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Yazawa K, Hayden J, Maria JP, Zhu W, Trolier-McKinstry S, Zakutayev A, Brennecka GL. Correction: Anomalously abrupt switching of wurtzite-structured ferroelectrics: simultaneous non-linear nucleation and growth model. Mater Horiz 2023; 10:3854. [PMID: 37232134 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh90027d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Correction for 'Anomalously abrupt switching of wurtzite-structured ferroelectrics: simultaneous non-linear nucleation and growth model' by Keisuke Yazawa et al., Mater. Horiz., 2023, https://doi.org/10.1039/D3MH00365E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yazawa
- Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA.
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA.
| | - John Hayden
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Jon-Paul Maria
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Wanlin Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Susan Trolier-McKinstry
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Andriy Zakutayev
- Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA.
| | - Geoff L Brennecka
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA.
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2
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Yazawa K, Hayden J, Maria JP, Zhu W, Trolier-McKinstry S, Zakutayev A, Brennecka GL. Anomalously abrupt switching of wurtzite-structured ferroelectrics: simultaneous non-linear nucleation and growth model. Mater Horiz 2023; 10:2936-2944. [PMID: 37161517 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00365e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Ferroelectric polarization switching is one common example of a process that occurs via nucleation and growth, and understanding switching kinetics is crucial for applications such as ferroelectric memory. Here we describe and interpret anomalous switching dynamics in the wurtzite-structured nitride thin film ferroelectrics Al0.7Sc0.3N and Al0.94B0.06N using a general model that can be directly applied to other abrupt transitions that proceed via nucleation and growth. When substantial growth and impingement occur while nucleation rate is increasing, such as in these wurtzite-structured ferroelectrics under high electric fields, abrupt polarization reversal leads to very large Avrami coefficients (e.g., n = 11), inspiring an extension of the KAI (Kolmogorov-Avrami-Ishibashi) model. We apply this extended model to two related but distinct scenarios that crossover between (typical) behavior described by sequential nucleation and growth and a more abrupt transition arising from significant growth prior to peak nucleation rate. This work therefore provides a more complete description of general nucleation and growth kinetics applicable to any system while specifically addressing the anomalously abrupt polarization reversal behavior in new wurtzite-structured ferroelectrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yazawa
- Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA.
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA.
| | - John Hayden
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Jon-Paul Maria
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Wanlin Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Susan Trolier-McKinstry
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Andriy Zakutayev
- Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA.
| | - Geoff L Brennecka
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA.
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Calderon S, Hayden J, Baksa SM, Tzou W, Trolier-McKinstry S, Dabo I, Maria JP, Dickey EC. Atomic-scale polarization switching in wurtzite ferroelectrics. Science 2023; 380:1034-1038. [PMID: 37289886 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh7670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ferroelectric wurtzites have the potential to revolutionize modern microelectronics because they are easily integrated with multiple mainstream semiconductor platforms. However, the electric fields required to reverse their polarization direction and unlock electronic and optical functions need substantial reduction for operational compatibility with complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) electronics. To understand this process, we observed and quantified real-time polarization switching of a representative ferroelectric wurtzite (Al0.94B0.06N) at the atomic scale with scanning transmission electron microscopy. The analysis revealed a polarization reversal model in which puckered aluminum/boron nitride rings in the wurtzite basal planes gradually flatten and adopt a transient nonpolar geometry. Independent first-principles simulations reveal the details and energetics of the reversal process through an antipolar phase. This model and local mechanistic understanding are a critical initial step for property engineering efforts in this emerging material class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Calderon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - John Hayden
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Steven M Baksa
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - William Tzou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Susan Trolier-McKinstry
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ismaila Dabo
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jon-Paul Maria
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Dickey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Akkopru-Akgun B, Trolier-McKinstry S. Tuning Nb Solubility, Electrical Properties, and Imprint through PbO Stoichiometry in PZT Films. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:ma16113970. [PMID: 37297102 DOI: 10.3390/ma16113970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) films with high Nb concentrations (6-13 mol%) were grown by chemical solution deposition. In concentrations up to 8 mol% Nb, the films self-compensate the stoichiometry; single phase films were grown from precursor solutions with 10 mol% PbO excess. Higher Nb concentrations induced multi-phase films unless the amount of excess PbO in the precursor solution was reduced. Phase pure perovskite films were grown with 13 mol% excess Nb with the addition of 6 mol% PbO. Charge compensation was achieved by creating lead vacancies when decreasing excess PbO level; using Kroger-Vink notation, NbTi• are ionically compensated by VPb″ to maintain charge neutrality in heavily Nb-doped PZT films. With Nb doping, films showed suppressed {100} orientation, the Curie temperature decreased, and the maximum in the relative permittivity at the phase transition broadened. The dielectric and piezoelectric properties were dramatically degraded due to increased quantity of the non-polar pyrochlore phase in multi-phase films; εr reduced from 1360 ± 8 to 940 ± 6, and the remanent d33,f value decreased from 112 to 42 pm/V when increasing the Nb concentration from 6 to 13 mol%. Property deterioration was corrected by decreasing the PbO level to 6 mol%; phase pure perovskite films were attained. εr and the remanent d33,f increased to 1330 ± 9 and 106 ± 4 pm/V, respectively. There was no discernable difference in the level of self-imprint in phase pure PZT films with Nb doping. However, the magnitude of the internal field after thermal poling at 150 °C increased significantly; the level of imprint was 30 kV/cm and 11.5 kV/cm in phase pure 6 mol% and 13 mol% Nb-doped films, respectively. The absence of mobile VO••, coupled with the immobile VPb″ in 13 mol% Nb-doped PZT films, leads to lower internal field formation upon thermal poling. For 6 mol% Nb-doped PZT films, the internal field formation was primarily governed by (1) the alignment of (VPb″-VO•• )x and (2) the injection and subsequent electron trapping by Ti4+. For 13 mol% Nb-doped PZT films, hole migration between VPb″ controlled internal field formation upon thermal poling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betul Akkopru-Akgun
- Center for Dielectrics and Piezoelectrics, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Susan Trolier-McKinstry
- Center for Dielectrics and Piezoelectrics, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Liu Y, Kelley KP, Vasudevan RK, Zhu W, Hayden J, Maria JP, Funakubo H, Ziatdinov MA, Trolier-McKinstry S, Kalinin SV. Automated Experiments of Local Non-Linear Behavior in Ferroelectric Materials. Small 2022; 18:e2204130. [PMID: 36253123 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
An automated experiment in multimodal imaging to probe structural, chemical, and functional behaviors in complex materials and elucidate the dominant physical mechanisms that control device function is developed and implemented. Here, the emergence of non-linear electromechanical responses in piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) is explored. Non-linear responses in PFM can originate from multiple mechanisms, including intrinsic material responses often controlled by domain structure, surface topography that affects the mechanical phenomena at the tip-surface junction, and the presence of surface contaminants. Using an automated experiment to probe the origins of non-linear behavior in ferroelectric lead titanate (PTO) and ferroelectric Al0.93 B0.07 N films, it is found that PTO shows asymmetric nonlinear behavior across a/c domain walls and a broadened high nonlinear response region around c/c domain walls. In contrast, for Al0.93 B0.07 N, well-poled regions show high linear piezoelectric responses, when paired with low non-linear responses regions that are multidomain show low linear responses and high nonlinear responses. It is shown that formulating dissimilar exploration strategies in deep kernel learning as alternative hypotheses allows for establishing the preponderant physical mechanisms behind the non-linear behaviors, suggesting that automated experiments can potentially discern between competing physical mechanisms. This technique can also be extended to electron, probe, and chemical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Liu
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Kyle P Kelley
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Rama K Vasudevan
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Wanlin Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - John Hayden
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Jon-Paul Maria
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Center for Dielectrics and Piezoelectrics, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Hiroshi Funakubo
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Maxim A Ziatdinov
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Susan Trolier-McKinstry
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Center for Dielectrics and Piezoelectrics, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Sergei V Kalinin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37916, USA
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Cheng C, Peters T, Dangi A, Agrawal S, Chen H, Kothapalli SR, Trolier-McKinstry S. Improving PMUT Receive Sensitivity via DC Bias and Piezoelectric Composition. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:5614. [PMID: 35957175 PMCID: PMC9370952 DOI: 10.3390/s22155614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The receive sensitivity of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezoelectric micromachined ultrasound transducers (PMUTs) was improved by applying a DC bias during operation. The PMUT receive sensitivity is governed by the voltage piezoelectric coefficient, h31,f. With applied DC biases (up to 15 V) on a 2 μm PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 film, e31,f increased 1.6 times, permittivity decreased by a factor of 0.6, and the voltage coefficient increased by ~2.5 times. For released PMUT devices, the ultrasound receive sensitivity improved by 2.5 times and the photoacoustic signal improved 1.9 times with 15 V applied DC bias. B-mode photoacoustic imaging experiments showed that with DC bias, the PMUT received clearer photoacoustic signals from pencil leads at 4.3 cm, compared to 3.7 cm without DC bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (C.C.); (T.P.)
| | - Travis Peters
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (C.C.); (T.P.)
| | - Ajay Dangi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.D.); (S.A.); (H.C.); (S.-R.K.)
| | - Sumit Agrawal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.D.); (S.A.); (H.C.); (S.-R.K.)
| | - Haoyang Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.D.); (S.A.); (H.C.); (S.-R.K.)
| | - Sri-Rajasekhar Kothapalli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.D.); (S.A.); (H.C.); (S.-R.K.)
| | - Susan Trolier-McKinstry
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Shetty S, Numkiatsakul P, Wickline K, Incarnato R, Wang H, Kunkel H, Randall CA, Trolier-McKinstry S. Development of Polymer-Ceramic-Metal Graded Acoustic Matching Layers via Cold Sintering. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 2022; 69:1413-1427. [PMID: 35108203 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2022.3148792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A family of three phase, polymer-ceramic-metal (Poly-cer-met) electrically conducting composites was developed via cold sintering for acoustic matching application in medical ultrasound transducers. A range of acoustic impedance ( Z ) between MRayl with low attenuation (<3.5 dB/mm, measured at 10 MHz) was achieved in composites of zinc oxide, silver, and in thermoplastic polymers like Ultem polyetherimide (PEI) or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) at sintering pressure less than 50 MPa and temperature of 150 °C. Densities exceeding 95% were achieved, with resistivities less than 1 Ω -cm. The acoustic velocity was homogeneous across the part (variations <5%). The acoustic velocities exceeded 2500 m/s for Z above 12 MRayl. The experimentally measured acoustic impedance of ZnO/Ag/PEI composites was observed to be in close agreement with the theoretical logarithmic model developed for different volume fractions of individual phases at the percolation limit for Ag. Thus, the acoustic properties of this family of matching layers (MLs) can be predicted to a good approximation before experimental realization. Additionally, a non-conducting low Z (5 MRayl MRayl) with acoustic velocities exceeding 2000 m/s was achieved using hydrozincite as the ceramic component. Scaling of the composites to 2'' diameter was demonstrated. A -6 dB bandwidth greater than 85% was measured for a three ML ultrasound transducer, fabricated using a single cold sintered layer ( Z = 19 MRayl) and two other commercial layers in the stack. Finally, a co-cold sintered graded prototype consisting of three tape-casted formulations corresponding to Z = 5 , 9, and 19 MRayl, while still retaining the correct distributions of the components was demonstrated.
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Tsuji K, Fan Z, Bang SH, Dursun S, Trolier-McKinstry S, Randall CA. Cold sintering of the ceramic potassium sodium niobate, (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3, and influences on piezoelectric properties. Ann Ital Chir 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Tipsawat P, Ilham SJ, Yang JI, Kashani Z, Kiani M, Trolier-McKinstry S. 32 Element Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasound Transducer (PMUT) Phased Array for Neuromodulation. IEEE Open J Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 2022; 2:184-193. [PMID: 36938316 PMCID: PMC10021572 DOI: 10.1109/ojuffc.2022.3196823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Interest in utilizing ultrasound (US) transducers for non-invasive neuromodulation treatment, including for low intensity transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation (tFUS), has grown rapidly. The most widely demonstrated US transducers for tFUS are either bulk piezoelectric transducers or capacitive micromachine transducers (CMUT) which require high voltage excitation to operate. In order to advance the development of the US transducers towards small, portable devices for safe tFUS at large scale, a low voltage array of US transducers with beam focusing and steering capability is of interest. This work presents the design methodology, fabrication, and characterization of 32-element phased array piezoelectric micromachined ultrasound transducers (PMUT) using 1.5 μm thick Pb(Zr0.52 Ti0.48)O3 films doped with 2 mol% Nb. The electrode/piezoelectric/electrode stack was deposited on a silicon on insulator (SOI) wafer with a 2 μm silicon device layer that serves as the passive elastic layer for bending-mode vibration. The fabricated 32-element PMUT has a central frequency at 1.4 MHz. Ultrasound beam focusing and steering (through beamforming) was demonstrated where the array was driven with 14.6 V square unipolar pulses. The PMUT generated a maximum peak-to-peak focused acoustic pressure output of 0.44 MPa at a focal distance of 20 mm with a 9.2 mm and 1 mm axial and lateral resolution, respectively. The maximum pressure is equivalent to a spatial-peak pulse-average intensity of 1.29 W/cm2, which is suitable for tFUS application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pannawit Tipsawat
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Sheikh Jawad Ilham
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Jung In Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Zeinab Kashani
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Mehdi Kiani
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Susan Trolier-McKinstry
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
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Denis-Rotella LM, Esteves G, Walker J, Zhou H, Jones JL, Trolier-McKinstry S. Residual Stress and Ferroelastic Domain Reorientation in Declamped {001} Pb(Zr 0.3Ti 0.7)O 3 Films. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 2021; 68:259-272. [PMID: 32286973 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2020.2987438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ferroelectric films are often constrained by their substrates and subject to scaling effects, including suppressed dielectric permittivity. In this work, the thickness dependence of intrinsic and extrinsic contributions to the dielectric properties was elucidated. A novel approach to quantitatively deconstruct the relative permittivity into three contributions (intrinsic, reversible extrinsic, and irreversible extrinsic) was developed using a combination of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Rayleigh analysis. In situ synchrotron XRD was used to understand the influence of residual stress and substrate clamping on the domain state, ferroelastic domain reorientation, and electric field-induced strain. For tetragonal {001} textured Pb0.99(Zr0.3Ti0.7)0.98Nb0.02O3 thin films clamped to an Si substrate, a thickness-dependent in-plane tensile stress developed during processing, which dictates the domain distribution over a thickness range of 0.27- [Formula: see text]. However, after the films were partially declamped from the substrate and annealed, the residual stress was alleviated. As a result, the thickness dependence of the volume fraction of c -domains largely disappeared, and the out-of-plane lattice spacings ( d ) for both a - and c -domains increased. The volume fraction of c -domains was used to calculate the intrinsic relative permittivity. The reversible Rayleigh coefficient was then used to separate the intrinsic and reversible extrinsic contributions. The reversible extrinsic response accounted for ~50% of the overall relative permittivity (measured at 50 Hz and alternating current (ac) field of 0.5·Ec ) and was thickness dependent even after poling and upon release.
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Kim JN, Liu T, Jackson TN, Choi K, Trolier-McKinstry S, Tutwiler RL, Todd JA. 10 MHz Thin-Film PZT-Based Flexible PMUT Array: Finite Element Design and Characterization. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:s20154335. [PMID: 32759665 PMCID: PMC7435793 DOI: 10.3390/s20154335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Piezoelectric micromachined ultrasound transducers (PMUT) incorporating lead zirconate titanate PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 (PZT) thin films were investigated for miniaturized high-frequency ultrasound systems. A recently developed process to remove a PMUT from an underlying silicon (Si) substrate has enabled curved arrays to be readily formed. This research aimed to improve the design of flexible PMUT arrays using PZFlex, a finite element method software package. A 10 MHz PMUT 2D array working in 3-1 mode was designed. A circular unit-cell was structured from the top, with concentric layers of platinum (Pt)/PZT/Pt/titanium (Ti) on a polyimide (PI) substrate. Pulse-echo and spectral response analyses predicted a center frequency of 10 MHz and bandwidth of 87% under water load and air backing. A 2D array, consisting of the 256 (16 × 16) unit-cells, was created and characterized in terms of pulse-echo and spectral responses, surface displacement profiles, crosstalk, and beam profiles. The 2D array showed: decreased bandwidth due to protracted oscillation decay and guided wave effects; mechanical focal length at 2.9 mm; 3.7 mm depth of field for -6 dB; and -55.6 dB crosstalk. Finite element-based virtual prototyping identified figures of merit—center frequency, bandwidth, depth of field, and crosstalk—that could be optimized to design robust, flexible PMUT arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Nyeon Kim
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Tianning Liu
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (T.L.); (T.N.J.); (K.C.)
| | - Thomas N. Jackson
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (T.L.); (T.N.J.); (K.C.)
| | - Kyusun Choi
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (T.L.); (T.N.J.); (K.C.)
| | - Susan Trolier-McKinstry
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Richard L. Tutwiler
- Applied Research Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Judith A. Todd
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-814-863-0771
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Misra V, Bozkurt A, Calhoun BH, Datta S, Dickey M, Kiani M, Lach J, Lee B, Jur J, Oralkan O, Ozturk M, Rajagopalan R, Roundy S, Strohmaier J, Trolier-McKinstry S, Vashaee D, Wentzloff D, Werner D. Optimizing the energy balance to achieve autonomous self-powering for vigilant health and IoT applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1407/1/012001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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Matavž A, Benčan A, Kovač J, Chung CC, Jones JL, Trolier-McKinstry S, Malič B, Bobnar V. Additive Manufacturing of Ferroelectric-Oxide Thin-Film Multilayer Devices. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:45155-45160. [PMID: 31701737 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b17912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing has dramatically transformed the design and fabrication of advanced objects. Printed electronics-an additive thin-film processing technology-aims to realize low-cost, large-area electronics, and fabrication of devices with highly customized architectures. Recent advances in printing technology have led to several innovative applications; however, layer-on-layer deposition persists as a challenging issue. Here, the additive manufacturing of functional oxide devices by inkjet printing is presented. Two conditions appear critical for successful layer-on-layer printing: (i) preservation of stable surface properties and (ii) suppression of the material accumulation at the edges of a feature upon drying. The former condition was satisfied by introducing a surface modification layer of a polymer with nanotextured topography, and the latter was satisfied by designing the solvent composition of the ink. The developed process is highly efficient and enables conformal stacking of functional oxide layers according to the user-defined geometry, sequence arrangement, and layer thickness. To prove the effectiveness of this concept, we demonstrate an additive manufacture of all-oxide ferroelectric multilayer capacitors/transducers. Printed multilayer devices offer a significant increase in the capacitance density and the electromechanical voltage response in comparison to the single-layer devices. Further growth in the number of available functional oxide inks will enable arbitrary device architectures with novel functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Matavž
- Jožef Stefan Institute , Jamova Cesta 39 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School , Jamova Cesta 39 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Andreja Benčan
- Jožef Stefan Institute , Jamova Cesta 39 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School , Jamova Cesta 39 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Janez Kovač
- Jožef Stefan Institute , Jamova Cesta 39 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School , Jamova Cesta 39 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | | | | | - Susan Trolier-McKinstry
- Materials Science and Engineering Department and Materials Research Institute , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , 16802 State College , Pennsylvania , United States
| | - Barbara Malič
- Jožef Stefan Institute , Jamova Cesta 39 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School , Jamova Cesta 39 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Vid Bobnar
- Jožef Stefan Institute , Jamova Cesta 39 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School , Jamova Cesta 39 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
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14
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Meng M, Wang D, Truong BD, Trolier-McKinstry S, Roundy S, Kiani M. A Multi-Beam Shared-Inductor Reconfigurable Voltage/SECE Mode Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Interface Circuit. IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst 2019; 13:1277-1287. [PMID: 31715569 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2019.2942261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an autonomous multi-input (multi-beam) reconfigurable power-management chip for optimal energy harvesting from weak multi-axial human motion using a multi-beam piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH). The proposed chip adaptively operates in either voltage-mode or synchronous-electrical-charge-extraction-mode (VM-SECE) to improve overall efficiency, extract maximum energy regardless of the PEH beams' impedance/voltage/frequency variations, and protect the chip against large inputs, eliminating the need for high-voltage processes. It can simultaneously harvest energy from up to 6 beams using only one shared off-chip inductor. It uses an active negative voltage converter to extend the input-voltage range to as low as 35 mV. In addition, an active voltage doubler with a small footprint is implemented for faster cold start. A prototype VM-SECE chip was fabricated in a 0.35-μm 2P4M standard CMOS process occupying 1.9 mm2 active area. To fully characterize the chip performance, it was tested with both a commercial single-beam PEH and a custom-made PEH with five mechanically plucked thin-film beams. With the commercial PEH, compared to an on-chip full-wave active rectifier (FAR) with 95.6% efficiency, the VM-SECE chip harvested 3.28x more power for shock inputs at 1 Hz frequency and 4.39 g acceleration. With the custom 5-beam PEH for a pseudo-walking condition, compared to the on-chip FAR, the VM-SECE chip harvested 1.59x and 2.38x more power for 1-and 5-beam operations, respectively.
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15
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Garten LM, Moore DT, Nanayakkara SU, Dwaraknath S, Schulz P, Wands J, Rockett A, Newell B, Persson KA, Trolier-McKinstry S, Ginley DS. The existence and impact of persistent ferroelectric domains in MAPbI 3. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaas9311. [PMID: 30746434 PMCID: PMC6357725 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aas9311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) exhibits exceptional photovoltaic performance, but there remains substantial controversy over the existence and impact of ferroelectricity on the photovoltaic response. We confirm ferroelectricity in MAPbI3 single crystals and demonstrate mediation of the electronic response by ferroelectric domain engineering. The ferroelectric response sharply declines above 57°C, consistent with the tetragonal-to-cubic phase transition. Concurrent band excitation piezoresponse force microscopy-contact Kelvin probe force microscopy shows that the measured response is not dominated by spurious electrostatic interactions. Large signal poling (>16 V/cm) orients the permanent polarization into large domains, which show stabilization over weeks. X-ray photoemission spectroscopy results indicate a shift of 400 meV in the binding energy of the iodine core level peaks upon poling, which is reflected in the carrier concentration results from scanning microwave impedance microscopy. The ability to control the ferroelectric response provides routes to increase device stability and photovoltaic performance through domain engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David T. Moore
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | | | - Shyam Dwaraknath
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Philip Schulz
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
- CNRS, Institut Photovoltaïque d’Île de France, UMR 9006, 30 route départementale 128, Palaiseau 91120, France
| | - Jake Wands
- Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | | | - Brian Newell
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Kristin A. Persson
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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16
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Dangi A, Agrawal S, Tiwari S, Jadhav S, Cheng C, Trolier-McKinstry S, Pratap R, Kothapalli SR. Evaluation of High Frequency Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasound Transducers for Photoacoustic Imaging. Proc IEEE Sens 2018; 2018. [PMID: 31303903 DOI: 10.1109/icsens.2018.8589733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the design, fabrication, and characterization of piezoelectric micromachined ultrasound transducer (PMUT) arrays for photoacoustic imaging applications are reported. An 80-element linear PMUT array with each element having 53 PMUT cells of 125 μm cell diameter were fabricated using 650 nm thick lead zirconate titanate (PZT) as the active piezoelectric layer. The PMUTs are designed to operate at ~10 MHz resonant frequency. The PMUT elements are validated for photoacoustic imaging using an agar gel phantom with embedded pencil leads as the imaging target. Photoacoustic A-line response of the targets captured by single PMUT element shows ~7 MHz center frequency with ~4.8 MHz bandwidth. B-mode images reconstructed from A-lines recorded during the linear scanning of a single element clearly imaged all the targets, thus validating the potential of the fabricated PMUTs for photoacoustic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Dangi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Sumit Agrawal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Sudhanshu Tiwari
- Center for Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Shubham Jadhav
- Center for Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Christopher Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Susan Trolier-McKinstry
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Rudra Pratap
- Center for Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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17
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Walker J, Liu T, Tendulkar M, Burrows DN, DeRoo CT, Allured R, Hertz EN, Cotroneo V, Reid PB, Schwartz ED, Jackson TN, Trolier-McKinstry S. Design and fabrication of prototype piezoelectric adjustable X-ray mirrors. Opt Express 2018; 26:27757-27772. [PMID: 30469836 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.027757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lynx, a next generation X-ray observatory concept currently under study, requires lightweight, high spatial resolution X-ray mirrors. Here we detail the development and fabrication of one of the candidate technologies for Lynx, piezoelectric adjustable X-ray optics. These X-ray mirrors are thin glass shell mirrors with Cr/Ir X-ray reflective coatings on the mirror side and piezoelectric thin film actuators on the actuator side. Magnetron sputtering was used to deposit metal electrodes and metal-oxide piezoelectric layers. The piezoelectric (Pb0.995(Zr0.52Ti0.48)0.99Nb0.01O3) was divided into 112 independent piezoelectric actuators, with 100% yield achieved. We discuss the fabrication procedure, residual thermal stresses and tuning of the Cr/Ir coating stress for the purposes of stress balancing.
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18
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Morandi C, Gray JL, Auker W, Trolier-McKinstry S. Pulsed-Laser Deposited 35 Bi(Mg1/2Ti1/2) O3-65 PbTiO3 Thin Films-Part I: Influence of Processing on Composition, Microstructure, and Ferroelectric Hysteresis. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 2018; 65:1525-1533. [PMID: 29993827 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2018.2824979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
35 Bi(Mg1/2Ti1/2)O3 - 65 PbTiO3 (35 BiMT-65 PT) is a potential candidate material for a high-temperature nonvolatile ferroelectric memory. For pulsed-laser deposited 35 BiMT-65 PT films with the perovskite structure, it was found that as the chamber pressure during deposition decreased, the Mg and Pb contents in as-deposited films drop, while the concentration of Bi increases. Concurrently with the change in composition, the remanent polarization $P_{r}$ increases 64% to $\approx 21~\mu \text{C}$ /cm2 and the polarization-electric field loops rotated counterclockwise as the deposition pressure increases. Decreasing the seed layer thickness from 36 to 16 nm led to a decrease in $P_{r}$ to $\approx 14~\mu \text{C}$ /cm2. Adjusting the target composition allowed the deposition of films which had near-stoichiometric Bi and Mg concentrations, but in all cases, the grown films were lead deficient. These films had remanent polarizations of 18- $20~\mu \text{C}$ /cm2. If the lead content of the target was increased too far, the remanent polarization decreased, possibly due to the need to evolve more PbO from defective growth layers. Finally, the deposition rate showed no substantial effect on the film composition, but did have a significant impact on the ferroelectric properties. As the deposition rate decreased, the $P_{r}$ increased to $\approx 22~\mu \text{C}$ /cm2 due to enhanced crystalline quality. At laser frequencies of 5 Hz, a Mg-rich pyrochlore phase begins to form and films showed a maximum $P_{r} \approx 22~\mu \text{C}$ /cm2. The processing-composition behavior is explained via preferential adsorption of Bi on the A-site, which results in lead vacancies.
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19
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Foley BM, Wallace M, Gaskins JT, Paisley EA, Johnson-Wilke RL, Kim JW, Ryan PJ, Trolier-McKinstry S, Hopkins PE, Ihlefeld JF. Voltage-Controlled Bistable Thermal Conductivity in Suspended Ferroelectric Thin-Film Membranes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:25493-25501. [PMID: 29978704 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b04169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ferroelastic domain walls in ferroelectric materials possess two properties that are known to affect phonon transport: a change in crystallographic orientation and a lattice strain. Changing populations and spacing of nanoscale-spaced ferroelastic domain walls lead to the manipulation of phonon-scattering rates, enabling the control of thermal conduction at ambient temperatures. In the present work, lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin-film membrane structures were fabricated to reduce mechanical clamping to the substrate and enable a subsequent increase in the ferroelastic domain wall mobility. Under application of an electric field, the thermal conductivity of PZT increases abruptly at ∼100 kV/cm by ∼13% owing to a reduction in the number of phonon-scattering domain walls in the thermal conduction path. The thermal conductivity modulation is rapid, repeatable, and discrete, resulting in a bistable state or a "digital" modulation scheme. The modulation of thermal conductivity due to changes in domain wall configuration is supported by polarization-field, mechanical stiffness, and in situ microdiffraction experiments. This work opens a path toward a new means to control phonons and phonon-mediated energy in a digital manner at room temperature using only an electric field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margeaux Wallace
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | | | - Elizabeth A Paisley
- Sandia National Laboratories , Albuquerque , New Mexico 87185 , United States
| | | | - Jong-Woo Kim
- Advanced Photon Source , Argonne National Laboratory , Lemont , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Philip J Ryan
- Advanced Photon Source , Argonne National Laboratory , Lemont , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Susan Trolier-McKinstry
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | | | - Jon F Ihlefeld
- Sandia National Laboratories , Albuquerque , New Mexico 87185 , United States
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20
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Garten LM, Dwaraknath S, Walker J, Mangum JS, Ndione PF, Park Y, Beaton DA, Gopalan V, Gorman BP, Schelhas LT, Toney MF, Trolier-McKinstry S, Persson KA, Ginley DS. Theory-Guided Synthesis of a Metastable Lead-Free Piezoelectric Polymorph. Adv Mater 2018; 30:e1800559. [PMID: 29744947 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201800559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Many technologically critical materials are metastable under ambient conditions, yet the understanding of how to rationally design and guide the synthesis of these materials is limited. This work presents an integrated approach that targets a metastable lead-free piezoelectric polymorph of SrHfO3 . First-principles calculations predict that the previous experimentally unrealized, metastable P4mm phase of SrHfO3 should exhibit a direct piezoelectric response (d33 ) of 36.9 pC N-1 (compared to d33 = 0 for the ground state). Combining computationally optimized substrate selection and synthesis conditions lead to the epitaxial stabilization of the polar P4mm phase of SrHfO3 on SrTiO3 . The films are structurally consistent with the theory predictions. A ferroelectric-induced large signal effective converse piezoelectric response of 5.2 pm V-1 for a 35 nm film is observed, indicating the ability to predict and target multifunctionality. This illustrates a coupled theory-experimental approach to the discovery and realization of new multifunctional polymorphs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Garten
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Shyam Dwaraknath
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory/University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA
| | - Julian Walker
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory/University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA
| | | | - Paul F Ndione
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Yoonsang Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Daniel A Beaton
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Venkatraman Gopalan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Brian P Gorman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Laura T Schelhas
- Applied Energy Programs, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Michael F Toney
- Applied Energy Programs, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Susan Trolier-McKinstry
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Kristin A Persson
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory/University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hearst Mining Memorial Building, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - David S Ginley
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
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21
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Hu JM, Yang T, Momeni K, Cheng X, Chen L, Lei S, Zhang S, Trolier-McKinstry S, Gopalan V, Carman GP, Nan CW, Chen LQ. Correction to Fast Magnetic Domain-Wall Motion in a Ring-Shaped Nanowire Driven by a Voltage. Nano Lett 2017; 17:5179. [PMID: 28686032 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b02825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
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22
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Hu JM, Yang T, Momeni K, Cheng X, Chen L, Lei S, Zhang S, Trolier-McKinstry S, Gopalan V, Carman GP, Nan CW, Chen LQ. Fast Magnetic Domain-Wall Motion in a Ring-Shaped Nanowire Driven by a Voltage. Nano Lett 2016; 16:2341-2348. [PMID: 27002341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b05046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic domain-wall motion driven by a voltage dissipates much less heat than by a current, but none of the existing reports have achieved speeds exceeding 100 m/s. Here phase-field and finite-element simulations were combined to study the dynamics of strain-mediated voltage-driven magnetic domain-wall motion in curved nanowires. Using a ring-shaped, rough-edged magnetic nanowire on top of a piezoelectric disk, we demonstrate a fast voltage-driven magnetic domain-wall motion with average velocity up to 550 m/s, which is comparable to current-driven wall velocity. An analytical theory is derived to describe the strain dependence of average magnetic domain-wall velocity. Moreover, one 180° domain-wall cycle around the ring dissipates an ultrasmall amount of heat, as small as 0.2 fJ, approximately 3 orders of magnitude smaller than those in current-driven cases. These findings suggest a new route toward developing high-speed, low-power-dissipation domain-wall spintronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Mian Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Tiannan Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Kasra Momeni
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Xiaoxing Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Shiming Lei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Shujun Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Susan Trolier-McKinstry
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Venkatraman Gopalan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Gregory P Carman
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Ce-Wen Nan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Long-Qing Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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23
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Zhang H, Reaney IM, Marincel DM, Trolier-McKinstry S, Ramasse QM, MacLaren I, Findlay SD, Fraleigh RD, Ross IM, Hu S, Ren W, Rainforth WM. Stabilisation of Fe2O3-rich Perovskite Nanophase in Epitaxial Rare-earth Doped BiFeO3 Films. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13066. [PMID: 26272264 PMCID: PMC4536528 DOI: 10.1038/srep13066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers have demonstrated that BiFeO3 exhibits ferroelectric hysteresis but none have shown a strong ferromagnetic response in either bulk or thin film without significant structural or compositional modification. When remanent magnetisations are observed in BiFeO3 based thin films, iron oxide second phases are often detected. Using aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, atomic resolution electron energy loss spectrum-mapping and quantitative energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis, we reveal the existence of a new Fe2O3-rich perovskite nanophase, with an approximate formula (Fe0.6Bi0.25Nd0.15)3+ Fe3+O3, formed within epitaxial Ti and Nd doped BiFeO3 perovskite films grown by pulsed laser deposition. The incorporation of Nd and Bi ions on the A-site and coherent growth with the matrix stabilise the Fe2O3-rich perovskite phase and preliminary density functional theory calculations suggest that it should have a ferrimagnetic response. Perovskite-structured Fe2O3 has been reported previously but never conclusively proven when fabricated at high-pressure high-temperature. This work suggests the incorporation of large A-site species may help stabilise perovskite-structured Fe2O3. This finding is therefore significant not only to the thin film but also to the high-pressure community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huairuo Zhang
- Department of Materials Science &Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Ian M Reaney
- Department of Materials Science &Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Daniel M Marincel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Susan Trolier-McKinstry
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | | | - Ian MacLaren
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Scott D Findlay
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Robert D Fraleigh
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ian M Ross
- Kroto Centre for High Resolution Imaging &Analysis, Department of Electronic and Electric Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Shunbo Hu
- Department of Physics, International Center for Quantum and Molecular Structures, and Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Wei Ren
- Department of Physics, International Center for Quantum and Molecular Structures, and Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - W Mark Rainforth
- Department of Materials Science &Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
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24
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Solomon PM, Bryce BA, Kuroda MA, Keech R, Shetty S, Shaw TM, Copel M, Hung LW, Schrott AG, Armstrong C, Gordon MS, Reuter KB, Theis TN, Haensch W, Rossnagel SM, Miyazoe H, Elmegreen BG, Liu XH, Trolier-McKinstry S, Martyna GJ, Newns DM. Pathway to the piezoelectronic transduction logic device. Nano Lett 2015; 15:2391-2395. [PMID: 25793915 DOI: 10.1021/nl5046796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The piezoelectronic transistor (PET) has been proposed as a transduction device not subject to the voltage limits of field-effect transistors. The PET transduces voltage to stress, activating a facile insulator-metal transition, thereby achieving multigigahertz switching speeds, as predicted by modeling, at lower power than the comparable generation field effect transistor (FET). Here, the fabrication and measurement of the first physical PET devices are reported, showing both on/off switching and cycling. The results demonstrate the realization of a stress-based transduction principle, representing the early steps on a developmental pathway to PET technology with potential to contribute to the IT industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Solomon
- †IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - B A Bryce
- †IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - M A Kuroda
- †IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
- ‡Department of Physics, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - R Keech
- §Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - S Shetty
- §Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - T M Shaw
- †IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - M Copel
- †IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - L-W Hung
- †IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - A G Schrott
- †IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - C Armstrong
- †IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - M S Gordon
- †IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - K B Reuter
- †IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - T N Theis
- †IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - W Haensch
- †IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - S M Rossnagel
- †IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - H Miyazoe
- †IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - B G Elmegreen
- †IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - X-H Liu
- †IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - S Trolier-McKinstry
- §Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - G J Martyna
- †IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - D M Newns
- †IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
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25
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Ihlefeld JF, Foley BM, Scrymgeour DA, Michael JR, McKenzie BB, Medlin DL, Wallace M, Trolier-McKinstry S, Hopkins PE. Room-temperature voltage tunable phonon thermal conductivity via reconfigurable interfaces in ferroelectric thin films. Nano Lett 2015; 15:1791-5. [PMID: 25695423 DOI: 10.1021/nl504505t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic control of thermal transport in solid-state systems is a transformative capability with the promise to propel technologies including phononic logic, thermal management, and energy harvesting. A solid-state solution to rapidly manipulate phonons has escaped the scientific community. We demonstrate active and reversible tuning of thermal conductivity by manipulating the nanoscale ferroelastic domain structure of a Pb(Zr0.3Ti0.7)O3 film with applied electric fields. With subsecond response times, the room-temperature thermal conductivity was modulated by 11%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon F Ihlefeld
- Sandia National Laboratories , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185 United States
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26
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Fox AJ, Drawl B, Fox GR, Gibbons BJ, Trolier-McKinstry S. Control of crystallographic texture and surface morphology of Pt/Tio2 templates for enhanced PZT thin film texture. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 2015; 62:56-61. [PMID: 25585390 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2014.006671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Optimized processing conditions for Pt/TiO2/SiO2/Si templating electrodes were investigated. These electrodes are used to obtain [111] textured thin film lead zirconate titanate (Pb[ZrxTi1-x ]O3 0 ≤ x ≤ 1) (PZT). Titanium deposited by dc magnetron sputtering yields [0001] texture on a thermally oxidized Si wafer. It was found that by optimizing deposition time, pressure, power, and the chamber pre-conditioning, the Ti texture could be maximized while maintaining low surface roughness. When oxidized, titanium yields [100]-oriented rutile. This seed layer has as low as a 4.6% lattice mismatch with [111] Pt; thus, it is possible to achieve strongly oriented [111] Pt. The quality of the orientation and surface roughness of the TiO2 and the Ti directly affect the achievable Pt texture and surface morphology. A transition between optimal crystallographic texture and the smoothest templating surface occurs at approximately 30 nm of original Ti thickness (45 nm TiO2). This corresponds to 0.5 nm (2 nm for TiO2) rms roughness as determined by atomic force microscopy and a full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the rocking curve 0002 (200) peak of 5.5/spl degrees/ (3.1/spl degrees/ for TiO2). A Pb[Zr0.52Ti 0.48]O3 layer was deposited and shown to template from the textured Pt electrode, with a maximum [111] Lotgering factor of 87% and a minimum 111 FWHM of 2.4/spl degrees/ at approximately 30 nm of original Ti.
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27
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Johnson-Wilke RL, Wilke RHT, Wallace M, Rajashekhar A, Esteves G, Merritt Z, Jones JL, Trolier-McKinstry S. Ferroelectric/Ferroelastic domain wall motion in dense and porous tetragonal lead zirconate titanate films. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 2015; 62:46-55. [PMID: 25585389 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2014.006562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Direct evidence of ferroelectric/ferroelastic domain reorientation is shown in Pb(Zr0.30Ti0.70)O3 (PZT30/70) thin films clamped to a rigid silicon substrate using in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction during application of electric fields. Both dense films and films with 3 to 4 vol% porosity were measured. On application of electric fields exceeding the coercive field, it is shown that the porous films exhibit a greater volume fraction of ferroelastic domain reorientation (approximately 12 vol% of domains reorient at 3 times the coercive field, Ec) relative to the dense films (~3.5 vol% at 3Ec). Furthermore, the volume fraction of domain reorientation significantly exceeded that predicted by linear mixing rules. The high response of domain reorientation in porous films is discussed in the context of two mechanisms: local enhancement of the electric field near the pores and a reduction of substrate clamping resulting from the lowering of the film stiffness as a result of the porosity. Similar measurements during weak-field (subcoercive) amplitudes showed 0.6% volume fraction of domains reoriented for the porous films, which demonstrates that extrinsic effects contribute to the dielectric and piezoelectric properties.
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Ryu J, Han G, Song TK, Welsh A, Trolier-McKinstry S, Choi H, Lee JP, Kim JW, Yoon WH, Choi JJ, Park DS, Ahn CW, Priya S, Choi SY, Jeong DY. Upshift of phase transition temperature in nanostructured PbTiO3 thick film for high temperature applications. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2014; 6:11980-11987. [PMID: 25045799 DOI: 10.1021/am5000307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Thick polycrystalline pure PbTiO3 films with nano size grains were synthesized for the first time by aerosol deposition. Annealed 7 μm thick films exhibit well-saturated ferroelectric hysteresis loops with a remanent polarization and coercive field of 35 μC/cm(2) and 94 kV/cm, respectively. A large-signal effective d33,eff value of >60 pm/V is achieved at room temperature. The measured ferroelectric transition temperature (Tc) of the films ∼550 °C is >50 °C higher than the reported values (∼490 °C) for PbTiO3 ceramics. First-principles calculations combined with electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and structural analysis indicate that the film is composed of nano size grains with slightly decreased tetragonality. There is no severe off-stoichiometry, but a high compressive in-plane residual stress was observed in the film along with a high transition temperature and piezoelectric response. The ferroelectric characteristics were sustained until 200 °C, providing significant advancement toward realizing high temperature piezoelectric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungho Ryu
- Functional Ceramics Group, and ‡Advanced Characterization & Analysis Group, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS) , Changwon 641-831, Korea
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Vasudevan RK, Okatan MB, Rajapaksa I, Kim Y, Marincel D, Trolier-McKinstry S, Jesse S, Valanoor N, Kalinin SV. Higher order harmonic detection for exploring nonlinear interactions with nanoscale resolution. Sci Rep 2014; 3:2677. [PMID: 24045269 PMCID: PMC3775308 DOI: 10.1038/srep02677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonlinear dynamics underpin a vast array of physical phenomena ranging from interfacial motion to jamming transitions. In many cases, insight into the nonlinear behavior can be gleaned through exploration of higher order harmonics. Here, a method using band excitation scanning probe microscopy (SPM) to investigate higher order harmonics of the electromechanical response, with nanometer scale spatial resolution is presented. The technique is demonstrated by probing the first three harmonics of strain for a Pb(Zr(1-x)Ti(x))O₃ (PZT) ferroelectric capacitor. It is shown that the second order harmonic response is correlated with the first harmonic response, whereas the third harmonic is not. Additionally, measurements of the second harmonic reveal significant deviations from Rayleigh-type models in the form of a much more complicated field dependence than is observed in the spatially averaged data. These results illustrate the versatility of n(th) order harmonic SPM detection methods in exploring nonlinear phenomena in nanoscale materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Vasudevan
- 1] School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney 2052, Australia [2] [3]
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Lee SY, Wang W, Trolier-McKinstry S. High Curie temperature BiInO 3-PbTiO 3 films. J Appl Phys 2014; 115:224105. [PMID: 25316952 PMCID: PMC4187340 DOI: 10.1063/1.4881797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
High Curie temperaturepiezoelectricthin films of xBiInO3-(1-x)PbTiO3 (x = 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, and 0.25) were prepared by pulsed laser deposition. It was found that the tetragonality of films decreased with increasing BI content. The dielectric constant and transverse piezoelectric coefficient (e31,f ) exhibit the highest values of 665 and -13.6 C/m2 at x = 0.20. Rayleigh analyses were performed to identify the extrinsic contributions to dielectric nonlinearity with different x. The composition with x = 0.20 also exhibits the largest extrinsic contributions to dielectric nonlinearity. The Curie temperature (TC ) is increased with increasing x content from 558 to 633 °C; TC at x = 0.20 is about 584 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Lee
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Susan Trolier-McKinstry
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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Wilke RHT, Johnson-Wilke RL, Cotroneo V, Davis WN, Reid PB, Schwartz DA, Trolier-McKinstry S. Sputter deposition of PZT piezoelectric films on thin glass substrates for adjustable x-ray optics. Appl Opt 2013; 52:3412-3419. [PMID: 23669858 DOI: 10.1364/ao.52.003412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Piezoelectric PbZr(0.52)Ti(0.48)O(3) (PZT) thin films deposited on thin glass substrates have been proposed for adjustable optics in future x-ray telescopes. The light weight of these x-ray optics enables large collecting areas, while the capability to correct mirror figure errors with the PZT thin film will allow much higher imaging resolution than possible with conventional lightweight optics. However, the low strain temperature and flexible nature of the thin glass complicate the use of chemical-solution deposition due to warping of the substrate at typical crystallization temperatures for the PZT. RF magnetron sputtering enabled preparation of PZT films with thicknesses up to 3 μm on Schott D263 glass substrates with much less deformation. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the films crystallized with the perovskite phase and showed no indication of secondary phases. Films with 1 cm(2) electrodes exhibited relative permittivity values near 1100 and loss tangents below 0.05. In addition, the remanent polarization was 26 μC/cm(2) with coercive fields of 33 kV/cm. The transverse piezoelectric coefficient was as high as -6.1±0.6 C/m(2). To assess influence functions for the x-ray optics application, the piezoelectrically induced deflection of individual cells was measured and compared with finite-element-analysis calculations. The good agreement between the results suggests that actuation of PZT thin films can control mirror figure errors to a precision of about 5 nm, allowing sub-arcsecond imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudeger H T Wilke
- Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
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Griggio F, Jesse S, Kumar A, Ovchinnikov O, Kim H, Jackson TN, Damjanovic D, Kalinin SV, Trolier-McKinstry S. Substrate clamping effects on irreversible domain wall dynamics in lead zirconate titanate thin films. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 108:157604. [PMID: 22587285 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.157604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The role of long-range strain interactions on domain wall dynamics is explored through macroscopic and local measurements of nonlinear behavior in mechanically clamped and released polycrystalline lead zirconate-titanate (PZT) films. Released films show a dramatic change in the global dielectric nonlinearity and its frequency dependence as a function of mechanical clamping. Furthermore, we observe a transition from strong clustering of the nonlinear response for the clamped case to almost uniform nonlinearity for the released film. This behavior is ascribed to increased mobility of domain walls. These results suggest the dominant role of collective strain interactions mediated by the local and global mechanical boundary conditions on the domain wall dynamics. The work presented in this Letter demonstrates that measurements on clamped films may considerably underestimate the piezoelectric coefficients and coupling constants of released structures used in microelectromechanical systems, energy harvesting systems, and microrobots.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Griggio
- Materials Research Institute and Materials Science and Engineering Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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Baek SH, Park J, Kim DM, Aksyuk VA, Das RR, Bu SD, Felker DA, Lettieri J, Vaithyanathan V, Bharadwaja SSN, Bassiri-Gharb N, Chen YB, Sun HP, Folkman CM, Jang HW, Kreft DJ, Streiffer SK, Ramesh R, Pan XQ, Trolier-McKinstry S, Schlom DG, Rzchowski MS, Blick RH, Eom CB. Giant piezoelectricity on Si for hyperactive MEMS. Science 2011; 334:958-61. [PMID: 22096193 DOI: 10.1126/science.1207186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) incorporating active piezoelectric layers offer integrated actuation, sensing, and transduction. The broad implementation of such active MEMS has long been constrained by the inability to integrate materials with giant piezoelectric response, such as Pb(Mg(1/3)Nb(2/3))O(3)-PbTiO(3) (PMN-PT). We synthesized high-quality PMN-PT epitaxial thin films on vicinal (001) Si wafers with the use of an epitaxial (001) SrTiO(3) template layer with superior piezoelectric coefficients (e(31,f) = -27 ± 3 coulombs per square meter) and figures of merit for piezoelectric energy-harvesting systems. We have incorporated these heterostructures into microcantilevers that are actuated with extremely low drive voltage due to thin-film piezoelectric properties that rival bulk PMN-PT single crystals. These epitaxial heterostructures exhibit very large electromechanical coupling for ultrasound medical imaging, microfluidic control, mechanical sensing, and energy harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Baek
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Trolier-McKinstry S, Griggio F, Yaeger C, Jousse P, Zhao D, Bharadwaja SSN, Jackson TN, Jesse S, Kalinin SV, Wasa K. Designing piezoelectric films for micro electromechanical systems. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 2011; 58:1782-1792. [PMID: 21937309 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2011.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Piezoelectric thin films are of increasing interest in low-voltage micro electromechanical systems for sensing, actuation, and energy harvesting. They also serve as model systems to study fundamental behavior in piezoelectrics. Next-generation technologies such as ultrasound pill cameras, flexible ultrasound arrays, and energy harvesting systems for unattended wireless sensors will all benefit from improvements in the piezoelectric properties of the films. This paper describes tailoring the composition, microstructure, orientation of thin films, and substrate choice to optimize the response. It is shown that increases in the grain size of lead-based perovskite films from 75 to 300 nm results in 40 and 20% increases in the permittivity and piezoelectric coefficients, respectively. This is accompanied by an increase in the nonlinearity in the response. Band excitation piezoresponse force microscopy was used to interrogate the nonlinearity locally. It was found that chemical solution-derived PbZr(0.52)Ti(0.48)O(3) thin films show clusters of larger nonlinear response embedded in a more weakly nonlinear matrix. The scale of the clusters significantly exceeds that of the grain size, suggesting that collective motion of many domain walls contributes to the observed Rayleigh behavior in these films. Finally, it is shown that it is possible to increase the energy-harvesting figure of merit through appropriate materials choice, strong imprint, and composite connectivity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Trolier-McKinstry
- Materials Science and Engineering Department and Materials Research Institute, University Park, PA, USA.
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Abstract
ABSTRACTThis paper describes a new technique by which the d31 coefficient of piezoelectric thin films can be characterized. Silicon substrates coated with lead-zirconate titanate (PZT) are flexed while clamped in a uniform load rig. When stressed, the PZT film produces an electric charge which is monitored together with the change in applied load. The mechanical stress and thus the transverse piezoelectric coefficient can then be calculated. Experiments were conducted as a function of poling field strength and poling time. Results are dependent upon the value of applied stress, which itself is dependent upon the mechanical properties of the silicon substrate. Because the substrate is anisotropie, limiting d31 values were calculated. In general, d31 was found to be ∼20 pC/N for field strengths above 130 kV/cm and poling times of less than 1 minute, d31 was increased more than a factor of three, to ∼77 pC/N, when poled at 200 kV/cm for ∼21 hours.
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Shepard JF, Chu F, Xu B, Trolier-McKinstry S. The Effects of Film Thickness and Texture on the high and Low-Field stress Response of Lead Zirconate Titanate Thin Films. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-493-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTLead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin films are currently employed in non-volatile ferroelectric memories (FRAM's) and are intended to be used as the active material in a number of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Several groups have reported that both the piezoelectric and dielectric characteristics of ferroelectric thin films improve with an increase of film thickness, though the reasons for those improvements are unclear. Previous investigations on the effects of biaxial mechanical stress indicate that non-180° domain wall motion is limited in PZT 52/48 films less than 0.5 μm thick. It is possible that some of the improvements of the dielectric and piezoelectric characteristics reported for thicker films (i.e. films thicker than 0.5 μm) are associated with an increase of extrinsic contributions to the properties. To evaluate domain wall mobility in thicker films, the high and low-field stress response of sol-gel PZT fabricated with either rapid thermal processing or conventional furnace annealing were investigated. Films with thicknesses ranging from 0.6 to 5.0 μm thick were measured as a function of applied biaxial stress (±110 MPa). It was found that for all films tested the changes of capacitance were on the order of 2–3%. High-field measurements showed: (1) the coercive field to be insensitive to applied stress, (2) remanent polarizations to decrease about 20% at the maximum applied tension, (3) remanent polarizations to increase less than 10% with applied compression, and (4) all changes to be reversible over the stress range investigated. These results suggest that extrinsic contributions are limited for the films tested.
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Xu F, Chu F, Shepard JF, Trolier-McKinstry S. Measurement of Effective Longitudinal Piezoelectric Coefficient of thin Films by Direct Piezoelectric Effect. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-493-427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTThis paper presents a new method for the measurement of the longitudinal piezoelectric coefficient of piezoelectric thin films using the direct piezoelectric effect. A uniform uniaxial stress was applied to the piezoelectric thin film by high-pressure gas and the induced charge was collected and measured by a charge integrator. The effective longitudinal piezoelectric coefficient of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) 52/48 thin films made by sol-gel processing was measured by this method. Undoped films typically have d33 values of ∼ 5 pC/N, while poled films have values up to 220 pC/N.
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Shepard JF, Trolier-McKinstry S, Hendrickson M, Zeto R. The Effects of Biaxial Stress on the Ferroelectric Characteristics of PZT Thin Films. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-459-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTThe design and implementation of microelectromechanical (MEMS) systems requires a sound understanding of the influence of film stress on both the ferroelectric and piezoelectric characteristics of thin films to be used for sensing and/or actuation. Experiments were conducted in which thin film samples of sol-gel derived PZT were subjected to applied biaxial stresses from -139 to 142 MPa. Films were characterized at known stress states (derived from known values of residual stress and large deflection plate theory) in terms of their ferroelectric polarization (saturated and remnant), dielectric constants, coercive field strengths, and tan δ. Results obtained indicate that domain wall motion in thin films contributes much less to the observed response than is typical for bulk PZT materials. Alternative mechanisms are proposed in an attempt to explain the discrepancies.
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Chu F, Xu F, Shepard J, Trolier-McKinstry S. Thickness Dependence of the Electrical Properties of Sol-Gel Derived Lead Zirconate Titanate Thin Films with (111) and (100) Texture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-493-409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTCrack-free (111) and (100)-textured Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 films with thicknesses ranging from 0.25 to 2.5 μm were prepared using a methoxyethanol-based precursor solution, multiple spin-coating and multiple crystallization steps. The thickness dependence of the dielectric, ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties were investigated on both (111) and (100) oriented PZT films. In both cases, the degree of preferred orientation did not change with thickness. It is found that the dielectric constant, remanent polarization and piezoelectric coefficients (d33 and d31) increase with increasing film thickness. The (100)-textured film showed higher dielectric constant but lower remanent polarization relative to (111) textured film. 1 μm was identified to be a critical thickness that marks the change of dielectric, ferroelectric and piezoelectric behaviors as a function of thickness.
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Bharadwaja SSN, Kulik J, Akarapu R, Beratan H, Trolier-McKinstry S. Ultrafast crystallization kinetics in (Pb,La)Zr₀.₃₀Ti₀.₇₀O₃ thin films by pulsed excimer laser annealing. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 2010; 57:2182-2191. [PMID: 20889403 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2010.1676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The crystallization kinetics of laser-annealed Lamodified Pb(Zr,Ti)O₃ (PLZT) thin films on LaNiO₃-coated silicon substrates were investigated for substrate temperatures below 400 °C. A KrF excimer laser having a ~20 ns pulse width and an energy density ~40 mJ/cm² was used to crystallize the films. The perovskite phase developed with cumulative laser pulse exposures; it was found that ~380 to 400 nm thick films could be fully crystallized for a total exposure time of 0.1 to 1 ms. Laser-crystallized films exhibited comparable dielectric and ferroelectric properties to those prepared by rapid thermal annealing at 650 °C for 1 min. The evolution of the dielectric properties as a function of the number of laser strikes suggests that once nuclei are present, they rapidly grow through the depth of the film. This is consistent with the electron microscopy results, which did not show a well-defined planar growth front that proceeds from the top to the bottom of the film. The resulting films showed comparatively large lateral grain sizes (on the order of 250 to 300 nm), with high defect concentrations. The nucleation and growth mechanisms were modeled using Avrami kinetics under rate-dependent and nonisothermal conditions. These results indicate that PLZT crystallization via laser annealing is nucleation-limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srowthi S N Bharadwaja
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Fujii I, Hong E, Trolier-McKinstry S. Thickness dependence of dielectric nonlinearity of lead zirconate titanate films. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 2010; 57:1717-1723. [PMID: 20679003 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2010.1610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The first-order reversal curves (FORC) distribution of PbZr(0.52)Ti(0.48)O3 thin films was characterized as a function of film thickness. It was found that the thickness dependence of the small-field dielectric constant is due primarily to differences in the domain wall contributions to the properties. The irreversible FORC distribution decreased and the switching fields increased as the thickness decreased; this is compatible with reported Rayleigh analyses. The polarization-electric field data and the ac field dependence of the dielectric constant were modeled using the FORC distributions, and were found to give a good fit to the experimental results. Some discrepancies remain in the high-field dielectric constant, probably caused by its definition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Fujii
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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Bharadwaja S, Moses P, Trolier-McKinstry S, Mayer T, Bettotti P, Pavesi L. Ferroelectric and ferroelastic domain wall motion in unconstrained Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 microtubes and thin films. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 2010; 57:792-800. [PMID: 20378441 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2010.1483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Ferroelectric polarization switching of high aspect ratio (>80:1) PbZr(0.52)Ti(0.48)O(3) (PZT) microtubes with a wall thickness of ~200 nm was investigated. A charge-based technique was used to assess the dielectric and ferroelectric properties of individual mechanically-unconstrained PZT microtubes with interdigitated electrodes. An enhancement in the degree of ferroelastic (non-180 degrees ) domain wall motion was observed in the tubes relative to films of similar thickness on rigid substrates. The dielectric response of the tubes showed a Rayleigh-like ac field dependence over a wide temperature range; the extent of the extrinsic contribution to the dielectric response dropped as the temperature approached 10K, but remained finite. This work demonstrates a general methodology for directly electrically addressing small, unconstrained ferroelectric devices, extending the range of driving fields and temperatures over which these materials can be probed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srowthi Bharadwaja
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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Han Y, Reaney IM, Tinberg DS, Trolier-McKinstry S. (111)p microtwinning in SrRuO3 thin films on (001)p LaAlO3. Acta Crystallogr B Struct Sci 2009; 65:694-8. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108768109045121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
SrRuO3 (SRO) thin films grown on (001)p (p = pseudocubic) oriented LaAlO3 (LAO) by pulsed laser deposition have been characterized using transmission electron microscopy. Observations along the 〈100〉p directions suggests that although the SRO layer maintains a pseudocube-to-pseudocube orientation relationship with the underlying LAO substrate, it has a ferroelastic domain structure associated with a transformation on cooling to room temperature to an orthorhombic Pbnm phase (a
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a
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c
+ Glazer tilt system). In addition, extra diffraction spots located at ±1/6(ooo)p and ±1/3(ooo)p (where `o' indicates an index with an odd number) positions were obtained in 〈110〉p zone-axis diffraction patterns. These were attributed to the existence of high-density twins on {111}p pseudocubic planes within the SrRuO3 films rather than to more conventional mechanisms for the generation of superstructure reflections.
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44
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Tenne DA, Turner P, Schmidt JD, Biegalski M, Li YL, Chen LQ, Soukiassian A, Trolier-McKinstry S, Schlom DG, Xi XX, Fong DD, Fuoss PH, Eastman JA, Stephenson GB, Thompson C, Streiffer SK. Ferroelectricity in ultrathin BaTiO3 films: probing the size effect by ultraviolet Raman spectroscopy. Phys Rev Lett 2009; 103:177601. [PMID: 19905783 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.177601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the dramatic effect of film thickness on the ferroelectric phase transition temperature Tc in strained BaTiO3 films grown on SrTiO3 substrates. Using variable-temperature ultraviolet Raman spectroscopy enables measuring Tc in films as thin as 1.6 nm, and a film thickness variation from 1.6 to 10 nm leads to Tc tuning from 70 to about 925 K. Raman data are consistent with synchrotron x-ray scattering results, which indicate the presence of 180 degrees domains below Tc, and thermodynamic phase-field model calculations of Tc as a function of thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Tenne
- Department of Physics, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, Idaho 83725-1570, USA.
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45
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Ovchinnikov OS, Jesse S, Bintacchit P, Trolier-McKinstry S, Kalinin SV. Disorder identification in hysteresis data: recognition analysis of the random-bond-random-field Ising model. Phys Rev Lett 2009; 103:157203. [PMID: 19905664 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.157203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Revised: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An approach for the direct identification of disorder type and strength in physical systems based on recognition analysis of hysteresis loop shape is developed. A large number of theoretical examples uniformly distributed in the parameter space of the system is generated and is decorrelated using principal component analysis (PCA). The PCA components are used to train a feed-forward neural network using the model parameters as targets. The trained network is used to analyze hysteresis loops for the investigated system. The approach is demonstrated using a 2D random-bond-random-field Ising model, and polarization switching in polycrystalline ferroelectric capacitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- O S Ovchinnikov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
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46
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Griggio F, Tutwiler RL, Jackson TN, Trolier-McKinstry S. CMOS Ultrasound Transceiver Chip for High-Resolution Ultrasonic Imaging Systems. IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst 2009; 3:293-303. [PMID: 23853268 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2009.2023912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The proposed CMOS ultrasound transceiver chip will enable the development of portable high resolution, high-frequency ultrasonic imaging systems. The transceiver chip is designed for close-coupled MEMS transducer arrays which operate with a 3.3-V power supply. In addition, a transmit digital beamforming system architecture is supported in this work. A prototype chip containing 16 receive and transmit channels with preamplifiers, time-gain compensation amplifiers, a multiplexed analog-to-digital converter with 3 kB of on-chip SRAM, and 50-MHz resolution time delayed excitation pulse generators has been fabricated. By utilizing a shared A/D converter architecture, the number of A/D converter and SRAM is cut down to one, unlike typical digital beamforming systems which need 16 A/D converters for 16 receive channels. The chip was fabricated in a 0.35-mum standard CMOS process. The chip size is 10 mm(2), and its average power consumption in receive mode is approximately 270 mW with a 3.3-V power supply. The transceiver chip specifications and designs are described, as well as measured results of each transceiver component and initial pulse-echo experimental results are presented.
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47
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Seal K, Jesse S, Nikiforov MP, Kalinin SV, Fujii I, Bintachitt P, Trolier-McKinstry S. Spatially resolved spectroscopic mapping of polarization reversal in polycrystalline ferroelectric films: crossing the resolution barrier. Phys Rev Lett 2009; 103:057601. [PMID: 19792535 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.057601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The mesoscopic reversible and irreversible polarization dynamics in polycrystalline PZT thin film capacitors are studied using local spectroscopic mapping and macroscopic first-order reversal curve measurements. The transition from a regime of short range domain wall motion to the formation of mesoscopic clusters to complete switching is observed. The fractal dimension of the clusters is consistent with the random-bond disorder model. The combination of macroscopic and local measurements allows the characteristics length scales corresponding to the transition from Rayleigh to Preisach behaviors and onset of macroscopic averaging to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Seal
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
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48
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Denev S, Kumar A, Biegalski MD, Jang HW, Folkman CM, Vasudevarao A, Han Y, Reaney IM, Trolier-McKinstry S, Eom CB, Schlom DG, Gopalan V. Magnetic color symmetry of lattice rotations in a diamagnetic material. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 100:257601. [PMID: 18643702 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.257601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2007] [Revised: 04/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen octahedral rotations are the most common phase transitions in perovskite crystal structures. Here we show that the color symmetry of such pure elastic distortions is isomorphic to magnetic point groups, which allows their probing through distinguishing polar versus magnetic symmetry. We demonstrate this isomorphism using nonlinear optical probing of the octahedral rotational transition in a compressively strained SrTiO3 thin film that exhibits ferroelectric (4mm) and antiferrodistortive (4{'}mm{'}) phases evolving through independent phase transitions. The approach has broader applicability for probing materials with lattice rotations that can be mapped to color groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Denev
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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49
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Tsurumi T, Bell AJ, Clem PG, Gruverman A, Kholkin A, Lang SB, Rhee S, Trolier-McKinstry S, Uchiyama K. Introduction to the special issue on the applications of ferroelectrics--part II. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 2008; 55:938-941. [PMID: 18519191 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2008.735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Tsurumi
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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50
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Mina IG, Kim H, Kim I, Park SK, Choi K, Jackson TN, Tutwiler RL, Trolier-McKinstry S. High frequency piezoelectric MEMS ultrasound transducers. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 2007; 54:2422-2430. [PMID: 18276533 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2007.555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
High-frequency ultrasound array transducers using piezoelectric thin films on larger structures are being developed for high-resolution imaging systems. The increase in resolution is achieved by a simultaneous increase in operating frequency (30 MHz to about 1 GHz) and close coupling of the electronic circuitry. Two different processing methods were explored to fabricate array transducers. In one implementation, a xylophone bar transducer was prototyped, using thin film PbZr(0.52)Ti(0.48)O(3) (PZT) as the active piezoelectric layer. In the other, the piezoelectric transducer was prepared by mist deposition of PZT films over electroplated Ni posts. Because the PZT films are excited through the film thickness, the drive voltages of these transducers are low, and close coupling of the electronic circuitry is possible. A complementary metal-oxidesemiconductor (CMOS) transceiver chip for a 16-element array was fabricated in 0.35-microm process technology. The ultrasound front-end chip contains beam-forming electronics, receiver circuitry, and analog-to-digital converters with 3-Kbyte on-chip buffer memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna G Mina
- Materials Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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