1
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Incardona JP, Linbo TL, Cameron JR, Scholz NL. Structure-activity relationships for alkyl-phenanthrenes support two independent but interacting synergistic models for PAC mixture potency. Sci Total Environ 2024; 918:170544. [PMID: 38309367 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence at whole animal, cellular and molecular levels implicate polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) with three rings as drivers of crude oil toxicity to developing fish. Phenanthrene (P0) and its alkylated homologs (C1- through C4-phenanthrenes) comprise the most prominent subfraction of tricyclic PACs in crude oils. Among this family, P0 has been studied intensively, with more limited detail available for the C4-phenanthrene 1-methyl-7-isopropyl-phenanthrene (1-M,7-IP, or retene). While both compounds are cardiotoxic, P0 impacts embryonic cardiac function and development through direct blockade of K+ and Ca2+ currents that regulate cardiomyocyte contractions. In contrast, 1-M,7-IP dysregulates aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) activation in developing ventricular cardiomyocytes. Although no other compounds have been assessed in detail across the larger family of alkylated phenanthrenes, increasing alkylation might be expected to shift phenanthrene family member activity from K+/Ca2+ ion current blockade to AHR activation. Using embryos of two distantly related fish species, zebrafish and Atlantic haddock, we tested 14 alkyl-phenanthrenes in both acute and latent developmental cardiotoxicity assays. All compounds were cardiotoxic, and effects were resolved into impacts on multiple, highly specific aspects of heart development or function. Craniofacial defects were clearly linked to developmental cardiotoxicity. Based on these findings, we suggest a novel framework to delineate the developmental toxicity of petrogenic PAC mixtures in fish, which incorporates multi-mechanistic pathways that produce interactive synergism at the organ level. In addition, relationships among measured embryo tissue concentrations, cytochrome P4501A mRNA induction, and cardiotoxic responses suggest a two-compartment toxicokinetic model that independently predicts high potency of PAC mixtures through classical metabolic synergism. These two modes of synergism, specific to the sub-fraction of phenanthrenes, are sufficient to explain the high embryotoxic potency of crude oils, independent of as-yet unmeasured compounds in these complex environmental mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Incardona
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA Fisheries, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Tiffany L Linbo
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA Fisheries, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James R Cameron
- Saltwater, Inc., Under Contract to Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nathaniel L Scholz
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA Fisheries, Seattle, WA, USA
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2
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Lundin JI, Chittaro PM, Schultz IR, Arkoosh MR, Baker MC, Baldwin DH, Collier TK, French BL, Kern JW, Labenia JS, Linbo TL, Merten AA, Schuster CM, Veggerby KB, Ylitalo GM, Scholz NL, Dietrich JP. Dietary Exposure to Environmentally Relevant Levels of Chemical Contaminants Reduces Growth and Survival in Juvenile Chinook Salmon. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:132-142. [PMID: 38154032 PMCID: PMC10785754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Chemical pollution can degrade aquatic ecosystems. Chinook salmon in contaminated habitats are vulnerable to health impacts from toxic exposures. Few studies have been conducted on adverse health outcomes associated with current levels and mixtures of contaminants. Fewer still address effects specific to the juvenile life-stage of salmonids. The present study evaluated contaminant-related effects from dietary exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations and mixture profiles in juvenile Chinook salmon from industrialized waterways in the U.S. Pacific Northwest using two end points: growth assessment and disease susceptibility. The dose and chemical proportions were reconstituted based on environmental sampling and analysis using the stomach contents of juvenile Chinook salmon recently collected from contaminated, industrialized waterways. Groups of fish were fed a mixture with fixed proportions of 10 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 3 dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), and 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at five concentrations for 35 days. These contaminant compounds were selected because of elevated concentrations and the widespread presence in sediments throughout industrialized waterways. Fork length and otolith microstructural growth indicators were significantly reduced in fish fed environmentally relevant concentrations of these contaminants. In addition, contaminant-exposed Chinook salmon were more susceptible to disease during controlled challenges with the pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida. Our results indicate that dietary exposure to contaminants impairs growth and immune function in juvenile Chinook salmon, thereby highlighting that current environmental exposure to chemicals of potential management concern threatens the viability of exposed salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica I. Lundin
- National
Research Council Research Associateship Program, under contract to
the Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries
Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Paul M. Chittaro
- Environmental
and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center,
National Marine Fisheries Service, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Irvin R. Schultz
- Environmental
and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center,
National Marine Fisheries Service, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Mary R. Arkoosh
- Environmental
and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center,
National Marine Fisheries Service, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Mary C. Baker
- Assessment
and Restoration Division, Office of Response and Restoration, National
Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way N.E., Seattle, Washington 98115-0070, United States
| | - David H. Baldwin
- Endangered
Species Act Interagency Cooperation Division, Office of Protected
Resources, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way N.E., Seattle, Washington 98115-0070, United States
| | - Tracy K. Collier
- College
of the Environment, Western Washington University, 516 High Street, Bellingham, Washington 98225-9079, United States
| | - Barbara L. French
- Environmental
and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center,
National Marine Fisheries Service, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - John W. Kern
- Kern
Statistical
Services, Inc., 13680
Bete Grise RD, Mohawk, Michigan 49950, United States
| | - Jana S. Labenia
- Environmental
and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center,
National Marine Fisheries Service, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Tiffany L. Linbo
- Environmental
and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center,
National Marine Fisheries Service, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Amy A. Merten
- Assessment
and Restoration Division, Office of Response and Restoration, National
Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way N.E., Seattle, Washington 98115-0070, United States
| | - Cameron M. Schuster
- Environmental
and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center,
National Marine Fisheries Service, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Karl B. Veggerby
- Ocean
Associates,
Inc., under contract to the Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National
Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Gina M. Ylitalo
- Environmental
and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center,
National Marine Fisheries Service, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Nathaniel L. Scholz
- Environmental
and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center,
National Marine Fisheries Service, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Joseph P. Dietrich
- Environmental
and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center,
National Marine Fisheries Service, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
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3
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Incardona JP, Linbo TL, Cameron JR, French BL, Bolton JL, Gregg JL, Donald CE, Hershberger PK, Scholz NL. Biological Responses of Pacific Herring Embryos to Crude Oil Are Quantifiable at Exposure Levels Below Conventional Limits of Quantitation for PAHs in Water and Tissues. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:19214-19222. [PMID: 37963111 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii), a cornerstone of marine food webs, generally spawn on marine macroalgae in shallow nearshore areas that are disproportionately at risk from oil spills. Herring embryos are also highly susceptible to toxicity from chemicals leaching from oil stranded in intertidal and subtidal zones. The water-soluble components of crude oil trigger an adverse outcome pathway that involves disruption of the physiological functions of cardiomyocytes in the embryonic herring heart. In previous studies, impaired ionoregulation (calcium and potassium cycling) in response to specific polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) corresponds to lethal embryolarval heart failure or subtle chamber malformations at the high and low ends of the PAH exposure range, respectively. Sublethal cardiotoxicity, which involves an abnormal outgrowth (ballooning) of the cardiac ventricular chamber soon after hatching, subsequently compromises juvenile heart structure and function, leading to pathological hypertrophy of the ventricle and reduced individual fitness, measured as cardiorespiratory performance. Previous studies have not established a threshold for these sublethal and delayed-in-time effects, even with total (∑)PAH exposures as low as 29 ng/g of wet weight (tissue dose). Here, we extend these earlier findings showing that (1) cyp1a gene expression provides an oil exposure metric that is more sensitive than typical quantitation of PAHs via GC-MS and (2) heart morphometrics in herring embryos provide a similarly sensitive measure of toxic response. Early life stage injury to herring (impaired heart development) thus occurs below the quantitation limits for PAHs in both water and embryonic tissues as a conventional basis for assessing oil-induced losses to coastal marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Incardona
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Tiffany L Linbo
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - James R Cameron
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Saltwater, Inc., under Contract to Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Barbara L French
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Jennie L Bolton
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Jacob L Gregg
- Marrowstone Marine Field Station, US Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Nordland, Washington 98358-9633, United States
| | - Carey E Donald
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Nordnes 5817, Norway
| | - Paul K Hershberger
- Marrowstone Marine Field Station, US Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Nordland, Washington 98358-9633, United States
| | - Nathaniel L Scholz
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
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4
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Sørhus E, Sørensen L, Grøsvik BE, Le Goff J, Incardona JP, Linbo TL, Baldwin DH, Karlsen Ø, Nordtug T, Hansen BH, Thorsen A, Donald CE, van der Meeren T, Robson W, Rowland SJ, Rasinger JD, Vikebø FB, Meier S. Crude oil exposure of early life stages of Atlantic haddock suggests threshold levels for developmental toxicity as low as 0.1 μg total polyaromatic hydrocarbon (TPAH)/L. Mar Pollut Bull 2023; 190:114843. [PMID: 36965263 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) embryos bind dispersed crude oil droplets to the eggshell and are consequently highly susceptible to toxicity from spilled oil. We established thresholds for developmental toxicity and identified any potential long-term or latent adverse effects that could impair the growth and survival of individuals. Embryos were exposed to oil for eight days (10, 80 and 300 μg oil/L, equivalent to 0.1, 0.8 and 3.0 μg TPAH/L). Acute and delayed mortality were observed at embryonic, larval, and juvenile stages with IC50 = 2.2, 0.39, and 0.27 μg TPAH/L, respectively. Exposure to 0.1 μg TPAH/L had no negative effect on growth or survival. However, yolk sac larvae showed significant reduction in the outgrowth (ballooning) of the cardiac ventricle in the absence of other extracardiac morphological defects. Due to this propensity for latent sublethal developmental toxicity, we recommend an effect threshold of 0.1 μg TPAH/L for risk assessment models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Sørhus
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Lisbet Sørensen
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway; SINTEF Ocean AS, Postbox 4762, Torgarden, 7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Jérémie Le Goff
- ADn'tox, Bâtiment Recherche, Centre François Baclesse 3, Avenue du Général Harris, 14076 Caen Cedex 5, France
| | - John P Incardona
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tiffany L Linbo
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David H Baldwin
- Office of Protected Resources, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Trond Nordtug
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Postbox 4762, Torgarden, 7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | - William Robson
- Petroleum & Environmental Geochemistry Group, Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, Devon, UK
| | - Steven J Rowland
- Petroleum & Environmental Geochemistry Group, Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, Devon, UK
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5
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Incardona JP, Linbo TL, French BL, Cameron J, Peck KA, Laetz CA, Hicks MB, Hutchinson G, Allan SE, Boyd DT, Ylitalo GM, Scholz NL. Low-level embryonic crude oil exposure disrupts ventricular ballooning and subsequent trabeculation in Pacific herring. Aquat Toxicol 2021; 235:105810. [PMID: 33823483 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing awareness that transient, sublethal embryonic exposure to crude oils cause subtle but important forms of delayed toxicity in fish. While the precise mechanisms for this loss of individual fitness are not well understood, they involve the disruption of early cardiogenesis and a subsequent pathological remodeling of the heart much later in juveniles. This developmental cardiotoxicity is attributable, in turn, to the inhibitory actions of crude oil-derived mixtures of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) on specific ion channels and other proteins that collectively drive the rhythmic contractions of heart muscle cells via excitation-contraction coupling. Here we exposed Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) embryos to oiled gravel effluent yielding ΣPAC concentrations as low as ~ 1 μg/L (64 ng/g in tissues). Upon hatching in clean seawater, and following the depuration of tissue PACs (as evidenced by basal levels of cyp1a gene expression), the ventricles of larval herring hearts showed a concentration-dependent reduction in posterior growth (ballooning). This was followed weeks later in feeding larvae by abnormal trabeculation, or formation of the finger-like projections of interior spongy myocardium, and months later with hypertrophy (overgrowth) of the spongy myocardium in early juveniles. Given that heart muscle cell differentiation and migration are driven by Ca2+-dependent intracellular signaling, the observed disruption of ventricular morphogenesis was likely a secondary (downstream) consequence of reduced calcium cycling and contractility in embryonic cardiomyocytes. We propose defective trabeculation as a promising phenotypic anchor for novel morphometric indicators of latent cardiac injury in oil-exposed herring, including an abnormal persistence of cardiac jelly in the ventricle wall and cardiomyocyte hyperproliferation. At a corresponding molecular level, quantitative expression assays in the present study also support biomarker roles for genes known to be involved in muscle contractility (atp2a2, myl7, myh7), cardiomyocyte precursor fate (nkx2.5) and ventricular trabeculation (nrg2, and hbegfa). Overall, our findings reinforce both proximal and indirect roles for dysregulated intracellular calcium cycling in the canonical fish early life stage crude oil toxicity syndrome. More work on Ca2+-mediated cellular dynamics and transcription in developing cardiomyocytes is needed. Nevertheless, the highly specific actions of ΣPAC mixtures on the heart at low, parts-per-billion tissue concentrations directly contravene classical assumptions of baseline (i.e., non-specific) crude oil toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Incardona
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Tiffany L Linbo
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Barbara L French
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James Cameron
- Earth Resources Technology, under contract to Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karen A Peck
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cathy A Laetz
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mary Beth Hicks
- Oregon State University, Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR, USA
| | - Greg Hutchinson
- Oregon State University, Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR, USA
| | - Sarah E Allan
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Response and Restoration, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Daryle T Boyd
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gina M Ylitalo
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nathaniel L Scholz
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
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6
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Laurel BJ, Copeman LA, Iseri P, Spencer ML, Hutchinson G, Nordtug T, Donald CE, Meier S, Allan SE, Boyd DT, Ylitalo GM, Cameron JR, French BL, Linbo TL, Scholz NL, Incardona JP. Embryonic Crude Oil Exposure Impairs Growth and Lipid Allocation in a Keystone Arctic Forage Fish. iScience 2019; 19:1101-1113. [PMID: 31536959 PMCID: PMC6831839 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As Arctic ice recedes, future oil spills pose increasing risk to keystone species and the ecosystems they support. We show that Polar cod (Boreogadus saida), an energy-rich forage fish for marine mammals, seabirds, and other fish, are highly sensitive to developmental impacts of crude oil. Transient oil exposures ≥300 μg/L during mid-organogenesis disrupted the normal patterning of the jaw as well as the formation and function of the heart, in a manner expected to be lethal to post-hatch larvae. More importantly, we found that exposure to lower levels of oil caused a dysregulation of lipid metabolism and growth that persisted in morphologically normal juveniles. As lipid content is critical for overwinter survival and recruitment, we anticipate Polar cod losses following Arctic oil spills as a consequence of both near-term and delayed mortality. These losses will likely influence energy flow within Arctic food webs in ways that are as-yet poorly understood. Polar cod eggs are buoyant and accumulate crude oil droplets on the chorion Crude oil disrupts embryonic cardiac function and larval lipid metabolism Juvenile growth and lipid content are reduced following brief embryonic oil exposure Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are toxic to cod in parts per trillion concentrations
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Laurel
- Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Newport, OR, USA.
| | - Louise A Copeman
- Oregon State University Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR, USA
| | - Paul Iseri
- Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Newport, OR, USA
| | - Mara L Spencer
- Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Newport, OR, USA
| | - Greg Hutchinson
- Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Newport, OR, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sarah E Allan
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Response and Restoration, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Daryle T Boyd
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gina M Ylitalo
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James R Cameron
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Barbara L French
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tiffany L Linbo
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nathaniel L Scholz
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John P Incardona
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
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7
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Gardner LD, Peck KA, Goetz GW, Linbo TL, Cameron J, Scholz NL, Block BA, Incardona JP. Cardiac remodeling in response to embryonic crude oil exposure involves unconventional NKX family members and innate immunity genes. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb.205567. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.205567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac remodeling results from both physiological and pathological stimuli. Compared to mammals, fish hearts show a broader array of remodeling changes in response to environmental influences, providing exceptional models for dissecting the molecular and cellular bases of cardiac remodeling. We recently characterized a form of pathological remodeling in juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in response to crude oil exposure during embryonic cardiogenesis. In the absence of overt pathology (cardiomyocyte death or inflammatory infiltrate), cardiac ventricles in exposed fish showed altered shape, reduced thickness of compact myocardium, and hypertrophic changes in spongy, trabeculated myocardium. Here we used RNA sequencing to characterize molecular pathways underlying these defects. In juvenile ventricular cardiomyocytes, antecedent embryonic oil exposure led to dose-dependent up-regulation of genes involved in innate immunity and two NKX homeobox transcription factors not previously associated with cardiomyocytes, nkx2.3 and nkx3.3. Absent from mammalian genomes, the latter is largely uncharacterized. In zebrafish embryos nkx3.3 demonstrated a potent effect on cardiac morphogenesis, equivalent to nkx2.5, the primary transcription factor associated with ventricular cardiomyocyte identity. The role of nkx3.3 in heart growth is potentially linked to the unique regenerative capacity of fish and amphibians. Moreover, these findings support a cardiomyocyte-intrinsic role for innate immune response genes in pathological hypertrophy. This study demonstrates how an expanding mechanistic understanding of environmental pollution impacts – i.e., the chemical perturbation of biological systems – can ultimately yield new insights into fundamental biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke D. Gardner
- Hopkins Marine Station, Department of Biology, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - Karen A. Peck
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Giles W. Goetz
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Tiffany L. Linbo
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - James Cameron
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Nathaniel L. Scholz
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Barbara A. Block
- Hopkins Marine Station, Department of Biology, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - John P. Incardona
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
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8
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Morris JM, Gielazyn M, Krasnec MO, Takeshita R, Forth HP, Labenia JS, Linbo TL, French BL, Gill JA, Baldwin DH, Scholz NL, Incardona JP. Crude oil cardiotoxicity to red drum embryos is independent of oil dispersion energy. Chemosphere 2018; 213:205-214. [PMID: 30223125 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The potential bioavailability of toxic chemicals from oil spills to water column organisms such as fish embryos may be influenced by physical dispersion along an energy gradient. For example, a surface slick with minimal wave action (low energy) could potentially produce different toxic effects from high energy situations such as pressurized discharge from a blown wellhead. Here we directly compared the toxicity of water accommodated fractions (WAFs) of oil prepared with low and high mixing energy (LEWAFs and HEWAFs, respectively) using surface oil samples collected during the 2010 Deepwater Horizon spill, and embryos of a representative nearshore species, red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Biological effects of each WAF type was quantified with several functional and morphological indices of developmental cardiotoxicity, providing additional insight into species-specific responses to oil exposure. Although the two WAF preparations yielded different profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), cardiotoxic phenotypes were essentially identical. Based on benchmark thresholds for both morphological and functional cardiotoxicity, in general LEWAFs had lower thresholds for these phenotypes than HEWAFs based on total PAH measures. However, HEWAF and LEWAF toxicity thresholds were more similar when calculated based on estimates of dissolved PAHs only. Differences in thresholds were attributable to the weathering state of the oil samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Morris
- Abt Associates, 1881 Ninth St., Suite 201, Boulder, CO, 80302, USA
| | - Michel Gielazyn
- Assessment and Restoration Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 263 13th Ave. South, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
| | | | - Ryan Takeshita
- Abt Associates, 1881 Ninth St., Suite 201, Boulder, CO, 80302, USA
| | - Heather P Forth
- Abt Associates, 1881 Ninth St., Suite 201, Boulder, CO, 80302, USA
| | - Jana S Labenia
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA, 98112, USA
| | - Tiffany L Linbo
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA, 98112, USA
| | - Barbara L French
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA, 98112, USA
| | - J Anthony Gill
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA, 98112, USA
| | - David H Baldwin
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA, 98112, USA
| | - Nathaniel L Scholz
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA, 98112, USA
| | - John P Incardona
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA, 98112, USA.
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9
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Sørensen L, Sørhus E, Nordtug T, Incardona JP, Linbo TL, Giovanetti L, Karlsen Ø, Meier S. Oil droplet fouling and differential toxicokinetics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in embryos of Atlantic haddock and cod. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180048. [PMID: 28678887 PMCID: PMC5497984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of crude oil pollution on early life stages (ELS) of fish, including larvae and embryos, has received considerable attention in recent years. Of the organic components present in crude oil, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are considered the main class of compounds responsible for toxic effects in marine organisms. Although evidence suggests that they are more toxic, alkylated PAHs remain much less studied than their unsubstituted congeners. Recently, it was established that embryos of Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) are particularly sensitive to dispersed crude oil, and it was hypothesized that this was caused by direct interaction with crude oil droplets, which adhered to the chorion of exposed embryos. Such a phenomenon would increase the potential for uptake of less water-soluble compounds, including alkylated PAHs. In the current study, we compared the uptake of parent and alkylated PAHs in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock embryos exposed to dispersed crude oil at a range of environmentally relevant concentrations (10–600 μg oil/liter seawater). Although the species are biologically very similar, the cod chorion does not become fouled with oil droplets, even when the two species are exposed to dispersions of crude oil droplets under similar conditions. A close correlation between the degree of fouling and toxicological response (heart defects, craniofacial malformation) was observed. Oil droplet fouling in haddock led to both quantitative and qualitative differences in PAH uptake. Finally, kinetic data on a large suite of PAHs showed differential elimination, suggesting differential metabolism of unsubstituted versus alkylated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbet Sørensen
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Elin Sørhus
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Trond Nordtug
- Environmental Technology, SINTEF Ocean, Trondheim, Norway
| | - John P. Incardona
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Tiffany L. Linbo
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Laura Giovanetti
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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10
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Tillitt DE, Buckler JA, Nicks DK, Candrl JS, Claunch RA, Gale RW, Puglis HJ, Little EE, Linbo TL, Baker M. Sensitivity of lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) early life stages to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-P-dioxin and 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017; 36:988-998. [PMID: 27600767 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aquatic food web of the Great Lakes has been contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) since the mid-20th century. Threats of PCB exposures to long-lived species of fish, such as lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens), have been uncertain because of a lack of information on the relative sensitivity of the species. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the sensitivity of early-life stage lake sturgeon to 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-126) or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure. Mortality, growth, morphological and tissue pathologies, swimming performance, and activity levels were used as assessment endpoints. Pericardial and yolk sac edema, tubular heart, yolk sac hemorrhaging, and small size were the most commonly observed pathologies in both TCDD and PCB-126 exposures, beginning as early as 4 d postfertilization, with many of these pathologies occurring in a dose-dependent manner. Median lethal doses for PCB-126 and TCDD in lake sturgeon were 5.4 ng/g egg (95% confidence interval, 3.9-7.4 ng/g egg) and 0.61 ng/g egg (0.47-0.82 ng/g egg), respectively. The resulting relative potency factor for PCB-126 (0.11) was greater than the World Health Organization estimate for fish (toxic equivalency factor = 0.005), suggesting that current risk assessments may underestimate PCB toxicity toward lake sturgeon. Swimming activity and endurance were reduced in lake sturgeon survivors from the median lethal doses at 60 d postfertilization. Threshold and median toxicity values indicate that lake sturgeon, like other Acipenser species, are more sensitive to PCB and TCDD than the other genus of sturgeon, Scaphirhynchus, found in North America. Indeed, lake sturgeon populations in the Great Lakes and elsewhere are susceptible to PCB/TCDD-induced developmental toxicity in embryos and reductions in swimming performance. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:988-998. Published 2016 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald E Tillitt
- Columbia Environmental Research Center, US Geological Survey, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Justin A Buckler
- Five Rivers Services Corporation, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Diane K Nicks
- Columbia Environmental Research Center, US Geological Survey, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - James S Candrl
- Columbia Environmental Research Center, US Geological Survey, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Rachel A Claunch
- Columbia Environmental Research Center, US Geological Survey, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Robert W Gale
- Columbia Environmental Research Center, US Geological Survey, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Holly J Puglis
- Columbia Environmental Research Center, US Geological Survey, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Edward E Little
- Columbia Environmental Research Center, US Geological Survey, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Tiffany L Linbo
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mary Baker
- Office of Response and Restoration, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington, USA
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11
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Esbaugh AJ, Mager EM, Stieglitz JD, Hoenig R, Brown TL, French BL, Linbo TL, Lay C, Forth H, Scholz NL, Incardona JP, Morris JM, Benetti DD, Grosell M. The effects of weathering and chemical dispersion on Deepwater Horizon crude oil toxicity to mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus) early life stages. Sci Total Environ 2016; 543:644-651. [PMID: 26613518 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the impact of the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) incident on commercially and ecologically important pelagic fish species, a mahi-mahi spawning program was developed to assess the effect of embryonic exposure to DWH crude oil with particular emphasis on the effects of weathering and dispersant on the magnitude of toxicity. Acute lethality (96 h LC50) ranged from 45.8 (28.4-63.1) μg l(-1) ΣPAH for wellhead (source) oil to 8.8 (7.4-10.3) μg l(-1) ΣPAH for samples collected from the surface slick, reinforcing previous work that weathered oil is more toxic on a ΣPAH basis. Differences in toxicity appear related to the amount of dissolved 3 ringed PAHs. The dispersant Corexit 9500 did not influence acute lethality of oil preparations. Embryonic oil exposure resulted in cardiotoxicity after 48 h, as evident from pericardial edema and reduced atrial contractility. Whereas pericardial edema appeared to correlate well with acute lethality at 96 h, atrial contractility did not. However, sub-lethal cardiotoxicity may impact long-term performance and survival. Dispersant did not affect the occurrence of pericardial edema; however, there was an apparent reduction in atrial contractility at 48 h of exposure. Pericardial edema at 48 h and lethality at 96 h were equally sensitive endpoints in mahi-mahi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Esbaugh
- Department of Marine Science, University of Texas, Marine Science Institute, 750 Channel View Dr., Port Aransas, TX 78373, United States.
| | - Edward M Mager
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy., Miami, FL 33149, United States
| | - John D Stieglitz
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy., Miami, FL 33149, United States
| | - Ronald Hoenig
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy., Miami, FL 33149, United States
| | - Tanya L Brown
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, United States
| | - Barbara L French
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, United States
| | - Tiffany L Linbo
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, United States
| | - Claire Lay
- Stratus Consulting/Abt Associates, 1881 Ninth Street, Suite 201, Boulder, CO 80302, United States
| | - Heather Forth
- Stratus Consulting/Abt Associates, 1881 Ninth Street, Suite 201, Boulder, CO 80302, United States
| | - Nathaniel L Scholz
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, United States
| | - John P Incardona
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Morris
- Stratus Consulting/Abt Associates, 1881 Ninth Street, Suite 201, Boulder, CO 80302, United States
| | - Daniel D Benetti
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy., Miami, FL 33149, United States
| | - Martin Grosell
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy., Miami, FL 33149, United States
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12
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Edmunds RC, Gill JA, Baldwin DH, Linbo TL, French BL, Brown TL, Esbaugh AJ, Mager EM, Stieglitz J, Hoenig R, Benetti D, Grosell M, Scholz NL, Incardona JP. Corresponding morphological and molecular indicators of crude oil toxicity to the developing hearts of mahi mahi. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17326. [PMID: 26658479 PMCID: PMC4674699 DOI: 10.1038/srep17326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Crude oils from distinct geological sources worldwide are toxic to developing fish hearts. When oil spills occur in fish spawning habitats, natural resource injury assessments often rely on conventional morphometric analyses of heart form and function. The extent to which visible indicators correspond to molecular markers for cardiovascular stress is unknown for pelagic predators from the Gulf of Mexico. Here we exposed mahi (Coryphaena hippurus) embryos to field-collected crude oil samples from the 2010 Deepwater Horizon disaster. We compared visible heart defects (edema, abnormal looping, reduced contractility) to changes in expression of cardiac-specific genes that are diagnostic of heart failure in humans or associated with loss-of-function zebrafish cardiac mutants. Mahi exposed to crude oil during embryogenesis displayed typical symptoms of cardiogenic syndrome as larvae. Contractility, looping, and circulatory defects were evident, but larval mahi did not exhibit downstream craniofacial and body axis abnormalities. A gradation of oil exposures yielded concentration-responsive changes in morphometric and molecular responses, with relative sensitivity being influenced by age. Our findings suggest that 1) morphometric analyses of cardiac function are more sensitive to proximal effects of crude oil-derived chemicals on the developing heart, and 2) molecular indicators reveal a longer-term adverse shift in cardiogenesis trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Edmunds
- National Research Council Associate Program, under contract to Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112 USA
| | - J A Gill
- Frank Orth and Associates, under contract to Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112 USA
| | - David H Baldwin
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112 USA
| | - Tiffany L Linbo
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112 USA
| | - Barbara L French
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112 USA
| | - Tanya L Brown
- Frank Orth and Associates, under contract to Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112 USA
| | - Andrew J Esbaugh
- Department of Marine Science, University of Texas, Marine Science Institute, 750 Channel View Dr., Port Aransas, TX 78373 USA
| | - Edward M Mager
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy., Miami, FL 33149 USA
| | - John Stieglitz
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy., Miami, FL 33149 USA
| | - Ron Hoenig
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy., Miami, FL 33149 USA
| | - Daniel Benetti
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy., Miami, FL 33149 USA
| | - Martin Grosell
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy., Miami, FL 33149 USA
| | - Nathaniel L Scholz
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112 USA
| | - John P Incardona
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112 USA
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13
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Jung JH, Kim M, Yim UH, Ha SY, Shim WJ, Chae YS, Kim H, Incardona JP, Linbo TL, Kwon JH. Differential Toxicokinetics Determines the Sensitivity of Two Marine Embryonic Fish Exposed to Iranian Heavy Crude Oil. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:13639-48. [PMID: 26458192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Interspecific difference in the developmental toxicity of crude oil to embryonic fish allows the prediction of injury extent to a number of resident fish species in oil spill sites. This study clarifies the comparative developmental effects of Iranian heavy crude oil (IHCO) on the differences of biouptake and toxic sensitivity between embryonic spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculates) and olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). From 24 h after exposure to IHCO, several morphological defects were observed in both species of embryonic fish, including pericardial edema, dorsal curvature of the trunk, developmental delay, and reduced finfolds. The severity of defects was greater in flounder compared to that in sea bass. While flounder embryos accumulated higher embryo PAH concentrations than sea bass, the former showed significantly lower levels of CYP1A expression. Although bioconcentration ratios were similar between the two species for some PAHs, phenanthrenes and dibenzothiophenes showed selectively higher bioconcentration ratios in flounder, suggesting that this species has a reduced metabolic capacity for these compounds. While consistent with a conserved cardiotoxic mechanism for petrogenic PAHs across diverse marine and freshwater species, these findings indicate that species-specific differences in toxicokinetics can be an important factor underlying species' sensitivity to crude oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Hyun Jung
- Oil & POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology , 41 Jangmok1-gil Geoje, 53201, Korea
| | - Moonkoo Kim
- Oil & POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology , 41 Jangmok1-gil Geoje, 53201, Korea
| | - Un Hyuk Yim
- Oil & POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology , 41 Jangmok1-gil Geoje, 53201, Korea
| | - Sung Yong Ha
- Oil & POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology , 41 Jangmok1-gil Geoje, 53201, Korea
| | - Won Joon Shim
- Oil & POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology , 41 Jangmok1-gil Geoje, 53201, Korea
| | - Young Sun Chae
- Oil & POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology , 41 Jangmok1-gil Geoje, 53201, Korea
| | - Hana Kim
- Oil & POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology , 41 Jangmok1-gil Geoje, 53201, Korea
| | - John P Incardona
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service (NOAA) , 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, Washington 98112 United States
| | - Tiffany L Linbo
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service (NOAA) , 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, Washington 98112 United States
| | - Jung-Hwan Kwon
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University , 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
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14
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Incardona JP, Gardner LD, Linbo TL, Brown TL, Esbaugh AJ, Mager EM, Stieglitz JD, French BL, Labenia JS, Laetz CA, Tagal M, Sloan CA, Elizur A, Benetti DD, Grosell M, Block BA, Scholz NL. Deepwater Horizon crude oil impacts the developing hearts of large predatory pelagic fish. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014. [PMID: 24706825 DOI: 10.073/pnas.1320950111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The Deepwater Horizon disaster released more than 636 million L of crude oil into the northern Gulf of Mexico. The spill oiled upper surface water spawning habitats for many commercially and ecologically important pelagic fish species. Consequently, the developing spawn (embryos and larvae) of tunas, swordfish, and other large predators were potentially exposed to crude oil-derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Fish embryos are generally very sensitive to PAH-induced cardiotoxicity, and adverse changes in heart physiology and morphology can cause both acute and delayed mortality. Cardiac function is particularly important for fast-swimming pelagic predators with high aerobic demand. Offspring for these species develop rapidly at relatively high temperatures, and their vulnerability to crude oil toxicity is unknown. We assessed the impacts of field-collected Deepwater Horizon (MC252) oil samples on embryos of three pelagic fish: bluefin tuna, yellowfin tuna, and an amberjack. We show that environmentally realistic exposures (1-15 µg/L total PAH) cause specific dose-dependent defects in cardiac function in all three species, with circulatory disruption culminating in pericardial edema and other secondary malformations. Each species displayed an irregular atrial arrhythmia following oil exposure, indicating a highly conserved response to oil toxicity. A considerable portion of Gulf water samples collected during the spill had PAH concentrations exceeding toxicity thresholds observed here, indicating the potential for losses of pelagic fish larvae. Vulnerability assessments in other ocean habitats, including the Arctic, should focus on the developing heart of resident fish species as an exceptionally sensitive and consistent indicator of crude oil impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Incardona
- Ecotoxicology Program, Environmental Conservation Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA 98112
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15
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Incardona JP, Swarts TL, Edmunds RC, Linbo TL, Aquilina-Beck A, Sloan CA, Gardner LD, Block BA, Scholz NL. Exxon Valdez to Deepwater Horizon: comparable toxicity of both crude oils to fish early life stages. Aquat Toxicol 2013; 142-143:303-16. [PMID: 24080042 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The 2010 Deepwater Horizon disaster in the Gulf of Mexico was the largest oil spill in United States history. Crude oils are highly toxic to developing fish embryos, and many pelagic fish species were spawning in the northern Gulf in the months before containment of the damaged Mississippi Canyon 252 (MC252) wellhead (April-July). The largest prior U.S. spill was the 1989 grounding of the Exxon Valdez that released 11 million gallons of Alaska North Slope crude oil (ANSCO) into Prince William Sound. Numerous studies in the aftermath of the Exxon Valdez spill defined a conventional crude oil injury phenotype in fish early life stages, mediated primarily by toxicity to the developing heart. To determine whether this type of injury extends to fishes exposed to crude oil from the Deepwater Horizon - MC252 incident, we used zebrafish to compare the embryotoxicity of ANSCO alongside unweathered and weathered MC252 oil. We also developed a standardized protocol for generating dispersed oil water-accommodated fractions containing microdroplets of crude oil in the size range of those detected in subsurface plumes in the Gulf. We show here that MC252 oil and ANSCO cause similar cardiotoxicity and photo-induced toxicity in zebrafish embryos. Morphological defects and patterns of cytochrome P450 induction were largely indistinguishable and generally correlated with polycyclic aromatic compound (PAC) composition of each oil type. Analyses of embryos exposed during different developmental windows provided additional insight into mechanisms of crude oil cardiotoxicity. These findings indicate that the impacts of MC252 crude oil on fish embryos and larvae are consistent with the canonical ANSCO cardiac injury phenotype. For those marine fish species that spawned in the northern Gulf of Mexico during and after the Deepwater Horizon incident, the established literature can therefore inform the assessment of natural resource injury in the form of potential year-class losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Incardona
- Environmental Conservation Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, WA 98112, United States.
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16
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Incardona JP, Linbo TL, Scholz NL. Cardiac toxicity of 5-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is differentially dependent on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor 2 isoform during zebrafish development. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 257:242-9. [PMID: 21964300 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Petroleum-derived compounds, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), commonly occur as complex mixtures in the environment. Recent studies using the zebrafish experimental model have shown that PAHs are toxic to the embryonic cardiovascular system, and that the severity and nature of this developmental cardiotoxicity varies by individual PAH. In the present study we characterize the toxicity of the relatively higher molecular weight 5-ring PAHs benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), benzo[e]pyrene (BeP), and benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF). While all three compounds target the cardiovascular system, the underlying role of the ligand-activated aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR2) and the tissue-specific induction of the cytochrome p450 metabolic pathway (CYP1A) were distinct for each. BaP exposure (40μM) produced AHR2-dependent bradycardia, pericardial edema, and myocardial CYP1A immunofluorescence. By contrast, BkF exposure (4-40μM) caused more severe pericardial edema, looping defects, and erythrocyte regurgitation through the atrioventricular valve that were AHR2-independent (i.e., absent myocardial or endocardial CYP1A induction). Lastly, exposure to BeP (40μM) yielded a low level of CYP1A+ signal in the vascular endothelium of the head and trunk, without evident toxic effects on cardiac function or morphogenesis. Combined with earlier work on 3- and 4-ring PAHs, our findings provide a more complete picture of how individual PAHs may drive the cardiotoxicity of mixtures in which they predominate. This will improve toxic injury assessments and risk assessments for wild fish populations that spawn in habitats altered by overlapping petroleum-related human impacts such as oil spills, urban stormwater runoff, or sediments contaminated by legacy industrial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Incardona
- Ecotoxicology and Environmental Fish Health Program, Environmental Conservation Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle,WA 98112, United States.
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17
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Linbo TL, Baldwin DH, McIntyre JK, Scholz NL. Effects of water hardness, alkalinity, and dissolved organic carbon on the toxicity of copper to the lateral line of developing fish. Environ Toxicol Chem 2009; 28:1455-61. [PMID: 19215183 DOI: 10.1897/08-283.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Conventional water chemistry parameters such as hardness, alkalinity, and organic carbon are known to affect the acutely lethal toxicity of copper to fish and other aquatic organisms. In the present study, we investigate the influence of these water chemistry parameters on short-term (3 h), sublethal (0-40 microg/L) copper toxicity to the peripheral mechanosensory system of larval zebrafish (Danio rerio) using an in vivo fluorescent marker of lateral line sensory neuron (hair cell) integrity. We studied the influence of hardness (via CaCl2, MgSO4, or both at a 2:1 molar ratio), sodium (via NaHCO3 or NaCl), and organic carbon on copper-induced neurotoxicity to zebrafish lateral line neurons over a range of environmentally relevant water chemistries. For all water parameters but organic carbon, the reductions in copper toxicity, although statistically significant, were small. Increasing organic carbon across a range of environmentally relevant concentrations (0.1-4.3 mg/L) increased the EC50 for copper toxicity (the effective concentration resulting in a 50% loss of hair cells) from approximately 12 microg/L to approximately 50 microg/L. Finally, we used an ionoregulatory-based biotic ligand model to compare copper toxicity mediated by targets in the fish gill and lateral line. Relative to copper toxicity via the gill, we find that individual water chemistry parameters are less influential in terms of reducing cytotoxic impacts to the mechanosensory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany L Linbo
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, Washington 98112, USA.
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Stehr CM, Linbo TL, Incardona JP, Scholz NL. The Developmental Neurotoxicity of Fipronil: Notochord Degeneration and Locomotor Defects in Zebrafish Embryos and Larvae. Toxicol Sci 2006; 92:270-8. [PMID: 16611622 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfj185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fipronil is a phenylpyrazole insecticide designed to selectively inhibit insect gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors. Although fipronil is often used in or near aquatic environments, few studies have assessed the effects of this neurotoxicant on aquatic vertebrates at sensitive life stages. We explored the toxicological effects of fipronil on embryos and larvae using the zebrafish (Danio rerio) experimental model system. Embryos exposed to fipronil at nominal concentrations at or above 0.7 microM (333 mug/l) displayed notochord degeneration, shortening along the rostral-caudal body axis, and ineffective tail flips and uncoordinated muscle contractions along the body axis in response to touch. This phenotype closely resembles zebrafish locomotor mutants of the accordion class and is consistent with loss of reciprocal inhibitory neurotransmission by glycinergic commissural interneurons in the spinal cord. Consistent with the hypothesis that notochord degeneration may be due to abnormal mechanical stress from muscle tetany, the expression patterns of gene and protein markers specific to notochord development were unaffected by fipronil. Moreover, the degenerative effects of fipronil (1.1 microM) were reversed by coexposure to the sodium channel blocker MS-222 (0.6mM). The notochord effects of fipronil were phenocopied by exposure to 70 microM strychnine, a glycinergic receptor antagonist. In contrast, exposure to gabazine, a potent vertebrate GABA(A) antagonist, resulted in a hyperactive touch response but did not cause notochord degeneration. Although specifically developed to target insect GABA receptors with low vertebrate toxicity, our results suggest that fipronil impairs the development of spinal locomotor pathways in fish by inhibiting a structurally related glycine receptor subtype. This represents an unanticipated and potentially novel mechanism for fipronil toxicity in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla M Stehr
- Ecotoxicology and Environmental Fish Health Program, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
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Linbo TL, Stehr CM, Incardona JP, Scholz NL. Dissolved copper triggers cell death in the peripheral mechanosensory system of larval fish. Environ Toxicol Chem 2006; 25:597-603. [PMID: 16519324 DOI: 10.1897/05-241r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved copper is an increasingly common non-point source contaminant in urban and urbanizing watersheds. In the present study, we investigated the sublethal effects of dissolved copper on the peripheral mechanosensory system, or lateral line, of larval zebrafish (Danio rerio). Zebrafish larvae were exposed to copper (0-65 microg/L), and the cytotoxic responses of individual lateral line receptor neurons were examined using a combination of in vivo fluorescence imaging, confocal microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and conventional histology. Dissolved copper triggered a dose-dependent loss of neurons in identified lateral line neuromasts at concentrations > or = 20 microg/L. The onset of cell death in the larval mechanosensory system was rapid (< 1 h). When copper-exposed zebrafish were transferred to clean water, the lateral line regenerated over the course of 2 d. In contrast, the lateral line of larvae exposed continuously to dissolved copper (50 microg/L) for 3 d did not recover. Collectively, these results show that peripheral mechanosensory neurons are vulnerable to the neurotoxic effects of copper. Consequently, dissolved copper in non-point source storm-water runoff has the potential to interfere with rheotaxis, schooling, predator avoidance, and other mechanosensory-mediated behaviors that are important for the migration and survival of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany L Linbo
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, Washington 98112, USA
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