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Kirchner-Häusler A, Schönbrodt FD, Uskul AK, Vignoles VL, Rodríguez-Bailón R, Castillo VA, Cross SE, Gezici-Yalçın M, Harb C, Husnu S, Ishii K, Karamaouna P, Kafetsios K, Kateri E, Matamoros-Lima J, Miniesy R, Na J, Özkan Z, Pagliaro S, Psaltis C, Rabie D, Teresi M, Uchida Y. Proximal and distal honor fit and subjective well-being in the Mediterranean region. J Pers 2024; 92:38-54. [PMID: 36536608 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE People's psychological tendencies are attuned to their sociocultural context and culture-specific ways of being, feeling, and thinking are believed to assist individuals in successfully navigating their environment. Supporting this idea, a stronger "fit" with one's cultural environment has often been linked to positive psychological outcomes. The current research expands the cultural, conceptual, and methodological space of cultural fit research by exploring the link between well-being and honor, a central driver of social behavior in the Mediterranean region. METHOD Drawing on a multi-national sample from eight countries circum-Mediterranean (N = 2257), we examined the relationship between cultural fit in honor and well-being at the distal level (fit with one's perceived society) using response surface analysis (RSA) and at the proximal level (fit with one's university gender group) using profile analysis. RESULTS We found positive links between fit and well-being in both distal (for some, but not all, honor facets) and proximal fit analyses (across all honor facets). Furthermore, most fit effects in the RSA were complemented with positive level effects of the predictors, with higher average honor levels predicting higher well-being. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the interplay between individual and environmental factors in honor as well as the important role honor plays in well-being in the Mediterranean region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kirchner-Häusler
- Department of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Felix D Schönbrodt
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Ayse K Uskul
- Department of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | | | | | - Vanessa A Castillo
- Department of Psychology, Coe College, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, USA
- Department of Psychology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Susan E Cross
- Department of Psychology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Charles Harb
- Department of Psychology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Psychology, Doha Institute, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shenel Husnu
- Department of Psychology, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, Cyprus
| | - Keiko Ishii
- Department of Cognitive and Psychological Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Rania Miniesy
- Department of Economics, British University of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jinkyung Na
- Department of Psychology, Sogang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Zafer Özkan
- Department of Psychology, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Stefano Pagliaro
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University di Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Charis Psaltis
- Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Dina Rabie
- Nottingham Business School, Nottingham Trent University Business School, Nottingham, UK
| | - Manuel Teresi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University di Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Yukiko Uchida
- Kokoro Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Rollero C, Teresi M, Pagliaro S. The Role of Sexting on the Perception of Image-Based Sexual Abuse. J Interpers Violence 2023; 38:11727-11744. [PMID: 37461386 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231188131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Gender-based violence is a widespread phenomenon that significantly impacts many women around the world. Among the different forms that it might take, image-based sexual abuse represents one of the most common forms nowadays. According to the literature, sexting-the sharing of sexually explicit messages or images-is one of the most important risk factors for image-based sexual abuse because sexts can be forwarded or published without the authorization of the originator. Nevertheless, sexting can play a role in sexual and relational development and serve as a first step in experimenting with sexual contact in real life. In this study (N = 603 from the general population), we examined the relations between people's beliefs about sexting, attitudes toward it, and sexting behavior on the one hand, and reactions to a situation of nonconsensual dissemination of sexts on the other hand. Results showed that social pressure exerted by peers and partners to sext was associated with both positive attitudes toward sexting and sexting behaviors. Attitudes toward sexting, then, have a spillover effect on the reactions toward a victim of nonconsensual dissemination of sexts, in terms of empathy, victim blaming, and affective reactions. Implications for both research and policymaking regarding this form of gender-based violence are discussed.
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Uskul AK, Kirchner-Häusler A, Vignoles VL, Rodriguez-Bailón R, Castillo VA, Cross SE, Yalçın MG, Harb C, Husnu S, Ishii K, Jin S, Karamaouna P, Kafetsios K, Kateri E, Matamoros-Lima J, Liu D, Miniesy R, Na J, Özkan Z, Pagliaro S, Psaltis C, Rabie D, Teresi M, Uchida Y. Neither Eastern nor Western: Patterns of independence and interdependence in Mediterranean societies. J Pers Soc Psychol 2023; 125:471-495. [PMID: 37126053 DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Social science research has highlighted "honor" as a central value driving social behavior in Mediterranean societies, which requires individuals to develop and protect a sense of their personal self-worth and their social reputation, through assertiveness, competitiveness, and retaliation in the face of threats. We predicted that members of Mediterranean societies may exhibit a distinctive combination of independent and interdependent social orientation, self-construal, and cognitive style, compared to more commonly studied East Asian and Anglo-Western cultural groups. We compared participants from eight Mediterranean societies (Spain, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Cyprus [Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot communities], Lebanon, Egypt) to participants from East Asian (Korea, Japan) and Anglo-Western (the United Kingdom, the United States) societies, using six implicit social orientation indicators, an eight-dimensional self-construal scale, and four cognitive style indicators. Compared with both East Asian and Anglo-Western samples, samples from Mediterranean societies distinctively emphasized several forms of independence (relative intensity of disengaging [vs. engaging] emotions, happiness based on disengaging [vs. engaging] emotions, dispositional [vs. situational] attribution style, self-construal as different from others, self-directed, self-reliant, self-expressive, and consistent) and interdependence (closeness to in-group [vs. out-group] members, self-construal as connected and committed to close others). Our findings extend previous insights into patterns of cultural orientation beyond commonly examined East-West comparisons to an understudied world region. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Charles Harb
- Department of Psychology, American University of Beirut
| | - Shenel Husnu
- Department of Psychology, Eastern Mediterranean University
| | - Keiko Ishii
- Department of Cognitive and Psychological Sciences, Nagoya University
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Daqing Liu
- School of Psychology, University of Kent
| | - Rania Miniesy
- Department of Economics, British University in Egypt
| | | | | | - Stefano Pagliaro
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara
| | | | - Dina Rabie
- Department of Economics, British University in Egypt
| | - Manuel Teresi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara
| | - Yukiko Uchida
- Institute for the Future of Human Society, Kyoto University
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Giovannelli I, Pagliaro S, Spaccatini F, Pacilli MG. Self-reported psychological symptoms and severe stress events, but not patients' gender, affect illness representation and medical advice by lay-referral network advisors. Soc Sci Med 2023; 320:115666. [PMID: 36645945 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
People who experience symptoms tend to discuss their ailments with other individuals who create their own illness representations, acting as intuitive physicians. We conducted two experimental studies to examine lay-referral network advisors' (i.e., acquaintances) representation of illness etiology and their recommendation to undergo health screenings for a man or woman with physical (vs. both physical and psychological) symptoms and a severe stressful (vs. no stressful) period in life. The presence of psychological and physical symptoms (Studies 1 and 2) and severe stressful life events (Study 2) affects lay-referral network advisors' disease representation. These factors cause participants to attribute symptoms etiology to psychological rather than organic factors and recommend more psychological screenings rather than physical ones. The simultaneous presence of psychological and physical symptoms and severe stressful events increases the likelihood of attributing the illness etiology to psychological factors, which increases participants' willingness to recommend psychological screenings. Study variables were unaffected by patient gender. The main findings, limitations, and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Giovannelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy.
| | - Stefano Pagliaro
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
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5
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Johnson J, Smith-Enoe S, Luo S, Pacilli MG, Pagliaro S. Intimate Partner Violence in Fiji: How the Perpetrator Is "Rewarded" for Perceived Victim Suffering. Violence Against Women 2023; 29:134-153. [PMID: 35048761 DOI: 10.1177/10778012211070311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Although intimate partner violence is rampant in Fiji, limited research has investigated the perception of appropriate legal sanctions for the perpetrators. We explored whether victim characteristics and perceived victim suffering would independently or jointly influence perpetrator-directed legal sanctions. Undergraduates read an IPV passage with the victim portrayed as a sexual norm violator, a career-focused mother, or a control victim. At high levels of perceived victim suffering, participants "rewarded" the perpetrator by reporting less punitive reactions and reduced perceived culpability in the norm violating victim condition. No differences emerged at low levels of perceived suffering. Implications for the Metanorm Perspective are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Johnson
- 54564The University of the South Pacific, Rewa, Fiji
| | | | - Shanhong Luo
- 169140University of North Carolina-Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, USA
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Vezzali L, Pagliaro S, Di Bernardo GA, McKeown S, Margherita Cocco V. Solidarity across group lines: Secondary transfer effect of intergroup contact, perceived moral distance, and collective action. Euro J Social Psych 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Baldissarri C, Pagliaro S, Teresi M, Andrighetto L. Humanness in times of uncertainty: On the link between perceived job insecurity, self‐objectification and well‐being. Euro J Social Psych 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefano Pagliaro
- Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Sciences University of Chieti‐Pescara Chieti Italy
| | - Manuel Teresi
- Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Sciences University of Chieti‐Pescara Chieti Italy
| | - Luca Andrighetto
- Department of Educational Science University of Genova Genoa Italy
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Pacilli MG, Giovannelli I, Spaccatini F, Pagliaro S, Brambilla M, Barreto M, Sacchi S. Heroes or traitors? Perception of whistleblowers depends on the self-relevance of the group being reported. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/13684302221123923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Whistleblowing is the action by which members of an organization report misconduct that occurs within their group to other persons inside or outside the organization. In the present research, we examined perception of whistleblowers in terms of global impressions, emotions, and behavioural intentions. Study 1 reveals negative reactions to whistleblowers, while Study 2 shows positive reactions to whistleblowers. To reconcile these findings, Study 3 varies the self-relevance of the context and reveals that whistleblowers are derogated when the context is highly self-relevant (as in Study 1) and positively evaluated when it is not (as in Study 2). Across the studies, we also show that emotions and the subjective importance of loyalty and fairness influence the evaluation of whistleblowers. Our findings help unveiling the conditions in which whistleblowers are alternatively regarded as heroes or traitors, depending on the perceivers’ point of view.
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De Giorgio A, Barattucci M, Teresi M, Raulli G, Ballone C, Ramaci T, Pagliaro S. Organizational identification as a trigger for personal well‐being: Associations with happiness and stress through job outcomes. Community & Applied Soc Psy 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/casp.2648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Manuel Teresi
- Università degli Studi di Chieti‐Pescara Chieti Italy
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10
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Johnson JD, Edwards W, Pagliaro S, Lecci L. Sexualized Music Videos Desensitize Fijian Women to Intimate Partner Violence Suffering: The Mediating Role of Culpability Attributions. J Interpers Violence 2022; 37:NP14787-NP14806. [PMID: 33980063 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211015260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although there is growing evidence that receiving positive emotional support (e.g., empathy) facilitates improved mental health outcomes among intimate partner violence (IPV) victims, there has been minimal exploration of factors that might undermine the likelihood of such supportive responses. The current study addressed this issue by examining whether exposure to sexualized music videos would affect IPV victim-directed empathic responding of third-party respondents. In a three-condition design, 243 female Fijian university students viewed sexualized, nonsexualized, or neutral music videos. They then read about a male-to-female IPV incident involving a university student victim who focused heavily on academic success and rated aspiration-related culpability and empathic responding for the victim. Relative to those who viewed neutral and nonsexualized videos, those who viewed the sexualized video reported less victim-directed empathy. Moreover, the impact of video type on empathy was mediated by aspiration-related culpability (i.e., the perception that the victim studied too much). The present research examined, in an understudied, patriarchal population (Fijian women) with an extremely high rate of IPV, how exposure to sexualized music videos can contribute to both greater blame and greater desensitization to the suffering of an IPV victim. The importance of studying third-party responders (bystanders) is that they may represent a fundamental resource for the victim, or by contrast, if they fail to respond empathically, they would be unsupportive to a victim. This provides some directions for facilitating social controls and decreasing social tolerance for harmful patriarchal beliefs and gender-based violence in the Pacific Region of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Len Lecci
- University of North Carolina Wilmington, NC, USA
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Barattucci M, Pagliaro S, Ballone C, Teresi M, Consoli C, Garofalo A, De Giorgio A, Ramaci T. Trust in Science as a Possible Mediator between Different Antecedents and COVID-19 Booster Vaccination Intention: An Integration of Health Belief Model (HBM) and Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071099. [PMID: 35891265 PMCID: PMC9320855 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As the literature highlights, many health behavior theories try to explain both social and psychological variables influencing an individual’s health behavior. This study integrates insights relative to the antecedents of getting vaccinated from health behavior theories, particularly including the health belief model (HBM), the theory of planned behavior (TPB), and the different socio-demographic factors. Furthermore, we considered the possible mechanism of impact of distrust in science on individuals’ hesitance and resistance to taking up SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in subjects living in Italy. A correlational study of 1095 subjects enrolled when the national vaccination campaign for the third dose was launched. A questionnaire was used to measure: Italian Risk Perception; subjective norm; trust in science, trust in the vaccine; fear of COVID-19; fear of the vaccine; perceived knowledge about SARS-CoV-2; booster vaccination intention. Principal results show that: (i) the positive relationship provided by HBM theory between perceptions of SARS-CoV-2 risk (vulnerability and severity) and intention to have the vaccine, through fear of COVID-19; (ii) the positive relationship between subjective norms and both trust in science and vaccination intention; (iii) that trust in science plays a crucial role in predicting vaccination intention. Finally, the results provided indications about a positive relationship between subjective norms and fear of COVID-19, and a full mediation role of trust in science in the relationships between determinants of both TPA and HBM, fear of COVID-19, and vaccination intention. In conclusion, an individual’s intention (not) to get vaccinated requires the consideration of a plethora of socio-psychological factors. However, overall, trust in science appears to be a key determinant of vaccination intention. Additional strategies promoting healthy behavior are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Barattucci
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Stefano Pagliaro
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University of Studies ‘Gabriele d’Annunzio’, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (S.P.); (C.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Chiara Ballone
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University of Studies ‘Gabriele d’Annunzio’, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (S.P.); (C.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Manuel Teresi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University of Studies ‘Gabriele d’Annunzio’, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (S.P.); (C.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Carlo Consoli
- Koinè, Interdisciplinary Center for Psychology and Educational Sciences, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alice Garofalo
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Kore University of Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy; (A.G.); (T.R.)
| | | | - Tiziana Ramaci
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Kore University of Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy; (A.G.); (T.R.)
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Spaccatini F, Pacilli MG, Pagliaro S, Giovannelli I. Victim blaming 2.0: blaming sexualized victims of online harassment lowers bystanders’ helping intentions. Curr Psychol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-02884-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Simić A, Sacchi S, Pagliaro S, Pacilli MG, Brambilla M. Bringing Us Closer Together: The Influence of National Identity and Political Orientation on COVID-19-Related Behavioral Intentions. Front Psychol 2022; 13:795654. [PMID: 35153954 PMCID: PMC8828934 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.795654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of work has highlighted the importance of political beliefs and attitudes in predicting endorsement and engagement in prosocial behavior. Individuals with right-wing political orientation are less likely to behave prosocially than their left-wing counterparts due to high levels of Right-wing authoritarianism (RWA). Here, we aimed to extend prior work by testing how political values relate to COVID-19 discretionary behavioral intentions (i.e., prosocial and non-mandatory behaviors aimed at controlling the spread of the pandemic). Furthermore, we tested whether identification with the national group would influence the relationship between RWA and prosocial behavior. A cross-sectional study conducted on 350 Italian participants showed that right-wing political orientation had a negative effect on COVID-19 discretionary behavioral intentions via RWA. Furthermore, a moderated mediation model revealed that this effect was only significant for participants who are lowly identified with the national group. The results suggest that highlighting group belongingness might effectively motivate more conservative individuals to engage in prosocial behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Simić
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Sacchi
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Pagliaro
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Marco Brambilla
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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Pagliaro S, Paolini D, Pacilli MG. Intimate Partner Violence and Same-Sex Couples: Examining the Antecedents of the Helping Intentions of Bystanders. J Interpers Violence 2021; 36:NP11593-NP11617. [PMID: 31771396 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519888530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Researchers interested in intimate partner violence (IPV) have focused primarily on male-against-female cases. We conducted two experimental investigations to examine the influence of moral evaluation, attribution of responsibility, and right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) on the willingness of bystanders to provide help to the victim in an IPV case involving a same-sex couple. Study 1 (N = 195) surveyed a heterosexual participant sample, and Study 2 (N = 120) surveyed a sample of gay and lesbian participants. In both studies, participants read a fictitious article describing an alleged IPV episode that occurred either in a male-male or a female-female couple. Each participant read an article describing one of two versions of a case of IPV: In one account, the victim admitted to infidelity and in the other, the victim did not confess to infidelity. The participants subsequently evaluated the victim and expressed their willingness (or lack thereof) to support and provide help to the injured party. In both studies, participants in the condition that included the admission of infidelity assessed the victim to be less moral and more responsible for the violent episode. Consequently, participants of both studies expressed lesser willingness to provide help to the victim. Moreover, in Study 1, the relationship between the admission of infidelity and the respondents' willingness to support the victim was moderated by RWA. Particularly, the admission of infidelity by the victim reduced the respondents' willingness to extend support only when they reported a medium to a high level of RWA ideology. By focusing specifically on same-sex IPV cases, this study contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the reactions of witnesses with regard to IPV. Furthermore, it provides evidence about the underlying mechanisms mitigating the intervention of bystanders in such cases and identifies boundary conditions that exacerbate their (un)willingness to intervene.
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Gramazio S, Cadinu M, Pagliaro S, Pacilli MG. Sexualization of Sexual Harassment Victims Reduces Bystanders' Help: The Mediating Role of Attribution of Immorality and Blame. J Interpers Violence 2021; 36:6073-6097. [PMID: 30539673 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518816326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Women's representation in social media is becoming increasingly sexualized, even when they are victims of sexual harassment (SH). In the present research, we adopted a bystander approach to investigate the role of victims' sexualization on bystanders' reactions to an episode of SH. In Study 1, female participants read a fictitious newspaper article that described a workplace SH episode: According to condition, the article included a picture of the victim who was wearing either sexualized or nonsexualized clothing. In Study 2, which also included male participants, we used a similar procedure and measured a series of traditional beliefs against women equality. As predicted, participants showed lower willingness to help the sexualized than nonsexualized victim: This effect occurred because they attributed lower morality to the victim and blamed her more for the SH event. Study 2 very well replicated Study 1 results and also showed that higher levels of endorsement of traditional masculine norms further enhanced biased perception of the sexualized (vs. nonsexualized) victim. Together, findings suggest that biased evaluations of workplace SH episodes associated with sexualized victims' appearance, consistent with traditional masculine norms, may have detrimental consequences by increasing legitimization and tolerance toward SH.
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Pagliaro S, Cavazza N, Paolini D, Teresi M, Johnson JD, Pacilli MG. Adding Insult to Injury: The Effects of Intimate Partner Violence Spillover on the Victim's Reputation. Violence Against Women 2021; 28:1523-1541. [PMID: 34160315 DOI: 10.1177/10778012211014566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This article examined indirect consequences for the victims of intimate partner violence (IPV) in terms of ostracism and reputational threats. Through an experimental vignette survey, we compared bystanders' reactions to either an intimate partner violence episode or a generic violence episode. A victim of IPV (vs. generic violence) received a more negative moral evaluation and was considered as more responsible for the violence perpetrated on her. This made participants not only anticipate a less positive reputation attributed to the victim but also report less willingness to approach and defend the victim and include her in relevant ingroups 1 year after the episode.
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Pagliaro S, Sacchi S, Pacilli MG, Brambilla M, Lionetti F, Bettache K, Bianchi M, Biella M, Bonnot V, Boza M, Butera F, Ceylan-Batur S, Chong K, Chopova T, Crimston CR, Álvarez B, Cuadrado I, Ellemers N, Formanowicz M, Graupmann V, Gkinopoulos T, Kyung Jeong EH, Jasinskaja-Lahti I, Jetten J, Muhib Bin K, Mao Y, McCoy C, Mehnaz F, Minescu A, Sirlopú D, Simić A, Travaglino G, Uskul AK, Zanetti C, Zinn A, Zubieta E. Trust predicts COVID-19 prescribed and discretionary behavioral intentions in 23 countries. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248334. [PMID: 33690672 PMCID: PMC7946319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide spread of a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) since December 2019 has posed a severe threat to individuals' well-being. While the world at large is waiting that the released vaccines immunize most citizens, public health experts suggest that, in the meantime, it is only through behavior change that the spread of COVID-19 can be controlled. Importantly, the required behaviors are aimed not only at safeguarding one's own health. Instead, individuals are asked to adapt their behaviors to protect the community at large. This raises the question of which social concerns and moral principles make people willing to do so. We considered in 23 countries (N = 6948) individuals' willingness to engage in prescribed and discretionary behaviors, as well as country-level and individual-level factors that might drive such behavioral intentions. Results from multilevel multiple regressions, with country as the nesting variable, showed that publicized number of infections were not significantly related to individual intentions to comply with the prescribed measures and intentions to engage in discretionary prosocial behaviors. Instead, psychological differences in terms of trust in government, citizens, and in particular toward science predicted individuals' behavioral intentions across countries. The more people endorsed moral principles of fairness and care (vs. loyalty and authority), the more they were inclined to report trust in science, which, in turn, statistically predicted prescribed and discretionary behavioral intentions. Results have implications for the type of intervention and public communication strategies that should be most effective to induce the behavioral changes that are needed to control the COVID-19 outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Pagliaro
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Simona Sacchi
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Marco Brambilla
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Lionetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Karim Bettache
- Department of Psychology, Monash University, Clayton, Malaysia
| | - Mauro Bianchi
- Digital Human-Environment Interaction Lab, Universidade Lusòfona, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marco Biella
- Department of Psychology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Virginie Bonnot
- Department of Psychology, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Mihaela Boza
- Department of Psychology and Education Sciences, University Alexandru Ioan Cuza, Iasi, Romania
| | - Fabrizio Butera
- Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Suzan Ceylan-Batur
- Department of Psychology, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kristy Chong
- Department of Psychology, Monash University, Clayton, Malaysia
| | - Tatiana Chopova
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Belén Álvarez
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Isabel Cuadrado
- Department of Psychology, University of Almería, Almeria, Spain
| | - Naomi Ellemers
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Magdalena Formanowicz
- University Social Sciences and Humanities, Ho Chi Minh, Poland
- School of Psychology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Verena Graupmann
- Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Jolanda Jetten
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kabir Muhib Bin
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Yanhui Mao
- Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Christine McCoy
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Farah Mehnaz
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Anca Minescu
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - David Sirlopú
- School of Humanities and Social Science, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrej Simić
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Travaglino
- The Chinese University of Honk Kong, Honk Kong, China
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Ayse K. Uskul
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Cinzia Zanetti
- Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anna Zinn
- Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, England, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Zubieta
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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19
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Iacobucci S, De Cicco R, Michetti F, Palumbo R, Pagliaro S. Deepfakes Unmasked: The Effects of Information Priming and Bullshit Receptivity on Deepfake Recognition and Sharing Intention. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 2021; 24:194-202. [PMID: 33646046 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2020.0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The study aims to test whether simple priming of deepfake (DF) information significantly increases users' ability to recognize DF media. Although undoubtedly fascinating from a technological point of view, these highly realistic artificial intelligent (AI)-generated fake videos hold high deceptive potential. Both practitioners and institutions are thus joining forces to develop debunking strategies to counter the spread of such difficult-to-recognize and potentially misleading video content. On this premise, this study addresses the following research questions: does simple priming with the definition of DFs and information about their potentially harmful applications increase users' ability to recognize DFs? Does bullshit receptivity, as an individual tendency to be overly accepting of epistemically suspect beliefs, moderate the relationship between such priming and DF recognition? Results indicate that the development of strategies to counter the deceitfulness of DFs from an educational and cultural perspective might work well, but only for people with a lower susceptibility to believe willfully misleading claims. Finally, through a serial mediation analysis, we show that DF recognition does, in turn, negatively impact users' sharing intention, thus limiting the potential harm of DFs at the very root of one of their strengths: virality. We discuss the implications of our finding that society's defense against DFs could benefit from a simple reasoned digital literacy intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Iacobucci
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Center for Advanced Studies and Technologies (CAST), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,European Capital Markets Cooperative Research Centre, Chieti, Italy
| | - Roberta De Cicco
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Center for Advanced Studies and Technologies (CAST), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Católica Porto Business School, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Francesca Michetti
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Center for Advanced Studies and Technologies (CAST), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Riccardo Palumbo
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Center for Advanced Studies and Technologies (CAST), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,European Capital Markets Cooperative Research Centre, Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefano Pagliaro
- Group Processes and Morality Lab, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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20
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Pagliaro S, Pacilli MG, Giannella VA, Giovannelli I, Spaccatini F, Baldry AC. Legitimizing Intimate Partner Violence: Moral Evaluations, Attribution of Responsibility, and (Reduced) Helping Intentions. J Interpers Violence 2021; 36:2929-2941. [PMID: 29562819 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518760611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This article examines the influence of moral evaluations and attribution of responsibility on individuals' willingness to provide help if witnessing an intimate partner violence (IPV) episode. A total of 121 undergraduates read a fictitious article from a newspaper, allegedly describing an IPV episode. According to the experimental condition, participants read that the victim had either admitted infidelity or denied it. After reading the newspaper article, participants evaluated the victim on several dimensions (i.e., morality, competence, and sociability), rated the extent to which they deemed her responsible for the violence (i.e., the internal attribution of what happened), and expressed their willingness to provide help and support to the victim herself. In the admission condition, the victim was evaluated as less moral and more responsible for the episode of IPV. These evaluations, in turn, lowered the willingness to provide help to the victim. This study confirmed the role of moral evaluations and internal attribution on bystanders' reaction, and we present practical implications for intervention in a field, IPV, in constant need of updated validated evidence for efficient prevention strategies.
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21
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Bochicchio V, Winsler A, Pagliaro S, Pacilli MG, Dolce P, Scandurra C. Negative Affectivity, Authoritarianism, and Anxiety of Infection Explain Early Maladjusted Behavior During the COVID-19 Outbreak. Front Psychol 2021; 12:583883. [PMID: 33732177 PMCID: PMC7959709 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.583883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the first phase of the COVID-19 outbreak, Italy experienced problems of public order and maladjusted behavior. This study assessed the role of negative affectivity, right-wing authoritarianism, and anxiety of COVID-19 infection in explaining a variety of the maladjusted behaviors (i.e., “China-phobic” discrimination, panic buying) observed with an Italian sample. Specifically, we examined the effect of Negative Affectivity and Right-Wing Authoritarianism on maladjusted behaviors, and the moderating role of anxiety of infection. Seven hundred and fifty-seven Italian participants completed an online survey between March 3rd to the 7th 2020, which was immediately before the lockdown. A moderated-mediation model was tested using a structural equation modeling approach. Results indicated that both Negative Affectivity and Right-Wing Authoritarianism were positively associated with COVID-19-related maladjusted behavior, and that Right-Wing Authoritarianism mediated the relationship between Negative Affectivity and maladjusted behavior. Furthermore, the effect of Right-Wing Authoritarianism on maladjusted behavior was greater for those with high anxiety of infection, and the indirect effect of Negative Affectivity on maladjusted behavior through Right-Wing Authoritarianism was moderated by infection anxiety. Findings highlight potential psychological paths that may inform communication strategies and public health initiatives aimed at promoting healthy behavior during an outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Bochicchio
- Department of Humanities, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Adam Winsler
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
| | - Stefano Pagliaro
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara "G. D'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Pasquale Dolce
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Cristiano Scandurra
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences, and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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22
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Barattucci M, Teresi M, Pietroni D, Iacobucci S, Lo Presti A, Pagliaro S. Ethical Climate(s), Distributed Leadership, and Work Outcomes: The Mediating Role of Organizational Identification. Front Psychol 2021; 11:564112. [PMID: 33613349 PMCID: PMC7889511 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.564112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Organizational identification (OI) has increasingly attracted scholarly attention as a key factor in understanding organizational processes and in fostering efficient human resource (HR) management. Available evidence shows that organizational ethical climate crucially predicts OI, a key determinant of both employees’ attitudes and behaviors. In the present paper, we examined the relationship between two specific ethical climates (self-interest vs. friendship), distributed leadership (DL), and employees’ attitudes and behaviors, incorporating OI as a core underlying mechanism driving these relationships. Three hundred and forty-two employees filled out questionnaires to examine ethical climate, DL, OI, and a series of measures concerning attitudes and behaviors toward the organization. Structural equation modeling confirmed that a perception of an ethical climate of friendship (but not self-interest) fostered OI, which elicited higher commitment, perceived trust and recommendation, and lower turnover intention. Perception of DL further contributed to increasing OI. Our findings suggest that HR practices should carefully consider employee perceptions of a collectivistic (vs. individualistic) ethical climate, together with perceptions of DL, as key determinants of positive organizational outcomes. We discuss results in light of the social identity approach and present practical implications for HR management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Teresi
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University of Studies G. d'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Davide Pietroni
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University of Studies G. d'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Serena Iacobucci
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University of Studies G. d'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessandro Lo Presti
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Stefano Pagliaro
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University of Studies G. d'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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23
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Lai AE, Tirotto FA, Pagliaro S, Fornara F. Two Sides of the Same Coin: Environmental and Health Concern Pathways Toward Meat Consumption. Front Psychol 2021; 11:578582. [PMID: 33391097 PMCID: PMC7772136 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.578582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The dramatic increase of meat production in the last decades has proven to be one of the most impacting causes of negative environmental outcomes (e.g., increase of greenhouse emissions, pollution of land and water, and biodiversity loss). In two studies, we aimed to verify the role of key socio-psychological dimensions on meat intake. Study 1 (N = 198) tested the predictive power of an extended version of the Value-Belief-Norm (VBN) model on individual food choices in an online supermarket simulation. In an online survey, participants were directed to a virtual shop and asked to buy food within a set amount of money. Subsequently, they completed measures of behavioral intention, the VBN constructs (values, general pro-environmental beliefs, awareness of consequences, ascription of responsibility, and personal norm), and social norms (injunctive and descriptive). The outcome variable was operationalized in terms of percentage of expenses dedicated to meat and processed meat items, which provided a more robust behavioral measure than the common self-reported ones. Results confirmed the VBN sequential path, showing direct effects of biospheric values and descriptive norm on personal norm. Furthermore, a proof of validity for the new behavioral measure was provided (medium-sized correlation with behavioral intention). Study 2 (N = 218) aimed at verifying whether the meat consumption could be also motivated by a health concern, reflecting individual (cost/benefit) considerations, besides pro-environmental drivers. Results showed the direct impact of health concern and confirmed the indirect role of biospheric values and descriptive norm (via personal norm) on meat intake. This evidence would suggest the use of multiple-frame messages, highlighting both pro-environmental and health consequences, for meat consumption reduction. Nevertheless, the different implications of moral (e.g., environmental concern) vs. non-moral motivators (e.g., health concern) for reducing meat intake need to be stressed: indeed, the first drivers are more central for self-identity and for engaging in environmental citizenship behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Elizabeth Lai
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Stefano Pagliaro
- Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Chieti, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Fornara
- Group Processes and Morality Lab (GPM-Lab), Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University of Studies G. d'Annunzio Chieti and Pescara, Cagliari, Italy
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24
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Sacchi S, Brambilla M, Spaccatini F, Giovannelli I, Pacilli MG, Pagliaro S. "If I Am Straight You Are Askew": Labelling Heterosexuals as Straight Worsen Gay Men's Perception. J Sex Res 2021; 58:97-105. [PMID: 33090044 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2020.1825605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A robust stream of research has shown the detrimental influence of slurs and derogatory epithets on attitudes toward minority groups. Extending prior work, we explored the influence of positive labels ascribed to the majority group on the evaluation of the minority group. Specifically, three studies tested the possibility that the label "straight," generally linked with the concept of morality, would promote a negative evaluation of gay men. Study 1 exposed English speakers to an individual person described as straight (vs. heterosexual) while Study 2 exposed English speakers to a target person described as straight (vs. heterosexual vs. no label). Study 3 considered a non-English sample (i.e., Italian adults) and experimentally induced the association between the straight label and the concept of heterosexuality. In each study, participants were asked to express their attitudes toward a gay target after the manipulation. Results showed that heterosexual participants exposed to the label "straight" reported more negative attitudes toward gay men than heterosexual participants exposed to the label "heterosexual" (or when they were not exposed to any label). Critically, such an effect emerged only among highly religious participants. Implications for policies and prejudice reduction are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Sacchi
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca
| | | | | | | | | | - Stefano Pagliaro
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara
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25
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Paolini D, Maricchiolo F, Pacilli MG, Pagliaro S. COVID-19 lockdown in Italy: the role of social identification and social and political trust on well-being and distress. Curr Psychol 2020; 41:5652-5659. [PMID: 33132666 PMCID: PMC7587159 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-01141-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has rapidly become a global health crisis, leading people to change their interpersonal behaviours to contain the spread of the virus. Italy has rapidly become the country hit second hardest in the world by the COVID-19 pandemic and the first one in Western countries. To reduce the spread of the COVID-19, people are required to change their interpersonal behaviours, reducing their social interactions in close contacts. The lockdown impact on the economy as well as on social and psychological processes is relevant, we conducted an exploratory study to examine which social factors are associated with the psychological reactions of Italians during the COVID-19 lockdown. Participants (n = 690) self-reported their social identification on three levels (i.e., Italians, Europeans and humankind), their trust toward social and political actors, and their level of welbeing, interdependent-happiness, and distress. Results showed that the relation between trust and the level of wellbeing and distress was mediated by identification with Italians and humankind, only the identification with humankind mediated the relationship between trust and the level of interdependent-happiness. The identification with Europeans did not emerge as a mediator in such relationships. The implications for dealing with COVID-19 lockdown in Italy are discussed.
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26
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Jasinskaja-Lahti I, Vezzali L, Ranta M, Pacilli MG, Giacomantonio M, Pagliaro S. Conditional secondary transfer effect: The moderating role of moral credentials and prejudice. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430220940401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This survey experiment examined the role of prejudice and moral licensing as two moderators of the secondary transfer effect (STE) of positive and negative intergroup contact. We collected a quota-randomized sample of 299 majority Finns (52.6% female; experimental condition: n = 118, control condition: n = 181) in order to test whether moral credentials prevent attitude generalization (from primary towards secondary outgroup), particularly among prejudiced individuals. The results showed that STEs of both positive and negative contact were prevented among more prejudiced majority group members who had the possibility to obtain moral credentials in the moral licensing task. These results point at the unstable nature of attitude generalization in STE among prejudiced individuals and at the potential of a normative moral act to intervene into the generalization of intergroup attitudes following intergroup contact. We discuss these findings in relation to the literature on moral licensing and moral reinforcement, framing them in the context of an integration of contact research and research on morality in general.
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Pagliaro
- Università degli Studi di Chieti-Pescara, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Imaging e Scienze Cliniche, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Anna Costanza Baldry
- Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Dipartimento di Psicologia, Caserta, Italy
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28
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Barattucci M, Lo Presti A, Bufalino G, Jønsson T, Teresi M, Pagliaro S. Distributed Leadership Agency and Work Outcomes: Validation of the Italian DLA and Its Relations With Commitment, Trust, and Satisfaction. Front Psychol 2020; 11:512. [PMID: 32296370 PMCID: PMC7136843 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Forms of collective leadership, such as distributed leadership, have become increasingly important. The need for measurement of the variables involved in the delegation processes represents a new challenge for organizations that want to ensure high-level working. The present study aimed to validate the Italian version of the distributed leadership agency (DLA). The study was carried out on 704 employees (doctors, nurses, clerks, staff workers, healthcare assistants, consultants, management) of an Italian public hospital, who were selected to complete a survey on organizational perceptions. Multiple confirmatory factor analyses (maximum likelihood) have been computed to explore the factorial structure of the DLA, along with associations with other work outcomes. Results about the Italian DLA confirmed the original trifactorial structure of the construct, suggested by Yukl (2002), through good fit indexes and reliability scores; moreover, consistent with the literature, DLA was strongly related to satisfaction, commitment, and trust. Results contribute to underline the robustness of the construct of DLA in different cultural sectors and provide a useful tool to be adopted in the Italian context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandro Lo Presti
- Department of Psychology, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | | | - Thomas Jønsson
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Manuel Teresi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Group Processes and Morality Lab (GPM-Lab), Università degli Studi "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefano Pagliaro
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Group Processes and Morality Lab (GPM-Lab), Università degli Studi "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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29
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Teresi M, Pietroni DD, Barattucci M, Giannella VA, Pagliaro S. Ethical Climate(s), Organizational Identification, and Employees' Behavior. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1356. [PMID: 31275196 PMCID: PMC6593040 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethical climate defines what is correct behavior and how ethical issues should be handled within organizations. For this reason, it plays a key role in organizational life. We relied on the social identity approach to compare the effects of two specific ethical climates – an ethical climate of self-interest vs. friendship – on employees’ reactions. In two scenario-based experiments (N1 = 152 and N2 = 113), participants were asked to imagine themselves working in an organization described either as characterized by a friendship or a self-interest ethical climate. They completed measures of identification, commitment, perceived organizational morality, turnover intention, recommendation, and the minimum wage they would accept to work for that organization. An ethical climate of friendship predicted better employees’ attitudes and behavioral intentions, and these were mediated by identification with, and commitment to, the organization. In Study 2, participants were less willing to move from an organization characterized by an ethical climate of friendship to a company characterized by an ethical climate of self-interest than vice versa, and asked for more money to accept this new job offer. Results, which confirmed that organizational identification and commitment represent key factors in organizational life, are discussed in terms of practical interventions that promote pro-organizational behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Teresi
- Laboratory of Social Psychology, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Davide Dante Pietroni
- Laboratory of Social Psychology, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Valeria Amata Giannella
- Laboratory of Social Psychology, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefano Pagliaro
- Laboratory of Social Psychology, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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30
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Pagliaro S, Lo Presti A, Barattucci M, Giannella VA, Barreto M. On the Effects of Ethical Climate(s) on Employees' Behavior: A Social Identity Approach. Front Psychol 2018; 9:960. [PMID: 29951022 PMCID: PMC6008529 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread and publicity given to questionable practices in the corporate world during the last two decades have fostered an increasing interest about the importance of ethical work for organizations, practitioners, scholars and, last but not least, the wider public. Relying on the Social Identity Approach, we suggest that the effects of different ethical climates on employee behaviors are driven by affective identification with the organization and, in parallel, by cognitive moral (dis)engagement. We compared the effects of two particular ethical climates derived from the literature: An ethical organizational climate of self-interest, and an ethical organizational climate of friendship. Three hundred seventy-six workers completed measures of Ethical Climate, Organizational Identification, Moral Disengagement, Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCBs), and Counterproductive Work Behaviors (CWBs). Structural equation modeling confirmed that the two ethical climates considered were independently related to organizational identification and moral disengagement. These, in turn, mediated the effects of ethical climates on OCBs and CWBs. We discuss results in light of the social identity approach, and present some practical implications of our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Pagliaro
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessandro Lo Presti
- Department of Psychology, Università della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
| | | | - Valeria A. Giannella
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Manuela Barreto
- Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Pacilli MG, Pagliaro S, Spaccatini F, Giovannelli I, Sacchi S, Brambilla M. Straight to heaven: Rectitude as spatial representation of morality. Eur J Soc Psychol 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefano Pagliaro
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences; University of Chieti-Pescara; Chieti Italy
| | | | | | - Simona Sacchi
- Department of Psychology; University of Milano-Bicocca; Milano Italy
| | - Marco Brambilla
- Department of Psychology; University of Milano-Bicocca; Milano Italy
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Paolini D, Pagliaro S, Alparone FR, Marotta F, van Beest I. On vicarious ostracism. Examining the mediators of observers’ reactions towards the target and the sources of ostracism. Social Influence 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15534510.2017.1377107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Paolini
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefano Pagliaro
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesca Romana Alparone
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Federica Marotta
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Ilja van Beest
- Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
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Bakkar S, Matteucci V, Corsini C, Pagliaro S, Miccoli P. Less is more: time to expand the indications for minimally invasive video-assisted parathyroidectomy. J Endocrinol Invest 2017; 40:979-983. [PMID: 28374221 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-017-0658-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Minimally invasive video-assisted parathyroidectomy (MIVAP) is one of the most widespread targeted parathyroid surgeries for primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP). The aim of this study was to assess its limits and propose an expansion of its indications in the management of parathyroid pathology. METHODS A retrospective analysis of 77 consecutive patients who underwent MIVAP for PHP between Jan and Oct 2016 was conducted. The adequacy of the procedure and/or the need to convert to a standard cervicotomy was the main outcome of interest. Secondary outcomes of interest included: operative time, postoperative morbidity, postoperative pain assessed by the visual analogue scale (VAS) score, and the length of the surgical incision. RESULTS There were 64 females and 13 males with a mean age of 51 years. In one patient a concomitant en bloc thyroid lobectomy was required due to features suspicious of parathyroid carcinoma while exploration was required in two other patients. None of these three cases required conversion to standard cervicotomy. The mean operative time, length of incision and VAS score was 31 min, 17 mm and 1.6, respectively. Biochemical cure was achieved in all patients, and no postoperative morbidities were reported. CONCLUSION MIVAP offers the ability to perform a neck exploration and/or an en bloc thyroid lobectomy without the need to convert to a standard cervicotomy. Therefore, it not only serves as a targeted parathyroid procedure but also a potential alternative to full neck exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bakkar
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, 13133, Jordan.
| | - V Matteucci
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - C Corsini
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - S Pagliaro
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - P Miccoli
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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Pacilli MG, Pagliaro S, Loughnan S, Gramazio S, Spaccatini F, Baldry AC. Sexualization reduces helping intentions towards female victims of intimate partner violence through mediation of moral patiency. Br J Soc Psychol 2016; 56:293-313. [DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Pagliaro S, Ellemers N, Barreto M, Di Cesare C. Once Dishonest, Always Dishonest? The Impact of Perceived Pervasiveness of Moral Evaluations of the Self on Motivation to Restore a Moral Reputation. Front Psychol 2016; 7:586. [PMID: 27199821 PMCID: PMC4844929 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Four studies specify how moral evaluations of the self regulate behavior aimed at restoring a moral reputation. We propose that people care about evaluations of themselves as moral or immoral because these are perceived as more consequential than other types of information. Therefore people are more inclined to restore their image after being negatively evaluated in terms of morality rather than competence. Studies 1 and 2 revealed that moral information was perceived as having a more enduring impact on one’s reputation, and was more strongly related to anticipate intra-group respect and self-views, than competence and sociability information. This perceived pervasiveness of moral (vs. competence) evaluations mediated intentions to justify and explain one’s behavior (Study 3). Study 4 finally showed that being seen as lacking in morality elicited threat and coping responses, which induced subsequent tendencies to repair one’s moral reputation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Pagliaro
- Laboratory of Social Psychology, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara Chieti, Italy
| | - Naomi Ellemers
- Laboratory of Social Health and Organizational Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Cecilia Di Cesare
- Laboratory of Social Psychology, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara Chieti, Italy
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Mao Y, Roberts S, Pagliaro S, Csikszentmihalyi M, Bonaiuto M. Optimal Experience and Optimal Identity: A Multinational Study of the Associations Between Flow and Social Identity. Front Psychol 2016; 7:67. [PMID: 26924995 PMCID: PMC4760053 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Eudaimonistic identity theory posits a link between activity and identity, where a self-defining activity promotes the strength of a person’s identity. An activity engaged in with high enjoyment, full involvement, and high concentration can facilitate the subjective experience of flow. In the present paper, we hypothesized in accordance with the theory of psychological selection that beyond the promotion of individual development and complexity at the personal level, the relationship between flow and identity at the social level is also positive through participation in self-defining activities. Three different samples (i.e., American, Chinese, and Spanish) filled in measures for flow and social identity, with reference to four previously self-reported activities, characterized by four different combinations of skills (low vs. high) and challenges (low vs. high). Findings indicated that flow was positively associated with social identity across each of the above samples, regardless of participants’ gender and age. The results have implications for increasing social identity via participation in self-defining group activities that could facilitate flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Mao
- Department of Psychology of Developmental and Socialization Process, Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Scott Roberts
- Department of Psychology, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont CA, USA
| | - Stefano Pagliaro
- Department of Psychology, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli Caserta, Italy
| | | | - Marino Bonaiuto
- Department of Psychology of Developmental and Socialization Process, Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy
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Iachini T, Pagliaro S, Ruggiero G. Near or far? It depends on my impression: moral information and spatial behavior in virtual interactions. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2015; 161:131-6. [PMID: 26386781 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Near body distance is a key component of action and social interaction. Recent research has shown that peripersonal space (reachability-distance for acting with objects) and interpersonal space (comfort-distance for interacting with people) share common mechanisms and reflect the social valence of stimuli. The social psychological literature has demonstrated that information about morality is crucial because it affects impression formation and the intention to approach-avoid others. Here we explore whether peripersonal/interpersonal spaces are modulated by moral information. Thirty-six participants interacted with male/female virtual confederates described by moral/immoral/neutral sentences. The modulation of body space was measured by reachability-distance and comfort-distance while participants stood still or walked toward virtual confederates. Results showed that distance expanded with immorally described confederates and contracted with morally described confederates. This pattern was present in both spaces, although it was stronger in comfort-distance. Consistent with an embodied cognition approach, the findings suggest that high-level socio-cognitive processes are linked to sensorimotor-spatial processes.
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Pacilli MG, Roccato M, Pagliaro S, Russo S. From political opponents to enemies? The role of perceived moral distance in the animalistic dehumanization of the political outgroup. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430215590490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we analyzed the relationships among political identity, the perception of moral distance between the political ingroup and the political outgroup, and outgroup animalistic dehumanization. One correlational and one experimental study revealed a positive correlation of ingroup identification (Study 1, N = 99) and salience of ingroup membership (Study 2, N = 96) with the degree to which participants dehumanized the outgroup. This relationship was mediated by the perceived moral distance between the ingroup and the outgroup. The limitations, implications, and possible developments derived from the present findings are discussed.
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Alparone FR, Pagliaro S, Rizzo I. The Words to Tell their Own Pain: Linguistic Markers of Cognitive Reappraisal in Mediating Benefits of Expressive Writing. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 2015. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2015.34.6.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Aquino A, Paolini D, Pagliaro S, Migliorati D, Wolff A, Alparone FR, Costantini M. Group membership and social status modulate joint actions. Exp Brain Res 2015; 233:2461-6. [PMID: 26003126 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4316-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ability to form shared task representations is considered a keystone of social cognition. It remains, however, contentious if, and to what extent, social categorization impacts on shared representations. In the present study, we address the possibility of the modulation of action co-representation by social categorization, such as group membership and social status, as indexed by the social Simon effect. Italian participants were requested to perform a social Simon task, along with either an Italian (high-status in-group) or an Albanian (low-status out-group) participant. Results show that Italian participants co-represented the action of their partner when paired with a high-status in-group participant. Conversely, this effect was absent when they performed the task with a low-status out-group participant. Furthermore, the Albanian participants co-represented the action of their partner when paired with an Italian participant. These results suggest that group membership modulates action co-representation through the varying of the groups' relative status. The impact of this issue is boundless given the increasing multicultural nature of our society. Indeed, if multiculturalism fails, modern society does likewise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Aquino
- Laboratory of Social Psychology, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, University G. d'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini 33, 66013, Chieti, Italy
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Abstract
This article examines the association between a target's perceived humanness and individuals' willingness to provide help and support in cases of violence against women (VAW), specifically, intimate partner violence (IPV). In an experimental study, undergraduates read a fictitious article from a newspaper describing an IPV episode of a man hitting his wife and accusing her of cheating on him. According to the experimental condition, they then read that the victim either had or had not admitted the infidelity. Participants then judged the victim on an infra-humanization scale and expressed their willingness to provide help and support to the victim herself as if they were a neighbor witnessing the attack. Results showed that a victim admitting an affair with another man (admission condition) elicited lower perceived humanness and lower willingness to provide help than a victim denying such adultery (no admission condition). Moreover, targets' perceived humanness mediated the effect of contextual features on participants' willingness to provide help to the victim. Results are discussed in terms of victim blaming, and practical implications for prevention strategies are presented.
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Cavazza N, Pagliaro S, Guidetti M. Antecedents of Concern for Personal Reputation: The Role of Group Entitativity and Fear of Social Exclusion. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2014.925453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Brambilla M, Sacchi S, Pagliaro S, Ellemers N. Morality and intergroup relations: Threats to safety and group image predict the desire to interact with outgroup and ingroup members. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Pacilli MG, Mucchi-Faina A, Pagliaro S, Mirisola A, Alparone FR. When Affective (But Not Cognitive) Ambivalence Predicts Discrimination Toward a Minority Group. The Journal of Social Psychology 2013; 153:10-24. [DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2012.701251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
We examined how members of a low status group react to a social identity threat. We propose that expressing an ambivalent evaluation toward the ingroup may represent a way to manage such a threatening situation. For this study, 131 undergraduates’ identification with Italians was assessed. Participants were divided into groups, according to a situational identity threat (high vs. low). In line with hypotheses, low identifiers expressed more ambivalence toward the ingroup in the high (vs. low) threat condition. The reversed pattern emerged for high identifiers. This effect was mediated by the perception of intragroup variability, a well-known social creativity strategy. Results confirmed our interpretation of ambivalence as a form of social creativity, and are discussed in terms of social identity concerns.
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Mucchi-Faina A, Pacilli MG, Pagliaro S. Automatic reactions to the labels “minority” and “majority” are asymmetrical: Implications for minority and majority influence. Social Influence 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/15534510.2011.596365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Pagliaro S, Ellemers N, Barreto M. Sharing moral values: anticipated ingroup respect as a determinant of adherence to morality-based (but not competence-based) group norms. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2011; 37:1117-29. [PMID: 21540366 DOI: 10.1177/0146167211406906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This research examines how moral values regulate the behavior of individual group members. It argues that group members behave in line with moral group norms because they anticipate receiving ingroup respect when enacting moral values that are shared by ingroup members. Data from two experimental studies offer evidence in support. In Study 1 (N = 82), morality-based (but not competence-based) ingroup norms determined whether members of a low-status group opted for individual versus collective strategies for status improvement. This effect was mediated by anticipated ingroup respect and emerged regardless of whether group norms prescribed collectivistic or individualistic behavior. These effects were replicated in Study 2 (N = 69), where no comparable effect was found as a result of moral norms communicated by a higher status outgroup. This indicates that social identity implications rather than interdependence or more generic concerns about social approval or importance of cooperation drive these effects.
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