Variability in chewing, ruminal fermentation, digestibility and bacterial communities between subacute ruminal acidosis-susceptible and acidosis-tolerant sheep

Sorting behaviour is a common phenomenon observed in ruminants when they are provided with a total mixed ration, which contributes to variations in the severity of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA). Pelleted total mixed ration (PTMR) reduces sorting, but high-grain content increases acidosis risk. However, whether the variability in the severity of SARA exists in sheep fed the same high-grain PTMR is less understood. This study aimed to investigate SARA variability among individual sheep offered a high-grain PTMR, considering chewing activity, ruminal fermentation, bacterial communities and nutrient digestibility. Twenty ruminally cannulated male Hu sheep were individually housed in cages and fed a PTMR comprising 80% concentrate mix and 20% roughage. A 14-day adaptation period to the diet and facilities was provided before a 10-day sample collection period. Continuous monitoring of ruminal pH was conducted for 48 h, during which time chewing activity was also recorded. Ruminal fluid samples were collected for analysis of volatile fatty acid and microbial DNA extraction. Faecal samples were collected to measure nutrient digestibility. Based on their acidosis index, the sheep were classified into two groups: SARA-susceptible group (n = 6) and SARA-tolerant group (n = 6). The SARA-susceptible sheep exhibited a lower ruminal mean pH and minimum pH than the SARA-tolerant sheep (P < 0.05). Additionally, the SARA-susceptible group increased the acidosis index, duration and areas of pH below 5.8 and 5.6 compared to the SARA-tolerant group (P < 0.05). The SARA-susceptible group also exhibited a longer ruminating time than the SARA-tolerant group (P < 0.05). The SARA-susceptible group exhibited a tendency to increase the relative abundance of Firmicutes (P = 0.089), while simultaneously decreasing the copy number of Fibrobacter succinogenes in the rumen, as well as the digestibility of NDF and ADF compared to the SARA-tolerant group (P < 0.05). The acidosis index was found to be positively correlated with ruminating time (min/kg DM intake (DMI)) and total chewing time (min/kg DMI), but negatively correlated with the copy number of Fibrobacter succinogenes and Ruminococcus albus in the rumen. These findings indicate that there exists variability in the SARA severity among sheep when fed a high-grain PTMR, as evidenced by varied chewing activity, bacterial communities and nutrient digestibility. Ruminating time, total chewing time per kilogram of DMI as well as the copy number of Fibrobacter succinogenes and Ruminococcus albus in the rumen hold potential as indicators for assessing the severity of SARA.

Identification of Immune Infiltration in Odontogenic Keratocyst by Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis

BACKGROUND

Odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is a relatively common odontogenic lesion characterized by local invasion in the maxillary and mandibular bones. In the pathological tissue slices of OKC, immune cell infiltrations are frequently observed. However, the immune cell profile and the molecular mechanism for immune cell infiltration of OKC are still unclear. We aimed to explore the immune cell profile of OKC and to explore the potential pathogenesis for immune cell infiltration in OKC.

METHODS

The microarray dataset GSE38494 including OKC and oral mucosa (OM) samples were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in OKC were analyzed by R software. The hub genes of OKC were performed by protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. The differential immune cell infiltration and the potential relationship between immune cell infiltration and the hub genes were performed by single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA). The expression of COL1A1 and COL1A3 were confirmed by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry in 17 OKC and 8 OM samples.

RESULTS

We detected a total of 402 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 247 were upregulated and 155 were downregulated. DEGs were mainly involved in collagen-containing extracellular matrix pathways, external encapsulating structure organization, and extracellular structure organization. We identified ten hub genes, namely FN1, COL1A1, COL3A1, COL1A2, BGN, POSTN, SPARC, FBN1, COL5A1, and COL5A2. A significant difference was observed in the abundances of eight types of infiltrating immune cells between the OM and OKC groups. Both COL1A1 and COL3A1 exhibited a significant positive correlation with natural killer T cells and memory B cells. Simultaneously, they demonstrated a significant negative correlation with CD56dim natural killer cells, neutrophils, immature dendritic cells, and activated dendritic cells. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that COL1A1 (P = 0.0131) and COL1A3 (P < 0.001) were significantly elevated in OKC compared with OM.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings provide insights into the pathogenesis of OKC and illuminate the immune microenvironment within these lesions. The key genes, including COL1A1 and COL1A3, may significantly impact the biological processes associated with OKC.

Two ground-state bright solitons in fractional-order spin-orbit-coupled Bose-Einstein condensates

We study two types of bright solitons in zero and non-zero detuning spin-orbit-coupled (SOC) Bose-Einstein condensates in fractional effect by variational and imaginary-time evolution method. The results show that the variation of SOC with fractional kinetic energy operator affects the existence and form of solitons. In particular, we found that SOC strengthγ=1.0could be a transition point. In other words, forγ<1.0andγ⩾1.0, the soliton states and pseudo-spin polarization in non-zero detuning show opposite changes. In addition, moving bright solitons with zero and non-zero detuning are studied.

[Effects and mechanism of human umbilical vein endothelial cells-derived exosomes on wound healing in diabetic rabbits]

Objective: The investigate the effects and mechanism of exosomes derived from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) on wound healing in diabetes rabbits. Methods: The experimental research methods were used. The primary vascular endothelial cells (VECs) and human skin fibroblasts (HSFs) were extracted from skin tissue around ulcer by surgical excision of two patients with diabetic ulcer (the male aged 49 years and the female aged 58 years) admitted to Xiangya Third Hospital of Central South University in June 2019. The cells were successfully identified through morphological observation and flow cytometry. The HUVEC exosomes were extracted by ultracentrifugation and identified successfully by morphological observation, particle size detection, and Western blotting detection. Twenty female 3-month-old New Zealand rabbits were taken to create one type 2 diabetic full-thickness skin defect wound respectively on both sides of the back. The wounds were divided into exosomes group and phosphate buffer solution (PBS) group and treated accordingly, with 20 wounds in each group, the time of complete tissue coverage of wound was recorded. On PID 14, hematoxylin-eosin staining or Masson staining was performed to observe angiogenesis or collagen fiber hyperplasia (n=20). The VECs and HSFs were co-cultured with HUVEC exosomes for 24 h to observe the uptake of HUVEC exosomes by the two kinds of cells. The VECs and HSFs were divided to exosome group treated with HUVEC exosomes and PBS group treated with PBS to detect the cell proliferation on 4 d of culture with cell count kit 8, to detect and calculate the cell migration rate at 24 and 48 h after scratch by scratch test, to detect the cell migration number at 24 h of culture with Transwell test, and to detect the mRNA expressions of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and transcription activating factor 3 (ATF3) by real time fluorescence quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Besides, the number of vascular branches and vascular length were observed in the tube forming experiment after 12 h of culture of VECs (n=3). The VECs and HSFs were taken and divided into PBS group and exosome group treated as before, and NRF2 interference group, ATF3 interference group, and no-load interference group with corresponding gene interference. The proliferation and migration of the two kinds of cells, and angiogenesis of VECs were detected as before (n=3). Data were statistically analyzed with analysis of variance for repeated measurement, one-way analysis of variance, independent sample t test, and least significant difference test. Results: The time of complete tissue coverage of wound in exosome group was (17.9±1.9) d, which was significantly shorter than (25.2±2.3) d in PBS group (t=4.54, P<0.05). On PID14, the vascular density of wound in PBS group was significantly lower than that in exosome group (t=10.12, P<0.01), and the collagen fiber hyperplasia was less than that in exosome group. After 24 h of culture, HUVEC exosomes were successfully absorbed by VECs and HSFs. The proliferative activity of HSFs and VECs in exosome group was significantly higher than that in PBS group after 4 d of culture (with t values of 54.73 and 7.05, respectively, P<0.01). At 24 and 48 h after scratch, the migration rates of HSFs (with t values of 3.42 and 11.87, respectively, P<0.05 or P<0.01) and VECs (with t values of 21.42 and 5.49, respectively, P<0.05 or P<0.01) in exosome group were significantly higher than those in PBS group. After 24 h of culture, the migration numbers of VECs and HSFs in exosome group were significantly higher than those in PBS group (with t values of 12.31 and 16.78, respectively, P<0.01). After 12 h of culture, the mRNA expressions of NRF2 in HSFs and VECs in exosome group were significantly higher than those in PBS group (with t values of 7.52 and 5.78, respectively, P<0.05 or P<0.01), and the mRNA expressions of ATF3 were significantly lower than those in PBS group (with t values of 13.44 and 8.99, respectively, P<0.01). After 12 h of culture, the number of vascular branches of VECs in exosome group was significantly more than that in PBS group (t=17.60, P<0.01), and the vascular length was significantly longer than that in PBS group (t=77.30, P<0.01). After 4 d of culture, the proliferation activity of HSFs and VECs in NRF2 interference group was significantly lower than that in PBS group and exosome group (P<0.05 or P<0.01); the proliferation activity of HSFs and VECs in ATF3 interference group was significantly higher than that in PBS group (P<0.05 or P<0.01) and significantly lower than that in exosome group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). At 24 and 48 h after scratch, the migration rates of HSFs and VECs in ATF3 interference group were significantly higher than those in PBS group (P<0.05 or P<0.01) and significantly lower than those in exosome group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). At 24 and 48 h after scratch, the migration rates of HSFs and VECs in NRF2 interference group were significantly lower than those in PBS group and exosome group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). After 24 h of culture, the migration numbers of VECs and HSFs in ATF3 interference group were significantly more than those in PBS group (P<0.05) and significantly less than those in exosome group (P<0.05 or P<0.01); the migration numbers of VECs and HSFs in NRF2 interference group were significantly less than those in PBS group and exosome group (P<0.01). After 12 h of culture, the vascular length and number of branches of VECs in NRF2 interference group were significantly decreased compared with those in PBS group and exosome group (P<0.01); the vascular length and number of branches of VECs in ATF3 interference group were significantly increased compared with those in PBS group (P<0.01) and were significantly decreased compared with those in exosome group (P<0.01). Conclusions: HUVEC exosomes can promote the wound healing of diabetic rabbits by promoting the proliferation and migration of VECs and HSFs, and NRF2 and ATF3 are obviously affected by exosomes in this process, which are the possible targets of exosome action.

Development and validation of a novel hypoxia-related signature for prognostic and immunogenic evaluation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Hypoxia plays a critical role in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) prognosis. However, till now, robust and reliable hypoxia-related prognostic signatures have not been established for an accurate prognostic evaluation in HNSCC patients. This article focused on establishing a risk score model to evaluate the prognosis and guide treatment for HNSCC patients. RNA-seq data and clinical information of 502 HNSCC patients and 44 normal samples were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. 433 samples from three Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets were incorporated as an external validation cohort. In the training cohort, prognostic-related genes were screened and LASSO regression analyses were performed for signature establishment. A scoring system based on SRPX, PGK1, STG1, HS3ST1, CDKN1B, and HK1 showed an excellent prediction capacity for an overall prognosis for HNSCC patients. Patients were divided into high- and low-risk groups, and the survival status of the two groups exhibited a statistically significant difference. Subsequently, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was carried out to explore the underlying mechanisms for the prognosis differences between the high- and low-risk groups. The tumor immune microenvironment was evaluated by CIBERSORT, ESTIMATE, TIDE, and xCell algorithm, etc. Then, we explored the relationships between this prognostic model and the levels of immune checkpoint-related genes. Cox regression analysis and nomogram plot indicated the scoring system was an independent predictor for HNSCC. Moreover, a comparison of predictive capability has been made between the present signature and existing prognostic signatures for HNSCC patients. Finally, we detected the expression levels of proteins encoded by six-HRGs via immunohistochemical analysis in tissue microarray. Collectively, a novel integrated signature considering both HRGs and clinicopathological parameters will serve as a prospective candidate for the prognostic evaluation of HNSCC patients.

A minimized and efficient low temperature loading device for indentation

A minimized and efficient low temperature loading device cooling with Peltier coolers for indentation test is developed. Both specimen and indentation tip are immersed in 50% methanol-water solution, totally eliminating the contact thermal drift problem. Low temperature indentation tests down to 253.8 K can be realized within 10 min. The size of the device is miniaturized within 50 × 40 × 30 mm³, and no vacuum environment is required. Monocrystalline copper is tested to perform the feasibility of the device. Based on the simple structure and stable experimental effect, the developed device can be integrated into various types of current indentation devices to attach low temperature testing ability.

[Contribution of central motion conduction time to the assessment of corticospinal tract lesions and its clinical significance]

Objective: To investigate the association of central motion conduction time (CMCT) with corticospinal tract lesions and its clinical application. Methods: Patients who completed transcranial magnetic stimulation-motor evoked potentials were included from Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital between June 2020 and June 2021. The differences of CMCT values between corticospinal tract sign-positive group and tendon reflex-positive group and the relevant negative groups were compared. The consistency between increased CMCT values and the positive signs of corticospinal tract damage, as well as the significance of CMCT in different neurological diseases were further evaluated. Results: A total of 271 patients were included in the study, aged 12-86 (49±16) years, with 137 males (50.55%) and 134 females (49.45%). The CMCT values［M（Q₁，Q₃）］from Hoffmann's sign-positive group [9.52 (8.54, 10.99) ms vs 9.03 (8.30, 9.53) ms], Babinski's sign-positive group [19.54 (16.97, 24.43) ms vs 16.85(15.63, 18.55) ms] and tendon reflex-positive group [15.38 (9.27, 19.28) ms vs 10.49(8.79, 16.60) ms] were larger than those of relevant negative groups (all P<0.01). In the Babinski sign-positive group, 78.01%(181/232) of the patients had increased CMCT, while in the Hoffmann's sign-positive group, only 26.03%(19/73) of the patients had increased CMCT, indicating that the contribution of CMCT from the lower extremities to the assessment of corticospinal tract lesions was better than that of the upper extremities. With the increase of CMCT values in lower limbs, Babinski sign positive rate increased, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.001). In nervous system diseases, the consistency between CMCT and pathological signs was 75.65% (205/271). Conclusions: The contribution of CMCT from the lower extremities to the assessment of corticospinal tract lesions is superior to that of upper limbs. The higher increase of CMCT values are more reliable for corticospinal tract damage. CMCT has a good concordance with corticospinal tract lesions in some neurological diseases, which can be used to assist clinical diagnosis.

Recent advances in porous nanomaterials-based drug delivery systems for cancer immunotherapy

Cancer immunotherapy is a novel therapeutic regimen because of the specificity and durability of immune modulations to treat cancers. Current cancer immunotherapy is limited by some barriers such as poor response rate, low tumor specificity and systemic toxicities. Porous nanomaterials (PNMs) possess high loading capacity and tunable porosity, receiving intense attention in cancer immunotherapy. Recently, novel PNMs based drug delivery systems have been employed in antitumor immunotherapy to enhance tissue or organ targeting and reduce immune-related adverse events. Herein, we summarize the recent progress of PNMs including inorganic, organic, and organic–inorganic hybrid ones for cancer immunotherapy. The design of PNMs and their performance in cancer immunotherapy are discussed in detail, with a focus on how those designs can address the challenges in current conventional immunotherapy. Lastly, we present future directions of PNMs for cancer immunotherapy including the challenges and research gaps, providing new insights about the design of PNMs for efficient cancer immunotherapy with better performance as powerful weapons against tumors. Finally, we discussed the relevant challenges that urgently need to be addressed in clinical practice, coupled with corresponding solutions to these problems.

Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals CXCLs Enriched Fibroblasts Within Odontogenic Keratocysts

Purpose

We aimed to define cell subpopulations of odontogenic keratocyst (OKC), particularly relating to angiogenesis and explored the potential regulation mechanism for angiogenesis.

Materials and Methods

Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis was investigated on 14,072 cells from 3 donors with OKC. The differential expressed genes, cell trajectory and intercellular communications were evaluated by bioinformatic analysis. Hydrostatic pressure (80 mmHg, 6h) was applied to the primary fibroblasts of OKC and the supernatant was collected for cytokines detection by cytokine antibody array. The chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 (CXCL12) and CD31 expressions were explored by immunohistochemistry in tissue microarray of OKC.

Results

Five different cell types were identified in the epithelium of OKC and 3 different cell types in the OKC fibroblasts were characterized, indicating high intra-lesional heterogeneity. CXCLs were highly enriched in the subset of fibroblasts and showed close interactions with endothelial cells. Hydrostatic pressure (80mmHg) significantly increased CXCL12 secretions in OKC fibroblasts. Stromal CXCL12 expressions were closely related to CD31 expressions of tissue microarray of OKC.

Conclusion

CXCLs enriched fibroblasts are crucial for angiogenesis of OKCs which could be partially regulated by hydrostatic pressure.

Tissue-derived extracellular vesicles in cancers and non-cancer diseases: Present and future

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid‐bilayer membrane structures secreted by most cell types. EVs act as messengers via the horizontal transfer of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, and influence various pathophysiological processes in both parent and recipient cells. Compared to EVs obtained from body fluids or cell culture supernatants, EVs isolated directly from tissues possess a number of advantages, including tissue specificity, accurate reflection of tissue microenvironment, etc., thus, attention should be paid to tissue‐derived EVs (Ti‐EVs). Ti‐EVs are present in the interstitium of tissues and play pivotal roles in intercellular communication. Moreover, Ti‐EVs provide an excellent snapshot of interactions among various cell types with a common histological background. Thus, Ti‐EVs may be used to gain insights into the development and progression of diseases. To date, extensive investigations have focused on the role of body fluid‐derived EVs or cell culture‐derived EVs; however, the number of studies on Ti‐EVs remains insufficient. Herein, we summarize the latest advances in Ti‐EVs for cancers and non‐cancer diseases. We propose the future application of Ti‐EVs in basic research and clinical practice. Workflows for Ti‐EV isolation and characterization between cancers and non‐cancer diseases are reviewed and compared. Moreover, we discuss current issues associated with Ti‐EVs and provide potential directions.

[Clinical follow-up study of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease in children]

Objective: To summarize the clinical characteristics of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) and compare the differences in efficacy of different disease-modifying drugs. Methods: An ambispective cohort study was conducted in 42 children diagnosed with MOGAD at Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital from January 2012 to March 2021 and conducted long-term follow-up to analyze clinical phenotypes and compare the efficacy of different disease-modifying drugs such as rituximab, mycophenolate mofetil and azathioprine. Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare the annual relapse rate of disease-modifying drugs at different times, expanded disability status scale (EDSS) score at the last follow-up, and Wilcoxon rank test was used to compare the annual relapse rate before and after modified disease therapy. The Log-rank (Mantel-Cox) survival curve was used to compare the relapse rate of different disease-modifying drugs. Results: Of the 42 cases, 22 were male and 20 were female, with the age at disease onset of 5.96 (2.33-12.90) years. The disease duration was 4.46 (1.25-13.00) years at the last follow-up with 161 clinical acute attacks. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) was the most common phenotype of first attack and all attacks during disease course ((60% (25/42) for first attack, 38% (61/161) for all attacks). The most common clinical syndrome was neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) (50%, 21/42). Of the 42 children, 5 (12%) showed encephalitis and 6 (14%) combined with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antibody overlap syndrome. The most commonly involved areas of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were subcortical white matter (71%, 88/124), cortex (26%, 32/124) and periventricular white matter (25%, 32/124). Spinal cord MRI was most frequently involved in cervical (70%, 16/23) and thoracic (61%, 14/23) medulla, and 43% (10/23) longitudinally extensive transeverse myelitis. Disease-modifying drugs were used in 34 patients. The annual relapse rate after treatment with rituximab, mycophenolate mofetil and azathioprine decreased (all P<0.05) and there was no statistically significant difference in the annual relapse proportion among the groups (P=0.307). Conclusions: The most common clinical attack of first and all of MOGAD in children is ADEM, and the most common clinical syndrome is NMOSD. Rituximab, mycophenolate mofetil and azathioprine can reduce the annual relapse rate, but it is not clear effect of which treatment is better.

[Early diagnosis and treatment for burn complicated with severe paroxysmal sympathetic hyper-activity]

Objective: To investigate the early diagnosis and treatment for burn complicated with severe paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH). Methods: Medical records of patients with burn complicated with severe PSH, admitted to our department from April 2016 to March 2019 and meeting the inclusion criteria were analyzed retrospectively. There were 4 males and 1 female, aged 17 months to 39 years, with an average of (21±16) years. During occurrence of PSH, the vital signs of patients were routinely monitored and oxygen were given. Other treatment included central venous catheterization and infusion of electrolyte solution, infusion of plasma according to patients' condition, use of opioid analgesics and benzodiazepine sedatives, physical cooling and drug cooling, and establishment or maintenance of artificial airway and use of ventilator. Heart rate was controlled below 120 beats per minute in adults and 140 beats per minute in children with comprehensive treatment dominated by analgesia and sedation. Besides, single or multiple vasoactive agents, even in large doses were used to maintain normal blood pressure of patients. The occurrence characteristics, time, and treatment outcome of PSH were analyzed. Results: PSH happened rapidly, with a sharp increase in several minutes to dozens of minutes. Five patients were with symptoms such as high body temperature, shortness of breath, very fast heart rate, normal or elevated systolic blood pressure, hyperhidrosis, and dystonia at the onset. The symptoms occurred simultaneously or successively. According to the Clinical Feature Scale, the above-mentioned 6 indexes achieved the highest score of 3 points except of systolic blood pressure. Four patients showed dilated pupils and impaired consciousness. Among the patients, PSH occurred in the acute exudation stage in 3 patients, in the fluid reabsorption stage in 1 patient, and in the late repair stage in 1 patient. PSH of patients lasted for 3 hours to 12 days. The symptoms of 4 patients were effectively controlled, and 1 patient died of deterioration. No PSH occurred in the cured patients during follow-up of 3 to 14 months. Conclusions: Burn complicated with PSH can occur at any time before wound repair and in patients with different injury conditions. The causes of PSH include sudden burn, persistent pain, fright and fear, strange environment, low blood volume, and other adverse stimuli, and PSH is more likely to occur in children with underdeveloped brain function. Intravenous infusion of analgesics sedatives, physical therapy and medication to lower body temperature, stabilizing blood pressure and respiration are effective measures to treat PSH. PSH should be distinguished from the common complications of burns, such as sepsis, cerebral edema, hyperpyretic convulsion, transfusion response, stress disorder, etc.

Tunable quad-band transmission response, based on single-layer metamaterials

We investigated the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT)-like effects in planar metamaterials (MMs) at microwave (GHz) frequencies. The specific MMs that were used in this study consist of cut-wire resonator/ring resonator, which achieved the dual EIT-like effects in a single-layer through the bright- and quasi-dark-mode coupling and the lattice mode coupling. In addition, by varying the distance between the two resonators, the quad-band EIT spectral response in the microwave region was obtained, and the group refractive index at the EIT-like resonance of proposed design reached up to 4,000. This study provides the design approach to the multispectral EIT-like effects and might suggest potential applications in a variety of fields, for example, low-loss slow-light device, multiple switching sensor, and other sensing devices.

[Effects of nasal cavity ventilational function at low temperature plasma ablation and lateral fracture in treatment for nasal spetum deviation with chronic hypertrophic rhinitis]

Objective:To observe the outward flow of low temperature plasma ablation combined inferior turbinate fracture treatment for chronic hypertrophic rhinitis nasal ventilation function. Method:NR6 nasal resistance meter and A1 nasal sound reflection instrument were used to test 40 patients of Hypertrophic rhinitis nasal septum deviation merger before and after operation for one year, recording the nasal airway resistance,0 to 5 cm nasal cavity volume and the nasal minimum cross-sectional area, combine visual analog scale to analyze the changing parameter value, and to analyze the test values between the correlation. Result:Postoperative patients of NCV, NMCA, NS value was higher than that of preoperative, VAS, NAR value compared with preoperative lower (P<0.05); Postoperative VAS was negatively correlated with NCV, NMCA, NS (r=0.472, 0.698, 0.586, P<0.05); VAS was positively related with NAR (r=0.877, P<0.05); Postoperative NAR was negatively correlated with NCV, NMCA and NS (r=-0.464, -0.870, -0.707, P<0.05); there was a positive correlation between postoperative NS and NCV, NMCA (r=0.442, 0.741, P<0.05). Conclusion:On the deflection of nasal septum (lighter, smaller scale, the part of the deflection of a back with no obvious compressive deformation and lateral deflection of inferior turbinate) in patients with chronic hypertrophic rhinitis, low temperature plasma ablation combined offshoring inferior turbinate fracture surgery can effectively improve the nasal ventilation function, there is a good correlation between postoperative test values.

[One case of severely burned patient complicated by acute hemorrhagic necrotizing enteritis and fungal infection]

One severely burned patient, caused by heat lead slag and combined with shock, was hospitalized in our burn unit on 2nd June, 2016. The patient received treatments including anti-shock, intensive care, anti-infection, and organ protection. On post injury day 16, the patient suffered outbreak of acute hemorrhagic necrotizing enteritis after eating dumplings. Plasma and albumin were given, octreotide was intravenously infused to inhibit the secretion of intestinal fluid, the broad-spectrum antibiotics were used for anti-infection, abdominal puncture and drainage were performed, sodium tanshinone ⅡA sulfonate was applied to improve the intestinal microcirculation, ulinastatin was applied to alleviate inflammatory reaction, somatostatin was given to reduce intestinal bleeding, and voriconazole was given for antifungal treatment. The patient gradually recovered and was finally cured and discharged. Among critically ill patients, gastrointestinal tract is not only the initiating organ of sepsis, but also one of the target organs which can be easily damaged during sepsis. This case reminds us the importance of gastrointestinal management in severely burned patients.

Production of medically useful nitric monoxide using AC arc discharge

Inhaled nitric monoxide (iNO) is increasingly used as a medical treatment for acute respiratory distress syndrome. A course of the existing nitric monoxide (NO) therapy with gas cylinders could cost up to approximately $15,000 for an average of 30.2 h. Moreover, a gas cylinder containing a mixture of N₂ and NO may potentially leak NO. The objective of this study is to develop an efficient and cost-effective on-site iNO generation system. In the present setup, NO was generated by using dry air or mixed oxygen/nitrogen (O₂/N₂) and an AC power source with an output power level of 5-30 W at atmospheric pressure. The simultaneously produced NO₂ was eliminated with an ammonium sulfite ((NH₄)₂SO₃) solution. The effects of the O₂/N₂ ratio, gas flow rate, discharge gap distance, output energy density and electrode structure on NO_x concentration and the NO/NO₂ ratio are reported. The concentrations of NO and NO₂ reached 62 ppm and 3 ppm, respectively, after absorption and dilution at a gas flow rate of 6 L/min. With the present setup, the AC arc discharge produced NO_x at a stable concentration for at least 6 h using dry air.

[Clinical features and scalp video electroencephalogram analysis of patients with insular epilepsy]

Objective: To explore the clinical and scalp video electroencephalographic(EEG) characteristics of insula lobe epilepsy identified by intracranial electrode, and to provide some references for early diagnosis and clinical evaluation in patients with insula lobe epilepsy. Methods: A total of 12 patients diagnosed with insula lobe epilepsy identified by intracranial electrode were included from Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University from January 2013 to December 2015.Their clinical and EEG data were analyzed. Results: 91.7% of patients had sensory aura before seizure, and had clear consciousness at onset initial time.Visceral motor and visceral sensation were the most common symptoms, and the epilepsy was always ended with somatic movement.There was no prominent characteristic changes in scalp EEG. Conclusions: Clinical features are important for insula lobe epilepsy diagnosis.When patients present symtoms aforementioned, insula lobe epilepsy should be considered.

[Myoclonus and it's associated factors in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease]

Objective: To analyze features and the related factors of myoclonus of 47 patients with probable or possible Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). Methods: All patients diagnosed with"suspected CJD" and hospitalized in Xuanwu Hospital from January 2013 to November 2015 were included, and their clinical information and myoclonus features were analyzed. Age, clinical, course and manifestation, EEG, MRI, CSF14-3-3 features between myoclonus positive group and negative group were compared, and the correlation between myoclonus features and these factors was analyzed using Spearman correlation analyses. Results: (1) Occurrence rate of extrapyramidal symptoms (P=0.028), visual impairment (P=0.025) and dyssomnia (P=0.004) were higher in myoclonus positive group, the differences were significant. Spearman correlation analysis showed that myoclonus was related to extrapyramidal symptoms (P=0.024), visual impairment (P=0.030) and dyssomnia (P=0.001). (2) EEG features showed no significant difference between myoclonus positive and negative group. The 17 myoclonus positive patients were divided into three subgroups, typical EEG change group 52.94%(9/17), atypical EEG change group 23.53%(4/17) and no EEG change group 23.53%(4/17). Difference of myoclonus and other clinical manifestations were not significant among the three subgroups(P>0.05); correlation analysis also found no statistically significant correlation between myoclonus and EEG (P=0.201). Conclusions: Myoclonus often occurs after the damage of locomotor system (including pyramidal tract, extracorticospinal tract and cerebellum) among CJD patients, and it is related to extrapyramidal symptoms , visual impairment and dyssomnia . There is undefined correlation between myoclonus and periodic sharp wave complexes (PSWC) in EEG.

[Endoplasmic reticulum stress in INS-1-3 cell associated with the expression changes of MODY gene pathway]

Objective: To profile the gene expression changes associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress in INS-1-3 cells induced by thapsigargin (TG) and tunicamycin (TM). Methods: Normal cultured INS-1-3 cells were used as a control. TG and TM were used to induce endoplasmic reticulum stress in INS-1-3 cells. Digital gene expression profiling technique was used to detect differentially expressed gene. The changes of gene expression were detected by expression pattern clustering analysis, gene ontology (GO) function and pathway enrichment analysis. Real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to verify the key changes of gene expression. Results: Compared with the control group, there were 57 (45 up-regulated, 12 down-regulated) and 135 (99 up-regulated, 36 down-regulated) differentially expressed genes in TG and TM group, respectively. GO function enrichment analyses indicated that the main enrichment was in the endoplasmic reticulum. In signaling pathway analysis, the identified pathways were related with endoplasmic reticulum stress, antigen processing and presentation, protein export, and most of all, the maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) pathway. Conclusion: Under the condition of endoplasmic reticulum stress, the related expression changes of transcriptional factors in MODY signaling pathway may be related with the impaired function in islet beta cells.

Inhibition of gap junctions relieves the hepatotoxicity of TNF-α

The aim of this study was to observe the influence of gap junction (GJ) functional changes on the hepatotoxicity of TNF-α. Three different methods were employed to study functional effects of the GJ inhibition: 1) pretreatment with a GJ inhibitor; 2) inoculation of cells at high and low densities; and 3) inhibition of the expression of connexin 32 (Cx32) by small inhibitory RNA transfection. We then observed the influence of these treatments on hepatotoxicity following treatment with different concentrations of TNF-α for various duration. The hepatotoxicity of TNF-α was observed to occur in a dose- and time-dependent manner; after pretreatment inhibition, the hepatotoxicity of TNF-α was significantly reduced (P < 0.01). The hepatotoxicity of TNF-α was also found to be remarkably lower in cells that had been inoculated at low density (as measured by the amount of GJ formation among cells) than in those inoculated at density (P < 0.01). In addition, following Cx32 inhibition, the hepatotoxicity of TNF-α was significantly decreased (P < 0.01) as well. Together, these results suggest that inhibition of GJ function or of its component Cx32 significantly decreases the hepatotoxicity of TNF-α, and that the expression of Cx32 plays an important role in the hepatotoxicity of TNF-α.

Changes in the PD-1 and PD-L1 expressions of splenic dendritic cells in multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome mice and their significance

The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of surface molecules in splenic dendritic cells (DC) in multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) mice and their effects on the immunosuppression of sepsis and MODS. One hundred thirty C57BL/6 mice were divided into 7 groups: 6, 12, 24, 48 h, 5-7 days, 10-12 days, and the normal control group. The sepsis-MODS mouse model was established by zymson injection into the peritoneal cavity. Histopathological changes in the spleen were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. After enrichment with BDTM IMag, the expressions of PD-1, PD-L1, MHC-II (I-A(b)), and CD86 in splenic DCs were examined by flow cytometry, and their relationship with sepsis development and MODS was analyzed. The histological structures of the spleen were damaged in the 24-, 48-h, and 10-12-day groups. PD-L1 expression increased 6 h after zymosan injection, decreased to normal levels at 24 and 48 h, and increased at 5-7 days, peaking at 10-12 days. The change in PD-1 expression roughly paralleled that of PD-L1. MHC-II and CD86 increased at 6 and 12 h, and dropped to normal levels at 10-12 days. In the early stage of injury, splenic DCs were mainly activated, whereas in the later stage, the expressions of the negative co-stimulatory molecules, PD-L1 and PD- 1, were upregulated, similar to tolerogenic DCs. Splenic DCs might suppress the stimulation of T lymphocytes in MODS mice through the PD-L1/PD-1 pathway, which would induce immunosuppression and the pathogenesis of MODS.

Inhibition effect of silver nanoparticles on herpes simplex virus 2

The herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) is one of the most important sexually transmitted pathogens, and can facilitate the spread of human immunodeficiency virus. The currently available antiviral drugs have certain limitations. Nanosilver has received increasing attention recently with respect to its antibacterial and antiviral properties. The purpose of this study was to determine the inhibiting effect and mechanism of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) on HSV-2. The cytotoxicity of Vero cells induced by different Ag-NP concentrations was investigated by using the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. The inhibiting effect of Ag-NPs on HSV-2 at various times was also evaluated by using a plaque assay. The toxicity of 100 μg/mL Ag-NPs on Vero cells was very low. The mixture of Ag-NP suspension and HSV-2 prior to infecting cells could significantly inhibit the production of progeny viruses. Ag-NPs also inhibited the replication of HSV-2 for 24 h before infecting cells with HSV-2. Therefore, 100 μg/mL Ag-NPs could completely inhibit HSV-2 replication. Ag-NPs at nontoxic concentrations were capable of inhibiting HSV-2 replication when administered prior to viral infection or soon after initial virus exposure. This suggests that the mode of action of Ag-Nps occurs during the early phases of viral replication.

16,17-dihydroxycyclooctatin, a new diterpene from Streptomyces sp. LZ35

Genome sequence analysis of Streptomyces sp. LZ35 has revealed a large number of secondary metabolite pathways, including a complete gene cluster for the biosynthesis of cyclooctatin. This cluster contains four genes, cotB1-4, located in a 5-kb region. Optimization of fermentation medium for LZ35Δheng (SR107) led to the identification of cyclooctatin (1) and 16,17-dihydroxycyclooctatin (2), a new diterpene. The structures of these substances were elucidated on the basis of 1D-, 2D-NMR, and HRESIMS data. Cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 and A549 cell lines was also evaluated. Results demonstrated that gene cluster and pathway analysis are key to guided isolation of new natural products.

Effects of a mixture of steam-flaked corn and extruded soybeans on performance, ruminal development, ruminal fermentation, and intestinal absorptive capability in veal calves

This study investigated the effects of a mixture of steam-flaked corn and extruded soybeans on performance, ruminal development, ruminal fermentation variables, and intestinal absorptive capability in Holstein male calves (n = 39). Calves were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments (13 calves per treatment): 1) milk replacer (MR), 2) one-half of the amount of MR in treatment 1, plus a mixture of 62.1% steam-flaked corn and 30.5% extruded soybeans provided ad libitum (HMCS), or 3) a mixture of 62.1% steam-flaked corn and 30.5% extruded soybeans provided ad libitum (CS). All the calves were started at 2 ± 1 d of age and studied for 150 d. Each 30 d was defined as 1 period. Dry matter intake and growth were measured daily and monthly, respectively. All calves were harvested at 150 d of age, after which rumen fluid was collected. Rumen and intestine samples were gathered. Calves fed MR exhibited greater BW (P = 0.001) and ADG (P < 0.001), compared with calves fed HMCS and CS from period 2 to 3; however, from period 4 to 5, CS calves had greater (P < 0.04) ADG than MR calves. The treatments did not differ in final BW (P = 0.72) and ADG (P = 0.20) from period 2 to 5. Compared with HMCS and MR calves, CS calves had the greatest DMI (P < 0.001) and the least feed efficiency (P < 0.001) from period 2 to 5. For ruminal fermentation parameters, CS calves had decreased (P = 0.04) rumen pH than MR calves. The NH3 concentrations were greater (P = 0.03) in calves fed HMCS than calves fed MR and CS. Total VFA concentrations were greatest in CS calves (P = 0.02). Calves fed CS had the greatest molar concentrations of propionate, butyrate, and valerate (P < 0.002), and calves fed HMCS had the greatest molar concentrations of isobutyrate (P = 0.001) and isovalerate (P = 0.001). The CS calves exhibited greater empty rumen weight (P = 0.001), papillae length (P < 0.001), papillae width (P < 0.001), rumen wall thickness (P = 0.012), and papillae density (P = 0.003). The greatest villus heights in the jejunum (P = 0.04) and ileum (P = 0.005) were observed in CS calves. Compared with HMCS calves, calves fed CS had greater villus:crypt ratios in the duodenum (P = 0.001) and jejunum (P = 0.001). Results indicate that CS improves ADG in period 4 to 5 and positively contributes to ruminal development, ruminal fermentation, and intestinal absorptive capability in veal calves.

Mismatch repair gene mutations in Chinese HNPCC patients

To explore the characteristics of DNA mismatch repair gene mutations in Chinese patients with hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) or Lynch syndrome, the MLH1 and MSH2 genes from probands of 76 HNPCC families were sequenced. By doing so, two frame-shift mutations, three splice-site mutations and fourteen missense mutations (thirteen missense mutations and one nonsense mutation) were identified in the MLH1 gene. In addition, one splice-site mutation and six missense mutations were detected in the MSH2 gene. None of these mutations were detected in 100 matched healthy controls. The remaining mutation-negative cases were subjected to large fragment deletion analysis using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). By doing so, five large fragment deletions were detected in the MSH2 gene. No large fragment deletions were detected in the MLH1 gene. We conclude that the MLH1 and MSH2 genes in Chinese HNPCC families exhibit broad mutation spectra.

Polymorphisms at the GLUT2 (β-cell/liver) glucose transporter gene and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM): analysis in affected pedigree members

The precise genetic defects underlying the etiology of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) have yet to be identified. The beta-cell/liver glucose transporter gene GLUT2 represents a good candidate for the etiology of the disease, being involved in the glucose signalling for beta-cell insulin release. Population association studies of the GLUT2 gene in NIDDM have so far yielded controversial results. In order to determine the possible contribution of this gene to the inheritance of NIDDM, we have employed a new approach, where two polymorphic markers of the GLUT2 locus, detected with the restriction enzyme Taq-1, were examined for linkage with the disease in a group of 22 Italian pedigrees with affected members (n = 50). Departure from independent segregation between markers and disease was analyzed by the Affected-Pedigree-Members (APM) statistical method. Furthermore, association analysis between the Taq-1 RFLPs at the GLUT2 locus and NIDDM was performed in a group of diabetics with a strong family history, comprising the 22 probands and 23 other diabetics with an affected first-degree relative. The results indicate that there was no segregation distortion between the Taq-1 markers of the GLUT2 gene and the disease in the pedigrees examined. Also, no significant difference in genotype distribution, haplotype and allele frequencies was found between diabetics and controls for the two Taq-1 RFLPs. We conclude that genetic variation at the GLUT2 transporter gene is unlikely to contribute in a major way to the inheritance for NIDDM in this Italian population.

Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes in colorectal cancer with microsatellite instability are activated and cytotoxic

BACKGROUND

Patients with colorectal cancer that display high-level microsatellite instability (MSI-H) appear to have a better prognosis. This may be explained by the pronounced T cell infiltrate seen in MSI-H tumours that is related to a specific antigen-driven immune response. The nature of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes in colorectal cancers was investigated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry.

METHODS

Quantitative fluorescent hydrolysis probe-based reverse transcriptase-PCR assays were used to detect levels of mRNA specifying T cell markers in fresh frozen colorectal tissue from MSI-H tumours and those with little or no microsatellite instability (microsatellite stable (MSS) tumours). In addition, immunohistochemistry was performed on paraffin-embedded sections to compare expression of the same T cell markers and the activation markers granzyme B and interleukin 2 receptor alpha-subunit (IL-2Ralpha) in MSI-H and MSS tumours.

RESULTS

MSI-H tumours contained higher ratios of CD8/CD3 mRNA copy numbers than MSS tumours (P = 0.016), confirming the cytotoxic nature of lymphocyte infiltrates in this subset of colorectal cancers. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry confirmed that MSI-H tumours contained more infiltrating lymphocytes than MSS tumours, as shown by increased expression of CD3 (P = 0.003) and CD8 (P = 0.008). Consistent with other studies, the lymphocytes in MSI-H tumours were activated as indicated by significantly higher granzyme B counts (P = 0.020) and a significantly higher level of expression of IL-2Ralpha (P = 0.017).

CONCLUSION

The results support the hypothesis that MSI-H colorectal cancers may be more immunogenic than MSS tumours.

Experience with indium-111 and yttrium-90-labeled somatostatin analogs

The high level expression of somatostatin receptors (SSTR) on various tumor cells has provided the molecular basis for successful use of radiolabeled octreotide / lanreotide analogs as tumor tracers in nuclear medicine. Other (nontumoral) potential indications for SSTR scintigraphy are based on an increased lymphocyte binding at sites of inflammatory or immunologic diseases such as thyroid-associated ophthalmology. The vast majority of human tumors seem to over-express the one or the other of five distinct hSSTR subtype receptors. Whereas neuroendocrine tumors frequently overexpress hSSTR2, intestinal adenocarcinomas seem to overexpress more often hSSTR3 or hSSTR4, or both of these hSSTR. In contrast to In-DTPA-DPhe(1)-octreotide (OctreoScan(R)) which binds to hSSTR2 and 5 with high affinity (Kd 0.1-5 nM), to hSSTR3 with moderate affinity (K(d) 10-100 nM) and does not bind to hSSTR1 and hSSTR4, (111)In / (90)Y-DOTA-lanreotide was found to bind to hSSTR2, 3, 4, and 5 with high affinity, and to hSSTR1 with lower affinity (K(d) 200 nM). Based on its unique hSSTR binding profile, (111)In-DOTA-lanreotide was suggested to be a potential radioligand for tumor diagnosis, and (90)Y-DOTA-lanreotide suitable for receptor-mediated radionuclide therapy. As opposed to (111)In-DTPA-DPhe(1)-octreotide and (111)In-DOTA-DPhe(1)-Tyr(3)-octreotide, discrepancies in the scintigraphic results were seen in about one third of (neuroendocrine) tumor patients concerning both the tumor uptake as well as detection of tumor lesions. On a molecular level, these discrepancies seem to be based on a "higherrdquuo; high-affinity binding of (111)In-DOTA-DPhe(1)-Tyr(3)-octreotide to hSSTR2 (K(d) 0.1-1 nM). Other somatostatin analogs with divergent affinity to the five known hSSTR subtype receptors have also found their way into the clinics, such as (99m)Tc-depreotide (NeoSpect(R); NeoTect(R)). Most of the imaging results are reported for neuroendocrine tumors (octreotide analogs) or nonsmall cell lung cancer ((99m)Tc-depreotide), indicating high diagnostic cabability of this type of receptor tracers. Consequently to their use as receptor imaging agents, hSSTR recognizing radioligands have also been implemented for experimental receptor-targeted radionuclide therapy. Beneficial results were reported for high-dose treatment with (111)In-DTPA-DPhe(1)-octreotide, based on the emission of Auger electrons. The Phase IIa study "MAURITIUS" (Multicenter Analysis of a Universal Receptor Imaging and Treatment Initiative, a eUropean Study) showed in progressive cancer patients (therapy entry criteria) with a calculated tumor dose > 10 Gy / GBq (90)Y-DOTA-lanreotide, the proof-of-principle for treating tumor patients with peptide receptor imaging agents. In the "MAURITIUS" study, cummulative treatment doses up to 200 mCi (90)Y-DOTA-lanreotide were given as short-term infusion. Overall treatment results in 70 patients indicated stable tumor disease in 35% of patients and regressive tumor disease in 10% of tumor patients with different tumor entities expressing hSSTR. No acute or chronic severe hematological toxicity, change in renal or liver function parameters due to (90)Y-DOTA-lanreotide treatment, were reported. (90)Y-DOTA-DPhe(1)-Tyr(3)-octreotide may show a higher tumor uptake in neuroendocrine tumor lesions and may therefore be superior for treatment in patients with neuroendocrine tumors. However, there is only limited excess to long-term and survival data at present. Potential indications for (90Y-DOTA-lanreotide are radioiodine-negative thyroid cancer, hepatocellular cancer and lung cancer. Besides newer approaches and recent developments of 188)Re-labeled radioligands, no clinical results on the treatment response are yet available. In conclusion, several radioligands have been implemented on the basis of peptide receptor recognition throughout the last decade. A plentitude of preclinical data and clinical studies confirm their potential use in diagnosis as well as "proof-of-principle" for therapy of cancer patients. However, an optimal radiopeptide formulatioents. However, an optimal radiopeptide formulation does not yet exist for receptor-targeted radionuclide therapy. Ongoing developments may result in peptides more suitable for this kind of receptor-targeted radionuclide therapy.

Comparative somatostatin receptor scintigraphy using in-111-DOTA-lanreotide and in-111-DOTA-Tyr3-octreotide versus F-18-FDG-PET for evaluation of somatostatin receptor-mediated radionuclide therapy

BACKGROUND

Based on the high number of somatostatin (SST) receptors expressed by neuroendocrine tumors, long-acting SST analogs have been successfully used for tumor detection. New developments point to the potential use of these types of radioligands for tumor-specific radionuclide therapy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We have comparatively investigated the diagnostic capacity of the SST analog. 111In-DOTA-lanreotide (LAN), as opposed to 111ln-DOTA-DPhe1-Tyr3-octreotide (TOCT) in tumor patients. This article gives an overview of recent scintigraphic results compared to CT/MRI, 18F-FDG-PET, endoscopy and/or surgery in a threshold of 218 tumor patients.

RESULTS

As opposed to radiology, previously unknown tumor lesions were demonstrable by either SST radioligand in about one third of patients. In carcinoid patients, the SST scan sensitivity was 64% for LAN (18 of 28) and 87% (34 of 39) for TOCT, whereas the sensitivity was 100% in patients with (radioiodine-negative) thyroid cancer (17 of 17) for LAN and 95% for TOCT (20 of 21). Discordant scintigraphic results between LAN and TOCT (higher tumor uptake and/or visualisation of different lesions in the same patient) were also seen in patients with lymphoma, lung cancer and intestinal adenocarcinoma. In a direct comparison of both SST tracers in 38 tumor patients, LAN gave positive results in 35 of 38, TOCT in 36 of 38 and 18F-FDG-PET in 14 of 22 of the same patients. SST scan results obtained by both tracers were equivocal in 23 of 38 patients, but were better in 10 patients withTOCTand in 5 patients with LAN.

CONCLUSIONS

We conclude that both SST radioligands are suitable tracers for tumor imaging, but may give significantly different uptake results for different tumor types. Since the uptake is most important for tumor therapy, using either longacting SSTanalogs, and/or 90Y-labeled analogs, careful evaluation should be made prior to therapy.

[Study on in vitro culture and cryopreservation by vitrification of blastocysts derived from single mouse 2-cell embryos' blastomeres]

The present experiments were designed to study the effects of glucose, EDTA, glutamine on the in vitro development of single blastomeres from 2-cell embryos in mouse, and the efficiency of cryopreservation of blastocysts from single blastomers with different vitrification. Single blastomeres derived from female ICR x male BDF1 2-cell embryos were cultured in mKRB with or without glucose, EDTA and glutamine, respectively. The expanded blastocyst rates were significantly different between in mKRB with glucose and without glucose (34% vs 65%); The blastomeres were cultured in mKRB with EDTA and glutamine but glucose, the expanded blastocyst rate (90%) was significantly higher than other groups. The blastocysts derived from single blastomeres were vitrified in liquid nitrogen after equilibration in GFS40 for 0.5-2 min, the survival rate 24%-51%. The blastocysts were pretreated in mPBS with 10% glycerol for 5 min, followed by exposure to GFS40 at 25 degrees C for 0.5 min, then vitrified in liquid nitrogen(two-step method), the survival rate was 61%. However, the survival rates increased to 64% and 70% when the blastocysts were vitrified(one-step method) ater equilibration in EFS40 at 25 degrees C for 0.5-1 min.

Expression of HLA class II in colorectal cancer: evidence for enhanced immunogenicity of microsatellite-instability-positive tumours

Microsatellite-instability-positive (MSI+) colorectal cancers are characterised by an accumulation of deletion and insertion mutations at simple repeated sequences caused by inactivation of mismatch repair proteins. They share several clinicopathological features, including a better prognosis and a pronounced stromal inflammatory reaction. We have used suppression subtraction hybridisation between normal colonic epithelium and paired carcinomas to generate differential gene expression profiles in MSI+ and MSI- tumours. Following reverse northern blotting analysis, 11 genes were found to be up-regulated in the MSI+ tumour, and one of these specified the HLA-DM gene. This was in contrast to the MSI(-) tumour screen, where none of the clones analysed expressed this class of gene. Our results confirm that MSI(+) tumours may have a greater potential for the efficient presentation of antigens to the helper arm of the immune system and lend further support to the theory that the better prognosis of patients with MSI+ tumours may be linked to an enhanced immunogenicity of these tumours.

New trends in peptide receptor radioligands

The high level expression of somatostatin receptors (SSTR) on various tumor cells has provided the molecular basis for successful use of radiolabeled octreotide/lanreotide analogs as tumor tracers in nuclear medicine. The vast majority of human tumors seem to overexpress the one or the other of five distinct hSSTR sub-type receptors. Whereas neuroendocrine tumors frequently overexpress hSSTR2, intestinal adenocarcinomas seem to over-express more often hSSTR3 or hSSTR4, or both of these hSSTR. In contrast to 111In-DTPA-DPhe1-octreotide (OCTREOSCAN) which binds to hSSTR2 and 5 with high affinity (Kd 0.1-5 nM), to hSSTR3 with moderate affinity (Kd 10-100 nM) and does not bind to hSSTR1 and hSSTR4, 111In/90Y-DOTA-lanreotide was found to bind to hSSTR2, 3, 4, and 5 with high affinity, and to hSSTR1 with lower affinity (Kd 200 nM). Based on its unique hSSTR binding profile, 111In-DOTA-lanreotide was suggested to be a potential radioligand for tumor diagnosis, and 90Y-DOTA-lanreotide suitable for receptor-mediated radionuclide therapy. As opposed to 111In-DTPA-DPhe1-octreotide and 111In-DOTA-DPhe1-Tyr3-octreotide, discrepancies in the scintigraphic results were seen in about one third of (neuroendocrine) tumor patients concerning both the tumor uptake as well as detection of tumor lesions. On a molecular level, these discrepancies seem to be based on a "higher" high-affinity binding of 111In-DOTA-DPhe1-Tyr3-octreotide to hSSTR2. Other somatostatin analogs with divergent affinity to the five known hSSTR subtype receptors have also found their way into the clinics, including 99mTc-HYNIC-octreotide or 99mTc-depreotide (NEOSPECT; NEOTECT). Most of the imaging results are reported for neuroendocrine tumors (octreotide analogs) or non-small cell lung cancer (99mTc-depreotide), indicating high diagnostic capability of this type of receptor tracers. Consequently to their use as receptor imaging agents, hSSTR recognizing radioligands have also been implemented for experimental receptor-targeted radionuclide therapy. The study "MAURITIUS" (MulticenterAnalysis of a Universal Receptor Imaging and Treatment Initiative, a eUropean Study), a Phase IIa study, showed in patients with a calculated tumor dose >10 Gy/GBq 90Y-DOTA-lanreotide, the proof-of-principle for treating tumor patients with receptor imaging agents. Overall treatment results in >60 patients indicated stable tumor disease in roughly 35% of patients and regressive disease in 15% of tumor patients with different tumor entities. No acute or chronic severe hematological toxicity, change in renal or liver function parameters due to 90Y-DOTA-lanreotide, was reported. 90In-DOTA-DPhe1-Tyr3-octreotide may show a higher tumor uptake in neuroendocrine tumor lesions and may therefore provide even better treatment results in tumor patients, but there is only limited excess to long-term and survival data at present. Besides newer approaches and recent developments of 188Re-labeled radioligands no clinical results on the treatment response is available yet. In conclusion, several radioligands have been implemented on the basis of peptide receptor recognition throughout the last decade. A plentitude of preclinical data and clinical studies confirm "proof-of-principle" for their use in diagnosis as well as therapy of cancer patients. However, an optimal radiopeptide formulation does not yet exist for receptor-targeted radionuclide therapy.

Expression of the Ca2+-activated chloride channel genes CLCA1 and CLCA2 is downregulated in human colorectal cancer

The role of ion channels in carcinogenesis and tumor progression remains unclear. We have used suppression subtractive hybridization of mRNA from paired normal colon epithelium and tumor, followed by quantitative kinetic RT-PCR, to demonstrate that the transcription of two members of a novel Ca(2+)-dependent chloride channel family, CLCA1 and CLCA2, was significantly downregulated in approximately 80% of colorectal carcinomas. This figure rose to >90% when expression was adjusted for tumor cell proliferation. In normal colon epithelium, CLCA1 mRNA levels were significantly associated with c-myc transcription but became decoupled in the tumor samples. There was no association between CLCA2 and either CLCA1 or c-myc mRNA levels. Transcription of both genes in three colorectal cancer cell lines, T84, HT29, and Caco2, was barely detectable. Illegitimate transcription of CLCA1 was detected in 12 of 15 blood samples taken from healthy volunteers, making its use as a marker for the detection of tumor spread unreliable. Our results suggest that CLCA1 could specify a new tumor suppressor and that, as in breast cancer, CLCA2 may function as a tumor suppressor in colorectal cancer.

Effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and somatostatin (SST) on lipoprotein receptor expression by A431 tumor cells

A variety of tumor cells have been shown to express lipoprotein receptors. Recent data suggest that lipoprotein receptors may play a regulatory role in the growth of certain tumor cells. We investigated the effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and somatostatin-14 (SST-14) on the binding of 111Indium-labeled lipoproteins [(111)In-low density lipoprotein ((111)In-LDL), (111)In-high density lipoprotein ((111)In-HDL) and (111)In-very low density lipoprotein ((111)In-VLDL)] onto the epidermoid mammary carcinoma cell line A431. Scatchard analyses of the binding data indicated one class of specific high affinity binding sites for LDL, HDL and VLDL expressed by A431 cells, respectively. VIP increased significantly the binding capacity for (111)In-LDL on A431 cells. The VIP-induced increase of (111)In-LDL binding sites was inhibited by SST-14. Furthermore, SST-14 inhibited VIP-induced 3H-thymidine incorporation and adenosine 3'-5' cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) formation in A431 cells with IC50 values in the range of 5-7 nM. However, SST-14 showed no effect on dibutyryl-cAMP-induced increase of (111)In-LDL binding sites expressed on A431 cells. In contrast to (111)In-LDL binding, no effects of VIP or SST-14 on HDL or VLDL binding to A431 tumor cells were found. Our results suggest a direct effect of VIP and SST-14 on LDL-binding onto tumor cells. The complex interactions between VIP and SST-14 on LDL receptor expression of tumor cells may play a role in tumor cell lipid metabolism.

[Effects of hypotonic stress on the survival of hatched mouse blastocysts pericryopreservation]

The objective of this study to evaluate the effect of hypotonic stress on developmental potential of hatched blastocysts perivitrification. Hatched mouse blastocysts were vitrified in liquid nitrogen after equilibration in 10% or 20% GL for 5 min and in GFS40 for 30 sec respectively, the survival rates were 93%-97% after the frozen-thawed embryos were cultured in vitro for 24 h. There were no statistical difference between the frozen and the fresh group (P > 0.05). In order to evaluate effects of hypotonic stress on developmental abilities, fresh hatched mouse blastocysts were respectively exposed to 1.00 x, 0.50 x, 0.30 x, 0.25 x and 0.20 x PBS for 30 min, then cultured in mKRB for 24 h, the survival rates were 98%, 99%, 92%, 92% and 50% respectively. The rate in 0.20 X PBS group was significantly lower than in other groups (P < 0.01). When frozen-thawed embryos were directly treated with different osmotic solutions, the survival rates were 88%, 72%, 58%, 11% and 0 respectively in 1.00 x, 0.50 x, 0.30 x, 0.25 x and 0.20 x PBS group. The rate in 1.00 x PBS group was significantly higher than in other groups (P < 0.05). However, when frozen-thawed embryos were first cultured in vitro for 12 h, then exposed to 1.00 x, 0.50 x, 0.30 x, 0.25 x and 0.2 x PBS, the survival rates were 98%, 94%, 82%, 58% and 26% respectively. There was no statistical difference between 1.00 x and 0.50 x PBS group (P > 0.05). Although the rate in 0.30 x, 0.25 x and 0.20 x PBS group was significantly lower than in 1.00 x group(P < 0.01), it was significantly higher than in the same treatment group without in vitro culture(P < 0.05).

Detection of minimal residual cancer to investigate why oral tumors recur despite seemingly adequate treatment

Improvements in surgery and radiotherapy techniques have led to only a modest increase in the 5-year survival rate for patients with head and neck cancer. This is because the pattern of clinical disease is changing, such that locoregional recurrence now accounts for fewer treatment failures, but more patients develop a second primary cancer or distant metastatic disease. In this study, we have used the p53 phage plaque assay, immunocytochemistry, and mutational analysis to assess the contribution of minimal residual cancer and genetic aberrations in clinically normal upper aerodigestive tract mucosa to treatment failure. Eighteen consecutive patients with oral tumors, with conventional clear margins, have been followed for a minimum of 36 months. Molecular assessment identified tumor-positive surgical margins for 6 of 11 assessable patients and additional tumor-positive lymph nodes for three cases. Disseminated malignant cells were detected in the hematopoietic cell compartment for six cases, and one patient had molecular evidence of field cancerization. Locoregional recurrence developed in five patients with tumors harboring a p53 gene mutation; four of these were associated with tumor-positive surgical margins, and one was associated with molecular evidence of field cancerization. Radiotherapy to the primary site did not prevent development of local recurrence when the residual tumor harbored a p53 gene mutation. Three of six cases with a tumor-positive bone marrow aspirate developed distant metastases. These findings reveal that molecular and immunocytochemical detection of minimal residual cancer and field cancerization can help identify patients who may develop locoregional or distant recurrence and justify further studies to evaluate the contribution of these remaining malignant cells to treatment failure.

The response regulator PhoP is important for survival under conditions of macrophage-induced stress and virulence in Yersinia pestis

The two-component regulatory system PhoPQ has been identified in many bacterial species. However, the role of PhoPQ in regulating virulence gene expression in pathogenic bacteria has been characterized only in Salmonella species. We have identified, cloned, and sequenced PhoP orthologues from Yersinia pestis, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and Yersinia enterocolitica. To investigate the role of PhoP in the pathogenicity of Y. pestis, an isogenic phoP mutant was constructed by using a reverse-genetics PCR-based strategy. The protein profiles of the wild-type and phoP mutant strains, grown at either 28 or 37 degrees C, revealed more than 20 differences, indicating that PhoP has pleiotrophic effects on gene expression in Y. pestis. The mutant showed a reduced ability to survive in J774 macrophage cell cultures and under conditions of low pH and oxidative stress in vitro. The mean lethal dose of the phoP mutant in mice was increased 75-fold in comparison with that of the wild-type strain, indicating that the PhoPQ system plays a key role in regulating the virulence of Y. pestis.

Elevated levels of RanBP7 mRNA in colorectal carcinoma are associated with increased proliferation and are similar to the transcription pattern of the proto-oncogene c-myc

We have used suppression subtractive hybridisation, "in silico" cloning and reverse Northern dot blot analysis to identify significant up-regulation of RanBP7 transcription in a human colorectal carcinoma. Quantitative RT-PCR analyses using the Taqman system demonstrated that RanBP7 mRNA levels were elevated in 47/75 colorectal tumours. There was no significant difference in 17 matched normal and tumour pairs and reduced levels in 11. Since RanBP7 specifies a key member of nuclear transport receptors responsible for the nuclear import of histone H1 and ribosomal proteins, we investigated whether this up-regulation might be proliferation-associated. RanBP7 mRNA copy numbers were significantly correlated with those of proliferating cell nuclear antigen in both normal and cancer tissue. Interestingly, the transcription pattern of the proto-oncogene c-myc showed a similar correlation with PCNA mRNA. Our results highlight the need for the careful interpretation of quantitative data that compare mRNA levels in normal and cancer tissue.

[Peroxidase isoenzymes analysis on some plants under simulated microgravity]

The detection technology of peroxidase isoenzyme pattern were adopted in the study of the effect of simulated microgravity on some plants. Biochemical analysis indicated that the microgravity samples displayed an increased activity of peroxidase.

Transcription of the inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase gene (INPP1) is upregulated in human colorectal cancer

We have used suppression subtractive hybridization to demonstrate significant overexpression of the inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase gene (INPP1) in colorectal cancer compared with matched normal colon epithelium. Its gene product catalyses the hydrolysis of inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate and inositol 1, 4-bisphosphate, a key molecule in the phosphoinositide metabolic and signaling pathways. Following confirmation of the differential expression by reverse Northern dot blot analysis, fully quantitative Taqman reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assays showed that its transcription was upregulated in 42/49 colorectal tumors. There was no significant difference in four tumors and reduced transcription was observed in three. This is the first study to report the upregulation of the INPP1 gene in a human cancer and should facilitate further studies looking at the role of phosphatidylinositol signaling reactions in human colorectal cancer.

New radiopharmaceuticals for receptor scintigraphy and radionuclide therapy

In vitro data have demonstrated a high amount of receptors for various hormones and peptides on malignant cells of neuroendocrine origin. Among these, binding sites for members of the SST-family (hSSTR1-5) are frequently found, and their expression has led to therapeutic and diagnostic attempts to specifically target these receptors. Receptor scintigraphy using radiolabeled peptide ligands has proven its effectiveness in clinical practice. In addition, initial results have indicated a clinical potential for receptor-targeted radiotherapy. Based on somatostatin (SST) receptor (R) recognition, the novel radiopharmaceuticals 111In/90Y-DOTA-lanreotide developed at the University of Vienna as well as 111In/90Y-DOTA-DPhe1-Tyr3-octreotide (NOVARTIS) both have provided promising data for diagnosis and treatment of hSSTR-positive tumors. SSTR scintigraphy using 111In-DTPA-DPhe1-octreotide has a high positive predictive value for the vast majority of neuroendocrine tumors and has gained its place in the diagnostic work-up as well as follow-up of patients. We have used 111In-DOTA-lanreotide scintigraphy in 166 patients since 1997 and have seen positive results in 93% of patients. In 42 patients with neuroendocrine tumors comparative data were obtained. As opposed to 111In-DTPA-DPhe1-octreotide and 111In-DOTA-DPhe1-Tyr3-octreotide, discrepancies in the scintigraphic results were seen in about one third of patients concerning both the tumor uptake as well as tumor lesion detection. Initial results both with 90Y-DOTA-lanreotide as well as 90Y-DOTA-DPhe1-Tyr3-octreotide has pointed out the clinical potential of radionuclide receptor-targeted radiotherapy. This new therapy could offer palliation and disease control at a reduced cost. The final peptide therapy strategy is most probably cheaper than conventional radiotherapies or prolonged chemotherapies. Overall, receptor-mediated radiotherapy with 90Y-DOTA-lanreotide/90Y-DOTA-DPhe1-Tyr3-octre otide might also be effective in patients refractory to conventional strategies.

[Scanning electron microscope observation on endosperm starch grain characters in multiplasmic maize]

In this article, endosperm starch grains of eleven lines in multiplasmic maize were studied by scanning electron microscope. The results show that different cytoplasm has different effects on the characters of starch grain. The starch grains of three sweet corn cytoplasmic lines (su1, sh2, btl) are mainly spherical and packed tightly, which means they have some degree of similarity. While the grains of four cytolasmic male sterility lines (T, S, C, 21A) are mostly irregular and packed loosely except (T) Mo17, in which grains are tightly packed. The average diameter of these eleven varieties is ranged from 9.78 microns to 14.69 microns. Through the study of endosperm starch grain shape and size, we tried to explore the relationship between the property of starches and the quality of seeds. And this will significantly prompt the development of maize genetics and breeding.

Immunomagnetic separation for enrichment and sensitive detection of disseminated tumour cells in patients with head and neck SCC

Screening for malignant cells in the blood and bone marrow was introduced as a strategy for the improved detection of tumour spread and may predict the development of distant metastases. The sensitivity of these approaches depends on several factors, including the choice of antibody for immunocytochemistry (ICC) and the number of cells examined. In this study criteria have been defined for scoring cells reactive with a pan-cytokeratin antibody as tumour, by comparing immunostained cells in clinical samples obtained from head and neck cancer patients and a control group without epithelial malignancy. When leucocyte subfractions are prepared by density gradient separation (DGS) from central venous blood obtained from patients with advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and screened by ICC, epithelial tumour cells sediment preferentially with the mononuclear cells but may also be detected in the granulocyte (GC) fraction. Some cases were found to have more tumour cells in the GC fraction. Similar results were seen in model experiments. To increase the sensitivity of the ICC approach, the efficiency of positive immunomagnetic selection (IMS) using Dynabeads coated with an antibody recognizing the Ber-EP4 epitope has been compared with negative IMS using anti-CD45 Dynabeads. Tumour cells were recovered from bone marrow aspirates for 2/17 cases using the positive enrichment technique and for 11/17 patients following negative IMS. These findings justify prospective studies incorporating negative IMS to establish the prognostic significance of these disseminated tumour cells for this group of patients.

[A study on the ultrastructure of plant cell under simulated microgravity]

OBJECTIVE

To study the effects of microgravity on plant cell ultrastructure.

METHOD

Analyzing the biological and physiological differences between the plants grown in the simulated microgravity conditions and their correspondent ground controls.

RESULT

Various variances in cell walls, chloroplasts and mitochondria were observed with electron microscope. Those ultrastructure changes included plasmolysis, twist, contraction and deformation of cell walls, curvature and loose arrangement of chloroplast lamellae, breach of mitochondria, overflow of inclusions, disappearance of cristae, and significant increase in number of starch grains per cell.

CONCLUSION

Simulated microgravity conditions exert some coerce influence on the plant growth and the changes above-mentioned were the responses in cell level.

Uncv (uncovered): a new mutation causing hairloss on mouse chromosome 11

A pair of mutant mice with a first sparse coat appeared spontaneously in the production stock of BALB/c mice with a normal coat. After being sib-mated, they produced three phenotypes in their progeny: mice with normal hair, mice with a first sparse coat and then a fuzzy coat, and uncovered mice. Genetic studies revealed the mutants had inherited an autosomal monogene that was semi-dominant. By using 11 biochemical loci--Idh, Car2, Mup1, Pgm1, Hbb, Es1, Es10, Gdc, Ce2, Mod1 and Es3--as genetic markers, two-point linkage tests were made. The results showed the gene was assigned to chromosome 11. The result of a three-point test with Es3 and D11Mit8 (microsatellite DNA) as markers showed that the mutation was linked to Es3 with the recombination fraction 7.89 +/- 2.19%, and linked to D11Mit8 with the recombination fraction 26.30 +/- 3.57%. The recombination fraction between Es3 and D11Mit8 was 32.90 +/- 3.81%. It is suggested that the mutation is a new genetic locus that affected the skin and hair structure of the mouse. The mutation was named uncovered, with the symbol Uncv. Further studies showed the mutation affected not only the histology of skin and hair but also the growth and reproductive performance of the mice. The molecular characterization of the Uncv locus needs to be further studied.

Construction and characterisation of a Yersinia enterocolitica O:8 ompR mutant

The ompR-envZ two-component regulatory system has been shown to contribute to virulence in a number of enteric bacterial pathogens. A Yersinia enterocolitica O:8 ompR homologue was amplified, cloned and sequenced, showing 99.2% homology to the Escherichia coli OmpR. An isogenic ompR mutant was constructed by reverse genetics-based methodology. The mutant was shown to have increased sensitivity to high osmolarity, high temperature and low pH stresses in vitro. In the murine yersiniosis model, the mutant was attenuated and offered partial protection against wild-type challenge.