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Ushijima H, Pham NTK, Hoque SA, Nomura A, Kumthip K, Shimizu-Onda Y, Okitsu S, Kawata K, Hanaoka N, Müller WE, Maneekarn N, Hayakawa S, Khamrin P. Evaluation of a novel triplex immunochromatographic test for rapid simultaneous detection of norovirus, rotavirus, and adenovirus on a single strip test. J Infect Public Health 2024; 17:619-623. [PMID: 38417188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2024.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute gastroenteritis is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in young children worldwide. Among these, rotavirus, norovirus, and adenovirus have been reported as the primary viral pathogens associated with the disease. Rapid diagnosis of viral pathogens is crucial when diarrhea outbreaks occur to ensure the timely administration of appropriate treatment and control measures. METHODS We evaluated three immunochromatographic test kits designed for the detection of norovirus, rotavirus, and adenovirus in 71 stool specimens collected from children with diarrhea who visited clinics in Japan. The first kit is a triplex immunochromatographic test kit designed for simultaneous detections of norovirus, rotavirus, and adenovirus on a single strip (this kit was referred to as IC-A). The other two immunochromatographic test kits are a dual detection kit for rotavirus and adenovirus, and a single detection kit for norovirus (IC-B). The RT-PCR/PCR was used as the gold standard method. RESULTS The results revealed that both IC-A and IC-B kits exhibited the same level of sensitivity of detection for rotavirus (72.7%) and adenovirus (22.7%), although the detection rate was lower than that of the RT-PCR/PCR method. However, there was a slight difference in the sensitivity of detection for norovirus between IC-A and IC-B, at 86.7% and 93.3%, respectively. The sensitivity of detection for adenovirus of both kits was relatively lower than those of RT-PCR method. This could be due to low viral load of adenovirus in clinical specimens below the detection limit of IC-A and IC-B kits. However, both immunochromatographic test kits (IC-A and IC-B) exhibited 100% specificity for norovirus, rotavirus, and adenovirus. CONCLUSIONS The triplex immunochromatographic test kit (IC-A) designed for simultaneous detection of norovirus, rotavirus, and adenovirus has been proved to be more practical and convenient than the use of single or dual detection kits with more or less the same sensitivity and specificity of detections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ushijima
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Ngan Thi Kim Pham
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sheikh Ariful Hoque
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Cell and Tissue Culture Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Research in Sciences (CARS), University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Akiko Nomura
- Immuno Probe Co. Ltd, Kamagata, Ranzanmachi,Saitama,Japan
| | - Kattareeya Kumthip
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Yuko Shimizu-Onda
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoko Okitsu
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kimiko Kawata
- Midwifery and Maternal Health Nursing,School of Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, Kagawa University,Kagawa,Japan
| | - Nozomu Hanaoka
- Center for Emergency Preparedness and Response, National Institute of Infectious Diseases,Tokyo,Japan
| | - Werner Eg Müller
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz,Germany
| | - Niwat Maneekarn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Satoshi Hayakawa
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Pattara Khamrin
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
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Gastpar M, Müller WE, Volz HP, Möller HJ, Schläfke S, Dienel A, Kasper S. Silexan does not cause withdrawal symptoms even when abruptly discontinued. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2017; 21:177-180. [PMID: 28319423 DOI: 10.1080/13651501.2017.1301488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Subsequent to a randomised, double-blind, double dummy clinical trial assessing the efficacy of silexan compared to placebo and paroxetine in patients suffering from generalised anxiety disorder (GAD), a 1week follow-up phase was added in order to assess possible withdrawal symptoms of silexan after abrupt discontinuation. METHODS Participants received silexan 80 mg/d, silexan 160 mg/d, paroxetine 20 mg/d, or placebo at a ratio of 1:1:1:1. Study medication was discontinued after the 10 week active treatment phase of the original trial. Whereas paroxetine was tapered as indicated, silexan administration was discontinued abruptly. Assessment of possible withdrawal effects was done using the Physician Withdrawal Checklist questionnaire (PWC-20). RESULTS During the 1 week down-titration phase, mean total PWC-20 scores had reduced by 0.19 in placebo, 0.23 in silexan 80, 0.65 in silexan 160, and 0.51 in paroxetine. The median change in all four groups was 0.00. In none of the treatment groups withdrawal effects occurred after discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS Values assessed for the silexan groups indicate the absence of a dependency potential of this preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gastpar
- a Fliedner Klinik Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - W E Müller
- b Department of Pharmacology , Biocenter Goethe-University , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - H P Volz
- c Hospital for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Schloss Werneck , Werneck , Germany
| | - H J Möller
- d Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Ludwig Maximilians University , Munich , Germany
| | - S Schläfke
- e Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co. KG , Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - A Dienel
- e Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co. KG , Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - S Kasper
- f Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
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Wang X, Ackermann M, Tolba E, Neufurth M, Wurm F, Feng Q, Wang S, Schröder HC, Müller WE. Artificial cartilage bio-matrix formed of hyaluronic acid and Mg2+-polyphosphate. Eur Cell Mater 2016; 32:271-283. [PMID: 27905661 DOI: 10.22203/ecm.v032a18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we show that inorganic polyphosphate (polyP), a polyanionic metabolic regulator consisting of multiple phosphate residues linked by energy-rich phosphoanhydride bonds, is present in the synovial fluid. In a biomimetic approach, to enhance cartilage synthesis and regeneration, we prepared amorphous polyP microparticles with Mg2+ as counterions. The particles were characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) analyses. Similar particles were obtained after addition of Mg2+ ions to a solution containing hyaluronic acid, as a major component of the synovial fluid, and soluble Na-polyP. The viscous paste-like material formed, composed of globular microparticles with diameter of 400 nm, strongly promoted the adhesion of chondrocytes and caused a significant upregulation of the expression of the genes encoding collagen type 3A1, as a marker for chondrocyte differentiation, and SOX9, a transcription factor that regulates chondrocyte differentiation and proliferation. The expression level of the collagen type 3A1 gene was also enhanced by exposure of chondrocytes to synovial fluid that was found to contain polyP with a size of about 80 phosphate residues. This stimulatory effect was abolished after pre-incubation of the synovial fluid with the polyP degrading alkaline phosphatase. We propose a strategy for treatment of joint dysfunctions caused by osteoarthritis based on the application of amorphous Mg2+-polyP microparticles thatprevent calcium crystal formation in the synovial fluid using scavenging Ca2+ ions (Mg2+/Ca2+ exchange) and enhance chondrocyte function after binding of the Ca2+-polyP to hyaluronic acid at the cartilage surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - W E Müller
- University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, D-55128 Mainz,
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Liu Y, Kurtán T, Yun Wang C, Han Lin W, Orfali R, Müller WE, Daletos G, Proksch P. Cladosporinone, a new viriditoxin derivative from the hypersaline lake derived fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2016; 69:702-6. [PMID: 26905758 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2016.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A new cytotoxic viriditoxin derivative, cladosporinone (1), along with the known viriditoxin (2) and two viriditoxin derivatives (3 and 4) were obtained from the fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides isolated from the sediment of a hypersaline lake in Egypt. The structure of the new compound (1) was determined by 1D and 2D NMR measurements as well as by high-resolution ESIMS and electronic circular dichroism spectroscopy. All isolated compounds were studied for their cytotoxicity against the murine lymphoma cell line L5187Y and for their antibiotic activity against several pathogenic bacteria. Viriditoxin (2) was the most active compound in both bioassays. Compound 1 also exhibited strong cytotoxicity against the murine lymphoma cell line L5187Y with an IC50 value of 0.88 μm, whereas its antibiotic activity was weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany.,Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Tibor Kurtán
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Chang Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Han Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Raha Orfali
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA
| | - Werner Eg Müller
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Georgios Daletos
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Proksch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
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Müller WE, Neufurth M, Wang S, Tolba E, Schröder HC, Wang X, Wang X. Morphogenetically active scaffold for osteochondral repair (polyphosphate/alginate/N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan). Eur Cell Mater 2016; 31:174-90. [PMID: 26898843 DOI: 10.22203/ecm.v031a12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we describe a novel bioinspired hydrogel material that can be hardened with calcium ions to yield a scaffold material with viscoelastic properties matching those of cartilage. This material consists of a negatively charged biopolymer triplet, composed of morphogenetically active natural inorganic polyphosphate (polyP), along with the likewise biocompatible natural polymers N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan (N,O-CMC) and alginate. The porosity of the hardened scaffold material obtained after calcium exposure can be adjusted by varying the pre-processing conditions. Various compression tests were applied to determine the local (nanoindentation) and bulk mechanical properties (tensile/compression test system for force measurements) of the N,O-CMC-polyP-alginate material. Determinations of the Young's modulus revealed that the stiffness of this comparably water rich (and mouldable) material increases during successive compression cycles to values measured for native cartilage. The material not only comprises viscoelastic properties suitable for a cartilage substitute material, but also displays morphogenetic activity. It upregulates the expression of genes encoding for collagen type II and aggrecan, the major proteoglycan within the articular cartilage, in human chondrocytes, and the expression of alkaline phosphatase in human bone-like SaOS-2 cells, as revealed in RT qPCR experiments. Further, we demonstrate that the new polyP-based material can be applied for manufacturing 3D solid models of cartilage bone such as of the tibial epiphyseal plate and the superior articular cartilage surface. Since the material is resorbable and enhances the activity of cells involved in regeneration of cartilage tissue, this material has the potential to be used for artificial articular cartilage implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Müller
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz,
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Kiem E, Fehske KJ, Müller WE. Competition between drugs and nutrients for specific ligand binding sites on human serum albumin. World Rev Nutr Diet 2015; 43:179-82. [PMID: 6475096 DOI: 10.1159/000409070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Doert A, Pilatus U, Zanella F, Müller WE, Eckert GP. ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy of Thy-1-APPSL mice brain extracts indicates metabolic changes in Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2015; 122:541-50. [PMID: 25742870 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-015-1387-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Biochemical alterations underlying the symptoms and pathomechanisms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are not fully understood. However, alterations of glucose metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction certainly play an important role. (1)H- and (13)C-NMR spectroscopy exhibits promising results in providing information about those alterations in vivo in patients and animals, especially regarding the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Accordingly, transgenic mice expressing mutant human amyloid precursor protein (APP(SL))-serving as a model of neuropathological changes in AD-were examined with in vitro 1D (1)H- and 2D (1)H-(13)C-HSQC-NMR spectroscopy after oral administration of 1-(13)C-glucose and acquisition of brain material after 30 min. Perchloric acid extracts were measured using a 500 MHz spectrometer, providing more detailed information compared to in vivo spectra achievable nowadays. Area under curve (AUC) data of metabolite peaks were obtained and normalized in relation to the creatine signal, serving as internal reference. Besides confirming well-known metabolic alterations in AD like decreased N-acetylaspartate (NAA)/Creatine (Cr) ratio, new findings such as a decrease in phosphorylcholine (PC) are presented. Glutamate (Glu) and glutamine (Gln) concentrations were decreased while γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was elevated in Thy1-APP(SL) mice. (13)C-NMR spectroscopy revealed a shift in the Glx-2/Glx-4-ratio-where Glx represents a combined Glu/Gln-signal-towards Glx-2 in AD. These findings correlated well with the NAA/Cr-ratio. The Gln-4/Glu-4-ratio is altered in favor of Glu. Our findings suggest that glutamine synthetase (GS), which is predominantly present in glial cells may be impaired in the brain of Thy1-APP(SL) transgenic mice. Since GS is an ATP-dependent enzyme, mitochondrial dysfunction might contribute to reduced activity, which might also account for the increased metabolism of glutamate via the GABA shunt, a metabolic pathway to bypass intra-mitochondrial α-ketoglutarate-dehydrogenase, resulting in elevated GABA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Doert
- Institute of Neuroradiology, Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
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Miano D, Schiller C, Leuner K, Müller WE. Improved neuritogenesis and mitochondrial dynamics by levetiracetam might explain cognitive improvement in brain aging and animal models of Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacopsychiatry 2013. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1353304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Sillani G, Schiller C, Leuner K, Müller WE. The molecular mechanism of Silexan: Neurotrophic effects via CREB activation might explain preclinical antidepressant properties. Pharmacopsychiatry 2013. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1353279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Schiller C, Miano D, Leuner K, Müller WE. Improvement of mitochondrial function and dynamics by the metabolic enhancer piracetam in a human neuronal cell model of early Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacopsychiatry 2013. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1353305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Eckert GP, Reik C, Müller WE. Simvastatin alters membrane cholesterol distribution and beta-amyloid levels in brains of female APP751SL mice. Pharmazie 2013; 68:590-594. [PMID: 23923642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Statins (HMG-CoA reductase or CSE-inhibitors) strongly reduce the cellular amyloid-beta protein production by modulating the processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in vitro. Several in vivo studies have addressed this important issue in transgenic mouse models with inconsistent results. Recently, we showed that simvastatin alters cholesterol distribution in synaptosomal membranes (SPM) in vivo. In the present study, we tested whether these changes in cholesterol membrane distribution affect APP-processing in vivo. Female APP751SL mice were force-fed with simvastatin (50 mg/kg b.wt.) by oral gavage over a time period of 3 weeks. Our data show that chronic simvastatin treatment decreased cholesterol levels in the brain and affected cholesterol distribution within SPM. Simvastatin significantly increased the levels of insoluble Abeta1-40 and Abeta1-42 but reduced levels of soluble Abeta1-40 in the brain. The reduction of soluble Abeta1-40 levels in the brain was associated with an increase of plasma-levels of AP31.40 in simvastatin-treated animals that may indicate enhanced Abeta1-40-clearance from the brain. Although the observed alteration in transbilayer cholesterol is likely to be involved in changes of APP processing by alpha-, beta- and gamma-secretase, we cannot exclude other potential mechanisms of statins such as lipid and non-lipid related, pleiotropic effects. Our data were evaluated in reference to published studies and a possible gender effect was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Eckert
- Department of Pharmacology, Campus Riedberg, Biocenter, Goethe-University of Frankfurt, Germany.
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Laux G, Friede M, Müller WE. Treatment of comorbid anxiety and depression with escitalopram: results of a post-marketing surveillance study. Pharmacopsychiatry 2012; 46:16-22. [PMID: 22648305 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1311627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this 16-week post-marketing surveillance (PMS) study, antidepressant effects and tolerability of escitalopram was examined in 2 911 patients with comorbid depression and anxiety. METHODS Antidepressant effects were assessed using a modified version of the Montgomery-Åsberg depression rating scale (svMADRS), the Hamilton anxiety scale (HAMA) and the hospital anxiety depression scale (HADS-D) and the clinical global impression scale (CGI-S, CGI-I). RESULTS Treatment was completed by 2 718 patients, whose severity of depression decreased from a mean svMADRS total score of 33.0 to 8.9. At the end of the study, the remission rate (svMADRS≤12) was 72.9% and the response rate (≥50% decrease in svMADRS score) was 83.1% (LOCF). Similarly, the severity of anxiety symptoms decreased from a mean HAMA total score of 28.8-8.8; the remission rate (HAMA<10) was 63.9% and the response rate (decrease≥50%) was 80.2%. The most frequent adverse events were nausea (1.6%), agitation (1.1%) and fatigue (0.7%). DISCUSSION Antidepressant effects and good tolerability of escitalopram were confirmed in everyday practice in patients with comorbid depression and anxiety. The high response and remission rates were within the range reported in previous RTC's of escitalopram vs. comparators or vs. placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Laux
- kbo-Inn-Salzach-Klinikum gGmbH, Wasserburg a. Inn, Germany.
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Eckert GP, Wood WG, Müller WE. Lipid membranes and beta-amyloid: a harmful connection. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2011; 11:319-25. [PMID: 20423299 DOI: 10.2174/138920310791330668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gradual changes in steady-state levels of beta amyloid peptides (Abeta) in the brain are considered as initial step in the amyloid cascade hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Abeta is a product of the secretase cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein and there is evidence that the membrane lipid environment may modulate secretase activity and alters its function. Abeta disturbs membrane properties of artificial and isolated biological membranes and of plasma membranes in living cells. Abeta induced changes in membrane fluidity could be explained by physico-chemical interactions of the peptide with membrane components such as cholesterol, phospholipids and gangliosides. Thus, cell membranes may be the location where the neurotoxic cascade of Abeta is initiated. Perturbation of membranes, binding to lipids and alteration of cellular calcium signaling by Abeta have been reported by several studies and these topics are examined in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Eckert
- Goethe-University of Frankfurt, Department of Pharmacology,Campus Riedberg, Biocenter N260 R1.09, Max-von-Laue Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
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Müller WE. Two new boards for the next decade. Pharmacopsychiatry 2010; 43:121. [PMID: 20571992 DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1255102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Kurz C, Ungerer I, Lipka U, Kirr S, Schütt T, Eckert A, Leuner K, Müller WE. The metabolic enhancer piracetam ameliorates the impairment of mitochondrial function and neurite outgrowth induced by beta-amyloid peptide. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 160:246-57. [PMID: 20218980 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00656.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE beta-Amyloid peptide (Abeta) is implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease by initiating a cascade of events from mitochondrial dysfunction to neuronal death. The metabolic enhancer piracetam has been shown to improve mitochondrial dysfunction following brain aging and experimentally induced oxidative stress. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We used cell lines (PC12 and HEK cells) and murine dissociated brain cells. The protective effects of piracetam in vitro and ex vivo on Abeta-induced impairment of mitochondrial function (as mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP production), on secretion of soluble Abeta and on neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells were investigated. KEY RESULTS Piracetam improves mitochondrial function of PC12 cells and acutely dissociated brain cells from young NMRI mice following exposure to extracellular Abeta(1-42). Similar protective effects against Abeta(1-42) were observed in dissociated brain cells from aged NMRI mice, or mice transgenic for mutant human amyloid precursor protein (APP) treated with piracetam for 14 days. Soluble Abeta load was markedly diminished in the brain of those animals after treatment with piracetam. Abeta production by HEK cells stably transfected with mutant human APP was elevated by oxidative stress and this was reduced by piracetam. Impairment of neuritogenesis is an important consequence of Abeta-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and Abeta-induced reduction of neurite growth in PC12 cells was substantially improved by piracetam. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our findings strongly support the concept of improving mitochondrial function as an approach to ameliorate the detrimental effects of Abeta on brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kurz
- Department of Pharmacology, Biocenter, University Frankfurt/M, Germany
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Leuner K, Heiser JH, Derksen S, Mladenov MI, Fehske CJ, Schubert R, Gollasch M, Schneider G, Harteneck C, Chatterjee SS, Müller WE. Simple 2,4-diacylphloroglucinols as classic transient receptor potential-6 activators--identification of a novel pharmacophore. Mol Pharmacol 2009; 77:368-77. [PMID: 20008516 DOI: 10.1124/mol.109.057513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The naturally occurring acylated phloroglucinol derivative hyperforin was recently identified as the first specific canonical transient receptor potential-6 (TRPC6) activator. Hyperforin is the major antidepressant component of St. John's wort, which mediates its antidepressant-like properties via TRPC6 channel activation. However, its pharmacophore moiety for activating TRPC6 channels is unknown. We hypothesized that the phloroglucinol moiety could be the essential pharmacophore of hyperforin and that its activity profile could be due to structural similarities with diacylglycerol (DAG), an endogenous nonselective activator of TRPC3, TRPC6, and TRPC7. Accordingly, a few 2-acyl and 2,4-diacylphloroglucinols were tested for their hyperforin-like activity profiles. We used a battery of experimental models to investigate all functional aspects of TRPC6 activation, including ion channel recordings, Ca(2+) imaging, neurite outgrowth, and inhibition of synaptosomal uptake. Phloroglucinol itself was inactive in all of our assays, which was also the case for 2-acylphloroglucinols. For TRPC6 activation, the presence of two symmetrically acyl-substitutions with appropriate alkyl chains in the phloroglucinol moiety seems to be an essential prerequisite. Potencies of these compounds in all assays were comparable with that of hyperforin for activating the TRPC6 channel. Finally, using structure-based modeling techniques, we suggest a binding mode for hyperforin to TRPC6. Based on this modeling approach, we propose that DAG is able to activate TRPC3, TRPC6, and TRPC7 because of higher flexibility within the chemical structure of DAG compared with the rather rigid structures of hyperforin and the 2,4-diacylphloroglucinol derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Leuner
- Institute of Pharmacology, Goethe University, Biocenter N260, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
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Leuner K, Pantel J, Schulz K, Schütt T, Lipka U, Eckert A, Müller WE. Mitochondrial dysfunction in lymphocytes – a potential biomarker for Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacopsychiatry 2009. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1240166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Eckert GP, Hooff GP, Strandjord DM, Igbavboa U, Volmer DA, Müller WE, Wood WG. Regulation of the brain isoprenoids farnesyl- and geranylgeranyl-pyrophosphate is altered in male Alzheimer patients. Pharmacopsychiatry 2009. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1240106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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19
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Prokic I, Brümmer F, Brigge T, Görtz HD, Gerdts G, Schütt C, Elbrächter M, Müller WE. Bacteria of the Genus Roseobacter Associated with the Toxic Dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima. Protist 2009. [PMID: 23194717 DOI: 10.1016/s1434-4610(98)70041-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima is known to produce diarrhetic shellfish poisons. However, it is yet unclear if the dinoflagellates themselves or the bacteria associated with them produce the toxins. Here we analyze the toxicity as well as the spectrum of bacteria in two cultures of P. lima, namely P. lima-SY and P. lima-ST, which initially derived from the same P. lima strain PL2V. Toxicity tests, applying the Artemia bioassay revealed in both cultures high levels of toxins. The bacteria, associated with the two cultures, were identified by PCR/nucleotide sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. From cultures of P. lima-SY the dominant sequence was found to share a 93.7% similarity with the sequence of Roseobacter algocolus [R. algicola]; the relative abundance was determined to be 83%. In addition three further sequences of bacteria, grouped to the α-Protobacteria have been identified: Paracoccus denitrificans [90.8%], R. algocolus [94.4%] and Rhizobium huakuii [92.6%]. The identification of bacteria in P. lima-ST revealed that most share highest similarity with Bartonella taylorii but with a relatively low score of 87%. In addition to this sequence, two sequences with high similarity to the genus Roseobacter were obtained. The other sequences identified have not been detected in P. lima-SY. Studies with pure bacterial strains, previously isolated from a culture of P. lima-ST and subsequently cultured on agar plates, revealed that none of them was identical to those identified in the dinoflagellate culture itself. An explanation for the change of the spectrum of bacteria in the different cultures can only be expected when axenic cultures from P. lima are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Prokic
- lnstitut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung Angewandte Molekularbiologie, Universität, Duesbergweg 6, D - 55099 Mainz, Germany
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Schulz M, Schüssel K, Czeche S, Quinzler R, Klöckner D, Franzmann A, Ude M, Hengstler S, Leuner K, Müller WE. Non-Adherence – The Underestimated Problem: New Options Utilizing a Database with Claims Data. Pharmacopsychiatry 2008. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1088267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Ude M, Leuner K, Schüssel K, Schulz M, Müller WE. Methods of Pharmacy Claims Data-based Persistence Analyses and Community Pharmacy-based Estimation of Adherence – The Case of Antihypertensives. Pharmacopsychiatry 2008. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1088273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Kasper S, Gastpar M, Müller WE, Volz HP, Dienel A, Kieser M, Möller HJ. Efficacy of St. John's wort extract WS 5570 in acute treatment of mild depression: a reanalysis of data from controlled clinical trials. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2008; 258:59-63. [PMID: 18084790 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-007-0779-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Based on the original data from two double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials and the acute phase of a long-term study that investigated the antidepressant efficacy of St. John's wort extract WS 5570, we present a re-analysis of a subset of patients suffering from an acute episode of mild depression according to DSM criteria. Out of a total of more than 1,200 patients included into these trials 217 had a pre-treatment total score < or =20 points on the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD) and were eligible for our re-analysis. They received 600, 900, or 1,200 mg/day WS 5570 or placebo for 6 weeks. In patients treated with WS 5570 the HAMD total score decreased by averages of 10.8 (600 mg/day), 9.6 (900 mg/day), and 10.7 (1,200 mg/day) points between the pre-treatment baseline value and the end of acute treatment, compared to 6.8 points in the placebo group (p < 0.01 for all pairwise comparisons of WS 5570 against placebo). This corresponded to average relative decreases by 49-57% for WS 5570 and by 36% for placebo. The rates of responders (i.e., patients with a HAMD total score decrease > or =50%) were 73%, 64%, 71%, and 37% for WS 5570 600 mg/day, 900 mg/day and 1,200 mg/day, and placebo, respectively. At the end of acute treatment 57% of the patients treated with WS 5570 600 mg/day, 33% in the 900 mg/day group and 62% in the 1,200 mg/day group, as well as 25% in the placebo group were in remission (HAMD total score < or =7 points). The analysis shows that St. John's wort extract WS 5570 has a meaningful beneficial effect during acute treatment of patients suffering from mild depression and leads to a substantial increase in the probability of remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kasper
- Department of Psychiatry und Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, 1090, Austria.
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Leuner K, Pantel J, Frey C, Schindowski K, Schulz K, Wegat T, Maurer K, Eckert A, Müller WE. Enhanced apoptosis, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in lymphocytes as potential biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm Suppl 2007:207-15. [PMID: 17982897 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-211-73574-9_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common progressive neurodegenerative disease. Today, AD affects millions of people worldwide and the number of AD cases will increase with increased life expectancy. The AD brain is marked by severe neurodegeneration like the loss of synapses and neurons, atrophy and depletion of neurotransmitter systems in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Recent findings suggest that these pathological changes are causally induced by mitochondrial dysfunction, increased oxidative stress and elevated apoptosis. Until now, AD cannot be diagnosed by a valid clinical method or a biomarker before the disease has progressed so far that dementia is present. Furthermore, no valid method is available to determine which patient with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) will progress to AD. Therefore, a correct diagnosis in the early stage of AD is not only of importance considering that early drug treatment is more effective but also that the psychological burden of the patients and relatives could be decreased. In this review, we discuss the potential role of elevated apoptosis, increased oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction as biomarker for AD in a peripheral cell model, the lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Leuner
- Zafes, Biocenter, Department of Pharmacology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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Eckert GP, Peters I, Wood WG, Müller WE. Vicious cycle in Alzheimer's disease: Amyloid beta aggravates its own production. Pharmacopsychiatry 2007. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-991809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Grunze H, Adli M, Bauer M, Berger M, Bergmann A, Bräunig P, Bschor T, Falkai P, Gastpar M, Greil W, Kasper S, Krüger S, Laux G, Müller WE, Naber D, Walden J. [Clinical standing of valproate treatment of bipolar disorders]. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 2007; 75:220-35. [PMID: 17427043 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-959158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
During recent years valproate has been established as a cornerstone for the drug-treatment of bipolar disorder. In Germany, valproate was licensed both for the treatment of acute mania and for maintenance treatment in summer 2005. At this occasion, this review summarises the scientific evidence and clinical experience of well-known experts with valproate-treatment. It was concluded that valproate will continue to be of high clinical significance despite the recent increase of treatment alternatives, both in monotherapy and combination treatment of acute mania, mixed states and maintenance treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Grunze
- Psychiatrische Klinik LMU, München.
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Abstract
The interaction of Abeta with synaptosomal plasma membranes decreases membrane fluidity. Using model membrane/liposome systems the interaction of Abeta with specific lipids (e.g. phospholipids, gangliosides, cholesterol) has been defined. The formation of the beta-sheet structure of Abeta when undergoing peptide aggregation is important for Abeta's membrane perturbing properties. This effect can be correlated with the peptide length of Abeta, the longer Abeta1-42 having the greatest effect on membrane fluidity and on neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunter P Eckert
- Department of Pharmacology, ZAFES, Biocenter University of Frankfurt, Germany
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Schindowski K, Peters J, Gorriz C, Schramm U, Weinandi T, Leutner S, Maurer K, Frölich L, Müller WE, Eckert A. Apoptosis of CD4+ T and Natural Killer Cells in Alzheimer's Disease. Pharmacopsychiatry 2006; 39:220-8. [PMID: 17124644 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-954591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy appears to be a potent treatment against Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the mechanisms underlying neural-immune interaction are still not known. METHODS Here, we determined cell death and distribution of lymphocyte subsets of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in AD and aging, e.g. T (CD4+ CD3+, CD8+ CD3+), B (CD19+) and NK (CD16++CD56+) cells. RESULTS Increased apoptosis was found in CD4+ T and NK cells in AD, while in aging all subsets were affected. The expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl2 correlated with observed cell death in T-helper and B cells irrespective of dementia. The levels of Bcl2 in T-cells were significantly increased in mild AD. Apoptosis and Bcl2 levels were also elevated in the APP (751SL)xPS1 (M146L) transgenic mouse model. CONCLUSION The mechanisms triggering apoptosis and activation of lymphocytes in AD appear therefore to be different than those in immunosenescence and possibly bear an important biomarker to monitor immunotherapy in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schindowski
- Institute of Pharmacology, Biocenter, Johann Wolfgang-Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany.
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Abstract
In the 21st century, human aging will be one of the biggest challenges for most societies throughout the world. The decline in human fitness is a typical hallmark of the aging process. Aside from the cardiovascular system, the brain most often suffers significantly from the life-long impact of stressors, such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Oxytosis, i.e. oxidative stress-induced cell death, has been identified to play a major role in the development and onset of chronic diseases. Foods, especially of plant origin, are rich in antioxidants and numerous in vivo data suggest that a diet rich in fruits and vegetables supports the maintenance of animal and human health. These beneficial effects also extend to the central nervous system, which, due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier, tightly controls the influx of metabolites and nutrients. In earlier studies the impact of antioxidant vitamins, such as alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid, on brain health has been of interest. Recently, the focus moved to assessing the potential of unsaturated fatty acids and secondary plant metabolites, particularly of polyphenols, to act as neuroprotectants. Considerable experimental evidence suggests that polyphenols and other plant-derived bioactivities affect animal and human brain function not only by directly lowering oxidative stress load but also by modulating various signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schaffer
- Institute of Pharmacology (ZAFES), Biocenter Niederursel, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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Frey C, Bonert A, Kratzsch T, Rexroth G, Rösch W, Müller-Spahn F, Maurer K, Müller WE, Eckert A. Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 is associated with an increased vulnerability to cell death in Alzheimer’s disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2006; 113:1753-61. [PMID: 16736246 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-006-0481-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2005] [Accepted: 03/13/2006] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The presumption to suffer from Alzheimer's disease (AD) accelerates with aging. One important risk factor seems to be the isoform epsilon 4 of the apolipoprotein E gene (Apo epsilon 4), which increases the risk to develop AD at an earlier age. Furthermore, convincing evidence is provided that apoptotic cell death mechanisms play an important role in neuronal cell death in AD. In the present study, we investigated whether abnormalities in apoptosis and caspase-3 activity can be found at the level of lymphocytes and a T cell subtype, CD4 T cells, from AD patients compared to aged sex- and ApoE genotype-matched non-demented controls. Under different experimental conditions (at baseline or after in vitro incubation in the presence of proapoptotic stimuli) increased levels of apoptosis and enhanced caspase-3 activity were detected in lymphocytes from AD patients. This difference was most pronounced in the CD4(+) T cell subtype. Notably, we found a significant increase of apoptotic cells and caspase-3 activity in lymphocytes from AD patients bearing one or two alleles of the ApoE4 compared to non-E4 carriers. Again, these effects were strongest in CD4(+) T cells. Circulating amyloid-beta (A beta) levels did not differ between AD patients bearing ApoE4 and non-ApoE4 and age-matched controls. Therefore, it is likely that circulating A beta is not responsible for the observed effects, which might rather reflect an ongoing systemic response in AD, e.g. an increase in CD95 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Frey
- Department of Pharmacology, Biocenter, University of Frankfurt, Germany
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30
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Abstract
Since the mid of the 1960s, striking similarities between the psychosis seen in subjects taking high doses of amphetamines and the symptoms of patients with paranoid schizophrenia have been noted and placed in the context of increased catecholaminergic neurotransmission as a fundamental cause underlying major symptoms of the disease. Subsequent studies emphasized the contribution of central dopaminergic mechanisms for at least several psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia. The most compelling pharmacological data to support the developing "dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia" originated from the clear relationship between antipsychotic drug efficacy and affinity for D2-like dopamine receptors strongly indicating D2-antagonism as major if not exclusive mechanism of antipsychotic drug action. Accordingly, in this review we focus on the neuropharmacology of the dopaminergic system in our brain with special emphasis on the dopaminergic synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Leuner
- Department of Pharmacology, Biocenter, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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Weber CC, Kressmann S, Ott M, Fricker G, Müller WE. Inhibition of P-glycoprotein function by several antidepressants may not contribute to clinical efficacy. Pharmacopsychiatry 2006; 38:293-300. [PMID: 16342001 DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-916184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In many depressive patients the negative feedback mechanism of the HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical) axis is impaired. It has been suggested that antidepressants inhibit membrane glucocorticoid transporters like P-Glycoprotein (Pgp) and hence enhance the intracellular glucocorticoid concentration, leading to an increased glucocorticoid-receptor mediated gene transcription and therefore to normalization of the function of the HPA axis. The aim of this study is to investigate inhibition of Pgp by several different antidepressants. METHODS We characterized the inhibitory potencies of the antidepressants in two in vitro assays by using calcein-AM as Pgp substrate. The two different cell-systems expressing Pgp were: 1. PBCEC (porcine brain capillary endothelial cells) as model for the blood-brain-barrier, and 2. A human lymphocytic leukaemia cell line CEM and the multi-drug-resistant (MDR) cell line VLB-100, expressing Pgp as model for the human protein. RESULTS All of the antidepressants tested inhibit the transport of calcein-AM by Pgp in the micromolecular range. DISCUSSION Because this inhibition is only seen at concentrations above therapeutically relevant plasma levels, their effect my not play a role for the mechanism of action of the antidepressants tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Weber
- Department of Pharmacology, Biocenter, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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Leutner S, Schindowski K, Frölich L, Maurer K, Kratzsch T, Eckert A, Müller WE. Enhanced ROS-Generation in Lymphocytes from Alzheimer’s Patients. Pharmacopsychiatry 2005; 38:312-5. [PMID: 16342003 DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-916186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in neurodegeneration and seem to be involved in the physiology and pathophysiology of several diseases, including normal aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Enhanced ROS production in aging or AD is not restricted to the brain, but can also been seen in several peripheral tissues. The objective of the present study was to evaluate whether the mechanisms involved in the generation of oxidative stress in normal senescence and Alzheimer's disease are identical or not. METHODS We analysed intracellular basal levels of ROS in lymphocytes from AD patients and healthy young and aged not-demented subjects as well as ROS levels following stimulation with d-ribose and staurosporine in all three groups. ROS levels were measured by flow cytometry using the intracellular fluorescence dye dihydrorhodamine123 (DHR123). RESULTS Our study shows that AD lymphocytes have increased basal levels of ROS, low susceptibility to ROS stimulation by 2-deoxy- D-ribose (dRib) and an increased response to staurosporine when compared with age-matched controls. DISCUSSION The data suggest that the defect(s) responsible for enhanced ROS production in AD may involve different or additional biological pathways than those involved in enhanced ROS generation during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Leutner
- Department of Pharmacology, Biocenter, J. W. Goethe University of Frankfurt, Marie-Curie-Str. 9, 60439 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Eckert GP, Franke C, Jourdan C, Johnson-Anuna L, Wood WG, Müller WE. Simvastatin elevates anti-apoptotic Bcl–2 levels in guinea pig brain. Pharmacopsychiatry 2005. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-918671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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35
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Keil U, Scherping I, Hauptmann S, Eckert A, Müller WE. Stabilization of mitochondrial function by piracetam. Pharmacopsychiatry 2005. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-918735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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36
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Treiber K, Henke B, Müller WE. Hyperforin activates TRP channels via tyrosine kinases. Pharmacopsychiatry 2005. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-918857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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37
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Eckert A, Scherping I, Bonert A, Hauptmann S, Müller-Spahn F, Müller WE. Mitochondrial failure precedes amyloid beta plaques deposition in APP transgenic mice. Pharmacopsychiatry 2005. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-918670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Schmitt-Schillig S, Schaffer S, Weber CC, Eckert GP, Müller WE. Flavonoids and the aging brain. J Physiol Pharmacol 2005; 56 Suppl 1:23-36. [PMID: 15800383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2005] [Accepted: 02/15/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Like in all other organs, the functional capacity of the human brain deteriorates over time. Pathological events such as oxidative stress, due to the elevated release of free radicals and reactive oxygen or nitrogen species, the subsequently enhanced oxidative modification of lipids, protein, and nucleic acids, and the modulation of apoptotic signaling pathways contribute to loss of brain function. The identification of neuroprotective food components is one strategy to facilitate healthy brain aging. Flavonoids were shown to activate key enzymes in mitochondrial respiration and to protect neuronal cells by acting as antioxidants, thus breaking the vicious cycle of oxidative stress and tissue damage. Furthermore, recent data indicate a favorable effect of flavonoids on neuro-inflammatory events. Whereas most of these effects have been shown in vitro, limited data in vivo are available, suggesting a rather low penetration of flavonoids into the brain. Nevertheless, several reports support the concept that flavonoid intake inhibits certain biochemical processes of brain aging, and might thus prevent to some extent the decline of cognitive functions with aging as well as the development or the course of neurodegenerative diseases. However, more data are needed to assess the true impact of flavonoids on brain aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schmitt-Schillig
- Institute of Pharmacology (ZAFES), Biocenter Niederursel, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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39
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Schaffer S, Schmitt-Schillig S, Müller WE, Eckert GP. Antioxidant properties of Mediterranean food plant extracts: geographical differences. J Physiol Pharmacol 2005; 56 Suppl 1:115-24. [PMID: 15800389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2005] [Accepted: 02/15/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Locally grown, wild food plants seasonally contribute a considerable portion of the daily diet in certain Mediterranean areas and it has been suggested that the beneficial effects of the Mediterranean diet on human health partly originate from the antioxidant effect of flavonoid-rich food plants. The nutrient content of most wild plants is higher than that of cultivated ones and may vary depending on the prevailing environmental conditions. Accordingly, three local Mediterranean plant foods (i.e. Cichorium intybus, Sonchus oleraceus, Papaver rhoeas) were collected in Greece (Crete), southern Italy, and southern Spain in order to assess possible differences in their in vitro antioxidant potential. The biological assays revealed diverse intra-plant specific antioxidant effects for the tested extracts ranging from no activity to almost complete protection. Furthermore, substantial differences in the polyphenol content were found for the nutritionally used part of the same plant originating from different locations. However, no clear correlations between the polyphenol content and the extracts' antioxidant activities were found. Taken together, the data suggest that certain local Mediterranean plant foods possess promising antioxidant activity and that the observed biological effects are possibly influenced by the geographically-dependent environmental conditions prevailing during plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schaffer
- Institute of Pharmacology (ZAFES), Biocenter Niederursel, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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40
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Weber CC, Kressmann S, Fricker G, Müller WE. Modulation of P-glycoprotein function by St John's wort extract and its major constituents. Pharmacopsychiatry 2005; 37:292-8. [PMID: 15551196 DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-832686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent data suggest some relevant drug interactions caused by St John's wort extract, which can be explained by interactions with the Cytochrome P450 system or P-Glycoprotein (Pgp). Interaction with Pgp, including activation, inhibition and induction, can lead to altered plasma or brain levels of Pgp substrates. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible interactions of St John's wort extract and most relevant constituents with the transport activity of Pgp. METHODS We characterized the modulatory potencies in two in vitro assays using calcein-AM, first in VLB cells (a human lymphocytic leukemia cell line expressing Pgp) and second in PBCEC cells (porcine brain capillary endothelial cells). RESULTS The extract, as well as some of the tested constituents modulate the transport by Pgp in the micromolecular range. Quercetin and hyperforin seem to be most potent. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest the possibility of drug interactions at the level of the gastro-intestinal absorption of drugs. Plasma levels of the constituents of St John's wort are very likely too low to interfere with Pgp at the blood-brain-barrier with the possible exception of quercetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Weber
- Department of Pharmacology, Biocenter, University of Frankfurt, Marie-Curie-Strasse 9, 60439 Frankfurt, Germany
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41
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Müller WE, Siebert B, Holoubek G, Gentsch C. Neuropharmacology of the anxiolytic drug opipramol, a sigma site ligand. Pharmacopsychiatry 2005; 37 Suppl 3:S189-97. [PMID: 15547785 DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-832677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Although opipramol is structurally related to imipramine, it does not represent a tricyclic antidepressant drug as it does not inhibit the neuronal uptake of norepinephrine and/or serotonin. Unlike imipramine it is a rather potent sigma ligand with modest subclass selectivity which is similar in vitro as well as ex vivo. Opipramol is active in several behavioural paradigms indicative of anxiolytic properties at doses (1-10 mg/kg), which are also needed to occupy sigma binding sites. Somewhat higher doses (10-20 mg/kg) are needed for "antidepressant like" effects. The data allow the conclusion that interaction with sigma sites is involved in the anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of opipramol albeit a contribution of its weaker D (2)-antagonistic and 5-HT2-antagonistic properties cannot be totally be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Müller
- Department of Pharmacology, Biocenter University Frankfurt, Marie-Curie-Strasse 9, D-60439 Frankfurt, Germany.
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42
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Abstract
Evidences from cell culture experiments and animal studies suggest a strong link between cholesterol and Alzheimer's disease (AD). This relationship is supported by retrospective epidemiological studies demonstrating that statin treatment reduced the prevalence of AD in patients suffering from hypercholesterolaemia. The alternative processing of the amyloid-precursor protein (APP) in the brain of AD patients leads to the production of the neurotoxic amyloid-beta protein (Abeta), a causative factor for AD pathology. In vitro, this mechanism is modulated by alterations in cellular cholesterol levels. Moreover, lowering cholesterol in animal experiments reduced the production of Abeta in most but not all studies. These findings led to prospective clinical trials of cholesterol-lowering statins in AD patients, even if many studies do not support elevated cholesterol levels in serum and brain as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Most of these studies were negative. Thus, up to date there is insufficient evidence to suggest the use of statins for treatment in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Eckert
- Department of Pharmacology, Biocenter Niederursel, ZAFES, University of Frankfurt, Germany
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Möller HJ, Bauer M, Fritze J, Haen E, Laux G, Müller WE, Rüther E. [Selective serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors: a step forward in the treatment of depression?]. MMW Fortschr Med 2005; 147:43-5. [PMID: 15727113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
With the tricyclics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and other substances, we now have available a range of medications for the treatment of depression and other psychological disorders (e.g. anxiety, panic). Nevertheless, only some of the patients experience a remission of their depressive symptoms. The occurrence of side effects and the only modest level of effectiveness result in inadequate compliance on the part of the patient. With venlafaxine and duloxetine two representatives of the selective serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SSNRI) class of antidepressants are now available. SSNRIs have a dual effect coupled with high selectivity. The present article the extent to which this particular action mechanism results in an improved clinical efficacy and tolerability profile of the SSNRIs, in particular in comparison with SSRIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Möller
- Psychiatrische Klinik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München.
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Igbavboa U, Eckert GP, Malo TM, Studniski AE, Johnson LNA, Yamamoto N, Kobayashi M, Fujita SC, Appel TR, Müller WE, Wood WG, Yanagisawa K. Murine synaptosomal lipid raft protein and lipid composition are altered by expression of human apoE 3 and 4 and by increasing age. J Neurol Sci 2004; 229-230:225-32. [PMID: 15760644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2004.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) 4 and aging are risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Mice expressing human apoE4 and aged wild-type mice show a similarity in the transbilayer distribution of cholesterol in synaptic plasma membranes (SPMs) but differ markedly compared with apoE3 mice and young mice. The largest changes in cholesterol distribution were observed in the SPM exofacial leaflet where there was a doubling of cholesterol. Lipid rafts are thought to be associated with the exofacial leaflet, and we proposed that lipid raft protein and lipid composition would be associated with apoE genotype and age. Lipid rafts were isolated from synaptosomes of different age groups (2, 12, 24 months) of mice expressing human apoE3 and apoE4. Lipid raft markers, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), flotillin-1, cholesterol and sphingomyelin (SM) were examined. Lipid rafts of young apoE4 mice were more similar to older mice as compared with young apoE3 mice in reductions in alkaline phosphatase activity and flotillin-1 abundance. Lipid raft cholesterol and sphingomyelin levels were not significantly different between the young apoE3 and apoE4 mice but cholesterol levels of lipid rafts did increase with age in both genotypes. Results of the present study demonstrate that the two risk factors for Alzheimer's disease, apoE4 genotype and increasing age have similar effects on brain lipid raft protein markers and these findings support the notion that the transbilayer distribution of cholesterol is associated with lipid raft function.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Igbavboa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, and Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Medical Center, 11G, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55417, USA
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Müller WE, Leonard BE. Editorial. Pharmacopsychiatry 2004; 37 Suppl 3:S165. [PMID: 15547781 DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-832673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Schulte-Löbbert S, Holoubek G, Müller WE, Schubert-Zsilavecz M, Wurglics M. Comparison of the synaptosomal uptake inhibition of serotonin by St John's wort products. J Pharm Pharmacol 2004; 56:813-8. [PMID: 15231048 DOI: 10.1211/0022357023493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Although the number of prescriptions for psychotropic drugs has decreased in recent years, prescriptions for antidepressants are still increasing (Fritze 2002). Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort) is the main psychotherapeutic herbal medicinal product used for treatment of mild-to-moderate depression. The lipophilic constituent hyperforin (2-5% of the extract) demonstrated, similarly to chemical antidepressants, a significant effect on the synaptosomal uptake inhibition of several neurotransmitters in in-vitro assays. In Germany, St John's wort products are distributed via two different markets: products that are pharmacy restricted are only allowed to be distributed in pharmacies; traditionally used products, which do not claim to have a curative character, are allowed to be sold in supermarkets. Depending on the market wherein a St John's wort product is offered, it needs to fulfill the legal requirements regarding pharmaceutical quality, safety and efficacy. Our goal was to compare the quality of St John's wort products distributed in pharmacies with that of those available from supermarkets. Therefore, the quantity of the pharmaceutical active ingredients (the phloroglucinol derivate hyperforin, the flavonoids rutin, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, quercitrin and the biflavonoid biapigenin) was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The naphthodianthrones hypericines and pseudohypericines were quantified by differential pulse polarography (DPP). The efficacy of the products was investigated by measuring their activity to inhibit serotonin (5-HT) uptake in-vitro using a radio ligand uptake assay. It could be demonstrated that the products were different not only in the concentration of pharmaceutically relevant ingredients but also in showing individual IC50 values (concentration producing half-maximal inhibition) in the serotonin reuptake assay (IC50 values between 3.07 and 17.9 microg extract mL(-1)). The results of our study confirm the assumption that the potency of St John's wort products in inhibiting the uptake of serotonin depends on the amount of hyperforin in their dosage forms. St John's wort products having greater hyperforin content and potency on synaptosomal serotonin uptake inhibition are restricted to be sold only in pharmacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schulte-Löbbert
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Marie-Curie-Strasse 9, 60439 Frankfurt, Germany
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Holoubek G, Nöldner M, Treiber K, Müller WE. Effect of chronic antidepressant treatment on beta-receptor coupled signal transduction cascade. Which effect matters most? Pharmacopsychiatry 2004; 37 Suppl 2:S113-9. [PMID: 15546062 DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-832664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beta-receptor down-regulation has been described as a common biochemical effect of chronic treatment with many but not all antidepressant drugs. Beta-receptor activation leads to elevated intracellular levels of cAMP followed by the activation of several protein kinases which in turn activate various transcription factors. One of those, CREP has received increasing interest as an relevant component within the antidepressant drug modulated signal cascade as it represents a down-stream signal not only of the beta-receptor but also of serotonin receptor activation. Chronic treatment with many antidpressant drugs has been shown to alter CREP levels in several brain regions. While beta-receptor down-regulation by chronic antidepressant treatment has been a consistent finding, alterations of CREP levels have been observed in both direction. Similarly divergent findings have been reported for BDNF a major gene targeted of CREB, where most but not all findings suggest up-regulation at least at the message level following chronic antidepressant treatment. METHODS Because of these rather divergent data, we investigated the possible effects of chronic treatment (9 or 19 days) with three different antidepressant drugs (reboxetine, citalopram, imipramine) on the individual parameters of the beta-receptor coupled signal transduction cascade. All animals were also tested for possible antidepressant effects using the forced swimming test. RESULTS While beta-receptor density was down-regulated by reboxetine and imipramine but not citalopram, CREB protein was only mildly elevated after 9 days, and not changed or slightly reduced after 19 days. BDNF protein levels were not or only slightly enhanced, but only for the 9 days treatment. Citalopram was most active. Under the conditions chosen, all three drugs were active in the forced swimming test. CONCLUSION Taken together, the findings reported make it difficult to identify one single component of the beta-receptor coupled signal transduction cascade as common final target of chronic antidepressant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Holoubek
- Department of Pharmacology, Biocenter, University of Frankfurt, 60439 Frankfurt, Germany
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Abstract
Dysregulation of serotonergic function has been found to be associated with aggression in animals, human adults and adolescents. However, studies with children have shown conflicting results. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the kinetic characteristics (Vmax and Km) of 5-HT uptake in platelets are different in children with the diagnosis of conduct disorder according to ICD-10 and healthy age-matched controls. In addition to the standardized assessment of general psychopathology, methods assessing narrowband aggressive symptoms (Child Behavior Checklist) and emotional reactivity to an experimentally induced provocation (Taylor's competitive reaction time task) were used in both groups. We found a trend for a lower mean Vmax of platelet 5-HT uptake in 14 conduct-disordered boys compared with healthy controls (n=15). If, however, 2 patients with a low degree of aggression and emotional reactivity were excluded, the difference became significant (mean=4.27, SD=3.49 in patients and mean=8.45, SD=4.63 in controls). A significant negative correlation was found between parent-rated aggression scores and Vmax (r=-0.41, p < 0.05, n=29). These data suggest that dysfunction of 5-HT transport mechanisms might be associated with specific behavioral symptoms in conduct-disordered children.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Stadler
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Biocenter, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt a.M., Germany.
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Keil U, Bonert A, Marques CA, Strosznajder JB, Müller-Spahn F, Müller WE, Eckert A. Elevated nitric oxide production mediates beta-amyloid-induced mitochondria failure. Pol J Pharmacol 2004; 56:631-4. [PMID: 15591653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2004] [Revised: 10/07/2004] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been identified in a large proportion of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition, the involvement of nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of AD. Thus, we investigated the effects of the Swedish double mutation (K670M/N671L) in the beta-amyloid precursor protein (APPsw) on NO levels and mitochondrial function in PC12 cells. Interestingly, APPsw PC12 cells showed increased NO levels, decreased cytochrome C oxidase activity and reduced ATP levels compared to wild-type APP bearing cells and empty vector transfected cells. On the basis of our data, we propose a hypothetical sequence of events linking amyloid beta-peptide and NO production with mitochondria failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Keil
- Department of Pharmacology, Biocenter, University of Frankfurt, 60439 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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50
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Müller WE. Activation of nonselective cation channels by hyperforin – A novel mechanism of antidepressant activity. Pharmacopsychiatry 2004. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2003-825450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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