1
|
Quispel WT, Steenwijk EC, van Unen V, Santos SJ, Koens L, Mebius R, Egeler RM, van Halteren AGS. Tertiary lymphoid structures are confined to patients presenting with unifocal Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1164364. [PMID: 27622056 PMCID: PMC5007962 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1164364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a neoplastic myeloid disorder with a thus far poorly understood immune component. Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are lymph node-like entities which create an immune-promoting microenvironment at tumor sites. We analyzed the presence and clinical relevance of TLS in n = 104 H&E-stained, therapy-naive LCH lesions of non-lymphoid origin and applied immunohistochemistry to a smaller series. Lymphoid-follicular aggregates were detected in 34/104 (33%) lesions. In line with the lymphocyte recruitment capacity of MECA-79(+) high endothelial venules (HEVs), MECA-79(+)-expressing-LCH lesions (37/77, 48%) contained the most CD3(+) T-lymphocytes (p = 0.003). TLS were identified in 8/15 lesions and contained T-and B-lymphocytes, Follicular Dendritic Cells (FDC), HEVs and the chemokines CXCL13 and CCL21 representing key cellular components and TLS-inducing factors in conventional lymph nodes (LN). Lymphoid-follicular aggregates were most frequently detected in patients presenting with unifocal LCH (24/70, 34%) as compared to patients with poly-ostotic or multi-system LCH (7/30, 23%, p = 0.03). In addition, patients with lymphoid-follicular aggregates-containing lesions had the lowest risk to develop new LCH lesions (p = 0.04). The identification of various stages of TLS formation within LCH lesions may indicate a key role for the immune system in controlling aberrant histiocytes which arise in peripheral tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Willemijn T Quispel
- Immunology Laboratory, Willem Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Eline C Steenwijk
- Immunology Laboratory, Willem Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent van Unen
- Immunology Laboratory, Willem Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Susy J Santos
- Immunology Laboratory, Willem Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lianne Koens
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Reina Mebius
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R Maarten Egeler
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Toronto/Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto, Canada
| | - Astrid G S van Halteren
- Immunology Laboratory, Willem Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Quispel WT, Stegehuis-Kamp JA, Santos SJ, van Wengen A, Dompeling E, Egeler RM, van de Vosse E, van Halteren AGS. Erratum to: Intact IFN-γR1 Expression and Function Distinguishes Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis From Mendelian Susceptibility to Mycobacterial Disease. J Clin Immunol 2016; 36:171-2. [PMID: 26783113 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-016-0235-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Willemijn T Quispel
- Immunology Laboratory, Willem Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Janine A Stegehuis-Kamp
- Immunology Laboratory, Willem Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Susy J Santos
- Immunology Laboratory, Willem Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies van Wengen
- Department of Infectious diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Edward Dompeling
- Department of Paediatric Pulmonology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - R Maarten Egeler
- Willem Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children/University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Esther van de Vosse
- Department of Infectious diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid G S van Halteren
- Immunology Laboratory, Willem Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Quispel WT, Stegehuis-Kamp JA, Santos SJ, Egeler RM, van Halteren AGS. Activated Conventional T-Cells Are Present in Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Lesions Despite the Presence of Immune Suppressive Cytokines. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 35:831-9. [PMID: 26381039 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) lesions are characterized by neoplastic CD1a(+)/Langerin(+) histiocytes (LCH-cells) and display many features of chronic inflammation. Cancer cells can escape immune-surveillance through intra-tumoral secretion of immune-suppressive cytokines. We therefore studied by immunohistochemistry the local cytokine milieu and phenotypic characteristics of T-cells and LCH-cells present in LCH lesions collected from 25 therapy naïve patients. LCH biopsies predominantly expressed interleukin-10 (IL-10) (10/25), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) (9/25), or both cytokines (6/25). The absolute number of CD3(+)T-cells and the CD3(+)FOXP3(-) conventional cell (T-CONV) versus the CD3(+)FOXP3(+) regulatory T-cell (T-REG) was comparable for each suppressive cytokine profile (5:1). IL-10-expressing lesions contained, however, a higher proportion of T-CONV expressing the activation markers CD25 98% (38%-100%) and inducible costimulatory molecule (ICOS) 86% (47%-100%) than lesions wherein solely TGF-β was detected (CD25(+) 20% (6%-54%); ICOS(+) 29% (7%-51%)). Virtually all T-REG expressed CD25 and ICOS in IL-10 lesions, whereas TGF-β(+) lesions contained a lower proportion of ICOS(+) T-REG (P=0.05). IL-10(+) lesions contained more LCH-cells expressing high intensity of ICOS ligand (ICOSL) compared with TGF-β(+) lesions (P=0.03). ICOS expression by lesion-infiltrating T-CONV and T-REG positively correlated to the extent of ICOSL expression by LCH-cells (P=0.004). Our study points out that the combined detection of interlesional IL-10 and ICOSL expression by LCH-cells is associated with the highest prevalence of activated T-CONV. Immune profiling of LCH-affected tissues obtained at the time of diagnosis may set the stage for the development of new types of therapies, which aim at local boosting of immune cells that recognize and eliminate neoplastic LCH-cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Willemijn T Quispel
- 1 Immunology Laboratory, Willem Alexander Children's Hospital (WAKZ), Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Janine A Stegehuis-Kamp
- 1 Immunology Laboratory, Willem Alexander Children's Hospital (WAKZ), Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Susy J Santos
- 1 Immunology Laboratory, Willem Alexander Children's Hospital (WAKZ), Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - R Maarten Egeler
- 1 Immunology Laboratory, Willem Alexander Children's Hospital (WAKZ), Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, The Netherlands .,2 Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto , Toronto, Canada
| | - Astrid G S van Halteren
- 1 Immunology Laboratory, Willem Alexander Children's Hospital (WAKZ), Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Quispel WT, Stegehuis-Kamp JA, Blijleven L, Santos SJ, Lourda M, van den Bos C, van Halteren AGS, Egeler RM. The presence of CXCR4 + CD1a + cells at onset of Langerhans cell histiocytosis is associated with a less favorable outcome. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1084463. [PMID: 28255525 PMCID: PMC5323006 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1084463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (LCH) is a neoplastic disorder characterized by tissue accumulating CD1a+ histiocytes which frequently carry somatic mutations. Irrespective of mutation status, these LCH-cells display constitutively active kinases belonging to the MAPK pathway. We evaluated, in retrospect, the contribution of individual components of the MAPK-activating and chemotaxis-promoting TNF-CXCR4-CXCL12 axis to LCH manifestation and outcome. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN CXCR4, CXCL12 and TNF protein expression was immunohistochemically analyzed in 70 LCH-affected biopsies. The presence of CXCR4+CD1a+ cells in peripheral blood (PB) and/or bone marrow (BM) samples was evaluated by flowcytometry in 13 therapy-naive LCH-patients. RESULTS CXCL12 was detected in 68/70 (97%) biopsies. CXCR4+LCH-cells were present in 50/70 (71%) biopsies; their presence was associated with higher levels of intralesional TNF. Circulating CD1a+CXCR4+ cells were detected in 4/13 (31%) therapy-naïve LCH-patients which displayed BRAFV600E (2/4), MAP2K1 (1/4) or no (1/4) mutations in their tissues. These CD11c co-expressing CD1a+CXCR4+cells migrated to CXCL12 in chemotaxis assays. Lesional CXCR4+LCH-cells were detected in 18/20 cases who presented with LCH manifestation at multiple sites and in 5/23 (22%) patients who developed additional lesions after initially presenting with a single lesion. The CXCR4 status at onset proved to be an independent risk factor for LCH reactivation in multivariate analysis (odds ratio 10.4, p = 0.034). CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first evidence that CXCR4 is involved in the homing and retention of LCH-cells in CXCL12-expressing tissues and qualifies CXCR4 as a candidate prognostic marker for less favorable disease outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Willemijn T Quispel
- Immunology Laboratory, Willem Alexander Children's Hospital/Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Janine A Stegehuis-Kamp
- Immunology Laboratory, Willem Alexander Children's Hospital/Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Laura Blijleven
- Immunology Laboratory, Willem Alexander Children's Hospital/Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Susy J Santos
- Immunology Laboratory, Willem Alexander Children's Hospital/Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Magda Lourda
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cor van den Bos
- Department of Pediatric Oncology; Emma Children's Hospital/Academic Medical Center , Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Astrid G S van Halteren
- Immunology Laboratory, Willem Alexander Children's Hospital/Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - R Maarten Egeler
- Immunology Laboratory, Willem Alexander Children's Hospital/Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children/University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pahl JH, Santos SJ, Kuijjer ML, Boerman GH, Sand LG, Szuhai K, Cleton-Jansen A, Egeler RM, Boveé JV, Schilham MW, Lankester AC. Expression of the immune regulation antigen CD70 in osteosarcoma. Cancer Cell Int 2015; 15:31. [PMID: 25792975 PMCID: PMC4365554 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-015-0181-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most frequent bone cancer in children and young adults. The outcome of patients with advanced disease is dismal. Exploitation of tumor-immune cell interactions may provide novel therapeutic approaches. CD70-CD27 interactions are important for the regulation of adaptive immunity. CD70 expression has been reported in some solid cancers and implicated in tumor escape from immunosurveillance. In this study, expression of CD70 and CD27 was analyzed in osteosarcoma cell lines and tumor specimens. CD70 protein was expressed on most osteosarcoma cell lines (5/7) and patient-derived primary osteosarcoma cultures (4/6) as measured by flow cytometry. In contrast, CD70 was detected on few Ewing sarcoma cell lines (5/15) and was virtually absent from neuroblastoma (1/7) and rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines (0/5). CD70(+) primary cultures were derived from CD70(+) osteosarcoma lesions. CD70 expression in osteosarcoma cryosections was heterogeneous, restricted to tumor cells and not attributed to infiltrating CD3(+) T cells as assessed by immunohistochemistry/immunofluorescence. CD70 was detected in primary (1/5) but also recurrent (2/4) and metastatic (1/3) tumors. CD27, the receptor for CD70, was neither detected on tumor cells nor on T cells in CD70(+) or CD70(-) tumors, suggesting that CD70 on tumor cells is not involved in CD27-dependent tumor-immune cell interactions in osteosarcoma. CD70 gene expression in diagnostic biopsies of osteosarcoma patients did not correlate with the occurrence of metastasis and survival (n = 70). Our data illustrate that CD70 is expressed in a subset of osteosarcoma patients. In patients with CD70(+) tumors, CD70 may represent a novel candidate for antibody-based targeted immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Hw Pahl
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands ; Innate Immunity Group, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susy J Santos
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke L Kuijjer
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerharda H Boerman
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Laurens Gl Sand
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Karoly Szuhai
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - R Maarten Egeler
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children/University of Toronto, M5G1X8 Toronto, Canada
| | - Judith Vmg Boveé
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marco W Schilham
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan C Lankester
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Quispel WT, Stegehuis-Kamp JA, Santos SJ, van Wengen A, Dompeling E, Egeler RM, van de Vosse E, van Halteren AGS. Erratum to: Intact IFN-γR1 Expression and Function Distinguishes Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis From Mendelian Susceptibility to Mycobacterial Disease. J Clin Immunol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-014-0035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
7
|
Pahl JHW, Kwappenberg KMC, Varypataki EM, Santos SJ, Kuijjer ML, Mohamed S, Wijnen JT, van Tol MJD, Cleton-Jansen AM, Egeler RM, Jiskoot W, Lankester AC, Schilham MW. Macrophages inhibit human osteosarcoma cell growth after activation with the bacterial cell wall derivative liposomal muramyl tripeptide in combination with interferon-γ. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2014; 33:27. [PMID: 24612598 PMCID: PMC4007518 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-33-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Background In osteosarcoma, the presence of tumor-infiltrating macrophages positively correlates with patient survival in contrast to the negative effect of tumor-associated macrophages in patients with other tumors. Liposome-encapsulated muramyl tripeptide (L-MTP-PE) has been introduced in the treatment of osteosarcoma patients, which may enhance the potential anti-tumor activity of macrophages. Direct anti-tumor activity of human macrophages against human osteosarcoma cells has not been described so far. Hence, we assessed osteosarcoma cell growth after co-culture with human macrophages. Methods Monocyte-derived M1-like and M2-like macrophages were polarized with LPS + IFN-γ, L-MTP-PE +/− IFN-γ or IL-10 and incubated with osteosarcoma cells. Two days later, viable tumor cell numbers were analyzed. Antibody-dependent effects were investigated using the therapeutic anti-EGFR antibody cetuximab. Results M1-like macrophages inhibited osteosarcoma cell growth when activated with LPS + IFN-γ. Likewise, stimulation of M1-like macrophages with liposomal muramyl tripeptide (L-MTP-PE) inhibited tumor growth, but only when combined with IFN-γ. Addition of the tumor-reactive anti-EGFR antibody cetuximab did not further improve the anti-tumor activity of activated M1-like macrophages. The inhibition was mediated by supernatants of activated M1-like macrophages, containing TNF-α and IL-1β. However, specific blockage of these cytokines, nitric oxide or reactive oxygen species did not inhibit the anti-tumor effect, suggesting the involvement of other soluble factors released upon macrophage activation. While LPS + IFN-γ–activated M2-like macrophages had low anti-tumor activity, IL-10–polarized M2-like macrophages were able to reduce osteosarcoma cell growth in the presence of the anti-EGFR cetuximab involving antibody-dependent tumor cell phagocytosis. Conclusion This study demonstrates that human macrophages can be induced to exert direct anti-tumor activity against osteosarcoma cells. Our observation that the induction of macrophage anti-tumor activity by L-MTP-PE required IFN-γ may be of relevance for the optimization of L-MTP-PE therapy in osteosarcoma patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marco W Schilham
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Quispel WT, Stegehuis-Kamp JA, Santos SJ, van Wengen A, Dompeling E, Egeler RM, van de Vosse E, van Halteren AGS. Intact IFN-γR1 expression and function distinguishes Langerhans cell histiocytosis from mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease. J Clin Immunol 2014; 34:84-93. [PMID: 24254535 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-013-9959-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Poly-ostotic Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (LCH) can be difficult to distinguish clinically and histologically from disseminated infection in manifesting specific subtypes of Mendelian Susceptibility to Mycobacterial Disease (MSMD). In MSMD-patients, dominant negative germline mutations in the IFN-γR1 gene, in particular in exon 6, lead to autosomal dominant IFN-γ receptor 1 deficiency (ADIFNGR1) and can mimic LCH. We hypothesized that similar defects might underlie the pathogenesis of LCH. METHODS IFN-γR1 expression was immunohistochemically determined at disease onset in biopsies from 11 LCH-patients and four ADIFNGR1-patients. IFN-γR1 function was analyzed in 18 LCH-patients and 13 healthy controls by assessing the IFN-γ-induced upregulation of Fc-gamma-receptor I (FcγRI) expression on monocytes. Pro-inflammatory cytokine production was measured after stimulation of whole blood with LPS and IFN-γ. Exon 6 of the IFN-γR1 gene was sequenced in 67 LCH-patients to determine whether mutations were present. RESULTS IFN-γR1 expression was high in three LCH-affected biopsies, similar to ADIFNGR1-affected biopsies, but varied from negative to moderate in eight other LCH-affected biopsies. No functional differences in IFN-γ signaling were detected between LCH-patients with active or non-active disease and healthy controls. No germline mutations in exon 6 of the IFN-γR1 gene were detected in any of the 67 LCH-patients. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to ADIFNGR1-patients, IFN-γ signaling is fully functional in LCH-patients. Either performed before, during or after treatment, these non-invasive functional assays can distinguish LCH-patients from ADIFNGR1-patients and thereby facilitate correct therapy regimens for patients with recurrent osteolytic lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Willemijn T Quispel
- Immunology Laboratory, Willem Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Berghuis D, Schilham MW, Santos SJ, Savola S, Knowles HJ, Dirksen U, Schaefer KL, Vakkila J, Hogendoorn PC, Lankester AC. The CXCR4-CXCL12 axis in Ewing sarcoma: promotion of tumor growth rather than metastatic disease. Clin Sarcoma Res 2012; 2:24. [PMID: 23249693 PMCID: PMC3549731 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3329-2-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chemokine receptor CXCR4, together with its ligand CXCL12, plays critical roles in cancer progression, including growth, metastasis and angiogenesis. Ewing sarcoma is a sarcoma with poor prognosis despite current therapies, particularly for patients with advanced-stage disease. Lungs and bone (marrow), organs of predilection for (primary/metastatic) Ewing sarcoma, represent predominant CXCL12 sources. Methods To gain insight into the role of the CXCR4-CXCL12 axis in Ewing sarcoma, CXCR4, CXCL12 and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α protein expression was studied in therapy-naïve and metastatic tumors by immunohistochemistry. CXCR4 function was assessed in vitro, by flow cytometry and proliferation/ cell viability assays, in the presence of recombinant CXCL12 and/or CXCR4-antagonist AMD3100 or under hypoxic conditions. Results Whereas CXCR4 was predominantly expressed by tumor cells, CXCL12 was observed in both tumor and stromal areas. Survival analysis revealed an (expression level-dependent) negative impact of CXCR4 expression (p < 0.04). A role for the CXCR4-CXCL12 axis in Ewing sarcoma growth was suggested by our observations that i) CXCR4 expression correlated positively with tumor volume at diagnosis (p = 0.013), ii) CXCL12 was present within the microenvironment of virtually all cases, iii) CXCL12 induced proliferation of CXCR4-positive Ewing sarcoma cell lines, which could be abrogated by AMD3100. CXCR4 expression was not correlated with occurrence of metastatic disease. Also, therapy-naïve tumors demonstrated higher CXCR4 expression as compared to metastases (p = 0.027). Evaluation of in vivo hypoxia-inducible factor-1α expression and culture of cells under hypoxic conditions revealed no role for hypoxia in CXCR4 expression. Conclusions Together, our results imply a crucial role for the CXCR4-CXCL12 axis in auto- and/or paracrine growth stimulation. Integration of CXCR4-targeting strategies into first- and/or second-line treatment regimens may represent a promising treatment option for Ewing sarcoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Berghuis
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300, RC, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Berghuis D, Schilham MW, Vos HI, Santos SJ, Kloess S, Buddingh' EP, Egeler RM, Hogendoorn PC, Lankester AC. Histone deacetylase inhibitors enhance expression of NKG2D ligands in Ewing sarcoma and sensitize for natural killer cell-mediated cytolysis. Clin Sarcoma Res 2012; 2:8. [PMID: 22587892 PMCID: PMC3351702 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3329-2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ewing sarcoma patients have a poor prognosis despite multimodal therapy. Integration of combination immunotherapeutic strategies into first-/second-line regimens represents promising treatment options, particularly for patients with intrinsic or acquired resistance to conventional therapies. We evaluated the susceptibility of Ewing sarcoma to natural killer cell-based combination immunotherapy, by assessing the capacity of histone deacetylase inhibitors to improve immune recognition and sensitize for natural killer cell cytotoxicity. Methods Using flow cytometry, ELISA and immunohistochemistry, expression of natural killer cell receptor ligands was assessed in chemotherapy-sensitive/-resistant Ewing sarcoma cell lines, plasma and tumours. Natural killer cell cytotoxicity was evaluated in Chromium release assays. Using ATM/ATR inhibitor caffeine, the contribution of the DNA damage response pathway to histone deacetylase inhibitor-induced ligand expression was assessed. Results Despite comparable expression of natural killer cell receptor ligands, chemotherapy-resistant Ewing sarcoma exhibited reduced susceptibility to resting natural killer cells. Interleukin-15-activation of natural killer cells overcame this reduced sensitivity. Histone deacetylase inhibitor-pretreatment induced NKG2D-ligand expression in an ATM/ATR-dependent manner and sensitized for NKG2D-dependent cytotoxicity (2/4 cell lines). NKG2D-ligands were expressed in vivo, regardless of chemotherapy-response and disease stage. Soluble NKG2D-ligand plasma concentrations did not differ between patients and controls. Conclusion Our data provide a rationale for combination immunotherapy involving immune effector and target cell manipulation in first-/second-line treatment regimens for Ewing sarcoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Berghuis
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pahl JH, Ruslan SEN, Buddingh EP, Santos SJ, Szuhai K, Serra M, Gelderblom H, Hogendoorn PC, Egeler RM, Schilham MW, Lankester AC. Anti-EGFR Antibody Cetuximab Enhances the Cytolytic Activity of Natural Killer Cells toward Osteosarcoma. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 18:432-41. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-2277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
12
|
Cramers P, Verhoeven EE, Filon AR, Rockx DAP, Santos SJ, van der Leer AA, Kleinjans JCS, van Zeeland AA, Mullenders LHF. Impaired repair of ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage in Cockayne syndrome cells. Radiat Res 2011; 175:432-43. [PMID: 21299404 DOI: 10.1667/rr1972.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Cockayne syndrome (CS) cells are defective in transcription-coupled repair (TCR) and sensitive to oxidizing agents, including ionizing radiation. We examined the hypothesis that TCR plays a role in ionizing radiation-induced oxidative DNA damage repair or alternatively that CS plays a role in transcription elongation after irradiation. Irradiation with doses up to 100 Gy did not inhibit RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription in normal and CS-B fibroblasts. In contrast, RNA polymerase I-dependent transcription was severely inhibited at 5 Gy in normal cells, indicating different mechanisms of transcription response to X rays. The frequency of radiation-induced base damage was 2 × 10(-7) lesions/base/Gy, implying that 150 Gy is required to induce one lesion/30-kb transcription unit; no TCR of X-ray-induced base damage in the p53 gene was observed. Therefore, it is highly unlikely that defective TCR underlies the sensitivity of CS to ionizing radiation. Overall genome repair levels of radiation-induced DNA damage measured by repair replication were significantly reduced in CS-A and CS-B cells. Taken together, the results do not provide evidence for a key role of TCR in repair of radiation-induced oxidative damages in human cells; rather, impaired repair of oxidative lesions throughout the genome may contribute to the CS phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Cramers
- Department of Toxicogenetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Berghuis D, Santos SJ, Baelde HJ, Taminiau AHM, Maarten Egeler R, Schilham MW, Hogendoorn PCW, Lankester AC. Pro-inflammatory chemokine-chemokine receptor interactions within the Ewing sarcoma microenvironment determine CD8+
T-lymphocyte infiltration and affect tumour progression. J Pathol 2010; 223:347-57. [DOI: 10.1002/path.2819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
14
|
Berghuis D, de Hooge ASK, Santos SJ, Horst D, Wiertz EJ, van Eggermond MC, van den Elsen PJ, Taminiau AHM, Ottaviano L, Schaefer KL, Dirksen U, Hooijberg E, Mulder A, Melief CJM, Egeler RM, Schilham MW, Jordanova ES, Hogendoorn PCW, Lankester AC. Reduced human leukocyte antigen expression in advanced-stage Ewing sarcoma: implications for immune recognition. J Pathol 2009; 218:222-31. [PMID: 19274709 DOI: 10.1002/path.2537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (EWS) is a tumour most commonly arising in bone, although on occasion in soft tissue, with a poor prognosis in patients with refractory or relapsed disease, despite multimodal therapy. Immunotherapeutic strategies based on tumour-reactive T and/or natural killer cells may improve the treatment of advanced-stage EWS. Since cellular immune recognition critically depends on human leukocyte antigen (HLA) expression, knowledge about HLA expression in EWS is crucial in the design of cellular immunotherapeutic strategies. Constitutive and IFNgamma-induced HLA class I expression was analysed in EWS cell lines (n = 6) by flow cytometry, using antibodies against both monomorphic and allele-specific antigens. Expression of antigen processing pathway components and beta-2 microglobulin (beta2m) was assessed by western blot. Expression of class II transactivator (CIITA), and its contribution to HLA class II expression, was evaluated by qRT-PCR, transduction assays, and flow cytometry. beta2m/HLA class I and class II expression was validated in EWS tumours (n = 67) by immunofluorescence. Complete or partial absence of HLA class I expression was observed in 79% of EWS tumours. Lung metastases consistently lacked HLA class I and sequential tumours demonstrated a tendency towards decreased expression upon disease progression. Together with absent or low constitutive expression levels of specific HLA class I loci and alleles, and differential induction of identical alleles by IFNgamma in different cell lines, these results may reflect the existence of an immune escape mechanism. Inducible expression of TAP-1/-2, tapasin, LMP-2/-7, and the beta2m/HLA class I complex by IFNgamma suggests that regulatory mechanisms are mainly responsible for heterogeneity in constitutive class I expression. EWSs lack IFNgamma-inducible HLA class II, due to lack of functional CIITA. The majority of EWS tumours, particularly if advanced-stage, exhibit complete or partial absence of both classes of HLA. This knowledge will be instrumental in the design of cellular immunotherapeutic strategies for advanced-stage EWS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Berghuis
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Natarajan AT, Santos SJ, Darroudi F, Hadjidikova V, Vermeulen S, Chatterjee S, Berg M, Grigorova M, Sakamoto-Hojo ET, Granath F, Ramalho AT, Curado MP. 137Cesium-induced chromosome aberrations analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization: eight years follow up of the Goiânia radiation accident victims. Mutat Res 1998; 400:299-312. [PMID: 9685685 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(98)00021-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The radiation accident in focus here occurred in a section of Goiânia (Brazil) where more than a hundred individuals were contaminated with 137Cesium on September 1987. In order to estimate the absorbed radiation doses, initial frequencies of dicentrics and rings were determined in 129 victims [A.T. Ramalho, PhD Thesis, Subsidios a tecnica de dosimetria citogenetica gerados a partir da analise de resultados obtidos com o acidente radiologico de Goiânia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1992]. We have followed some of these victims cytogenetically over the years seeking for parameters that could be used as basis for retrospective radiation dosimetry. Our data on translocation frequencies obtained by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) could be directly compared to the baseline frequencies of dicentrics available for those same victims. Our results provided valuable information on how precise these estimates are. The frequencies of translocations observed years after the radiation exposure were two to three times lower than the initial dicentrics frequencies, the differences being larger at higher doses (>1 Gy). The accuracy of such dose estimates might be increased by scoring sufficient amount of cells. However, factors such as the persistence of translocation carrying lymphocytes, translocation levels not proportional to chromosome size, and inter-individual variation reduce the precision of these estimates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A T Natarajan
- LUMC, Leiden University Medical Centrum, Department of Radiation Genetics and Chemical Mutagenesis, Wassenaarseweg 72, 2333 AL Leiden, Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
We have adapted the fluorescence in situ hybridization technique to single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assayed) preparations. Since cells were embedded in agarose, probed regions could be visualized in three dimensions. This system makes it possible to determine the spatial distribution of chromosome-specific DNA sequences at the level of the individual nucleus (nonelectrophoresed) as well as in chromatin fibers of comets (electrostretched chromosomal DNA). This methodology is likely to bring new insights into the field of interphase nuclear ultrastructure. Here, we present the preliminary data obtained with human blood lymphocytes in Gzero after they have been electrophoresed for different times. Chromosome-specific areas (all centromeres, all telomeres, chromosome 7-specific centromere, and long arm of chromosome 3-specific telomere, as well as three segments of the O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase gene) were investigated. Our results are in agreement with the concept that telomeres are in close association with the nuclear membrane and suggest that centromeres are relatively less condensed structures located in the center of the interphase nucleus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Santos
- Department of Radiation Genetics and Chemical Mutagenesis, University of Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Benznidazole (bz) is a widely used trypanosomicidal agent in South America. Two test systems were used to evaluate its genotoxicity in human cells in vitro: (a) human blood lymphocytes from healthy volunteers for induction of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) and chromosomal aberrations (CAs); (b) a human hepatoma cell line (Hep G2) for the induction of SCEs and micronuclei (MN). In spite of being non-clastogenic on human lymphocytes, there was a significant increase in the frequency of MN on hepatoma cells treated with different doses of bz. This results support previous data which indicated the necessity of nitroreduction of nitroimidazoles to observe their mutagenic effects. Interestingly, bz induced a significant increase in the frequency of SCEs in both test systems. The sensitivity of the parameters used and the role of cellular metabolic pathways are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Santos
- Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo
| | | | | |
Collapse
|