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Suryaprasad A, Basavaraju SV, Hocevar SN, Theodoropoulos N, Zuckerman RA, Hayden T, Forbi JC, Pegues D, Levine M, Martin SI, Kuehnert MJ, Blumberg EA. Transmission of Hepatitis C Virus From Organ Donors Despite Nucleic Acid Test Screening. Am J Transplant 2015; 15:1827-35. [PMID: 25943299 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid testing (NAT) for hepatitis C virus (HCV) is recommended for screening of organ donors, yet not all donor infections may be detected. We describe three US clusters of HCV transmission from donors at increased risk for HCV infection. Donor's and recipients' medical records were reviewed. Newly infected recipients were interviewed. Donor-derived HCV infection was considered when infection was newly detected after transplantation in recipients of organs from increased risk donors. Stored donor sera and tissue samples were tested for HCV RNA with high-sensitivity quantitative PCR. Posttransplant and pretransplant recipient sera were tested for HCV RNA. Quasispecies analysis of hypervariable region-1 was used to establish genetic relatedness of recipient HCV variants. Each donor had evidence of injection drug use preceding death. Of 12 recipients, 8 were HCV-infected-6 were newly diagnosed posttransplant. HCV RNA was retrospectively detected in stored samples from donor immunologic tissue collected at organ procurement. Phylogenetic analysis showed two clusters of closely related HCV variants from recipients. These investigations identified the first known HCV transmissions from increased risk organ donors with negative NAT screening, indicating very recent donor infection. Recipient informed consent and posttransplant screening for blood-borne pathogens are essential when considering increased risk donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Suryaprasad
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - S V Basavaraju
- Division of Healthcare Quality and Promotion, Office of Blood, Organ and Other Tissue Safety, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - S N Hocevar
- Division of Healthcare Quality and Promotion, Office of Blood, Organ and Other Tissue Safety, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - N Theodoropoulos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - R A Zuckerman
- Section of Infectious Disease and International Health, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH
| | - T Hayden
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - J C Forbi
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - D Pegues
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA
| | - M Levine
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA
| | - S I Martin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - M J Kuehnert
- Division of Healthcare Quality and Promotion, Office of Blood, Organ and Other Tissue Safety, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - E A Blumberg
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA
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Brennan T, Jaigirdar A, Hoang V, Hayden T, Liu FC, Zaid H, Chang C, Bucy R, Tang Q, Kang SM. Preferential priming of alloreactive T cells with indirect reactivity. Am J Transplant 2009; 9:709-18. [PMID: 19344462 PMCID: PMC5990255 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02578.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The relative contributions of the direct and indirect pathways in alloimmune responses have not been fully elucidated. We report a novel murine TCR transgenic system that can simultaneously track the CD4-direct (CD4-d), CD4-indirect (CD4-i) and CD8-direct (CD8-d) pathways after transplantation. Using this system, we have observed a profoundly greater proliferation of CD4-i T cells relative to CD4-d and CD8-d T cells after transplantation. Furthermore, a much larger proportion of CD4-i T cells attain an effector phenotype. We also analyzed endogenous, wild-type T cells using enzyme-linked immunospot analysis. In naïve mice, T cells with indirect reactivity were undetectable, but T cells with direct reactivity were abundant. However, 10 days after skin or heterotopic heart transplantation, CD4-i T cells comprised approximately 10% of the CD4+ response. Consistent with increased priming of the CD4-i pathway, we observed that the CD4-i T cells were further enriched in the effector cells migrating to the allograft and in memory-like T cells persisting after rejection. Thus, priming of the CD4-i pathway is favored after transplantation, allowing a rare population to rapidly become a major component of the CD4+ T-cell response in acute allograft rejection. The generalizability of this observation to other models remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- T.V. Brennan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, Box 0780, San Francisco, CA 94143-0780
| | - A. Jaigirdar
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, Box 0780, San Francisco, CA 94143-0780
| | - V. Hoang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, Box 0780, San Francisco, CA 94143-0780
| | - T. Hayden
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, Box 0780, San Francisco, CA 94143-0780
| | - F-C. Liu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, Box 0780, San Francisco, CA 94143-0780
| | - H. Zaid
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, Box 0780, San Francisco, CA 94143-0780
| | - C.K. Chang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, Box 0780, San Francisco, CA 94143-0780
| | - R.P. Bucy
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 South 19 Street, Rm W287 Spain Wallace Bldg, Birmingham, AL 35294-2170
| | - Q. Tang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, Box 0780, San Francisco, CA 94143-0780
| | - S-M. Kang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, Box 0780, San Francisco, CA 94143-0780,Address Correspondence to: Sang-Mo Kang, MD, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, M884, San Francisco, CA 94143-0780, E-mail: , Phone: (415) 514-2982, Fax: (415) 502-8326
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Kim J, Brennan T, Hayden T, Liu F, Jaigirdar A, Kang S. 73. J Surg Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2006.12.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Telfer S, Bown KJ, Sekules R, Begon M, Hayden T, Birtles R. Disruption of a host-parasite system following the introduction of an exotic host species. Parasitology 2005; 130:661-8. [PMID: 15977903 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182005007250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The potential of biological invasions to threaten native ecosystems is well recognized. Here we describe how an introduced species impacts on native host-parasite dynamics by acting as an alternative host. By sampling sites across an invasion front in Ireland, we quantified the influence of the introduced bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) on the epidemiology of infections caused by flea-transmitted haemoparasites of the genus Bartonella in native wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus). Bartonella infections were detected on either side of the front but occurred exclusively in wood mice, despite being highly prevalent in both rodent species elsewhere in Europe. Bank vole introduction has, however, affected the wood mouse-Bartonella interaction, with the infection prevalence of both Bartonella birtlesii and Bartonella taylorii declining significantly with increasing bank vole density. Whilst flea prevalence in wood mice increases with wood mouse density in areas without bank voles, no such relationship is detected in invaded areas. The results are consistent with the dilution effect hypothesis. This predicts that for vector-transmitted parasites, the presence of less competent host species may reduce infection prevalence in the principal host. In addition we found a negative relationship between B. birtlesii and B. taylorii prevalences, indicating that these two microparasites may compete within hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Telfer
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Liverpool L69 7LB, UK.
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Hayden T. Bugs, bared. Genome sequences of killer microbes reveal the arsenals of infection. US News World Rep 2001; 131:68. [PMID: 11715870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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Hayden T. The real 'survivor'. US News World Rep 2001; 131:85. [PMID: 11573471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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Hayden T. Deep trouble. US News World Rep 2001; 131:68-70. [PMID: 11558349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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Hayden T. An equine mystery in the bluegrass. An epidemic is killing Kentucky's finest foals. US News World Rep 2001; 130:42-3. [PMID: 11383129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
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Abstract
The alternating projections algorithm (APA) is a program that is based on alternating projections and is designed to determine the three dimensional structure of proteins using distance geometry. The sampling and convergence properties of APA, as tested on bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) were previously reported in this journal. The results confirmed the program's earlier success with poly-L-alanine. However, the asymptotic convergence of the alternating projections was slow. We show that after good convergence is first obtained via alternating projections, that a weighted quadratic penalty function then produces the final conformation with better convergence in half the time required by the asymptotic convergence of alternating projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Glunt
- Department of Mathematics, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506, USA
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Hayden T. The age of robots. US News World Rep 2001; 130:44-50. [PMID: 11330173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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Hayden T. Your child--emotions. A sense of self. Newsweek 2001; 136:56-8, 60, 62. [PMID: 11184695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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Hayden T. Monkeying with nature. A genetically altered primate could aid the study of human disease. US News World Rep 2001; 130:48. [PMID: 11196350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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Hayden T. A genome milestone. A first draft is completed as two sides call a truce. Newsweek 2000; 136:51. [PMID: 10977315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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Hayden T. Figuring out the fruit fly. A step closer to reading the human genome. Newsweek 2000; 135:55. [PMID: 10848377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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Hayden T. A fair that went foul. Newsweek 1999; 134:37. [PMID: 10620968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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Hayden T, Rogers A. Nowhere to go for help. Isolated in Antarctica, a woman faces a cancer scare. Newsweek 1999; 134:68. [PMID: 10539443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
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Edwards J, Chatham G, Glunt W, McDonald D, Wells C, Hayden T. Sampling properties of the alternating projection distance geometry algorithm applied to unconstrained polypeptide chains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0097-8485(96)00018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ward IL, Ward OB, Hayden T, Weisz J, Orth JM. Naltrexone normalizes the suppression but not the surge of delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in Leydig cells of stressed rat fetuses. Endocrinology 1990; 127:88-92. [PMID: 2361487 DOI: 10.1210/endo-127-1-88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Rat fetuses from mothers stressed chronically by immobilization and high intensity illumination beginning on day 14 of gestation have higher than normal levels of delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 beta HSD) activity in Leydig cells on day 17 of gestation and lower than normal levels on days 18 and 19. Plasma testosterone titers in normal and stressed male fetuses closely parallel the activity of 3 beta HSD in fetal Leydig cells. In the present study quantitative cytochemistry was used to determine whether the stress-induced alterations in 3 beta HSD activity could be prevented by treating the mother with naltrexone, an opioid receptor blocker, before each stress session. Naltrexone normalized 3 beta HSD activity on days 18 and 19 of gestation, suggesting that the stress-induced suppression involves the endogenous opioid system. In contrast, naltrexone did not prevent the elevation in enzyme activity seen on day 17 in stressed fetuses. The persistence of a stress-induced surge on day 17, in spite of naltrexone therapy, suggests that some nonopioid mechanism is operational at that time.
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Affiliation(s)
- I L Ward
- Department of Psychology, Villanova University, Pennsylvania 19085
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Hayden T. Book reviewsSkeletal projections for diagnostic radiology. By MovinAnders and KarlssonUlf, pp. 264, 1975. (J. B. Lippincott Co, U.S.A; distributed in U.K by Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford), £15·20. Br J Radiol 1978. [DOI: 10.1259/0007-1285-51-607-538-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Hayden T. Certain Varieties of Cardiac Neurosis. West J Med 1880; 1:838-40. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.1014.838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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