauch
- Partners Psychiatry and McLean Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tobias J. Renner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Victor I. Reus
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Margaret A. Richter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Frederick W. Thompson Anxiety Disorders Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark A. Riddle
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mary M. Robertson
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
- St George's Hospital and Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Maria C. Rosàrio
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit (UPIA), Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - David Rosenberg
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University and the Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Guy A. Rouleau
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stephan Ruhrmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Aline S. Sampaio
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Säo Paulo, Brazil
- University Health Care Services - SMURB, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Jack Samuels
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paul Sandor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and University Health Network, Toronto Western Research Institute and Youthdale Treatment Centers, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brooke Sheppard
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Harvey S. Singer
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jan H. Smit
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dan J. Stein
- University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - E. Strengman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jay A. Tischfield
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | | | - Homero Vallada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jeremy Veenstra-VanderWeele
- Departments of Psychiatry, Pediatrics, and Pharmacology, Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, and Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Susanne Walitza
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jens R. Wendland
- Laboratory of Clinical Science, NIMH Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Herman G. M. Westenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center and Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (NIN-KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yin Yao Shugart
- Unit on Statistical Genomics, NIMH Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Euripedes C. Miguel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - William McMahon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Michael Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Humberto Nicolini
- National Institute of Genomic Medicine-SAP, Carracci Medical Group, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU Medical Centre, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gregory L. Hanna
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Peter Heutink
- Section of Medical Genomics, Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Damiaan Denys
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (NIN-KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul D. Arnold
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ben A. Oostra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerald Nestadt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nelson B. Freimer
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - David L. Pauls
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Naomi R. Wray
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - S. Evelyn Stewart
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- British Columbia Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Carol A. Mathews
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - James A. Knowles
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Nancy J. Cox
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jeremiah M. Scharf
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LKD); (JMS)
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Suliman S, Hemmings SMJ, Seedat S. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) protein levels in anxiety disorders: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Front Integr Neurosci 2013; 7:55. [PMID: 23908608 PMCID: PMC3725410 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2013.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin that is involved in the synaptic plasticity and survival of neurons. BDNF is believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of several neuropsychiatric disorders. As findings of BDNF levels in anxiety disorders have been inconsistent, we undertook to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that assessed BDNF protein levels in these disorders. Methods: We conducted the review using electronic databases and searched reference lists of relevant articles for any further studies. Studies that measured BDNF protein levels in any anxiety disorder and compared these to a control group were included. Effect sizes of the differences in BDNF levels between anxiety disorder and control groups were calculated. Results: Eight studies with a total of 1179 participants were included. Initial findings suggested that BDNF levels were lower in individuals with any anxiety disorder compared to those without [Standard Mean Difference (SMD) = −0.94 (−1.75, −0.12), p ≤ 0.05]. This was, however, dependent on source of BDNF protein [plasma: SMD = −1.31 (−1.69, −0.92), p ≤ 0.01; serum: SMD = −1.06 (−2.27, 0.16), p ≥ 0.01] and type of anxiety disorder [PTSD: SMD = −0.05 (−1.66, 1.75), p ≥ 0.01; OCD: SMD = −2.33 (−4.21, −0.45), p ≤ 0.01]. Conclusion: Although BDNF levels appear to be reduced in individuals with an anxiety disorder, this is not consistent across the various anxiety disorders and may largely be explained by the significantly lowered BDNF levels found in OCD. Results further appear to be mediated by differences in sampling methods. Findings are, however, limited by the lack of research in this area, and given the potential for BDNF as a biomarker of anxiety disorders, it would be useful to clarify the relationship further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharain Suliman
- MRC Anxiety Disorders Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch Cape Town, South Africa
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Hemmings SMJ, Martin LI, Klopper M, van der Merwe L, Aitken L, de Wit E, Black GF, Hoal EG, Walzl G, Seedat S. BDNF Val66Met and DRD2 Taq1A polymorphisms interact to influence PTSD symptom severity: a preliminary investigation in a South African population. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 40:273-80. [PMID: 23103549 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated the role that selected variants in serotonin transporter (5-HTT), dopamine receptor 2 (DRD2) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) genes play in PTSD symptom severity in an at-risk population. We also investigated the interaction between the genetic variants to determine whether these variables and the interactions between the variables influenced the severity of PTSD symptoms. METHODS PTSD symptoms were quantitatively assessed using the Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS) in 150 participants from an at-risk South African population. All participants were genotyped for the 5-HTTLPR, DRD2 Taq1A and BDNF Val66Met polymorphisms. Gene-gene interactions were investigated using various linear models. All analyses were adjusted for age, gender, major depressive disorder diagnosis, level of resilience, level of social support and alcohol dependence. RESULTS A significant interaction effect between DRD2 Taq1A and BDNF Val66Met variants on DTS score was observed. On the background of the BDNF Val66Val genotype, DTS score increased significantly with the addition of a DRD2 Taq1A A1 allele. However, on the BDNF Met66 allele background, the addition of an A1 allele was found to reduce total DTS score. CONCLUSIONS This study provides preliminary evidence for an epistatic interaction between BDNF Val66Met and DRD2 Taq1A polymorphisms on the severity of PTSD symptoms, where both too little and too much dopamine can result in increased PTSD symptom severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian M J Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa.
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Lochner C, Seedat S, Hemmings SMJ, Moolman-Smook JC, Kidd M, Stein DJ. Investigating the possible effects of trauma experiences and 5-HTT on the dissociative experiences of patients with OCD using path analysis and multiple regression. Neuropsychobiology 2008; 56:6-13. [PMID: 17943026 DOI: 10.1159/000109971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2006] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dissociation is defined as the disruption of the usually integrated functions of consciousness, such as memory, identity, and perceptions of the environment. Causes include various psychological, neurological and neurobiological mechanisms, none of which have been consistently supported. To our knowledge, the role of gene-environment interactions in dissociative experiences in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has not previously been investigated. Eighty-three Caucasian patients (29 male, 54 female) with a principal diagnosis of OCD were included. The Dissociative Experiences Scale was used to assess dissociation. The role of childhood trauma (assessed with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire), and a functional 44-bp insertion/deletion polymorphism in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter, or 5-HTT, in mediating dissociation, was investigated using multiple regression analysis and path analysis using the partial least squares model. Both analyses indicated that an interaction between physical neglect and the S/S genotype of the 5-HTT gene significantly predicted dissociation in patients with OCD. Dissociation may be a predictor of poorer treatment outcome in patients with OCD; therefore, a better understanding of the mechanisms that underlie this phenomenon may be useful. Here, two different but related statistical techniques (multiple regression and partial least squares), confirmed that physical neglect and the 5-HTT genotype jointly play a role in predicting dissociation in OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Lochner
- MRC Unit on Anxiety and Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa.
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Lochner C, Hemmings SMJ, Kinnear CJ, Nel D, Hemmings SMJ, Seedat S, Moolman-Smook JC, Stein DJ. Cluster analysis of obsessive-compulsive symptomatology: identifying obsessive-compulsive disorder subtypes. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 2008; 45:164-176. [PMID: 19398820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence that obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a heterogeneous disorder. Different clinical subtypes may be characterized by differing pathophysiological mechanisms and treatment outcomes. METHODS A cluster analysis was performed on 45 items of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms Checklist (YBOCS-CL) for 261 patients with OCD. Cluster solutions emerging at different linkage distance levels, and the associations of identified clusters with demographic, clinical and relevant genetic variables, were investigated. RESULTS A 6-cluster solution emerged at a linkage distance level of 1.5, and a 3-cluster solution emerged at a linkage distance level of 2.1. The 3 clusters in the latter solution were labeled I) Contamination / washing, II) Hoarding / symmetry / ordering, and III) Obsessional / checking. Increased Cluster III scores were associated with earlier age of OCD onset and the Met/Met (L/L) genotype of the COMT Val158Met polymorphism. CONCLUSION The data here are consistent with previous work delineating the different symptom subtypes of OCD, also with previous work suggesting that the Met/Met (L/L) genotype of the COMT Val158Met polymorphism may be associated with anxiety symptoms, as well as with previous work suggesting that dopaminergic genes may be particularly important in early-onset OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Lochner
- MRC Unit on Anxiety and Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa.
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Lochner C, Kinnear CJ, Hemmings SMJ, Seller C, Niehaus DJH, Knowles JA, Daniels W, Moolman-Smook JC, Seedat S, Stein DJ. Hoarding in obsessive-compulsive disorder: clinical and genetic correlates. J Clin Psychiatry 2005; 66:1155-60. [PMID: 16187774 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.v66n0911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hoarding may be an important symptom dimension in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Hoarding in OCD has been associated with poor insight, poorer response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors than other OCD symptom dimensions, and a distinctive psychobiological profile. The clinical and genetic correlates of hoarding in OCD therefore deserve additional investigation. METHOD Adult OCD patients (N = 315) underwent a comprehensive clinical assessment that included the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (Patient Edition) and for Diagnosis of Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders. DNA extracted from venous blood (10-30 mL) in a Caucasian subset of the interviewed OCD patients (N = 204) and Caucasian controls (N = 169), including patients (N = 94) and controls (N = 138) of Afrikaner descent, was genotyped to investigate polymorphisms in genes involved in monoamine function and previously hypothesized to be relevant to OCD. Data were collected from 1998 through 2004. RESULTS OCD patients with hoarding made up 18.1% of the total sample. Compared with nonhoarding OCD, OCD with hoarding was associated with a number of comorbid Axis I disorders, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, significantly higher OCD severity scores, and more functional impairment. In subjects of Afrikaner descent, the L/L genotype of the COMT Val158Met polymorphism was significantly more common in the OCD hoarding group, with a preponderance of low activity alleles, compared with nonhoarding patients and controls. CONCLUSIONS These data are consistent with the hypothesis that hoarding represents a unique symptom subtype in OCD with a distinctive clinical and psychobiological profile. Further work is needed to determine the psychobiological mechanisms responsible for hoarding and to replicate the genetic findings noted here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Lochner
- MRC Unit on Anxiety Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Lochner C, Hemmings SMJ, Kinnear CJ, Niehaus DJH, Nel DG, Corfield VA, Moolman-Smook JC, Seedat S, Stein DJ. Cluster analysis of obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: clinical and genetic correlates. Compr Psychiatry 2005; 46:14-9. [PMID: 15714189 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2004.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comorbidity of certain obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders (OCSDs; such as Tourette's disorder) in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) may serve to define important OCD subtypes characterized by differing phenomenology and neurobiological mechanisms. Comorbidity of the putative OCSDs in OCD has, however, not often been systematically investigated. METHODS The Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition , Axis I Disorders-Patient Version as well as a Structured Clinical Interview for Putative OCSDs (SCID-OCSD) were administered to 210 adult patients with OCD (N = 210, 102 men and 108 women; mean age, 35.7 +/- 13.3). A subset of Caucasian subjects (with OCD, n = 171; control subjects, n = 168), including subjects from the genetically homogeneous Afrikaner population (with OCD, n = 77; control subjects, n = 144), was genotyped for polymorphisms in genes involved in monoamine function. Because the items of the SCID-OCSD are binary (present/absent), a cluster analysis (Ward's method) using the items of SCID-OCSD was conducted. The association of identified clusters with demographic variables (age, gender), clinical variables (age of onset, obsessive-compulsive symptom severity and dimensions, level of insight, temperament/character, treatment response), and monoaminergic genotypes was examined. RESULTS Cluster analysis of the OCSDs in our sample of patients with OCD identified 3 separate clusters at a 1.1 linkage distance level. The 3 clusters were named as follows: (1) "reward deficiency" (including trichotillomania, Tourette's disorder, pathological gambling, and hypersexual disorder), (2) "impulsivity" (including compulsive shopping, kleptomania, eating disorders, self-injury, and intermittent explosive disorder), and (3) "somatic" (including body dysmorphic disorder and hypochondriasis). Several significant associations were found between cluster scores and other variables; for example, cluster I scores were associated with earlier age of onset of OCD and the presence of tics, cluster II scores were associated with female gender and childhood emotional abuse, and cluster III scores were associated with less insight and with somatic obsessions and compulsions. However, none of these clusters were associated with any particular genetic variant. CONCLUSION Analysis of comorbid OCSDs in OCD suggested that these lie on a number of different dimensions. These dimensions are partially consistent with previous theoretical approaches taken toward classifying OCD spectrum disorders. The lack of genetic validation of these clusters in the present study may indicate the involvement of other, as yet untested, genes. Further genetic and cluster analyses of comorbid OCSDs in OCD may ultimately contribute to a better delineation of OCD endophenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Lochner
- MRC Unit on Anxiety and Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg, 7505, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Lochner C, Hemmings SMJ, Kinnear CJ, Moolman-Smook JC, Corfield VA, Knowles JA, Niehaus DJH, Stein DJ. Corrigendum to "gender in obsessive-compulsive disorder: clinical and genetic findings" [Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 14 (2004) 105-113]. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2004; 14:437-45. [PMID: 15468463 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2004.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing recognition that obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is not a homogeneous entity. It has been suggested that gender may contribute to the clinical and biological heterogeneity of OCD. METHODS Two hundred and twenty patients (n=220; 107 male, 113 female) with DSM-IV OCD (age: 36.40 +/- 13.46) underwent structured interviews. A subset of Caucasian subjects (n=178), including subjects from the genetically homogeneous Afrikaner population (n=81), and of matched control subjects (n=161), was genotyped for polymorphisms in genes involved in monoamine function. Clinical and genetic data were statistically analyzed across gender. RESULTS Compared with females, males with OCD (1) had an earlier age of onset, and a trend toward having more tics and worse outcome, (2) had somewhat differing patterns of OCD symptomatology and axis I comorbidity, and (3) in the Caucasian group, were more likely to have the high activity T allele of the EcoRV variant of the monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) gene compared to controls, and (4) in the Afrikaner subgroup, were more frequently homozygous for the G allele at the G861C variant of the 5HT1Dbeta gene than controls. Females with OCD (1) reported more sexual abuse during childhood than males, (2) often noted changes in obsessive-compulsive symptoms in the premenstrual/menstrual period as well as during/shortly after pregnancy, and with menopause, and (3) in the Caucasian subgroup, were more frequently homozygous for the low activity C allele of the EcoRV variant of the MAO-A gene compared to controls, with this allele also more frequent in female patients than controls. CONCLUSION This study supports the hypothesis that gender contributes to the clinical and biological heterogeneity of OCD. A sexually dimorphic pattern of genetic susceptibility to OCD may be present. Further work is, however, needed to delineate the mechanisms that are responsible for mediating the effects of gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Lochner
- MRC Unit on Anxiety Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Lochner C, Seedat S, Hemmings SMJ, Kinnear CJ, Corfield VA, Niehaus DJH, Moolman-Smook JC, Stein DJ. Dissociative experiences in obsessive-compulsive disorder and trichotillomania: clinical and genetic findings. Compr Psychiatry 2004; 45:384-91. [PMID: 15332202 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2004.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A link between dissociation proneness in adulthood and self-reports of childhood traumatic events (including familial loss in childhood, sexual/physical abuse and neglect) has been documented. Several studies have also provided evidence for an association between dissociative experiences and trauma in patients with various psychiatric disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder, borderline personality, dissociative identity and eating disorders. Based on the relative paucity of data on dissociation and trauma in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and trichotillomania (TTM), the primary objective of this study was to examine the relationship between trauma and dissociative experiences (DE) in these two diagnostic groups. Furthermore, the availability of clinical and genetic data on this sample allowed us to explore clinical and genetic factors relevant to this association. A total of 110 OCD and 32 TTM patients were compared with respect to the degree of dissociation (using the Dissociative Experiences Scale [DES]) and childhood trauma (using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire [CTQ]). Patients were classified on the DES as either "high" (mean DES score >/= 30) or "low" (mean DES score < 30) dissociators. Additional clinical and genetic factors were also explored with chi-square and t tests as appropriate. A total of 15.8% of OCD patients and 18.8% of TTM patients were high dissociators. OCD and TTM groups were comparable on DES and CTQ total scores, and in both OCD and TTM groups, significant positive correlations were found between mean DES scores and mean CTQ subscores of emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and physical neglect. In the OCD group, high dissociators were significantly younger than low dissociators, and significantly more high dissociators than low dissociators reported a lifetime (current and past) history of tics (P <.001), Tourette's syndrome (P =.019), bulimia nervosa (P =.003), and borderline personality disorder (P =.027). In the TTM group, significantly more high dissociators than low dissociators reported (lifetime) kleptomania (P =.005) and depersonalisation disorder (P =.005). In the Caucasian OCD patients (n = 114), investigation of genetic polymorphisms involved in monoamine function revealed no significant differences between high and low dissociator groups. This study demonstrates a link between childhood trauma and DE in patients with OCD and TTM. High dissociative symptomatology may be present in a substantial proportion of patients diagnosed with these disorders. High dissociators may also be differentiated from low dissociators on some demographic features (e.g., lower age) and comorbidity profile (e.g., increased incidence of impulse dyscontrol disorders). Additional work is necessary before conclusions about the role of monoaminergic systems in mediating such dissociation can be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Lochner
- Medical Research Council Unit on Anxiety Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenboch, Cape Town, South Africa
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Lochner C, Hemmings SMJ, Kinnear CJ, Moolman-Smook JC, Corfield VA, Knowles JA, Niehaus DJH, Stein DJ. Gender in obsessive-compulsive disorder: clinical and genetic findings. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2004; 14:105-13. [PMID: 15013025 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-977x(03)00063-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2002] [Accepted: 05/08/2003] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing recognition that obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is not a homogeneous entity. It has been suggested that gender may contribute to the clinical and biological heterogeneity of OCD. METHODS Two hundred and twenty patients (n=220; 107 male, 113 female) with DSM-IV OCD (age: 36.40+/-13.46) underwent structured interviews. A subset of Caucasian subjects (n=178), including subjects from the genetically homogeneous Afrikaner population (n=81), and of matched control subjects (n=161), was genotyped for polymorphisms in genes involved in monoamine function. Clinical and genetic data were statistically analyzed across gender. RESULTS Compared with females, males with OCD (1) had an earlier age of onset, and a trend toward having more tics and worse outcome, (2) had somewhat differing patterns of OCD symptomatology and axis I comorbidity, and (3) in the Caucasian group, were more likely to have the high activity T allele of the EcoRV variant of the monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) gene compared to controls, and (4) in the Afrikaner subgroup, were more frequently homozygous for the C allele at the G861C variant of the 5HT(1D beta) gene than controls. Females with OCD (1) reported more sexual abuse during childhood than males, (2) often noted changes in obsessive-compulsive symptoms in the premenstrual/menstrual period as well as during/shortly after pregnancy, and with menopause, and (3) in the Caucasian subgroup, were more frequently homozygous for the low activity C allele of the EcoRV variant of the MAO-A gene compared to controls, with this allele also more frequent in female patients than controls. CONCLUSION This study supports the hypothesis that gender contributes to the clinical and biological heterogeneity of OCD. A sexually dimorphic pattern of genetic susceptibility to OCD may be present. Further work is, however, needed to delineate the mechanisms that are responsible for mediating the effects of gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Lochner
- MRC Unit on Anxiety Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, Cape Town, South Africa.
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