MicroRNA-497 suppress osteosarcoma by targeting MAPK/Erk pathway

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was to study the mechanism of miRNA-497 in the apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells.

METHODS

MG-63 cells were divided into the three groups: NC, BL and miRNA groups, NC group were treated with nothing; BL group were transfected with blank vector; miRNA group were transfected with miRNA-497. Cell proliferation rate was detected by MTT method; Apoptosis rate was detected by flow cytometry and measuring the gene and protein expression of MAPK, Erk and P 21 by RT-PCR and Western blot.

RESULTS

The cell proliferation rate of miRNA group was significantly lower compared to NC group and BL group (p < 0.05); while the apoptosis rate of miRNA group (32.17 ± 3.23 %) was significantly higher than that of NC group  (8.40 ± 1.78 %) and BL group (8.83 ± 0.99 %) (p < 0.05, respectively). Regarding the gene expression detection, we found that gene and protein expressions of MAPK, Erk and P21 of miRNA group were significantly different compared to NC and BL groups (p < 0.05, respectively).

CONCLUSION

MiR-497 can activate P21 expression by inhibiting the expression of MAPK/Erk signaling pathway, thus promoting the apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells (Fig. 5, Ref. 18).

Overexpression of a glycine-rich protein gene in Lablab purpureus improves abiotic stress tolerance

Glycine-rich protein (GRP) is involved in the response to abiotic and biotic stresses in plants. A novel GRP gene in Lablab purpureus has been identified. The cDNA of LpGRP was obtained from an SSH library constructed with root tissues of L. purpureus MEIDOU 2012 by waterholding for 10 days. The function of LpGRP was also evaluated in Arabidopsis. The cDNA of LpGRP has 555 bp and encodes a 184-amino acid protein. LpGRP was induced by drought and improved tolerance to abiotic stress. In LpGRP overexpressing Arabidopsis, the tolerance of transgenic seedlings to drought and salt was improved, and transgenic seeds showed insensitivity to both ABA and NaCl. The insensitivity to ABA indicated that there was crosstalk between LpGRP and ABA-responsive genes. These results indicated that LpGRP is a drought-responsive gene that can increase the drought and salt tolerance of Arabidopsis seedlings overexpressing LpGRP.

Mapping an aphid resistance gene in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] P746

Soybean aphid (SA: Aphis glycines Matsumura) is one of the most serious pests of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] worldwide. A single dominant gene was found to control SA resistance in soybean line P746, which exhibits antibiosis resistance. This study aimed to define the location of the SA resistance gene in P746. A F2:3 mapping population, including 312 individuals, was created based on the cross of P746 and 'Dongnong 47'. Combined with bulked segregant analysis, all of the 1015 simple sequence repeats (SSR) from the soybean consensus map were used to locate the tentative genomic region of the SA resistance gene in P746. The effort resulted in the mapping of R_P746, the SA resistance gene in P746, and was flanked on either side by Satt334 and Satt335 on chromosome 13. By chromosome walking with SSRs from BARCSOYSSR_1.0, R_P746 was mapped between BARCSOYSSR_13_1278 and BARCSOYSSR_13_1363, with distances of 4.2 and 2.6 cM, respectively. The results indicate that R_P746 might be different to the SA resistance genes previously reported. The markers that are closely linked to R_P746 are expected to be useful for marker assisted selection in future soybean aphid resistance breeding programs.

Effects of immunosuppression on circulating adeno-associated virus capsid-specific T cells in humans

In humans adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene transfer is followed by expansion of AAV capsid-specific T cells, evidence of cell damage, and loss of transgene product expression, implicating immunological rejection of vector-transduced cells, which may be prevented by immunosuppressive drugs. We undertook this study to assess the effect of immunosuppression (IS) used for organ transplantation on immune responses to AAV capsid antigens. Recipients of liver or kidney transplants were tested before and 4 weeks after induction of IS in comparison with matched samples from healthy human adults and an additional cohort with comorbid conditions similar to those of the transplant patients. Our data show that transplant patients and comorbid control subjects have markedly higher frequencies of circulating AAV capsid-specific T cells compared with healthy adults. On average, IS resulted in a reduction of AAV-specific CD4⁺ T cells, whereas numbers of circulating CD8⁺ effector and central memory T cells tended to increase. Independent of the type of transplant or the IS regimens, the trend of AAV capsid-specific T cell responses after drug treatment varied; in some patients responses were unaffected whereas others showed decreases or even pronounced increases, casting doubt on the usefulness of prophylactic IS for AAV vector recipients.

A pregnant mouse model for the vertical transmission of Brucella melitensis

Abortion is the major clinical sign of brucellosis in animals but little is known about the underlying mechanisms. This study was designed to evaluate a pregnant mouse model for the vertical transmission of Brucella melitensis using four infectious doses: 10(3) colony-forming units (CFU), 10(4) CFU, 10(5) CFU, and 10(6) CFU. During the experimental period, no instances of abortion were recorded, but stillbirths were observed in the groups infected with doses of 10(4) CFU and higher. Regardless of whether the fetuses were stillborn or alive, transmission of bacteria to the fetus and bacterial replication in the cytoplasm of placental trophoblast giant cells were detected. A higher degree of bacterial colonization was found in the placenta than in the spleen or fetus. Doses of 10(5) CFU of B. melitensis or higher produced a severe, necrotizing placentitis similar to the pathological damage observed in ruminants. The data suggest that experimental murine brucellosis resembles ruminant brucellosis and represents a potential model for studying the pathogenic mechanisms of B. melitensis.

Hexon-modified recombinant E1-deleted adenovirus vectors as dual specificity vaccine carriers for influenza virus

To determine if an ordered and repetitive display of an epitope promoted induction of superior antibody responses, we compared B-cell responses to an influenza A virus epitope that was either encoded as a transgene by an adenovirus (Ad) vector or expressed on the vector's surface. To this end, we constructed a panel of influenza A virus vaccines based on chimpanzee-derived replication-defective adenovirus (AdC) vectors of serotype SAd-V25 also called AdC68. AdC68 vectors were modified to express a linear B-cell epitope of the ectodomain of matrix 2 (M2e) within variable regions 1 (VR1) or 4 (VR4) of the adenovirus hexon. Additional vectors with wild-type or M2e-modified hexon encoded M2e fused to the influenza A virus nucleoprotein (NP) as a transgene product. Hexon-modified vectors were tested for immunogenicity and efficacy in mice in comparison to vectors with native hexon expressing the M2e-NP fusion protein. Upon priming, vectors expressing M2e within VR1 of hexon induced M2e-specific antibody responses of higher magnitude and avidity than those carrying M2e within VR4 or vectors expressing the M2e as part of a transgene product. CD8(+) T-cell responses to the transgenic NP were comparable between vectors. M2e-specific antibody responses could be boosted by a second dose of the VR1 hexon-modified vector but not by repeated immunization with the VR4 hexon-modified vector.

Self-complementary AAVs induce more potent transgene product-specific immune responses compared to a single-stranded genome

Using a mouse model we show that self-complementary (sc) adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors pseudotyped with capsids of serotypes 2, 7 or 8 induce more potent transgene product-specific CD8(+) T cell and antibody responses compared to corresponding single-stranded (ss)AAV vectors. These data suggest that the higher and more rapidly appearing amounts of transgene product achieved with scAAV vectors may increase detrimental immune responses in gene transfer recipients.

Adeno-associated virus vectors serotype 2 induce prolonged proliferation of capsid-specific CD8+ T cells in mice

Using adoptive transfer models we determined that an adeno-associated viral vector of serotype 2 (AAV2) induces in mice proliferation of CD8(+) T cells that recognize an epitope within the viral capsid. Proliferation to an endogenous epitope within viral protein (VP)3 could be observed for at least 3 weeks while a foreign epitope placed at multiple copies within VP2 elicited CD8(+) T cell expansion for at least 10 weeks. These data show that capsid antigens of AAV2 degrade slowly over a period of weeks and during this period provide targets to CD8(+) T cells.

Vaccine-induced T cells provide partial protection against high-dose rectal SIVmac239 challenge of rhesus macaques

Despite enormous efforts by the scientific community, an effective HIV vaccine remains elusive. To further address to what degree T cells in absence of antibodies may protect against simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) disease progression, rhesus macaques were vaccinated intramuscularly with a chimpanzee-derived Ad vector (AdC) serotype 6 and then boosted intramuscularly with a serologically distinct AdC vector of serotype 7 both expressing Gag of SIVmac239. Animals were subsequently boosted intramuscularly with a modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) virus expressing Gag and Tat of the homologous SIV before mucosal challenge with a high dose of SIVmac239 given rectally. Whereas vaccinated animals showed only a modest reduction of viral loads, their overall survival was improved, in association with a substantial protection from the loss of CD4(+) T cells. In addition, the two vaccinated Mamu-A*01(+) macaques controlled viral loads to levels below detection within weeks after challenge. These data strongly suggest that T cells, while unable to affect SIV acquisition upon high-dose rectal infection, can reduce disease progression. Induction of potent T-cell responses should thus remain a component of our efforts to develop an efficacious vaccine to HIV-1.

A universal influenza A vaccine based on adenovirus expressing matrix-2 ectodomain and nucleoprotein protects mice from lethal challenge

A universal influenza vaccine, designed to induce broadly cross-reactive immunity against current and future influenza A virus strains, is in critical demand to reduce the need for annual vaccinations with vaccines chosen upon predicting the predominant circulating viral strains, and to ameliorate the threat of cyclically occurring pandemics that have, in the past, killed tens of millions. Here, we describe a vaccine regimen based on sequential immunization with two serologically distinct chimpanzee-derived replication-defective adenovirus (Ad) vectors expressing the matrix-2 protein ectodomain (M2e) from three divergent strains of influenza A virus fused to the influenza virus nucleoprotein (NP) for induction of antibodies to M2e and virus-specific CD8(+) T cells to NP. In preclinical mouse models, the Ad vaccines expressing M2e and NP elicit robust NP-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses and moderate antibody responses to all three M2e sequences. Most importantly, vaccinated mice are protected against morbidity and mortality following challenge with high doses of different influenza virus strains. Protection requires both antibodies to M2e and cellular immune responses to NP.

Efficacy and safety of statins in hypercholesterolemia with emphasis on lipoproteins

Information of the effect of statin on lipoproteins such as apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, lipoprotein (a) [Lp (a)], or apolipoprotein B levels is limited. This investigation was a crossover study designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of atorvastatin and simvastatin in patients with hyperlipidemia. Sixty-six patients were involved in the study. Group I consisted of 32 patients, who were first treated with atorvastatin (10 mg) then switched to simvastatin (10 mg). Group II consisted of 34 patients, who were first treated with simvastatin then switched to atorvastatin. Each regimen was used for 3 months (phase I), stopped for 2 months, and then restarted for another 3 months (phase II). Both statins effectively reduced total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apo B, and Lp (a) (P < 0.001 in all comparisons). A significant increase in the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was noted after both statin treatments (P < 0.05 in all comparisons). Both statins caused an increase in the apo A-I levels, and the extent of changes in apo A-I revealed no difference between the two drugs. Compared to the simvastatin group, there were more patients in the atorvastatin group achieving the National Cholesterol Education Program ATP-III LDL-C goal (P < 0.05) and European LDL-C goal (P < 0.001). Both treatments were well tolerated; no patient was withdrawn from the study. This study demonstrates that both statins can effectively improve lipid profiles in patients with hyperlipidemia. Atorvastatin is more effective in helping patients reach the ATP-III and European LDL-C goals than simvastatin at the same dosage.

Correlations of androgen deficiency with clinical symptoms in Taiwanese males

The purpose of this study was to elucidate correlations between different biochemical measurements of androgen deficiency and clinical symptoms in male residents of Taiwan. An investigation of the serum biochemical markers for androgen deficiency in 650 males, including total testosterone, calculated free testosterone, and bioavailable testosterone, was conducted. Measurements of clinical symptoms were obtained using a questionnaire of the androgen deficiency in the aging male (ADAM) by St Louis University (SLQ). Correlations among the biochemical markers, correlations of the biochemical markers and age, and relationships between the biochemical markers and the SLQ were evaluated. The sensitivity and specificity of the SLQ were determined. Bioavailable and calculated free testosterone correlated better with age than did total testosterone. Eighty percent of the men had a positive SLQ, and 20% had a negative SLQ. The percentage of positive SLQ results increased with age. No statistically significant difference was noted between the biochemical markers of bioavailable and calculated free testosterone levels and the SLQ status except for men aged over 70 years. The SLQ in this study showed an acceptable sensitivity of about 80%, but the specificity was poor (about 20%). In conclusion, bioavailable testosterone and calculated free testosterone were more-closely correlated with age and may be better biochemical markers for androgen deficiency. SLQ might not be a suitable single measurement for androgen deficiency and should be used together with biochemical markers.

Isolation of Salmonella enterica serotype choleraesuis resistant to ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin

Salmonella enterica serotype choleraesuis (S choleraesuis) usually causes systemic infections in man that need antimicrobial treatment. We isolated a strain of S choleraesuis that was resistant to ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin from a patient with sepsis. Ciprofloxacin resistance was associated with mutations in gyrA and parC, whereas the ampC gene (bla(CMY-2)), responsible for ceftriaxone resistance, was carried by a transposon-like mobile element. This element was found inserted into finQ of a potentially transmissible 140 kb plasmid, with an 8 bp direct repeat flanking the junction regions. The appearance of this resistant S choleraesuis is a serious threat to public health, and thus constant surveillance is warranted.

Molecular epidemiology of nalidixic acid-resistant campylobacter isolates from humans and poultry by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and flagellin gene analysis

To investigate the potential of poultry products as the source of human infections associated with quinolone-resistant campylobacters, 140 human and 75 poultry isolates of nalidixic acid-resistant campylobacters were collected between 1996 and 1998, and analysed by two molecular typing methods. By the analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism of the flagellin gene, 33 distinct patterns were obtained, with 18 of which shared by both human (89%) and poultry (93%) isolates. By the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of SmaI-restricted macrofragments, 105 different profiles were obtained, and 11 were found in both human (40%) and poultry (23%) isolates. When the two typing methods were combined, 112 unique genotypes were obtained, 11 of which were shared by both populations, including 53 (38%) human isolates and 14 (19%) poultry isolates. Although domestic poultry products are still important sources of the quinolone-resistant campylobacter infections in humans, there are other factors that might contribute to these increasing infections simultaneously. A more stringent policy in the use of antimicrobial agents in food animals can no longer be ignored.

Multicenter surveillance of antimicrobial resistance of major bacterial pathogens in intensive care units in 2000 in Taiwan

A susceptibility surveillance study of 1,274 bacterial isolates recovered from various clinical specimens from patients in intensive care units (ICUs) of five major teaching hospitals was carried out from March, 2000, to June, 2000, in Taiwan. This study demonstrated a high rate (66%) of oxacillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus (ORSA), a high rate of nonsusceptibility to penicillin (intermediate, 50% and highly resistant, 8%), and high rates of cefotaxime nonsusceptibility for S. pneumoniae (intermediate, 29% and resistant, 4%), Enterobacter cloacae (57%), Serratia marcescens (34%), and Citrobacter freundii (60%). High rate of ceftazidime nonsusceptibility for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (22%), and high rates of imipenem nonsusceptibility for P. aeruginosa (15%) and Acinetobacter baumannii (22%) were also found. The percentage (11.9%) of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli was greater than that (11.3%) for Klebsiella pneumoniae. Rates of quinupristin-dalfopristin nonsusceptibility for S. pneumoniae (42%), Enterococcus faecium (71%), and ORSA (39%) were high, but no vancomycin-resistant enterococci were found in this study. The resistance rates of some pathogen varied by institution or type of ICUs. Surveillance for antimicrobial resistance among bacterial pathogens in hospitals, particularly in ICU settings with a preexisting higher resistance burden, is mandatory in establishing and/or modifying guidelines for empirical treatment of severe infections in ICU patients caused by these antimicrobial-resistant pathogens.

Subunit binding in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from bovine kidney and heart

Binding of pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1) and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) to the isolated dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (E2) core of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from bovine heart and kidney was investigated with equilibrium, competitive binding, and kinetic methods. E2, which consists of 60 subunits arranged with icosahedral 532 symmetry, apparently possesses six equivalent, noninteracting binding sites for E3 dimers. It is proposed that each E3 dimer extends across 2 of the 12 faces of the E2 pentagonal dodecahedron. The equilibrium constant (Kd) for dissociation of E3 from E2 is about 3 nM, and the dissociation rate constant is about 0.057 min-1. For E1, Kd is about 13 nM, and the dissociation rate constant is about 0.043 min-1. Extensive phosphorylation of E1 (about three phosphoryl groups per E1 tetramer) increases Kd to about 40 nM.

Combined bronchoalveolar lavage and polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in smear-negative patients

SETTING

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) may be sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of tuberculosis, but most reports are of studies conducted in well-controlled laboratories. A study to evaluate the clinical value of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) combined with PCR was necessary.

OBJECTIVE

One hundred and thirty one patients were recruited into the study from March 1994 to February 1997.

DESIGN

Patients with a positive acid-fast stain on sputum smear were recruited into group A as positive controls, patients with lung cancer and a negative acid-fast stain on sputum smear were put into group B as negative controls, and patients who had clinical symptoms of pulmonary TB without sputum or with negative smear results were the investigating group. PCR was performed on the sputum samples from group A and B patients and on the BAL fluid from those in group C.

RESULTS

The sensitivity of PCR was 96% in group A, and the specificity was 100% in group B. The sensitivity of PCR in the BAL fluid from the group C patients was 36% and the specificity was 96%; the positive predictive value was 94% and the negative predictive value was 45%.

CONCLUSION

BAL plus PCR is useful in the rapid diagnosis of pulmonary TB in non-productive or smear-negative patients.

Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia: community-acquired vs. nosocomial infections

BACKGROUND

This study attempted to determine the clinical manifestations and influential factors affecting the prognosis of patients with community-acquired and nosocomial bacteremia of Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae).

METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 211 patients who had a clinically significant episode of K. pneumoniae bacteremia from January 1997 until December 1999.

RESULTS

Most reports describe K. pneumoniae bacteremia as typically nosocomial, but in our study approximately 3 of 4 episodes were community-acquired. Without including "unknown origin", the most common infectious site for both community-acquired and nosocomial bacteremia was the hepatobiliary tract. The overall mortality for all 211 patients with K. pneumoniae bacteremia was 25.1%. Significantly higher mortality rates occurred in patients who were elderly (> 65 years), had a nosocomial infection, for whom the respiratory tract was the portal of entry, and ultimately fatal conditions or acute complications were due to shock or renal insufficiency.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with community-acquired and nosocomial bacteremia had different types of underlying diseases. Isolates from nosocomial infections were significantly more frequently resistant to aminoglycosides, antipseudomonal penicillin, and all three generations of cephalosporins. In this regard, an aggressive empirical therapeutic approach to infections of K. pneumoniae is suggested.

Guiding mode expansion of a TE and TM transverse-mode integral equation for dielectric slab waveguides with an abrupt termination

We propose a rigorous transverse-mode integral equation formulation for analyzing TE and TM electromagnetic radiation fields on the facet of dielectric slab waveguides with an abrupt termination in free space. Both exact waveguide guiding modes and discretized radiation modes are included in the kernels of the integral equation. To reduce the size of the matrix that approximates the exact integral equation, we expand the unknown field at the junctions in terms of guiding modes of a selected waveguide with sufficiently large normalized frequency and core thickness. By direct matrix inversion, we obtain numerical solutions of the scattered fields at the junctions. Our method can be used to study the field distribution as well as the energy reflection and transmission coefficients of dielectric waveguides with multiple step discontinuities.

Real-time quantitative PCR analysis for alpha-thalassemia-1 of Southeast Asian type deletion in Taiwan

Since homozygosity of the alpha-thalassemia-1 of Southeast Asian (SEA) type deletion results in hydrops fetalis, a novel protocol based on the real-time quantitating polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique has been developed to quantify the intact and aberrant alpha-globin genes in adults. The ratio of the normal/SEA-bearing alpha-globin genes was expressed in cycle threshold (C(T)) values. Theoretically, a relative ratio of one to one was anticipated in individuals carrying the SEA type deletion. Twenty-five heterozygous and 20 normal cases were analyzed retrospectively with this protocol. Data showed that the CT values for the intact alpha-globin gene allele and the allele bearing the SEA type deletion in carriers were 28.74+/-1.49 and 26.46+/-2.05, respectively. Therefore, the ratio of normal/SEA type deletion-bearing alpha-globin genes in the carriers was 1.09+/-0.043. No ambiguous results were observed from other less common genotypes associated with alpha-thalassemia, such as the Philippine type deletion. Based on the results, we concluded that this protocol could provide a rapid method to mass screen carriers with alpha-thalassemia-1 of SEA type deletion in this region.

Secular trends in incidence and antimicrobial resistance among clinical isolates of Salmonella at a university hospital in Taiwan, 1983-1999

The incidence and antimicrobial resistance among clinical isolates of salmonella at a university hospital in Taiwan between 1983 and 1999 are summarized in this report. A total of 7986 isolates were analysed. Serogroup B has been the most prevalent over the years, with an apparently continuous decline after 1995. Concordant decrease was also found among S. choleraesuis and S. typhi isolates in recent years. In contrast, the proportion of serogroup D strains increased significantly after 1996. S. typhi remained relatively susceptible to most of the antimicrobial agents examined. For non-typhoidal isolates, antimicrobial resistance to ampicillin (62%), chloramphenicol (67%), and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (37%) was relatively higher than that reported elsewhere. Newer generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones remained effective over the years, although emerging resistance to these drugs has been noticed since 1992. A more prudent selection and use of antimicrobial agents, in both humans and animals, and a continuous surveillance of resistance are essential in the future.

Rapid identification of yeasts in positive blood cultures by a multiplex PCR method

Yeasts are emerging as important etiological agents of nosocomial bloodstream infections. A multiplex PCR method was developed to rapidly identify clinically important yeasts that cause fungemia. The method amplified the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region between the 18S and 5.8S rRNA genes and a specific DNA fragment within the ITS2 region of Candida albicans. With this method, C. albicans produced two amplicons, whereas other species produced only one. Through sequence analysis, the precise lengths of the PCR products were found to be as follows: C. glabrata (482 or 483 bp), C. guilliermondii (248 bp), C. parapsilosis (229 bp), C. albicans (218 or 219 and 110 bp), C. tropicalis (218 bp), Cryptococcus neoformans (201 bp), and C. krusei (182 bp). The PCR products could be effectively separated by disk polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The method was used to test 249 positive blood cultures (255 isolates), from which the following species (strain number) were isolated: C. albicans (128), C. tropicalis (51), C. glabrata (28), C. parapsilosis (23), C. neoformans (9), C. krusei (5), C. guilliermondii (3), and other, minor species (8). The test sensitivity of the method was 96.9% (247 of 255 isolates). The eight minor species were either misidentified (one strain) or not identified (seven strains). From the time at which a positive bottle was found, the multiplex PCR could be completed within 8 h; the present method is simpler than any previously reported molecular method for the identification of blood yeasts.

Liver abscess caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae in siblings

Klebsiella pneumoniae has been emerging as the leading cause of liver abscess in diabetic patients. Results of molecular typing of K. pneumoniae isolates from two siblings with liver abscess, their family members, and the environment suggest a possibility of cross infection of liver abscess by the fecal-oral route within diabetic patients.

Outer membrane protein change combined with co-existing TEM-1 and SHV-1 beta-lactamases lead to false identification of ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae

Nine isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, obtained from one colonized and eight bacteraemic patients on a paediatric ward, were shown to be identical by PFGE, indicating an outbreak. Screening for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production using the double-disc synergy test, Etest for ESBLs and agar diffusion tests indicated ESBL production. The isolates showed reduced susceptibility to cefotaxime but not to other third-generation cephalosporins. Molecular studies revealed production of TEM-1 and SHV-1 but no ESBLs were identified. Deficiency in expression of an outer membrane protein (OmpK35) was also observed. These observations led us to postulate that the extremely low level of OmpK35 expression and the co-existence of TEM-1 and SHV-1 resulted in an increased MIC of cefotaxime and the false designation of the isolates as ESBL producers. All the infected infants were treated with either third-generation cephalosporins alone or multiple antibiotics including a third-generation cephalosporin, and recovered and were discharged without sequelae.

Evaluation of Etest for direct antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts in positive blood cultures

The performance of the Etest (AB BIODISK, Solna, Sweden) for direct antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts in positive blood cultures was compared with that of the macrodilution method for determining the MICs of five antifungal agents. Culture broths with blood from bottles positive for yeasts were inoculated directly onto plates for susceptibility testing with the Etest, and the MICs were read after 24 and 48 h of incubation. A total of 141 positive blood cultures (72 cultures of Candida albicans, 31 of Candida tropicalis, 14 of Candida glabrata, 11 of Candida parapsilosis, 3 of Candida krusei, and 3 of Cryptococcus neoformans, 4 miscellaneous yeast species, and 3 mixed cultures) were tested, and the rates of MIC agreement (+/-1 log(2) dilution) between the direct Etest (at 24 and 48 h, respectively) and macrodilution methods were as follows: amphotericin B, 81.8 and 93.5%; flucytosine, 84.8 and 87.7%; fluconazole, 89.4 and 85.5%; itraconazole, 69.7 and 63.8%; ketoconazole, 87.9 and 79.0%. By a large-sample t test, the difference in log(2) dilution between the direct Etest and the macrodilution method was found to be small (P < 0.05). The lone exceptions were ketoconazole at 48 h of incubation and itraconazole at both 24 and 48 h of incubation (P > 0.05). By Tukey's multiple comparisons, the difference between the direct Etest (48 h) and reference methods among different species was found to be less than 1 log(2) dilution. When the MICs were translated into interpretive susceptibility, the minor errors caused by the direct Etest (at 24 and 48 h, respectively) were as follows: flucytosine, 2.3 and 1.4%; fluconazole, 3.0 and 3.6%; itraconazole, 21.2 and 21.3%. Itraconazole also produced an additional 3.0 and 3.6% major errors as determined by the direct Etest at 24 and 48 h, respectively. It was concluded that, except for itraconazole, the Etest method was feasible for direct susceptibility testing of blood cultures positive for yeasts. The method is simple, and the results could be read between 24 and 48 h after direct inoculation, whenever the inhibition zones were discernible.

Outbreaks of nosocomial bloodstream infections associated with multiresistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in a pediatric intensive care unit

BACKGROUND

Between June and October 1997, and during April 1998, a cluster of nosocomial bloodstream infections (BSIs) associated with Klebsiella pneumoniae was observed in 8 premature neonates from 1 pediatric intensive care unit (TPICU) in a 4000-bed medical center in northern Taiwan. An investigation was conducted to identify the possible reservoirs and mode of transmission.

METHODS

Epidemiologic surveillance and infection control interventions were executed. The environment was checked by submitting several swab samples for microbiological studies. The antibiograms and results from 2 molecular typing methods (pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and infrequent-restriction site polymerase chain reaction) of all bacteremic and environmental isolates of K. pneumoniae were compared.

RESULTS

Totally 39 K. pneumoniae isolates, including 9 from bacteremia, 26 from the environment, and 4 controls, were analyzed. One major pattern was found in 21 isolates, which included 8 bacteremic isolates with identical antibiograms, a single isolate from rectal swab screening, 2 of 8 isolates from hand cultures of medical staff, and 10 of 17 isolates from swabs of sinks in the TPICU. All 21 isolates illustrated identical antibiograms, while the other 18 isolates shared 4 antibiograms and 15 unique patterns.

CONCLUSIONS

The nosocomial BSIs appeared to be an outbreak induced by 1 multiresistant K. pneumoniae strain. The sinks may have acted as reservoirs for this outbreak strain. During washing, splattered water droplets containing the bacterial particles may have contaminated the hands of medical personnel and were then further transmitted to patients.

Non-radioactive Southern hybridization for early diagnosis of alpha-thalassemia with southeast Asian-type deletion in Taiwan

Alpha-thalassemia has been estimated to account for over 60% of hydrops fetalis cases in Taiwan. The most common genotypic lesion found in alpha-thalassemia-1 cases in Taiwan is deletion of a large segment of the alpha-globin gene cluster, termed the Southeast Asian-type deletion (-SEA/; further referred to as SEA-type deletion). Seven chorionic villus samples (CVS) from pregnancies of couples both heterozygous for SEA-type deletion were studied. Non-radioactive Southern-blot hybridization using the dig-alkaline phosphatase detection system was developed to fulfill this purpose. The results were compared with corresponding polymerase chain reaction (PCR) data to elucidate the effectiveness of these two protocols in the diagnosis of the SEA-type deletion. The data showed that of the seven CVS, three demonstrated a distinctive band pattern, indicating their homozygous status of SEA-type deletion, whereas two showed heterozygous patterns, and the other two were free of the deletion. Homozygosity of the deletion was confirmed by Southern-blot hybridization performed on DNA samples extracted from the abortus tissue. However, two of the three cases with SEA-type deletion showed heterozygous PCR results. Maternal cell contamination could be responsible for the artifacts in the PCR results, but the influence due to the contamination is minimal in non-radioactive Southern-blot hybridization. We concluded that PCR is suitable for screening of carrier adults with SEA-type deletion, and non-radioactive Southern hybridization is ideal for early prenatal diagnosis of the SEA-type deletion.

Molecular investigation of two clusters of hospital-acquired bacteraemia caused by multi-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and in frequent restriction site PCR. Infection Control Group

Two molecular typing methods, DNA macrorestriction analysis with XbaI resolved by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and infrequent restriction site PCR (IRS-PCR) assay with adapters designed for XbaI and HhaI restriction sites, were used to investigate two clusters of hospital-acquired bacteraemia associated with multi-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae which occurred in a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU). A total of 56 K. pneumoniae isolates were analysed. These included 10 bacteraemic isolates from eight patients, 26 isolates obtained during an epidemiological survey, and 20 epidemiologically non-related isolates incorporated as controls. One major pattern was demonstrated in 22 of the 56 isolates analysed. These included nine of the 10 bacteraemic isolates, a single rectal isolate, two hand culture isolates and 10 sink isolates. All of these 22 isolates illustrated identical antibiograms, whilst the other 34 isolates shared six antibiograms and 31 unique patterns by either PFGE or IRS-PCR assay. The two clusters of bacteraemia appeared to be outbreaks induced by the same strain of K. pneumoniae which may have utilized sinks as reservoirs and been transmitted through the hands of medical personnel to patients. IRS-PCR demonstrates concordant results with PFGE analysis in studying the genetic relationships among K. pneumoniae isolates, and serves as an excellent epidemiological tool for this bacterium.

DNA polymorphism of Mycobacterium abscessus analyzed by infrequent-restriction-site polymerase chain reaction

BACKGROUND

Mycobacterium abscessus is an important pathogen that has been increasingly associated with many clinical and nosocomial infections. A reliable molecular typing scheme is essential for the epidemiological study of this rapidly growing mycobacterium. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), considered to be the gold standard among molecular typing methods, has failed to provide satisfactory results in the molecular typing of this bacterium. A newly developed molecular typing method, infrequent-restriction-site polymerase chain reaction (IRS-PCR), was examined in this study to determine its suitability for fingerprinting M. abscessus isolates.

METHODS

Eight clinical isolates of M. abscessus and two reference strains (M. abscessus ATCC 19977 and M. chelonae ATCC 35749) were studied by DNA macrorestriction analysis with XbaI resolved by PFGE, and IRS-PCR assay with adaptors designed for XbaI and HhaI restriction sites.

RESULTS

By PFGE, different banding patterns were found in two clinical isolates of M. abscessus; the other isolates yielded only broken DNA and could not be assessed. By IRS-PCR, unique patterns were noted for the 10 isolates; the 10 appeared to be genetically different.

CONCLUSION

IRS-PCR may be an efficient substitute for PFGE in analyzing the DNA polymorphism and epidemiology of M. abscessus.

Multicenter surveillance of antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis in Taiwan during the 1998-1999 respiratory season

A susceptibility surveillance study of 276 isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae, 301 of Haemophilus influenzae, and 110 of Moraxella catarrhalis was carried out from November 1998 to May 1999 in Taiwan. High rates of nonsusceptibility to penicillin (76%), extended-spectrum cephalosporins (56%), azithromycin (94%), clarithromycin (95%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) (65%) for S. pneumoniae isolates and high rates of nonsusceptibility to amoxicillin (58%) and TMP-SMX (52%) for H. influenzae isolates were found. Higher percentages of S. pneumoniae isolates nonsusceptible to aminopenicillins, extended-spectrum cephalosporins, macrolides, and TMP-SMX were observed among penicillin-intermediate and -resistant isolates. All quinolones tested were active in vitro against these three organisms.

Elevated serum chromogranin A is detectable in patients with carcinomas at advanced disease stages

Chromogranin A (CgA), a marker of neuroendocrine cells and an indicator for neuroendocrine differentiation, is associated with a poor prognosis when detected in tumor tissue, based on immunohistochemical techniques. We sought to determine whether it is possible to detect elevated serum CgA in patients with commonly occurring carcinomas of non-neuroendocrine origin. CgA was measured in both random and serial serum specimens, using a serum CgA assay developed in our laboratory. Elevated levels of serum CgA were detected in patients with carcinoma of the prostate, breast, ovary, pancreas, and colon. Serum CgA levels in patients with all types of carcinoma appeared to parallel the changes of serum dominant tumor markers and were found in sera containing highly elevated tumor markers. Based on these preliminary findings, perhaps we should monitor CgA, in addition to the routinely used tumor markers, during the treatment of patients with carcinomas to determine if CgA is useful as a prognostic marker in carcinomas other than prostatic cancer.

Development of a microplate assay for serum chromogranin A (CgA): establishment of normal reference values and detection of elevated CgA in malignant diseases

Chromogranin A (CgA), a marker for neuroendocrine cells, is associated with poor prognosis when detected by immunohistochemical technique in prostate tumors. We have developed an ELISA on microplates for serum CgA and established the normal reference range. We also attempted to find out whether elevated serum CgA levels could be found in patients with various malignant diseases. Because of non-Gaussian distribution, both medians and 97.5 percentiles of serum CgA levels for men and women of four different age groups were determined. For women, the median and 97.5 percentiles are 20.7 and 63.9 ng/mL for ages 20 to 50, and 32 and 93.8 for 50 to 80 years of age, respectively; for men, they are 27.9 and 78.4 ng/mL for ages 18 to 40 and 41.6 and 92 for 40 to 80 years old, respectively. Elevated serum concentrations of CgA were detectable in patients with prostate cancer not undergoing hormonal treatment, and in patients with various malignant diseases including nonendocrine carcinomas. Most elevated serum CgA levels were associated with sera containing highly elevated serum tumor markers. Drugs targeting neuroendocrine cells should be administered for cancer patients with elevated serum CgA levels.

Different patterns of serum chromogranin A in patients with prostate cancer with and without undergoing hormonal therapy

Elevated serum chromogranin A (CgA) levels have been detected in patients with prostate cancer who have developed resistance to hormonal therapy. We would like to reexamine these cases by using serial specimens to determine whether such elevated levels are also detectable in prostate cancer patients not undergoing hormonal therapy. Serum CgA was measured in both random and serial specimens from prostate cancer patients with and without undergoing hormonal therapy. We found that serum CgA levels became elevated much earlier than did the levels of serum PSA in approximately one-third of prostate cancer patients developing resistance to hormonal therapy. On the other hand, serum CgA levels became elevated at later, more advanced stages of the disease in patients not undergoing hormonal therapy. Elevated serum CgA levels were usually detected in specimens containing highly elevated PSA. The early rise of serum CgA levels provides an early signal allowing a change of therapy to be made before the disease progresses to a fatal stage. Drugs targeting neuroendocrine cells should be considered for prostate cancer patients with elevated serum CgA levels.

Laparoscopic resection of an omental cyst with pedicle torsion

Omental cysts are the least-common variety of all types of intra-abdominal cystic lesions. In the past, transabdominal laparotomy with excision of the cyst was the treatment of choice. With the advent of laparoscopic surgery, it has become possible to resect the cyst without the need for a large incision in the abdomen. We report a case of a 15-year-old girl who underwent diagnostic laparoscopy for recurring abdominal pain of 2 years' duration. The procedure revealed a huge cyst lying above the omentum with its pedicle rising from the greater curvature of the stomach. The pedicle was noted to have twisted eight times in a clockwise direction. The cyst was resected by laparoscopic means using three trocars. The postoperative course was uneventful. As presented in this case, we believe that a laparoscopic approach is an attractive alternative for the management of omental cystic lesions.

Vibrio parahemolyticus bacteremia: case report

Vibrio parahemolyticus (V. parahemolyticus) is a halophilic gram-negative bacillus that lives in the ocean. It is the leading cause of infectious diarrhea in Taiwan and sometimes produces soft tissue infections, but it is rarely a cause of bacteremia. There have been only 11 cases reported in the literature. Most of the cases involved a history of ingestion of seafood or exposure to seawater. In addition, those patients were all immunosuppressed, especially with leukemia and cirrhosis. We report a 60-year-old male patient with chronic hepatitis C and adrenal insufficiency. He developed V. parahemolyticus bacteremia following ingestion of seafood one week prior to admission. His condition was complicated with neck and right lower leg soft tissue infection, as well as multiple organ failure. The patient survived after intravenous ceftazidime, oral doxycycline, and surgical debridement. To our knowledge, this is the 12th reported cases on Medline, and the second bacteremic case in Taiwan. After reviewing the literature, we suggest that all patients with immunosuppressed conditions or adrenal insufficiency should eat foods that are well cooked and avoid raw seafood. Moreover, when patients who are at risk to develop fever, diarrhea, and soft tissue infection after ingestion of seafood, V. parahemolyticus infection should be suspected. All culture specimens should be inoculated on Vibrios selective media.

Modification of the initial release of a highly water-soluble drug from ethyl cellulose microspheres

The aim of this study was to develop a microspherical dosage form for a highly water-soluble drug, fenoterol HBr, by using the water insoluble, non-biodegradable polymer, ethyl cellulose. Fenoterol HBr was used as a model drug, based on its pharmacokinetic properties, i.e. the short half-life, incomplete absorption from the gastrointestinal tract due to the first pass effect. Three factors, the initial amount of drug, the volume of non-solvent (petroleum benzin) and the stirring speed of homogenizer, were varied during microsphere preparation. The release of fenoterol HBr from these microparticulate delivery systems was compared, and a possible release mechanism was proposed. The encapsulation efficiency of the drug, the morphology and the particle size of the microspheres were also investigated. The oil-in-oil solvent evaporation method efficiently encapsulated fenoterol HBr in these ethyl cellulose microspheres. A significant increase in the encapsulation efficiency of fenoterol was observed when the drug/polymer ratio was decreased from 15% to 5% (p < 0.05). The particle size of microparticles was in the range of 10-250 microm, and most microspheres had a particle size smaller than 100 microm. Only the volume of petroleum benzin showed a significant effect on the particle size of prepared microspheres (p < 0.05). Both the initial drug loading and the addition of nonsolvent significantly affected the initial release of fenoterol from the ethyl cellulose microspheres. The diffusion-controlled release followed by a constant release was exhibited in these microspheres.

Penicillium marneffei fungemia in an AIDS patient: the first case report in Taiwan

We report a 36-year-old man with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), presenting systemic Penicillium marneffei (PM) infection. Fungal culture from the blood isolated PM. PM-induced enteritis was also suspected in this patient although there was no direct evidence. He also had other manifestations of immunocompromised status, including military tuberculosis and oral candidiasis. He died of respiratory failure in spite of prompt treatment for infection. This is the first confirmed case of PM infection in Taiwan.

Effect of the gasoline additives on PAH emission

PAH emission from the powered engines fueled by a 95 leadfree gasoline (95-LFG), a 92 leadfree gasoline (92-LFG) and a Premium leaded gasoline (PLG) with two gasoline additives (SA and SB) were collected using a PAH sampling system with a particulate interception device. Twenty one PAHs were analyzed primarily by an GC/MS, while eight metal elements were determined mainly by an ICP-AES. This investigation showed that the gasoline additives contain more amounts of carcinogenic PAHs than gasolines do. Blending these additives do raise the PAH content in the gasolines, simultaneously, will emit more amount of PAHs from the tailpipe of engine exhaust. It is suggested that before a gasoline additive is commercialized, an assessment on its PAH emission should be evaluated to make sure that the additive will not emit more PAHs and cause adverse effect on public health.

Primary pyogenic abscess of the psoas muscle

During a six-year period, eleven persons with primary pyogenic abscess of the psoas muscle were treated at the Mackay Memorial Hospital. Five were males and six were females and their average age was 47.2 years (range 6-83 years). The abscess was identified by CT in 7 patients, MRI in 2 and ultrasonography in 1. One abscess was found during laparotomy. Treatment included extraperitoneal drainage of the abscess in 7 patients and CT guided aspiration in 3. One patient improved after antibiotic therapy and they all recovered after treatment. The diagnosis of primary pyogenic abscess requires a high index of suspicion and the best treatment is early operative drainage and administration of systemic antibiotics.

Opposing mitogenic and anti-mitogenic actions of parathyroid hormone-related protein in vascular smooth muscle cells: a critical role for nuclear targeting

Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is a prohormone that is posttranslationally processed to a family of mature secretory forms, each of which has its own cognate receptor(s) on the cell surface that mediate the actions of PTHrP. In addition to being secreted via the classical secretory pathway and interacting with cell surface receptors in a paracrine/autocrine fashion, PTHrP appears to be able to enter the nucleus directly following translation and influence cellular events in an "intracrine" fashion. In this report, we demonstrate that PTHrP can be targeted to the nucleus in vascular smooth muscle cells, that this nuclear targeting is associated with a striking increase in mitogenesis, that this nuclear effect on proliferation is the diametric opposite of the effects of PTHrP resulting from interaction with cell surface receptors on vascular smooth muscle cells, and that the regions of the PTHrP sequence responsible for this nuclear targeting represent a classical bipartite nuclear localization signal. This report describes the activation of the cell cycle in association with nuclear localization of PTHrP in any cell type. These findings have important implications for the normal physiology of PTHrP in the many tissues which produce it, and suggest that gene delivery of PTHrP or modified variants may be useful in the management of atherosclerotic vascular disease.

Structural and physiologic characterization of the mid-region secretory species of parathyroid hormone-related protein

Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is initially translated as a preprohormone which is posttranslationally processed to yield a family of mature secretory forms. Most attention has focused on the amino-terminal portion of the molecule which is homologous to parathyroid hormone. It is clear, however, that a mid-region species of PTHrP is posttranslationally cleaved from the highly conserved mid-region of PTHrP, and that the amino terminus of this peptide is Ala38. The purposes of the current study were three: 1) to confirm that Arg37 immediately preceding Ala38 serves as a posttranslational processing site in the PTHrP precursor, 2) to determine the carboxyl terminus of the mid-region secretory species of PTHrP, and 3) to synthesize this authentic mid-region secretory form of PTHrP and determine whether it is biologically active. The results indicate that: 1) Arg37 is indeed a processing site in the PTHrP precursor; 2) three distinct mid-region PTHrP species are generated by posttranslational processing, PTHrP(38-94)amide, PTHrP(38-95), and most likely, PTHrP(38-101); and 3) synthetic mid-region PTHrP(38-94)amide is active in four different biological systems. These studies confirm the finding that PTHrP is a prohormone. More importantly, they define a novel, biologically active highly conserved mid-region secretory form of PTHrP.

Accurate coupling coefficients for fiber couplers with weakly fused cross sections

For fused tapered fiber couplers with weakly fused cross sections, power coupling takes place between two touching tapered cladding cylinders embedded in the air, and the cylinders then become a strongly guiding structure. We provide accurate polarization-dependent coupling coefficients for such a structure, on the basis of a rigorous vectorial numerical calculation. Our results for the corresponding weakly guiding structure are compared with previous vector perturbation methods base on scalar fields. It is found that the scalar theories are not applicable to those cases with large normalized frequencies or with small fiber separations when the polarization-splitting effect is concerned.

A comparison of antihypertensive effects between two formulations of atenolol: tenolol and tenormin

BACKGROUND

Atenolol is a cardioselective beta-blocker. Tenolol is a new formulation of atenolol, with bioequivalence to the original atenolol (Tenormin). This study was designed to compare the antihypertensive effects between the two formulations of atenolol, Tenolol and Tenormin.

METHODS

Twenty-three patients, with mild to moderate hypertension untreated with any antihypertensive drugs, were recruited. They were randomized to receive two weeks of placebo, four weeks of Tenolol or Tenormin (100 mg once daily) and two weeks of placebo. Then the treatments were crossed over for four more weeks.

RESULTS

At two weeks five patients were excluded because their blood pressures (BP) were below 160/90 mmHg. The baseline BPs for the patients receiving Tenormin (162 +/- 18/97 +/- 8 mmHg) and Tenolol (164 +/- 17/97 +/- 9 mmHg) were not distinct. After two weeks of treatment with Tenormin or Tenolol, systolic BPs decreased by 12 +/- 11 mmHg and 13 +/- 14 mmHg, respectively (p < 0.01 for both formulations). Similarly the diastolic BPs decreased significantly (p < 0.01) by 7 +/- 9 mmHg and 7 +/- 10 mmHg, respectively. The hypotensive effects persisted at four weeks of treatment for both formulations. Reductions in systolic and diastolic BPs by treatment with Tenormin and Tenolol were not significantly different by two-way ANOVA analysis. There were no side effects in any patient throughout the study.

CONCLUSIONS

The results indicate that the generic formulation of atenolol (Tenolol) has comparable antihypertensive effects as the original formulation (Tenormin).

Vectorcardiography in experimental myocardial infarction. Serial changes and correlation between QRS loop change and the infarction size

The objectives of this study were to examine the serial vectorcardiographic changes following acute myocardial infarct and to assess the relationship between QRS loop changes and infarct size. Fifty adult male Long-Evans rats of 250-350 gm body weight were used to study experimental acute myocardial infarction induced by coronary artery ligation. Vectorcardiograms (VCG) of the Frank lead system were recorded before, and 1 day and 7 days after operation. Animals were sacrificed on the 7th day for histological quantitation of infarct area ratios. We found that (1) before operation, rats have ST elevation, probably due to early repolarization. (2) After coronary artery ligation, ECG showed characteristic dome-shaped ST elevation at 1 hr after ligation which returned to normal during the first day. Abnormal Q waves appeared thereafter. (3) After ligation, maximum QRS vector, ST vector and maximum T vector were reduced in magnitude the first day and recovered by the 7th day. The vectors tended to shift their direction to the right and to the posterior. QRS-T angle, however, widened as time went on. About half of the rats revealed changes in the inscription direction of the QRS loop and abnormal QRS morphology also appeared in about half of the ligated rats. (4) Those in whom abnormal QRS loop morphology and/or biting appeared had significantly larger infarct area ratios (p < 0.01). (5) Change in QRS loop inscription direction seemed not to be related to the infarct size. (6) In the LS plane, the difference in max QRS vector magnitude between the 1st and 7th days significantly correlated with the infarct area ratio (r = 0.533, p < 0.05). In the H plane, the change in the max QRS vector magnitude at the 7th day correlated with the infarct area ratio (r = -0.531, p < 0.05). In the F plane, changes in the direction of the max QRS vector were significantly correlated to the infarct area ratio both on the first (r = 0.431, p < 0.05) and 7th days (r = 0.531, p < 0.05). It is concluded that the VCG, like the ECG, had evolutional changes in AMI and that the QRS loop seen on vectorcardiography has only a slight correlation with the histological myocardial infarct size.