1
|
Zhao L, Shao H, Zhang L, Panno SV, Kelly WR, Lin TY, Liu WT, Flynn TM, Berger P. Impact of salinity origin on microbial communities in saline springs within the Illinois Basin, USA. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:6112-6127. [PMID: 36222141 PMCID: PMC10099389 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Saline springs within the Illinois Basin result from the discharge of deep-seated evaporated seawater (brine) and likely contain diverse and complex microbial communities that are poorly understood. In this study, seven saline/mineral springs with different geochemical characteristics and salinity origins were investigated using geochemical and molecular microbiological analyses to reveal the composition of microbial communities inhabiting springs and their key controlling factors. The 16S rRNA sequencing results demonstrated that each spring harbours a unique microbial community influenced by its geochemical properties and subsurface conditions. The microbial communities in springs that originated from Cambrian/Ordovician strata, which are deep confined units that have limited recharge from overlying formations, share a greater similarity in community composition and have a higher species richness and more overlapped taxa than those that originated from shallower Pennsylvanian strata, which are subject to extensive regional surface and groundwater recharge. The microbial distribution along the spring flow paths at the surface indicates that 59.8%-94.2% of total sequences in sedimentary samples originated from spring water, highlighting the role of springs in influencing microbiota in the immediate terrestrial environment. The results indicate that the springs introduce microbiota with a high biodiversity into surface terrestrial or aquatic ecosystems, potentially affecting microbial reservoirs in downstream ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linduo Zhao
- Illinois Sustainable Technology Center, Illinois, USA.,Illinois State Water Survey, Illinois, USA
| | - Hongbo Shao
- Illinois State Geology Survey, Illinois, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Illinois Sustainable Technology Center, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | - Tzu-Yu Lin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Wen-Tso Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Theodore M Flynn
- California Department of Water Resources, West Sacramento, California, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yamamoto K, Hackley KC, Kelly WR, Panno SV, Sekiguchi Y, Sanford RA, Liu WT, Kamagata Y, Tamaki H. Diversity and geochemical community assembly processes of the living rare biosphere in a sand-and-gravel aquifer ecosystem in the Midwestern United States. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13484. [PMID: 31530884 PMCID: PMC6748922 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49996-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural microbial communities consist of a limited number of abundant species and an extraordinarily diverse population of rare species referred to as the rare biosphere. Recent studies have revealed that the rare biosphere is not merely an inactive dormant population but may play substantial functional roles in the ecosystem. However, structure, activity and community assembly processes of the rare biosphere are poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated the present and living microbial community structures including rare populations in an aquifer ecosystem, the Mahomet Aquifer, USA, by both 16S rDNA and rRNA amplicon deep sequencing. The 13 groundwater samples formed three distinct groups based on the “entire” community structure, and the same grouping was obtained when focusing on the “rare” subcommunities (<0.1% of total abundance), while the “abundant” subcommunities (>1.0%) gave a different grouping. In the correlation analyses, the observed grouping pattern is associated with several geochemical factors, and structures of not only the entire community but also the rare subcommunity are correlated with geochemical profiles in the aquifer ecosystem. Our findings first indicate that the living rare biosphere in the aquifer system has the metabolic potential to adapt to local geochemical factors which dictate the community assembly processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyosuke Yamamoto
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Walton R Kelly
- Groundwater Science Section, Illinois State Water Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Samuel V Panno
- Illinois State Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, UIUC, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Yuji Sekiguchi
- Biomedical Research Institute, AIST, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Wen-Tso Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UIUC, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Yoichi Kamagata
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Tamaki
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. .,Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. .,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UIUC, Urbana, IL, USA. .,Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Panno SV, Kelly WR, Scott J, Zheng W, McNeish RE, Holm N, Hoellein TJ, Baranski EL. Microplastic Contamination in Karst Groundwater Systems. Ground Water 2019; 57:189-196. [PMID: 30675731 DOI: 10.1111/gwat.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater in karst aquifers constitutes about 25% of drinking water sources globally. Karst aquifers are open systems, susceptible to contamination by surface-borne pollutants. In this study, springs and wells from two karst aquifers in Illinois, USA, were found to contain microplastics and other anthropogenic contaminants. All microplastics were fibers, with a maximum concentration of 15.2 particles/L. The presence of microplastic was consistent with other parameters, including phosphate, chloride and triclosan, suggesting septic effluent as a source. More studies are needed on microplastic sources, abundance, and impacts on karst ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John Scott
- Illinois Sustainable Technology Center, Champaign, IL 61820
| | - Wei Zheng
- Illinois Sustainable Technology Center, Champaign, IL 61820
| | | | - Nancy Holm
- Illinois Sustainable Technology Center, Champaign, IL 61820
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Panno SV, Askari Z, Kelly WR, Parris TM, Hackley KC. Recharge and Groundwater Flow Within an Intracratonic Basin, Midwestern United States. Ground Water 2018; 56:32-45. [PMID: 28715079 DOI: 10.1111/gwat.12545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The conservative nature of chloride (Cl- ) in groundwater and the abundance of geochemical data from various sources (both published and unpublished) provided a means of developing, for the first time, a representation of the hydrogeology of the Illinois Basin on a basin-wide scale. The creation of Cl- isocons superimposed on plan view maps of selected formations and on cross sections across the Illinois Basin yielded a conceptual model on a basin-wide scale of recharge into, groundwater flow within and through the Illinois Basin. The maps and cross sections reveal the infiltration and movement of freshwater into the basin and dilution of brines within various geologic strata occurring at basin margins and along geologic structures. Cross-formational movement of brines is also seen in the northern part of the basin. The maps and cross sections also show barriers to groundwater movement created by aquitards resulting in areas of apparent isolation/stagnation of concentrated brines within the basin. The distribution of Cl- within the Illinois Basin suggests that the current chemical composition of groundwater and distribution of brines within the basin is dependent on five parameters: (1) presence of bedrock exposures along basin margins; (2) permeability of geologic strata and their distribution relative to one another; (3) presence or absence of major geologic structures; (4) intersection of major waterways with geologic structures, basin margins, and permeable bedrock exposures; and (5) isolation of brines within the basin due to aquitards, inhomogeneous permeability, and, in the case of the deepest part of the basin, brine density effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zohreh Askari
- Illinois State Geological Survey, 615 E. Peabody Drive, Champaign, IL 61820
| | - Walton R Kelly
- Illinois Water Survey, 2204 Griffith Drive, Champaign, IL 61820
| | - Thomas M Parris
- Kentucky Geological Survey, 504 Rose St., Lexington, KY 40508
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dodgen LK, Kelly WR, Panno SV, Taylor SJ, Armstrong DL, Wiles KN, Zhang Y, Zheng W. Characterizing pharmaceutical, personal care product, and hormone contamination in a karst aquifer of southwestern Illinois, USA, using water quality and stream flow parameters. Sci Total Environ 2017; 578:281-289. [PMID: 27836351 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Karst aquifers are drinking water sources for 25% of the global population. However, the unique geology of karst areas facilitates rapid transfer of surficial chemicals to groundwater, potentially contaminating drinking water. Contamination of karst aquifers by nitrate, chloride, and bacteria have been previously observed, but little knowledge is available on the presence of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), such as pharmaceuticals. Over a 17-month period, 58 water samples were collected from 13 sites in the Salem Plateau, a karst region in southwestern Illinois, United States. Water was analyzed for 12 pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs), 7 natural and synthetic hormones, and 49 typical water quality parameters (e.g., nutrients and bacteria). Hormones were detected in only 23% of samples, with concentrations of 2.2-9.1ng/L. In contrast, PPCPs were quantified in 89% of groundwater samples. The two most commonly detected PPCPs were the antimicrobial triclocarban, in 81% of samples, and the cardiovascular drug gemfibrozil, in 57%. Analytical results were combined with data of local stream flow, weather, and land use to 1) characterize the extent of aquifer contamination by CECs, 2) cluster sites with similar PPCP contamination profiles, and 3) develop models to describe PPCP contamination. Median detection in karst groundwater was 3 PPCPs at a summed concentration of 4.6ng/L. Sites clustered into 3 subsets with unique contamination models. PPCP contamination in Cluster I sites was related to stream height, manganese, boron, and heterotrophic bacteria. Cluster II sites were characterized by groundwater temperature, specific conductivity, sodium, and calcium. Cluster III sites were characterized by dissolved oxygen and barium. Across all sites, no single or small set of water quality factors was significantly predictive of PPCP contamination, although gemfibrozil concentrations were strongly related to the sum of PPCPs in karst groundwater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L K Dodgen
- Illinois Sustainable Technology Center, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1 Hazelwood Dr., Champaign, IL 61820, USA.
| | - W R Kelly
- Illinois State Water Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2204 Griffith Dr., Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - S V Panno
- Illinois State Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 615 E. Peabody Dr., Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - S J Taylor
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1816 S. Oak St., Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - D L Armstrong
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - K N Wiles
- Illinois Sustainable Technology Center, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1 Hazelwood Dr., Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - W Zheng
- Illinois Sustainable Technology Center, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1 Hazelwood Dr., Champaign, IL 61820, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang Y, Kelly WR, Panno SV, Liu WT. Tracing fecal pollution sources in karst groundwater by Bacteroidales genetic biomarkers, bacterial indicators, and environmental variables. Sci Total Environ 2014; 490:1082-90. [PMID: 24922611 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Fecal contamination in Midwestern karst regions was evaluated by simultaneously measuring traditional bacterial indicators (coliforms and Escherichia coli), Bacteroidales-based biomarkers, and environmental variables. Water samples from springs and wells were collected from karst regions in Illinois (IL), Wisconsin (WI), Kentucky (KY), and Missouri (MO). Quantitative PCR (Q-PCR) with seven primer sets targeting different members of Bacteroidales was used to determine the origin of fecal contamination (i.e., from human waste, livestock waste, or both). Most samples were contaminated by both human and animal waste, with a few samples showing pollution solely by one or the other. Spring water tended to have higher levels of contamination than well water, and higher concentrations of fecal biomarkers were detected in urban springs compared to rural spring systems. However, there were discrepancies on contamination profile determined by Bacteroidales-based biomarkers and by traditional bacterial indicators. Among all the environmental parameters examined, E. coli, sulfate, total dissolved solids (TDS), and silicon were significantly correlated (p<0.05) with the level of Bacteroidales-based fecal indicators. A rapid screening method using total nitrogen (TN) and chloride (Cl(-)) concentrations to determine fecal contamination was shown to be effective and correlated well with Bacteroidales-based MST. The results suggest that human and livestock feces co-contaminated a large portion of karst groundwater systems in Midwestern regions, and the inclusion of traditional bacterial indicators, environmental variables, and Bacteroidales-based MST is an effective approach for identifying fecal contamination in karst regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, United States
| | - Walton R Kelly
- Illinois State Water Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, United States
| | - Samuel V Panno
- Illinois State Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, United States
| | - Wen-Tso Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li X, Zheng W, Kelly WR. Occurrence and removal of pharmaceutical and hormone contaminants in rural wastewater treatment lagoons. Sci Total Environ 2013; 445-446:22-8. [PMID: 23314119 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Rural communities in the United States usually use a series of aerated lagoons to treat domestic wastewater. Effluents from these systems are typically discharged to receiving watersheds, which leads to a potential transfer of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and steroid hormones from sanitary sewage to the environment. The primary objectives of this study are to identify and quantify PPCPs and steroid hormones in rural sewage treatment lagoons, to investigate the removal efficiency of these emerging contaminants in the treatment processes, and to monitor their occurrence in the surrounding watershed. In this study, a method has been developed to analyze thirteen PPCPs and eight steroid hormones in various water samples. Among all of the PPCPs considered, ten chemicals were detected in sewage influents, lagoon waters of different treatment stages, or effluents at concentrations in the ng/L to low μg/L range. Three hormones were observed in the influents at total concentrations as high as 164 ng/L, but no hormone residues were detected in the effluents. This indicates that the aerated lagoons may effectively remove hormone contaminants. With the exception of carbamazepine, removal rates for the other detected PPCPs were relatively high in the range of 88 to 100% in September with average air temperature equal to 20 °C. However, the removal efficiency of nine PPCPs in the rural wastewater treatment plant exhibited large temporal variability. The concentrations of PPCPs in the lagoon waters and effluents collected in November, with average air temperature equal to 4.4 °C, were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than those samples collected in September. Occurrence of these PPCP contaminants in the surrounding watershed was also monitored. The discharge of effluents significantly elevated the PPCP concentrations in the receiving creek and increased their occurrence in the adjacent river.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Affiliation(s)
- W R Kelly
- Illinois State Water Survey, 2204 Griffith Drive, Champaign, IL 61820, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
The rapid expansion of major cities throughout the world is resulting in the degradation of water quality in local aquifers. Increased use of road deicers since the middle of the 20th century in cities in the northern United States, Canada, and Europe has been linked to degraded ground water quality. In this article, Chicago, Illinois, and its outlying suburban areas are used as an example of the effects of urbanization in a historical context. A statistical study of historical water quality data was undertaken to determine how urbanization activities have affected shallow (<60 m) ground water quality. Chloride (Cl(-)) concentrations have been increasing, particularly in counties west and south of Chicago. In the majority of shallow public supply wells in the western and southern counties, Cl(-) concentrations have been increasing since the 1960s. About 43% of the wells in these counties have rate increases greater than 1 mg/L/year, and 15% have increases greater than 4 mg/L/year. Approximately 24% of the samples collected from public supply wells in the Chicago area in the 1990s had Cl(-) concentrations greater than 100 mg/L (35% in the western and southern counties); median values were less than 10 mg/L before 1960. The greater increase in Cl(-) concentrations in the outer counties is most likely due to both natural and anthropogenic factors, including the presence of more significant and shallower sand and gravel deposits, less curbing of major highways and streets, and less development in some parts of these counties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walton R Kelly
- Center for Groundwater Science, Illinois State Water Survey,Champaign, IL 61820, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Abstract
Because of the ubiquitous nature of anthropogenic nitrate (NO3(-)) in many parts of the world, determining background concentrations of NO3(-) in shallow ground water from natural sources is probably impossible in most environments. Present-day background must now include diffuse sources of NO3(-) such as disruption of soils and oxidation of organic matter, and atmospheric inputs from products of combustion and evaporation of ammonia from fertilizer and livestock waste. Anomalies can be defined as NO3(-) derived from nitrogen (N) inputs to the environment from anthropogenic activities, including synthetic fertilizers, livestock waste, and septic effluent. Cumulative probability graphs were used to identify threshold concentrations separating background and anomalous NO(3)-N concentrations and to assist in the determination of sources of N contamination for 232 spring water samples and 200 well water samples from karst aquifers. Thresholds were 0.4, 2.5, and 6.7 mg/L for spring water samples, and 0.1, 2.1, and 17 mg/L for well water samples. The 0.4 and 0.1 mg/L values are assumed to represent thresholds for present-day precipitation. Thresholds at 2.5 and 2.1 mg/L are interpreted to represent present-day background concentrations of NO(3)-N. The population of spring water samples with concentrations between 2.5 and 6.7 mg/L represents an amalgam of all sources of NO3(-) in the ground water basins that feed each spring; concentrations > 6.7 mg/L were typically samples collected soon after springtime application of synthetic fertilizer. The 17 mg/L threshold (adjusted to 15 mg/L) for well water samples is interpreted as the level above which livestock wastes dominate the N sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S V Panno
- Illinois State Geological Survey, 615 East Peabody Drive, Champaign, IL 61820, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Panno SV, Hackley KC, Kelly WR, Hwang HH. Isotopic evidence of nitrate sources and denitrification in the Mississippi River, Illinois. J Environ Qual 2006; 35:495-504. [PMID: 16455850 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2005.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic nitrate (NO3-) within the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River basin and discharge to the Gulf of Mexico has been linked to serious environmental problems. The sources of this NO3- have been estimated by others using mass balance methods; however, there is considerable uncertainty in these estimates. Part of the uncertainty is the degree of denitrification that the NO3- has undergone. The isotopic composition of NO3- in the Mississippi River adjacent to Illinois and tile drain (subsurface drain) discharge in agricultural areas of east-central Illinois was examined using N and O isotopes to help identify the major sources of NO3- and assess the degree of denitrification in the samples. The isotopic evidence suggests that most of the NO3- in the river is primarily derived from synthetic fertilizers and soil organic N, which is consistent with published estimates of N inputs to the Mississippi River. The 1:2 relationship between delta18O and delta15N also indicate that, depending on sample location and season, NO3- in the river and tile drains has undergone significant denitrification, ranging from about 0 to 55%. The majority of the denitrification appears to have occurred before discharge into the Mississippi River.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel V Panno
- Illinois State Geological Survey, Natural Resources Building, 615 E. Peabody Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Extremely alkaline ground water has been found underneath many shuttered steel mills and slag dumps and has been an impediment to the cleanup and economic redevelopment of these sites because little is known about the geochemistry. A large number of these sites occur in the Lake Calumet region of Chicago, Illinois, where large-scale infilling of the wetlands with steel slag has created an aquifer with pH values as high as 12.8. To understand the geochemistry of the alkaline ground water system, we analyzed samples of ground water and the associated slag and weathering products from four sites. We also considered several potential remediation schemes to lower the pH and toxicity of the water. The principal cause of the alkaline conditions is the weathering of calcium silicates within the slag. The resulting ground water at most of the sites is dominated by Ca2+ and OH- in equilibrium with Ca(OH)2. Where the alkaline ground water discharges in springs, atmospheric CO2 dissolves into the water and thick layers of calcite form. Iron, manganese, and other metals in the metallic portion of the slag have corroded to form more stable low-temperature oxides and sulfides and have not accumulated in large concentrations in the ground water. Calcite precipitated at the springs is rich in a number of heavy metals, suggesting that metals can move through the system as particulate matter. Air sparging appears to be an effective remediation strategy for reducing the toxicity of discharging alkaline water.
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
A total of 176 wells in sand-and-gravel glacial aquifers in central Illinois were sampled for arsenic (As) and other chemical parameters. The results were combined with archived and published data from several hundred well samples to determine potential sources of As and the potential geochemical controls on its solubility and mobility. There was considerable spatial variability in the As concentrations. High concentrations were confined to areas smaller than 1 km in diameter. Arsenic and well depth were uncorrelated. Arsenic solubility appeared to be controlled by oxidation-reduction (redox) conditions, especially the presence of organic matter. Geochemical conditions in the aquifers are typically reducing, but only in the most reducing water does As accumulate in solution. In wells in which total organic carbon (TOC) was below 2 mg/L and sulfate (SO4(2-)) was present, As concentrations were low or below the detection limit (0.5 microg/L). Arsenic concentrations >10 microg/L were almost always found in wells where TOC was >2 mg/L and SO4(2-) was absent or at low concentrations, indicating post-SO4 (2-)reducing conditions. Iron (Fe) is common in the aquifer sediments, and Fe oxide reduction appears to be occurring throughout the aquifers. Arsenic is likely released from the solid phase as Fe oxide is reduced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walton R Kelly
- Illinois State Water Survey, Champaign, IL 61820-7495, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Uzal FA, Kelly WR, Morris WE, Bermudez J, Baisón M. The pathology of peracute experimental Clostridium perfringens type D enterotoxemia in sheep. J Vet Diagn Invest 2004; 16:403-11. [PMID: 15460322 DOI: 10.1177/104063870401600506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological findings in sheep with peracute experimental Clostridium perfringens type D enterotoxemia are described. Of 16 animals inoculated intraduodenally with a whole culture of this microorganism and a starch solution in the abomasum, 12 developed clinical signs including increased respiratory efforts, recumbency, paddling, bleating, convulsions, blindness, and opisthotonus. Diarrhea was not observed in any of the animals. The time lapse between the beginning of intraduodenal infusion and onset of clinical signs varied between 30 minutes and 26 hours, and the clinical course varied between 1 and 9 hours. Gross postmortem changes were observed in these 12 animals and included pulmonary edema; excess pericardial, peritoneal, or pleural fluid with or without strands of fibrin; liquid small intestinal contents; leptomeningeal edema; cerebellar coning; and subcapsular petechiae on kidneys. Histological changes consisted of severe edema of pleura and interlobular septa and around blood vessels and airways and acidophilic, homogeneous, proteinaceous perivascular edema in the brain. Five of 12 animals (42%) with clinical signs consistent with enterotoxemia lacked specific histological lesions in the brain. None of the intoxicated or control animals developed nephrosis. Glucose was detected in the urine of 3 of 6 animals that were tested for this analyte. These results stress the importance of the use of histological examination of the brain, coupled with epsilon toxin detection, for a definitive diagnosis of C. perfringens type D enterotoxemia in sheep.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F A Uzal
- The National Institute of Agricultural Technology, 8400 Bariloche, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Uzal FA, Kelly WR, Thomas R, Hornitzky M, Galea F. Comparison of four techniques for the detection of Clostridium perfringens type D epsilon toxin in intestinal contents and other body fluids of sheep and goats. J Vet Diagn Invest 2003; 15:94-9. [PMID: 12661718 DOI: 10.1177/104063870301500202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyclonal capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (PC-ELISA), monoclonal capture ELISA (MC-ELISA), mouse neutralization test (MNT), and counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP), were compared for their ability to detect epsilon toxin in intestinal contents and body fluids of sheep and goats. When used to evaluate intestinal contents of sheep artificially spiked with epsilon prototoxin, PC-ELISA detected 0.075 mouse lethal dose (MLD)50/ml, whereas the MNT, MC-ELISA, and CIEP detected 6, 25, and 50 MLD50/ml, respectively. Amounts of epsilon toxin detected by PC-ELISA, MC-ELISA, MNT, and CIEP in sheep pericardial fluid artificially spiked with epsilon prototoxin were 0.075, 0.75, 6, and 200 MLD50/ml, respectively. For assaying epsilon toxin in aqueous humor, PC-ELISA and MC-ELISA detected 0.075 MLD50/ml, whereas CIEP detected 200 MLD50/ml (MNT was not evaluated). When 51 samples of intestinal contents of sheep and goats (32 positive and 19 negative to MNT) were analyzed by the other 3 techniques, the relative sensitivity of PC-ELISA, MC-ELISA, and CIEP was 93.75, 84.37, and 37.50%, respectively. The specificity of PC-ELISA, MC-ELISA, and CIEP was 31.57, 57.89, and 84.21%, respectively. The absolute sensitivity of PC-ELISA, MC-ELISA, CIEP, and MNT was 90.90, 69.69, 15.15, and 54.54%. The absolute specificity of the 4 techniques was 100%. These results show that there is a marked inconsistency among techniques routinely used to detect Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin. Until more consistent results are achieved, the diagnosis of enterotoxemia should not only be based solely on epsilon toxin detection, but also on clinical and pathological data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F A Uzal
- School of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Production, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
A study was performed at an abattoir in Australia, in an attempt to correlate focal chronic interstitial nephritis (FCIN) producing the so-called "white spotted kidney", with Leptospira spp. and other pathogens in cattle. Samples of kidneys, urine and blood were collected immediately after slaughter from 46 two-year-old heifers, and 72 cows and bulls with gross lesions consistent with FCIN. The same samples were also collected from nine heifers and 12 cows with no gross kidney lesions. Aqueous humour was also collected from the eye of 17 of the adult animals. The sera were processed by a microscopic agglutination test for leptospira antibodies, while all the other samples were cultured for Leptospira spp. and also processed for routine aerobic and anaerobic culture for other pathogens. Sub-samples from all the kidneys were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and processed histologically. Antibody titers of 1:400 or higher for Lepstospira borgpeterseni serovar hardjo were found in six adult animals with FCIN and in one adult animal with no gross kidney changes, while antibody titers of 1:400 to L. borgpeterseni serovar tarassovi were found in only one animal with FCIN. L. borgpeterseni serovar hardjo was isolated from the urine and kidney of one adult animal and from the urine of another adult animal, both with FCIN. No pathogens were isolated from any of the other samples. The histological lesions were consistent in most cases with FCIN. The results suggest that neither Leptospira spp. nor active infection by other bacteria are associated with the so-called "white spotted kidneys".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F A Uzal
- School of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Production, The University of Queensland, Qld 4072, St. Lucia, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
In cattle, a neurological lesion similar to that produced in sheep and goats by Clostridium perfringens type D enterotoxaemia has been reported. However, no causal relationship has been established between this disease and the lesion in cattle. The effects of single and multiple intravenous injections of epsilon toxin in three calves aged 6 months were studied. A further calf was inoculated intravenously with saline solution and used as a control. Epsilon toxin invariably produced neurological signs within 2-60 min of the end of the injection process. Clinical signs consisted of loss of consciousness, recumbency, convulsions, paddling, opisthotonus, hyperaesthesia and dyspnoea. Gross changes consisted of severe acute pulmonary oedema, which was particularly marked in the interlobular septa. The histological lesions consisted of intra-alveolar and interstitial oedema of the lung and variable degrees of perivascular proteinaceous oedema in the internal capsule, thalamus and cerebellar white matter. No clinical or post-mortem changes were observed in the control calf. These results show that calves are susceptible to the intravenous injection of epsilon toxin, and that they can show at least some of the histological lesions produced in sheep and goats by this toxin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F A Uzal
- Animal Health Unit, The National Institute of Agricultural Technology, CC 277 (8400) Bariloche, Qld 4072, Argentina
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate organoleptic postmortem inspection techniques for bovine livers and kidneys. STUDY DESIGN At Australian export abattoirs, bovine liver and kidneys are assessed and graded by qualified meat inspectors during normal operations. Over a 12-month period at a large abattoir in eastern Australia during 1997 and 1998, a sample of these organs was reassessed independently using a range of pathological and microbiological methods. Agreement between routine inspection and independent assessment was evaluated using methods of inter-rater agreement. RESULTS A total of 944 livers and 1374 kidneys were included in the study. All of these organs had been classified during routine inspection. The authors examined 363 livers and 329 kidneys both grossly and histologically, including 36 livers and 14 kidneys that were also subjected to microbiological examination. All other organs were only examined grossly. There was only a moderate level of agreement between the routine and independent assessment methods. For livers, the percentage agreement was 80.2%, McNemar's test of symmetry 55.2 (3 degrees of freedom, P < 0.001) and kappa 0.63. For kidneys, the percentage agreement was 67.8%, McNemar's test of symmetry 9.9 (1 df, P = 0.002) and kappa 0.35. CONCLUSIONS The results reinforce concerns from a number of authors about organoleptic postmortem inspection. Risk assessment methodologies offer the opportunity to modify inspection techniques in a manner that is most relevant to current public health concerns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F A Uzal
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Winchester MR, Kelly WR, Mann JL, Guthrie WF, MacDonald BS, Turk GC. An alternative method for the certification of the sulfur mass fraction in coal Standard Reference Materials. Fresenius J Anal Chem 2001; 370:234-40. [PMID: 11451243 DOI: 10.1007/s002160100821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The S mass fractions of coal SRMs 2682b, 2684b, and 2685b are certified by direct comparison with coal SRMs 2682a, 2684a, and 2685a, respectively, using high-temperature combustion analysis with infrared (IR) absorption detection. The S mass fractions of the "a" materials used for calibration were previously determined by means of isotope-dilution thermal-ionization mass spectrometry (ID-TIMS). Therefore, the comparisons performed with the combustion-IR absorption method establish direct traceability links to accurate and precise ID-TIMS measurements. The expanded uncertainties associated with the certified S mass fractions are of approximately the same magnitude as would be expected for the ID-TIMS methodology. An important aspect of these certifications is that each "b" material is essentially identical with the corresponding "a" material, because both were produced from the same bulk, homogenized coal. As a test of the efficacy of the new certification approach when calibrant and unknown are not identical, the S mass fraction of coal SRM 2683b has been determined by direct comparison to coal SRM 2683a. These two coals, which have both previously been analyzed with ID-TIMS, are different in terms of S content and other properties. Whereas the S mass fraction for SRM 2683b determined with the new methodology agrees statistically with the ID-TIMS value, there is reason for caution in such cases. In addition to the usefulness of the alternative approach for certification activities within NIST, this approach might also be an excellent way of establishing NIST traceability during the value assignment process for reference materials not issued by NIST. Further research is needed, however, to understand better the scope of applicability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Winchester
- Analytical Chemistry Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Uzal FA, Latorraca A, Ghoddusi M, Horn M, Adamson M, Kelly WR, Schenkel R. An apparent outbreak of cutaneous papillomatosis in merino sheep in patagonia, Argentina. Vet Res Commun 2000; 24:197-202. [PMID: 10836278 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006460432270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A retrospective study was performed on skin samples from an outbreak of cutaneous papillomatosis in Merino sheep that occurred in 1995. The samples were processed for routine histology, electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry for papilloma viruses. Particles of approximately 55 nm diameter were found in some nuclei of the stratum granulosum cells, while immunocytochemistry gave positive staining of cell nuclei in this layer. This study confirms that papillomas associated with papillomaviruses occur in sheep in Patagonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F A Uzal
- School of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Production, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Affiliation(s)
- F A Uzal
- School of Veterinary Science and Animal Production, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Uzal FA, Rolfe BE, Smith NJ, Thomas AC, Kelly WR. Resistance of ovine, caprine and bovine endothelial cells to Clostridium perfringens type D epsilon toxin in vitro. Vet Res Commun 1999; 23:275-84. [PMID: 10493114 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006362819202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Ovine, caprine and bovine endothelial cells were grown in vitro and challenged with Clostridium perfringens type D epsilon toxin to compare their susceptibility to this toxin. Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, which are known to be susceptible to epsilon toxin, were used as a positive control. No morphological alterations were observed in any of the endothelial cell cultures tested, even after challenging with doses as high as 1200 MLD50/ml of epsilon toxin. MDCK cells showed contour rounding and nuclear condensation as early as 30 min after exposure to 100 MLD50/ml of epsilon toxin and after 60 min of exposure to 12.5 MLD50/ml of the same toxin. All the MDCK cells were dead after 3 h of exposure to all concentrations of epsilon toxin. The results indicate that ovine, caprine and bovine endothelial cells are not morphologically responsive to the action of epsilon toxin in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F A Uzal
- School of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Production, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Uzal FA, Ghoddusi M, Kelly WR, Rozmanec M. Comparison of the effects of Clostridium perfringens type D culture supernates in ligated intestinal loops of goats and sheep. J Comp Pathol 1999; 121:127-38. [PMID: 10405305 DOI: 10.1053/jcpa.1999.0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The effects of Clostridium perfringens type D culture supernates were compared in ligated loops of the small intestine (ileum) and colon of four goat kids and four lambs, the loops being examined histopathologically and electron microscopically 7 h after inoculation. No lesions were observed in the small intestine of any animal, or in control colonic loops. In the caprine and ovine colonic loops treated with culture supernates, most goblet cells were empty and the lumina contained a layer of mucus, polymorphonuclear leucocytes, bacteria and sloughed epithelial cells. The apical cytoplasm of the superficial epithelial cells was lost. Moderate oedema was observed in the submucosa and muscular layer. The colonic lesions were more severe in kids than in lambs. No changes were seen in vascular endothelial cells in any loop. 1999 W.B. Saunders and Company Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F A Uzal
- School of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Production, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Warren AL, Uzal FA, Blackall LL, Kelly WR. PCR detection of Clostridium perfringens type D in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues of goats and sheep. Lett Appl Microbiol 1999; 29:15-9. [PMID: 10432627 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00567.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to identify the genes encoding the alpha, epsilon and beta toxins of Clostridium perfringens in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded intestinal tissues of goats and sheep. When pure cultures of Cl. perfringens types B and D were used as control templates in the PCR, products of the following sizes were observed on the agarose gel: 247 bp (alpha primers), 1025 bp (beta primers) and 403 bp (epsilon primers). When used to identify Cl. perfringens type D in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded intestinal tissues of goats and sheep, the PCR technique resulted in the detection of this micro-organism in 11 out of 13 samples known to be infected with Cl. perfringens. No false positive results were obtained when 13 culturally negative samples were analysed by the PCR technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A L Warren
- Department of Microbiology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Uzal FA, Wong JP, Kelly WR, Priest J. Antibody response in goats vaccinated with liposome-adjuvanted Clostridium perfringens type D epsilon toxoid. Vet Res Commun 1999; 23:143-50. [PMID: 10401718 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006206216220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A trial was performed using 20 goats to evaluate the antibody responses to a liposome-adjuvanted Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxoid vaccine (LIPV). The antibody response was compared with those produced by epsilon toxoid vaccines prepared using aluminium hydroxide (ALV) and incomplete Freud's adjuvant (FAV). The animals were allocated to four groups at the beginning of the trial. The animals in group 1 were vaccinated with ALV, while the animals in group 2 received FAV and those in groups 3 and 4 were vaccinated with LIPV. The animals in groups 1 to 3 received three doses of the corresponding vaccine at intervals of three weeks, while those in group 4 received only 1 dose of vaccine at the beginning of the trial. A blood sample was obtained from all the goats at the beginning of the trial and then weekly for 8 weeks. The samples were analysed for epsilon toxoid antibodies by an indirect ELISA technique. No major clinical abnormalities were observed in the animals after vaccination, with the exception of those that received the FAV, which experienced transient lameness. The highest antibody response was observed in the animals vaccinated with FAV, but they presented moderate to severe inflammatory tissue reactions at the injection site. Moderately high antibody responses were obtained with the ALV, with which only minor local reactions were observed. No significant antibody responses were obtained with the LIPV, nor were local reactions observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F A Uzal
- School of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Production, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Affiliation(s)
- P A Gill
- NSW Agriculture, Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Wollongbar
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Uzal FA, Bodero DA, Kelly WR, Nielsen K. Variability of serum antibody responses of goat kids to a commercial Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxoid vaccine. Vet Rec 1998; 143:472-4. [PMID: 9829304 DOI: 10.1136/vr.143.17.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-nine Angora goats were used in a trial of a commercial enterotoxaemia (pulpy kidney disease) vaccine. The animals were allocated to four groups, of which three received an initial dose of vaccine, two also received a booster of the same vaccine either 28 or 42 days after the first vaccination, and the fourth remained as an unvaccinated control group. An indirect ELISA technique was used to measure the titres of Clostridium perfringens type D epsilon antitoxin in serum samples taken before vaccination and 17, 28, 42, 59, 70, 86, 98 and 128 days after vaccination. There was a wide range of antibody titres after vaccination, and the great majority of the vaccinated animals had titres below the protective level, arbitrarily set at 0.25 iu/ml, by day 98.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F A Uzal
- Division of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hoff JM, Borgoul PV, Tuncel G, Ondov JM, Kelly WR, Chen LT. Feasibility of Applying a Stable Isotopic Tracer for Direct Determination of Dry Particulate Deposition to Soybean Plants. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 1998; 48:721-728. [PMID: 28060683 DOI: 10.1080/10473289.1998.10463720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A stable rare-earth isotopic tracer was used to measure the deposition of KNO3 particles on soybean leaves by direct measurement of the tracer on the plant surfaces by thermal-ionization mass spectrometry. Submicrometer particles, made from a solution containing 3 |mg mL-1 neodymium isotope (148Nd, 87.9%) and 1,000 mg mL-1 KNO3, were dispersed with a two-fluid nozzle and released upwind of a soybean field. Total suspended- and size-fractionated-aerosol particles were collected on an open-face filter and in a micro-orifice impactor, respectively, at a distance of 40 m from the release point. Soybean leaves exposed to the plume were collected at distances ranging from 25 to 100 m. As little as 5.5 pg of the tracer (i.e., excess 148Nd) was detected in soybean leaves at signal-to-noise ratios ranging from 7,500 to 240,000, in the presence of 200 to 2,700 pg of naturally occurring Nd. The dry-particle deposition velocity, determined from the ratio of the aerial concentration and directly deposited aerosol (geometric mass mean diameter, 0.20 mm) flux, and its corresponding analytical uncertainty were 0.30 cm sec-1 and 2.5%, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Hoff
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland , USA
| | - P V Borgoul
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland , USA
| | - G Tuncel
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland , USA
| | - J M Ondov
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland , USA
| | - W R Kelly
- b Analytical Chemistry Division , National Institute for Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland , USA
| | - L T Chen
- b Analytical Chemistry Division , National Institute for Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland , USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Affiliation(s)
- F A Uzal
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Production, Brisbane
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Enterotoxaemia in goats is mainly characterized by enterocolitis, and it has been suggested that the poor efficacy of commercial vaccines in preventing the disease is due to the local action of Clostridium perfringens toxin/s within the intestine, where circulating antibodies might not exert their action. Five goat kids were vaccinated with an incomplete Freund's adjuvant C perfringens type D epsilon toxoid vaccine on three occasions at three-week intervals, four similar kids were vaccinated with a commercial enterotoxaemia vaccine at the same times, and five other unvaccinated kids were used as controls. All the animals were challenged intraduodenally, one week after the last vaccination, with C perfringens type D filtered culture supernatant. At the time of challenge, the level of epsilon toxin antibodies in the serum of the Freund's adjuvant-vaccinated kids ranged between 2.45 and 230 iu/ml, while the kids that received the commercial vaccine had levels between 0.22 and 1.52 iu/ml. No clinical or postmortem changes were observed in the kids that received the Freund's adjuvant-vaccine. Three of the four kids that received the commercial vaccine developed mild, pasty diarrhoea, with a slight reddening of the colonic mucosa being observed postmortem. All the unvaccinated kids developed severe diarrhoea, respiratory distress and central nervous system signs, and were killed humanely between six and 24 hours after challenge. The postmortem changes consisted of pseudomembranous colitis, lung oedema and perivascular oedema of the brain. Moderate to high serum levels of anti-epsilon antibody appeared to protect the goats against both the systemic and the intestinal effects of C perfringens type D toxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F A Uzal
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
The effects of intraduodenal administration of Clostridium perfringens cultures and culture products in goats were evaluated to develop a reliable experimental model of enterotoxemia in this species. Five conventionally reared, 11-16-week-old Angora goat kids were dosed intraduodenally with whole cultures of C. perfringens type D; five similar animals were dosed with C. perfringens type D filtered culture supernatant; and a third group of five kids was dosed with C. perfringens type D washed cells. Two kids were used as controls and received sterile, nontoxic culture medium intraduodenally. All animals received starch solution into the abomasum. All five kids inoculated with whole culture and three of five dosed with culture supernatant and with washed cells developed central nervous system signs. Diarrhea was observed in two of five kids inoculated with whole culture, in all five of those dosed with culture supernatant, and in three of five of those that received washed cells. The most striking postmortem findings consisted of lung edema, necrotizing pseudomembranous colitis, and cerebral vasogenic edema. The protocol thus provided a reasonable model of naturally occurring enterotoxemia in goats, producing a range of clinical signs and postmortem changes similar to those observed in the natural disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F A Uzal
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Evidence of infection with spirorchid flukes (Digenea: Spirorchidae) was sought at necropsy of 96 stranded green turtles, Chelonia mydas, that were examined during the course of a survey of marine turtle mortality in southeastern Queensland, Australia. Three species of spirorchid (Hapalotrema mehrai, H. postorchis, and Neospirorchis schistosomatoides) were identified. Severe disease due to spirorchid fluke infection (spirorchidiasis) was implicated as the principal cause of mortality in 10 turtles (10%), and appeared to be one of multiple severe problems in an additional 29 turtles (30%). Although flukes were observed in only 45% of stranded C. mydas in this study, presumed spirorchid fluke infection was diagnosed in an additional 53% of turtles, based principally on characteristic necropsy lesions and to a lesser extent on the histopathological detection of spirorchid eggs. Characteristic necropsy lesions included miliary spirorchid egg granulomas, which were observed most readily on serosal surfaces, particularly of the small intestine. Cardiovascular lesions included mural endocarditis, arteritis, and thrombosis, frequently accompanied by aneurysm formation. Resolution of thrombi was observed to occur via a combination of granuloma formation about indigestible components (spirorchid fluke egg shells) and exteriorization through the vessel wall, which resulted in granulomatous nodules on the adventitial surface. Septic aortic thrombosis complicated by disseminated bacterial infection, observed in five turtles, was recorded for the first time. Egg granulomas were ubiquitous in turtle tissues throughout this study. Although they generally appeared to be mild or incidental lesions, they were occasionally associated with severe multifocal granulomatous pneumonia or meningitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A N Gordon
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to identify the genes encoding the major toxins of Clostridium perfringens in faeces of goats. When pure cultures of Cl. perfringens types A, B, C, D and E were used as templates in the PCR, amplicons were observed on the agarose gel as bands at approximately the 247 (alpha primers), 1025 (beta primers), 403 (epsilon primers) and 298 (iota primers) bp level of the DNA marker. When used to identify different types of Cl. perfringens in samples artificially spiked with these micro-organisms, the PCR detected as few as 1-1.5 x 10(2) cfu g-1 of the five types of Cl. perfringens tested. The PCR technique allowed the identification and typing of Cl. perfringens strains in faeces of goats, without recourse to other techniques such as the mouse neutralization test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F A Uzal
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Affiliation(s)
- M W McLennan
- Division of Farm Animal Studies, University of Queensland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Indirect and competitive ELISA techniques were developed and their ability to detect antibodies to Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin in goat serum was compared. Different dilutions of a hyperimmune goat serum, in serum from a colostrum-deprived kid, were used as positive controls, while sera from eleven colostrum-deprived kids were used as negative controls. The epsilon toxin antibodies in the hyperimmune serum were also measured by mouse neutralisation test (MNT). The correlation coefficient between both the indirect ELISA technique and MNT was 0.99, while the same coefficient for the competitive ELISA was 0.98. Both the indirect and competitive ELISAs proved to be rapid, simple, sensitive and specific for detecting antibodies to C. perfringens epsilon toxin in serum of goats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F A Uzal
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Cerebral microangiopathy is described in naturally occurring clostridial enterotoxaemia in two goats. The two cases were selected from the files of two diagnostic laboratories in Australia, on the basis that the clinical syndrome and history were consistent with a diagnosis of enterotoxaemia, and that the diagnosis was confirmed by the identification of epsilon toxin in the intestinal contents. The lesions consisted of acute perivascular proteinaceous exudate in the brain and bilaterally symmetrical foci of encephalomalacia were observed in one of the goats. These brain lesions confirm that Clostridium perfringens type D enterotoxaemia may produce histologically detectable brain changes in goats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F A Uzal
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Young goats (n = 18) and lambs (n = 10) were compared in respect of the effects of Clostridium perfringens type D epsilon toxin. Toxin produced neurological signs within 0.5-3 h of intravenous injection in (1) all of six kids given doses of 250, 185 or 120 mouse lethal doses 50% (MLD50)/kg body weight, (2) two of the three kids given 60 MLD50/kg, and (3) all of five lambs given 250 or 120 MLD50/kg. Six kids and three lambs given 45, 30 or 15 MLD50/kg, one lamb given 60 MLD50/kg, and three kids and one lamb given saline (controls) all remained clinically normal. Gross post-mortem changes were observed only in the kids and lambs that showed clinical signs. In the kids these changes consisted of severe acute interstitial and alveolar oedema of the lungs. However, only two out of five lambs that presented clinical signs showed pulmonary oedema. No histological changes were observed in the brain of any of the kids inoculated with epsilon toxin. In the brain of four out of the five lambs given doses of 120 or 250 MLD50/kg, there were histological lesions consisting of perivascular proteinaceous oedema and haemorrhages. These results show that kids and lambs are equally susceptible to the intravenous injection of epsilon toxin, but that they differ in the histological response of the central nervous system to the toxin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F A Uzal
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Large volumes of yolk are released into stromal lacunae of the avian ovary during bursting atresia. It is broken down by macrophages that accumulate in large numbers in the lacunae in the presence of free yolk. The macrophages may be derived from lacunae-lining cells or from blood monocytes. METHODS Chicken blood monocytes were isolated from adult laying hens, cultured, and exposed to different concentrations of homologous yolk. Morphological changes were studies by light microscopy and transmission and scanning electron microscopy, and the rate of breakdown of yolk micelles was measured by turbidometry. Tritiated thymidine uptake was used to measure monocyte proliferation rate following exposure to yolk. RESULTS Following exposure to yolk, the cells rapidly changed from fibroblastlike to macrophagelike cells. The turbidometric results indicated very significant clearing of yolk micelles by the cultured monocytes. These findings were supported by light and transmission and scanning electron microscopy, which showed these cells to be extremely active in engulfing yolk particles. CONCLUSIONS This process in cultured monocytes is morphologically identical to that observed in previous studies in cells lining the lacunae of ovaries of hens, in which large yolky follicles are undergoing bursting atresia. Therefore, it should serve as a model for studying yolk resorption during this form of atresia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Nili
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Queensland, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Affiliation(s)
- M W McLennan
- Department of Farm Animal Medicine and Production, University of Queensland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Uzal FA, Plumb JJ, Blackall LL, O'Boyle D, Kelly WR. Detection by polymerase chain reaction of Clostridium perfringens producing epsilon toxin in faeces and in gastrointestinal contents of goats. Lett Appl Microbiol 1996; 23:13-7. [PMID: 8679138 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.1996.tb00019.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to identify the gene-encoding epsilon toxin production in Clostridium perfringens types B and D in faeces and in gastrointestinal contents of goats. The samples were cultured in thioglycollate broth and centrifuged. The upper layer of the pellet was used as a template for PCR, obviating the need for DNA extraction. This technique specifically differentiated Cl. perfringens types B and D from Cl. perfringens types A and C and from Escherichia coli. When used to identify Cl. perfringens type D in samples artificially spiked with the micro-organism, the PCR detected as few as 1.4 x 10(2) cfu g-1 of sample. Gastrointestinal contents and faeces were collected from 20 goats at slaughter and processed by PCR. Several positive results were obtained from the first five goats that were slaughtered and sampled a few days after their arrival at the abattoir, but only a few samples gave positive results during the following weeks, after the goats had been fed a concentrated ration containing monensin. A possible role of this drug in control of enterotoxaemia is suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F A Uzal
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spontaneous atresia of large, yolky, ovarian follicles occurs in the chicken and in other species when the stimulus for ovulation ceases. This means that as much as 40 ml of yolk must be resorbed by the ovary if normal ovarian morphology is to be regained. This study examines the process of yolk resorption in the ovarian stroma following bursting atresia. METHOD Light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopy were used to study the morphology of lacuna spaces and their changes in ovaries of broiler and layer breeds of domestic chicken, both in actively laying birds and in birds undergoing spontaneous or induced follicular atresia. A comparative study was made of the ultrastructural differences between lacuna-lining cells, blood-vessel endothelium, and germinal epithelium of the ovary. RESULTS Transformation of lacuna-lining cells and peritoneal cells into macrophages occurred after bursting atresia and exposure of these cells to released yolk. Complete atresia of large yolky follicles occurred very quickly. CONCLUSION The resorption of this large volume of yolk, at least in part, seems to be mediated by the transformed lacuna-lining cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Nili
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Queensland, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Enterotoxaemia of sheep and goats occurs worldwide, but the condition in goats is poorly understood. The disease in goats is mostly caused by Clostridium perfringens type D, although the role of the toxins of this microorganism in the pathogenesis of the disease is not fully understood. The disease occurs in three forms, peracute, acute and chronic, the cardinal clinical sign of the acute and chronic forms being diarrhoea. The main biochemical alterations are hyperglycaemia and glycosuria, while at necropsy the disease is often characterized by haemorrhagic colitis. The typical histological changes observed in the brain of sheep with enterotoxaemia are not considered to be a common feature of enterotoxaemia in goats. Although the pathogenesis of caprine enterotoxaemia has not yet been properly defined, it is usually accepted that the presence of C. perfringens type D in the small bowel, together with a sudden change to a diet rich in carbohydrates, is the main predisposing factor for the disease. Vaccination seems to be poorly effective in preventing caprine enterotoxaemia, which might be due to the fact that the enteric form of the disease is partially independent of circulating C. perfringens toxin. More studies are needed on caprine enterotoxaemia, especially of its pathogenesis and immunity, in order to develop more efficient control measures for this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F A Uzal
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
At least 70 wild green sea turtles, Chelonia mydas, died in the Moreton Bay area of southeast Queensland, Australia over 6 wk in spring 1991. Based on the necropsy of 24 turtles, there was a severe enteritis or encephalitis associated with Caryospora cheloniae, a coccidial pathogen previously recorded only in farm-reared Ch. mydas hatchlings. Infection was characterized by the presence of coccidia in extra-intestinal lesions. Oocysts were observed to sporulate, after which sporozoites escaped into seawater to form a novel stellate configuration. We conclude that C. cheloniae is pathogenic for life stages other than hatchling Ch. mydas and that naturally-occurring coccidiosis is a significant disease of free-living Ch. mydas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A N Gordon
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
A foal, small and jaundiced from birth, succumbed after two months to chronic hepatic damage which was characterised by fibrosis, biliary ductular hyperplasia and the presence of pleomorphic hepatocytes containing either a single large nucleus or multiple nuclei. The fixed liver contained sulfur-bound pyrroles, which are derived from pyrrolizidine alkaloids. During pregnancy the pasture was heavily infested with the pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing plant, Senecio madagascariensis. The hepatic disease affecting the foal appears to have been initiated by consumption of the alkaloids by the mare during gestation, and to represent a rare case of congenital pyrrolizidine alkaloidosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A C Small
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Affiliation(s)
- A A Seawright
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Affiliation(s)
- J M Ondov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park 20742
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Verminous encephalomyelitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis larvae was diagnosed in 2 foals at necropsy. The principal clinical feature was tetraparesis, although history and neurological examination revealed progressive and multifocal neurological disease. At presentation, a tentative diagnosis of parasitic larval migration involving the central nervous system (CNS), presumably due to Strongylus vulgaris, was proposed. Dissection of the spinal cord in one case resulted in recovery of intact larvae of both sexes of A. cantonensis. In both foals, histopathology of the brain and spinal cord revealed nematode sections which were consistent with A. cantonensis larvae.
Collapse
|
49
|
Parsons PG, Takahashi H, Candy J, Meyers B, Vickers J, Kelly WR, Smith I, Spradbrow P. Histopathology of melanocytic lesions in goats and establishment of a melanoma cell line: a potential model for human melanoma. Pigment Cell Res 1990; 3:297-305. [PMID: 2101929 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.1990.tb00301.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Melanocytic cells from white Angora goats were studied in vivo and in vitro. The histopathology of pigmented areas of skin from the most common sites of melanoma (solar-exposed areas of the ear, face, and perineum) resembled that of the epidermal melanocytes in Hutchinson's melanotic freckle in humans. Seven melanoma biopsies from 6 Angora goats showed histopathological features in common with human melanoma. A melanoma cell line, GM-1, was established in culture from a lymph node metastasis obtained from an animal that had a primary tumor excised and later developed extensive metastatic disease. GM-1 cells were mainly diploid, amelanotic, proliferated rapidly, spontaneously formed vacuolated cells, and were tumorigenic in nude mice. The species of origin of the GM-1 line was confirmed by isozyme profiles. GM-1 cultured cells and the original biopsy both expressed S-100 protein and tyrosinase antigen. Using GM-1 cells as the immunogen, a monoclonal antibody (MoAb 1F1) was derived that reacted strongly with a 116 kDa antigen in 50% of the GM-1 cells, but had little activity with goat fibroblasts (GM-F) or with human melanoma cells. GM-F, on the other hand, yielded more intense staining than GM-1 with an intermediate filament antibody (IFA), reacting with a 58 kDa antigen in both cell lines. The sensitivity of GM-1 to anticancer agents was similar to that of human melanoma cells. The pathology of caprine melanoma and its association with sun-exposed sites in relatively young animals suggest that it may be a suitable model for studying induction of melanoma by natural sunlight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P G Parsons
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
|