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Mohammadi S, Kharrazi S, Mazlomi M, Amani A, Tavoosidana G. Investigation of Melphalan interaction as an alkylating agent with nucleotides by using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2024; 317:124359. [PMID: 38704996 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
SERS (Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy) is a new Raman spectroscopy which relies on Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) of metal nanoparticles. We have applied colloidal silver and gold nanoparticles as amplifier agents to enhance nucleotide Raman signals. It is observed that without these enhancing agents, it is impossible to investigate nucleotide spectrum due to weak Raman signals. Interaction mechanism of Melphalan, an anticancer drug with four nucleotides (Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine) was investigated using SERS to detect and identify changes due to alkylating process in Raman spectra. After incubating Melphalan drug with nucleotides for 24 h at 37 °C, some changes occurred in SERS spectrum and interpretation of SERS spectra revealed the influence of the alkyl substitution on peaks and Raman shifts. After incubation of Melphalan with each nucleotide, intensity of relevant SERS signals assigned to Amid III group of Cytosine and Amid I of Thymine decreased significantly, confirming alkylating taking place. In this study, we also investigated the effect of nanoparticles type on nucleotide spectrum. We could not obtain useful information in the cases of guanine nucleotide. The SERS spectrum of Cytosine as an example of nucleotides in aqueous solution compared to solid state and results demonstrated that in solid state better signals were obtained than in liquid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simah Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sharmin Kharrazi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammadali Mazlomi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Amani
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Natural Products and Medicinal Plants research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Tavoosidana
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Funakoshi D, Obinata D, Fujiwara K, Yamamoto S, Takayama K, Hara M, Takahashi S, Inoue S. Antitumor effects of pyrrole-imidazole polyamide modified with alkylating agent on prostate cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 623:9-16. [PMID: 35868070 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Androgens and androgen receptor (AR) have a central role in prostate cancer progression by regulating its downstream signaling. Although androgen depletion therapy (ADT) is the primary treatment for most prostate cancers, they acquires resistance to ADT and become castration resistant prostate cancers (CRPC). AR complex formation with multiple transcription factors is important for enhancer activity and transcriptional regulation, which can contribute to cancer progression and resistance to ADT. We previously demonstrated that OCT1 collaborates with AR in prostate cancer, and that a pyrrole-imidazole (PI) polyamide (PIP) targeting OCT1 inhibits cell and castration-resistant tumor growth (Obinata D et al. Oncogene 2016). PIP can bind to DNA non-covalently without a drug delivery system unlike most DNA targeted therapeutics. In the present study, we developed a PIP modified with a DNA alkylating agent, chlorambucil (ChB) (OCT1-PIP-ChB). Then its effect on the growth of prostate cancer LNCaP, 22Rv1, and PC3 cells, pancreatic cancer BxPC3 cells, and colon cancer HCT116 cells, as well as non-cancerous MCF-10A epithelial cells, were analyzed. It was shown that the IC50s of OCT1-PIP-ChB for 22Rv1 and LNCaP were markedly lower compared to other cells, including non-cancerous MCF-10A cells. Comprehensive gene expression analysis of CRPC model 22Rv1 cells treated with IC50 concentrations of OCT1-PIP-ChB revealed that the gene group involved in DNA double-strand break repair was the most enriched among gene sets repressed by OCT1-PIP-ChB treatment. Importantly, in vivo study using 22Rv1 xenografts, we showed that OCT1-PIP-ChB significantly reduced tumor growth compared to the control group without showing obvious adverse effects. Thus, the PIP combined with ChB can exert a significant inhibitory effect on prostate cancer cell proliferation and castration-resistant tumor growth, suggesting a potential role as a therapeutic agent.
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Ocio EM, Nadeem O, Schjesvold F, Gay F, Touzeau C, Dimopoulos MA, Richardson PG, Mateos MV. Melflufen for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2022; 15:371-382. [PMID: 35723075 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2022.2075847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Melphalan flufenamide (melflufen) is a first-in-class peptide-drug conjugate that takes advantage of increased aminopeptidase activity inside tumor cells to rapidly release alkylating agents therein. Melflufen in combination with dexamethasone has been evaluated in multiple clinical trials in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (MM). AREAS COVERED This profile covers the unique mechanism of action of melflufen, the preclinical results supporting its activity in cellular models of resistance to chemotherapy, its activity in animal models of MM, and the clinical pharmacokinetics of melflufen. Findings from clinical trials evaluating melflufen, including the pivotal phase II HORIZON study and the phase III OCEAN study, are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Although MM treatment has improved, patients with disease refractory to multiple standard-of-care drug classes face a dismal prognosis. Melflufen demonstrated efficacy and tolerability in select populations, with an initial approval in the United States in patients with ≥ four previous lines of therapy and triple-class-refractory MM. Results from the phase III OCEAN study - currently under discussion with regulatory agencies in the United States and Europe - are more complex and have been put into context herein. Lastly, melflufen provides a proof-of-concept for the utility of the peptide-drug conjugate platform in relapsed/refractory MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique M Ocio
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), University of CantabriaUniversity Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Omar Nadeem
- Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fredrik Schjesvold
- Oslo Myeloma Center, Department of Hematology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Francesca Gay
- Myeloma Unit, Division of Hematology, University of Torino, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Cyrille Touzeau
- Hematology Department, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie et Immunologie Nantes-Angers (CRCINA), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Site de Recherche Intégrée sur le Cancer (SIRIC), Imaging and Longitudinal Investigations to Ameliorate Decision-making (ILIAD), Nantes, France; Service d'hématologie Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes, France
| | - Meletios A Dimopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Paul G Richardson
- Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria-Victoria Mateos
- Department of Haematology, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Centro de Investigación del Cancer (IBMCC-USAL, CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
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Xu J, Keenan TE, Overmoyer B, Tung NM, Gelman RS, Habin K, Garber JE, Ellisen LW, Winer EP, Goss PE, Yeap BY, Chabner BA, Isakoff SJ. Phase II trial of veliparib and temozolomide in metastatic breast cancer patients with and without BRCA1/2 mutations. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2021; 189:641-651. [PMID: 34417675 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-021-06292-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We evaluated the efficacy and safety of poly-(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP) 1 and 2 inhibitor veliparib and temozolomide in metastatic breast cancer patients with and without germline BRCA1/2 mutations. METHODS In this single-arm phase II trial, patients with metastatic breast cancer received veliparib 30 to 40 mg twice daily on days 1 to 7 with concurrent temozolomide 150 mg/m2 on days 1 to 5 of a 28-day cycle. The primary cohort was unselected for BRCA mutation status, and an expansion cohort enrolled only BRCA1/2 carriers. The primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR) in each cohort. Secondary endpoints included progression-free survival (PFS), clinical benefit rate (CBR), and evaluation of safety and tolerability. RESULTS In the primary cohort of 41 unselected patients, which included 9 BRCA mutation carriers, the ORR was 10% and clinical benefit rate at 4 months (CBR) was 27%. In the expansion cohort of 21 BRCA1/2 carriers, the ORR was 14% and CBR was 43%. Among all 30 BRCA1/2 carriers, the ORR was 23% versus 0% among non-carriers. In the subset of BRCA1/2 carriers, the ORR was 32% among platinum-naïve patients versus 9% among platinum-exposed patients. The median PFS was 3.3 months among BRCA1/2 carriers compared to 1.8 months among non-carriers (HR: 0.48, p = 0.006). A longer median PFS of 6.2 months was observed among BRCA1/2 carriers who had no prior platinum therapy. The most common grade 3 and 4 toxicities were thrombocytopenia (32%) and neutropenia (21%) that generally improved with dose modifications. CONCLUSION Veliparib and temozolomide demonstrated clinical activity in platinum-naïve BRCA-associated metastatic breast cancer with manageable toxicity at doses of veliparib well below the single-agent active dose. Although the study did not meet its primary endpoint in unselected nor BRCA-associated breast cancer, this regimen was further evaluated in the BROCADE 2 study. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT01009788 (ClinicalTrials.gov), November 9, 2009.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02141, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.,Sanofi US, 50 Binney St, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Tanya E Keenan
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02141, USA.,Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Beth Overmoyer
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Nadine M Tung
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Rebecca S Gelman
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Karleen Habin
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Judy E Garber
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Leif W Ellisen
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02141, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Eric P Winer
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Paul E Goss
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02141, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Beow Y Yeap
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02141, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Bruce A Chabner
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02141, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
| | - Steven J Isakoff
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02141, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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Ronayne CT, Jonnalagadda SK, Jonnalagadda S, Nelson GL, Solano LN, Palle H, Mani C, Rumbley J, Holy J, Mereddy VR. Synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel anticancer agent CBISC that induces DNA damage response and diminishes levels of mutant-p53. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 562:127-132. [PMID: 34051576 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel nitrogen mustard CBISC has been synthesized and evaluated as an anticancer agent. CBISC has been shown to exhibit enhanced cell proliferation inhibition properties against mutant p53 cell lines colorectal cancer WiDr, pancreatic cancer (MIAPaCa-2 and PANC-1), and triple negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468). In vitro mechanism of action studies revealed perturbations in the p53 pathway and increased cell death as evidenced by western blotting, immunofluorescent microscopy and MTT assay. Further, in vivo studies revealed that CBISC is well tolerated in healthy mice and exhibited significant in vivo tumor growth inhibition properties in WiDr and MIAPaCa-2 xenograft models. These studies illustrate the potential utility of CBISC as an anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor T Ronayne
- Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Sravan K Jonnalagadda
- Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Shirisha Jonnalagadda
- Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Grady L Nelson
- Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Lucas N Solano
- Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Hithardha Palle
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA
| | - Chinnadurai Mani
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA
| | - Jon Rumbley
- Department of Pharmacy Practice & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Jon Holy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Venkatram R Mereddy
- Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA; Department of Pharmacy Practice & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA.
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Abstract
Cisplatin has been a mainstay of cancer chemotherapy since the 1970s. Despite its broad anticancer potential, its clinical use has regularly been constrained by kidney toxicities. This review details those biochemical pathways and metabolic conversions that underlie the kidney toxicities. A wide range of redox events contribute to the eventual physiological consequences of drug activities.
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Jiang Y, Zhou W, Hu K, Han Y, Sun P, Wang Q, Li G, Wu H, Tang G, Huang S. Radiosynthesis and preclinical evaluation of [ 18F]FEM as a potential novel PET probe for tumor imaging. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127200. [PMID: 32354567 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the 21st century, the incidence and mortality of cancer, one of the most challenging diseases in the world, have rapidly increased. The purpose of this study was to develop 2-(2-[18F]fluoroethoxy)ethyl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate ([18F]FEM) as a positron emission tomography (PET) agent for tumor imaging. In this study, [18F]FEM was synthesized with a good radiochemical yield (45.4 ± 5.8%), high specific radioactivity (over 25 GBq/μmol), and commendable radiochemical purity (over 99%). The octanol/water partition coefficient of [18F]FEM was 1.44 ± 0.04. The probe demonstrated good stability in vitro (phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and mouse serum (MS)), and binding specificity to five different tumor cell lines (A549, PC-3, HCC827, U87, and MDA-MB-231). PET imaging of tumor-bearing mice showed that [18F]FEM specifically accumulated at the tumor site of the five different tumor cell lines. The average tumor-to-muscle (T/M) ratio was over 2, and the maximum T/M values reached about 3.5. The biodistribution and dynamic PET imaging showed that most probes were metabolized by the liver, whereas a small part was metabolized by the kidney. Moreover, dynamic brain images and quantitative data showed [18F]FEM can quickly cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) and quickly fade out, thereby suggesting it may be a promising candidate probe for the imaging of brain tumors. The presented results demonstrated that [18F]FEM is a promising probe for tumor PET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Jiang
- Nanfang PET Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, China
| | - Wenlan Zhou
- Nanfang PET Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, China
| | - Kongzhen Hu
- Nanfang PET Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, China
| | - Yanjiang Han
- Nanfang PET Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, China
| | - Penghui Sun
- Nanfang PET Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, China
| | - Quanshi Wang
- Nanfang PET Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, China
| | - Guiping Li
- Nanfang PET Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, China
| | - Hubing Wu
- Nanfang PET Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, China
| | - Ganghua Tang
- Nanfang PET Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, China
| | - Shun Huang
- Nanfang PET Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, China.
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Krętowski R, Drozdowska D, Kolesińska B, Kamiński Z, Frączyk J, Cechowska-Pasko M. The cellular effects of novel triazine nitrogen mustards in glioblastoma LBC3, LN-18 and LN-229 cell lines. Invest New Drugs 2019; 37:984-993. [PMID: 30645699 PMCID: PMC6736897 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-018-0712-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
1,3,5-triazine is an important heterocyclic skeleton for mono, two or three 2-chloroethylamine groups. The study presented here provides novel information on cellular effects of 1,3,5-triazine with mono, two or three 2-chloroethylamine groups in glioblastoma LBC3, LN-18 and LN-229 cell lines. In our study, the most cytotoxic effect was observed in 1,3,5-triazine with three 2-chloroethylamine groups (12f compound). It has been demonstrated that 12f induce time- and dose-dependent cytotoxicity in all investigated glioma cell lines. Apart from that in glioblastoma cells, treated with 12f compound, we noticed strong induction of apoptosis. In conclusion, this research provides novel information concerning cellular effects of apoptosis in LBC3, LN-18 and LN-229 cell lines. Moreover, we suggest that 12f compound may be a candidate for further evaluation as an effective chemotherapeutic agent for human glioblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Krętowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Danuta Drozdowska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Beata Kolesińska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Kamiński
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Justyna Frączyk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Moore AS, Frimberger AE, Chan CM. Dosage escalation of intravenous cyclophosphamide in cats with cancer. Vet J 2018; 242:39-43. [PMID: 30503542 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide is an alkylating agent used as chemotherapy for cats with lymphoma, carcinomas and sarcomas. Clinical and pharmacokinetic studies of cyclophosphamide in normal and tumor-bearing cats have shown minimal toxicity and cyclophosphamide at clinically used dosages rarely requires dosage adjustment or treatment delays. Dose intensity appears important for treatment of most cancers; the aim of this study was to perform a modified dose escalation study of cyclophosphamide to establish the maximally tolerated dosage (MTD) for intravenous cyclophosphamide in cats. The dose limiting toxicity appeared to be neutropenia, and 30% of cats experienced grade 3 or grade 4 neutropenia at a cyclophosphamide dosage of 480mg/m2, which was determined as the MTD. Delayed neutropenia was observed commonly at higher dosages. Thrombocytopenia was less common than neutropenia, and always transient. Gastrointestinal toxicities were uncommon even at MTD. The recommended dosage for single agent cyclophosphamide in cats is 460mg/m2 with a post-treatment interval of three weeks, with hematology performed before any subsequent chemotherapy is administered. This dosage appears safe in combination with prednisolone and l-asparaginase; but has not been evaluated in combination with other chemotherapy agents, or with a post-treatment interval shorter than 3 weeks. Such combinations and shorter intervals are found in some protocols, so this recommended cyclophosphamide dose cannot be considered a direct substitute for cyclophosphamide dosages in existing protocols. There is a suggestion that inadequate renal function may exacerbate the myelosuppression of cyclophosphamide which should be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Moore
- Veterinary Oncology Consultants, 379 Lake Innes Drive, Wauchope, NSW 2446, Australia.
| | - A E Frimberger
- Veterinary Oncology Consultants, 379 Lake Innes Drive, Wauchope, NSW 2446, Australia
| | - C M Chan
- Queensland Veterinary Specialists, 263 Appleby Road, Stafford Heights, QLD 4053, Australia
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Kiakos K, Englinger B, Yanow SK, Wernitznig D, Jakupec MA, Berger W, Keppler BK, Hartley JA, Lee M, Patil PC. Design, synthesis, nuclear localization, and biological activity of a fluorescent duocarmycin analog, HxTfA. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:1342-1347. [PMID: 29548574 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
HxTfA 4 is a fluorescent analog of a potent cytotoxic and antimalarial agent, TfA 3, which is currently being investigated for the development of an antimalarial vaccine, PlasProtect®. HxTfA contains a p-anisylbenzimidazole or Hx moiety, which is endowed with a blue emission upon excitation at 318 nm; thus enabling it to be used as a surrogate for probing the cellular fate of TfA using confocal microscopy, and addressing the question of nuclear localization. HxTfA exhibits similar selectivity to TfA for A-tract sequences of DNA, alkylating adenine-N3, albeit at 10-fold higher concentrations. It also possesses in vitro cytotoxicity against A549 human lung carcinoma cells and Plasmodium falciparum. Confocal microscopy studies showed for the first time that HxTfA, and by inference TfA, entered A549 cells and localized in the nucleus to exert its biological activity. At biologically relevant concentrations, HxTfA elicits DNA damage response as evidenced by a marked increase in the levels of γH2AX observed by confocal microscopy and immunoblotting studies, and ultimately induces apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Kiakos
- Cancer Research UK Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Bernhard Englinger
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Debora Wernitznig
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael A Jakupec
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Berger
- Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard K Keppler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - John A Hartley
- Cancer Research UK Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Moses Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Hope College, Holland, MI 49423, United States
| | - Pravin C Patil
- Department of Chemistry, Hope College, Holland, MI 49423, United States
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Haslbauer F. Long-Term Progression-Free Survival in a Patient with Metastatic Leiomyosarcoma of the Inguinal Region Treated with Trabectedin. Case Rep Oncol 2018; 11:246-251. [PMID: 29805376 PMCID: PMC5968288 DOI: 10.1159/000487937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Presented here is the case of an elderly leiomyosarcoma patient with multiple comorbidities and relapses from prior lines of treatment, who experienced a long-lasting progression-free survival. After initial diagnosis, standard treatment protocols with surgery and subsequent adjuvant radiochemotherapy were administered, followed by a short course of oral pazopanib at the patient's request, which led to a rapid relapse. Afterwards, the patient received trabectedin for 22 months, achieving disease control with good quality of life over an extended period of time. After progression from trabectedin, the patient was switched to eribulin. Future clinical trials are needed to investigate the efficacy of trabectedin maintenance treatment and to identify predictive criteria for response to trabectedin among patients with advanced sarcoma.
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Sasso-Cerri E, Oliveira B, de Santi F, Beltrame FL, Caneguim BH, Cerri PS. The antineoplastic busulphan impairs peritubular and Leydig cells, and vitamin B 12 stimulates spermatogonia proliferation and prevents busulphan-induced germ cell death. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:1619-1630. [PMID: 28950662 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.08.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Busulphan (Bu), an alkylating agent used for bone marrow and spermatogonial stem cell transplantation (SSCT), impairs Sertoli (SC) cells, which are necessary for the spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) homing during transplantation. As Leydig (LC) and peritubular myoid (PMC) cells are essential for SC support and maintenance of spermatogonial niche, we evaluated the impact of Bu on the LC and PMC structural integrity. Vitamin B12 (B12) has demonstrated beneficial effects against drug-induced testicular changes; thus, we also examined whether this vitamin is able to stimulate spermatogonia mitotic activity and prevent Bu-induced germ cell death. Rats received 10mg/kg of Bu in the 1st and 4th days, and daily B12 supplementation during Bu treatment and for 6days after the last injection of Bu (Bu-6d), totaling 10days of treatment. Other animals received the same treatment as Bu-6d, and B12 supplementation (Bu+7dB12) or saline (Bu+7dS) for 7 more days, totaling 17days of treatment. Serum testosterone levels were measured. In the historesin-embedded testis sections, the seminiferous tubule and epithelial areas were measured, and the number of spermatogonia and PMC was quantified. Actin and 17β-HSD6 immunofluorescence was detected, and the number of TUNEL-positive LC and germ cells was computed. In Bu-6d, PMC number reduced, and a weak actin immunoexpression and death in these cells was observed. The testosterone levels reduced, and the interstitial tissue showed a weak 17β-HSD6 immunoexpression and increased number of TUNEL-positive LC. In Bu+7dB12, the number of spermatogonia was higher than in Bu-6d and Bu+7dS, and the number of TUNEL-positive germ cells was significantly lower than in Bu+7dS. Bu exerts a harmful impact on PMC and LC, reducing the testosterone levels. Vitamin B12 prevents significantly Bu-induced germ cell death and stimulates spermatogonia proliferation, being a useful strategy for the enrichment of SSC in vitro and an adjuvant therapy for spermatogenesis recovery in oncologic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Sasso-Cerri
- Department of Morphology, Dental School of São Paulo State University, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Bárbara Oliveira
- Department of Morphology, Dental School of São Paulo State University, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabiane de Santi
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávia L Beltrame
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Breno H Caneguim
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo S Cerri
- Department of Morphology, Dental School of São Paulo State University, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Potjewyd G, Day PJ, Shangula S, Margison GP, Povey AC. L-β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) nitrosation generates a cytotoxic DNA damaging alkylating agent: An unexplored mechanism for neurodegenerative disease. Neurotoxicology 2017; 59:105-109. [PMID: 28163087 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND L-β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) is a non-proteinic amino acid, that is neurotoxic in vitro and in animals, and is implicated in the causation of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism-dementia complex (ALS-PDC) on Guam. Given that natural amino acids can be N-nitrosated to form toxic alkylating agents and the structural similarity of BMAA to other amino acids, our hypothesis was that N-nitrosation of BMAA might result in a toxic alkylating agent, providing a novel mechanistic hypothesis for BMAA action. FINDINGS We have chemically nitrosated BMAA with sodium nitrite to produce nitrosated BMAA (N-BMAA) which was shown to react with the alkyl-trapping agent, 4-(p-nitrobenzyl)pyridine, cause DNA strand breaks in vitro and was toxic to the human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y under conditions in which BMAA itself was minimally toxic. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that N-BMAA is an alkylating agent and toxin suggesting a plausible and previously unrecognised mechanism for the neurotoxic effects of BMAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Potjewyd
- Centre for Epidemiology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - P J Day
- Centre for Epidemiology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Manchester Institute for Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - S Shangula
- Centre for Epidemiology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - G P Margison
- Centre for Epidemiology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - A C Povey
- Centre for Epidemiology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Ghobadi E, Moloudizargari M, Asghari MH, Abdollahi M. The mechanisms of cyclophosphamide-induced testicular toxicity and the protective agents. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 13:525-536. [PMID: 28019118 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1277205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cyclophosphamide (CP) is an alkylating antineoplastic agent with known toxicity to the male reproductive system. Areas covered: This review summarizes the known mechanisms by which CP exerts its toxic effects on the male reproductive system and the methods utilized to prevent such effects so that it could be further investigated and applied in clinical use. Keywords including ['Cyclophosphamide' AND 'male reproductive' OR' sperm toxicity' OR 'spermatotoxicity' OR 'infertility] were searched through Google Scholar, PubMed and Scopus databases based on PRISMA guidelines. After removing duplicates and irrelevant data, 76 papers were reviewed concerning the outcomes of treatment of male mice, rats, and humans with CP and the effects of co-administration of various natural and synthetic compounds on male reproductive system. Expert opinion: CP exerts its effect mainly by inducing oxidative stress and changing gene expression in spermatocytes variably during different stages of development. These effects could be either restored or prevented by the administration of compounds with antioxidant properties and those which target the biochemical alterations induced by CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Ghobadi
- a Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Milad Moloudizargari
- b Student Research Committee, Department of Immunology , School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Asghari
- a Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,c Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine , Babol University of Medical Sciences , Babol , Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- a Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,d Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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15
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Sartore-Bianchi A, Pietrantonio F, Amatu A, Milione M, Cassingena A, Ghezzi S, Caporale M, Berenato R, Falcomatà C, Pellegrinelli A, Bardelli A, Nichelatti M, Tosi F, De Braud F, Di Nicolantonio F, Barault L, Siena S. Digital PCR assessment of MGMT promoter methylation coupled with reduced protein expression optimises prediction of response to alkylating agents in metastatic colorectal cancer patients. Eur J Cancer 2016; 71:43-50. [PMID: 27997874 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND O(6)-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) is a repair protein, and its deficiency makes tumours more susceptible to the cytotoxic effect of alkylating agents. Five clinical trials with temozolomide or dacarbazine have been performed in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) with selection based on methyl-specific PCR (MSP) testing with modest results. We hypothesised that mitigated results are consequences of unspecific patient selection and that alternative methodologies for MGMT testing such as immunohistochemistry (IHC) and digital polymerase chain reaction (PCR) could enhance patient enrolment. PATIENTS AND METHODS Formalin-fixed paraffin embedded archival tumour tissue samples from four phase II studies of temozolomide or dacarbazine in MGMT MSP-positive mCRCs were analysed by IHC for MGMT protein expression and by methyl-BEAMing (MB) for percentage of promoter methylation. Pooled data were then retrospectively analysed according to objective response rate, progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS One hundred and five patients were included in the study. Twelve had achieved partial response (PR) (11.4%), 24 stable disease (SD; 22.9%) and 69 progressive disease (PD; 65.7%). Patients with PR/SD had lower IHC scores and higher MB levels than those with PD. MGMT expression by IHC was negatively and MB levels positively associated with PFS (p < 0.001 and 0.004, respectively), but not with OS. By combining both assays, IHC low/MB high patients displayed an 87% reduction in the hazard of progression (p < 0.001) and a 77% in the hazard for death (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION In mCRC selected for MGMT deficiency by MSP, IHC and MB testing improve clinical outcome to alkylating agents. Their combination could enhance patient selection in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Filippo Pietrantonio
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessio Amatu
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Milione
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Cassingena
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Ghezzi
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Caporale
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosa Berenato
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Falcomatà
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, SP 142 Km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, SP 142 Km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessio Pellegrinelli
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Bardelli
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, SP 142 Km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, SP 142 Km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Michele Nichelatti
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Tosi
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo De Braud
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Di Nicolantonio
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, SP 142 Km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, SP 142 Km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Ludovic Barault
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, SP 142 Km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, SP 142 Km 3.95, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Siena
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy; Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Kwon J, Min CK, Kim K, Han JJ, Moon JH, Kang HJ, Eom HS, Kim MK, Kim HJ, Yoon DH, Lee JO, Lee WS, Lee JH, Lee JJ, Choi YS, Kim SH, Yoon SS. Efficacy and toxicity of the combination chemotherapy of thalidomide, alkylating agent, and steroid for relapsed/refractory myeloma patients: a report from the Korean Multiple Myeloma Working Party (KMMWP) retrospective study. Cancer Med 2016; 6:100-108. [PMID: 27905203 PMCID: PMC5269709 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the treatment responses, toxicities, and survival outcomes of patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma who received daily thalidomide, cyclophosphamide, and dexamethasone (CTD) or daily thalidomide, melphalan, and prednisolone (MTP) at 17 medical centers in Korea. Three‐hundred and seventy‐six patients were enrolled. The combined chemotherapy of thalidomide, corticosteroid, and an alkylating agent (TAS) was second‐line chemotherapy in 142 (37.8%) patients, and third‐line chemotherapy in 135 (35.9%) patients. The response rate overall was 69.4%. Patients who were not treated with bortezomib and lenalidomide before TAS showed a higher response rate compared to those who were exposed to these agents. The estimated median progression‐free survival and overall survival times were 10.4 months and 28.0 months, respectively. The adverse events during TAS were generally tolerable, but 39 (10.4%) patients experienced severe infectious complications. There were no differences in terms of efficacy between CTD and MTP, but infectious complications were more common in CTD group. TAS is an effective treatment regimen which induces a high response rate in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma patients. Due to the high incidence of grade 3 or 4 infection, proper management of infection is necessary during the TAS treatment, especially the CTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Chang-Ki Min
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Korea
| | - Kihyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Korea
| | - Jae-Joon Han
- Departments of Hematology-Oncology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Ho Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hye Jin Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Seok Eom
- Hematology-Oncology Clinic, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Korea
| | - Min Kyoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyo Jung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| | - Dok Hyun Yoon
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Ok Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Won Sik Lee
- Department of Hemato-Oncology, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - Je-Jung Lee
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Jeollanamdo, Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sung Hyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dong-A Medical Center, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Sung-Soo Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Trafalis D, Geromichalou E, Dalezis P, Nikoleousakos N, Sarli V. Synthesis and evaluation of new steroidal lactam conjugates with aniline mustards as potential antileukemic therapeutics. Steroids 2016; 115:1-8. [PMID: 27473822 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Alkylating agents are still nowadays one of the most important classes of cytotoxic drugs, which display a wide range of therapeutic use for the treatment of various cancers. We have synthesized and tested four hybrid homo-azasteroidal alkylating esters for antileukemic activity against five sensitive to alkylating agents human leukemia cell lines in vitro and against P388 murine leukemia in vivo. Comparatively, melphalan and 3-(4-(bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)phenoxy)propanoic acid (POPAM) were also examined. All the homo-aza-steroidal alkylators showed relatively lower acute toxicity, very promising and antileukemic activity both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Trafalis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Athens 11527, Greece.
| | - Elena Geromichalou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Dalezis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Nikoleousakos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Sarli
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Abstract
Trabectedin (ET743, Yondelis®, manufactured by Baxter Oncology GmbH, Halle/Westfalen, Germany, for Janssen Products, LP, Horsham, PA), derived from the marine ascidian, Ecteinascidia turbinata, is a natural alkaloid with multiple complex mechanisms of action. On 23 October 2015, 15 years after the results of the first Phase 1 clinical trial using trabectedin for chemotherapy-resistant solid malignancies was reported, and 8 years after its approval in Europe, the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) finally approved trabectedin for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic liposarcoma or leiomyosarcoma that has failed a prior anthracycline-containing regimen. Approval was based on the results of a pivotal Phase 3 trial involving a 2:1 randomization of 518 patients (who were further stratified by soft tissue sarcoma subtype), in which a significant improvement in progression-free survival was reported in the trabectedin-treated group vs. the dacarbazine-treated group (p < 0.001). In this trial, the most common adverse reactions were nausea, fatigue, vomiting, constipation, anorexia, diarrhea, peripheral edema, dyspnea, and headache, while the most serious were neutropenic sepsis, rhabdomyolysis, cardiomyopathy, hepatotoxicity, and extravasation leading to tissue necrosis. The most common grade 3–4 adverse events were laboratory abnormalities of myelosuppression in both arms and transient transaminitis in the trabectedin arm. In a recent Phase 2 trial, trabectedin had a similar outcome as doxorubicin when given as a single agent in the first-line setting. Studies are also being conducted to expand the use of trabectedin not only as a first-line cancer drug, but also for a number of other clinical indications, for example, in the case of mesenchymal chondrosarcoma, for which trabectedin has been reported to be exceptionally active. The possibility of combining trabectedin with targeted therapies, immune checkpoint inhibitors or virotherapy would also be an interesting concept. In short, trabectedin is an old new drug with proven potential to impact the lives of patients with soft tissue sarcoma and other solid malignancies. Funding: Sarcoma Oncology Center, Santa Monica, CA 90405.
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van den Berg H, Paulussen M, Le Teuff G, Judson I, Gelderblom H, Dirksen U, Brennan B, Whelan J, Ladenstein RL, Marec-Berard P, Kruseova J, Hjorth L, Kühne T, Brichard B, Wheatley K, Craft A, Juergens H, Gaspar N, Le Deley MC. Impact of gender on efficacy and acute toxicity of alkylating agent -based chemotherapy in Ewing sarcoma: secondary analysis of the Euro-Ewing99-R1 trial. Eur J Cancer 2015; 51:2453-64. [PMID: 26271204 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2015.06.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on the randomised Euro-EWING99-R1 trial, vincristine, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide (VAC) may be able to replace vincristine, adriamycin, ifosfamide (VAI) in the treatment of standard-risk Ewing sarcoma. However some heterogeneity of treatment effect by gender was observed. The current exploratory study aimed at investigating the influence of gender on treatment efficacy and acute toxicity. PATIENTS AND METHODS Impact of gender on event-free survival (EFS), acute toxicity by course, switches between treatment arms and cumulative dose of alkylating agents was evaluated in multivariable models adjusted for age including terms to test for heterogeneity of treatment effect by gender. The analysis of the EFS was performed on the intention-to-treat population. RESULTS EFS did not significantly differ between the 509 males and 347 females (p=0.33), but an interaction in terms of efficacy was suspected between treatment and gender (p=0.058): VAC was associated with poorer EFS than VAI in males, hazard ratio (HR) (VAC/VAI)=1.37 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.98-1.90], contrasting with HR=0.81 [95%CI, 0.53-1.24] in females. Severe toxicity was more frequent in females, whatever the toxicity type. Thirty patients switched from VAI to VAC (9/251 males, 4%, and 21/174 females, 12%) mostly due to renal toxicity, and three from VAC to VAI (2/258 males, 0.8%, and 1/173 females, 0.6%). A reduction of alkylating agent cumulative dose >20% was more frequent in females (15% versus 9%, p=0.005), with no major difference between VAC and VAI (10% versus 13%, p=0.15). CONCLUSION Differences of acute toxicity rate and cumulative doses of alkylating agents could not explain the marginal interaction observed in the Euro-EWING99-R1 trial data. Effects of gender-dependent polymorphism/activity of metabolic enzymes (e.g. known for CYP2B6) of ifosfamide versus cyclophosphamide should be explored. External data are required to further evaluate whether there is heterogeneity of alkylating agent effect by gender. TRIAL NUMBERS NCT00987636 and EudraCT 2008-003658-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk van den Berg
- Emma Children's Hospital/Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Paulussen
- Vestische Kinder-und Jugendklinik Datteln, Witten/Herdecke University, Datteln, Germany
| | | | - Ian Judson
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Uta Dirksen
- Department of Paediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital, Muenster, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Jarmila Kruseova
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Charles University, Motol Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lars Hjorth
- Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas Kühne
- University Children's Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Keith Wheatley
- Cancer Research UK, Cancer Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham
| | - Alan Craft
- United Kingdom Sir James Spence Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Heribert Juergens
- Department of Paediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital, Muenster, Germany
| | | | - Marie-Cécile Le Deley
- Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Paris-Sud University, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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20
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Zauderer MG, Drilon A, Kadota K, Huberman K, Sima CS, Bergagnini I, Sumner DK, Travis WD, Heguy A, Ginsberg MS, Holodny AI, Riely GJ, Kris MG, Krug LM, Pietanza MC. Trial of a 5-day dosing regimen of temozolomide in patients with relapsed small cell lung cancers with assessment of methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase. Lung Cancer 2014; 86:237-40. [PMID: 25194640 PMCID: PMC4497567 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Small cell lung cancers (SCLCs) are characterized by aberrantly methylated O(6)-methyl-guanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT). Epigenetic silencing of MGMT is associated with loss of MGMT activity and improved sensitivity to alkylating agents in glioblastomas. We have reported the activity of temozolomide, a non-classical alkylating agent, in patients with relapsed sensitive or refractory SCLCs, given at 75 mg/m2/day for 21 of 28 days. However, prolonged myelosuppression was noted. We therefore evaluated a 5-day dosing schedule of temozolomide and examined MGMT as a predictive biomarker for temozolomide treatment in SCLC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with sensitive or refractory SCLCs and progression after one or two prior chemotherapy regimens received temozolomide 200 mg/m2/day for 5 consecutive days in 28-day cycles. The primary endpoint was tolerability. We also assessed MGMT promoter methylation status by PCR and MGMT expression by immunohistochemistry in tumor specimens. RESULTS Of 25 patients enrolled, 5 experienced grade 3 or 4 toxicity (anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, and constipation). The partial response rate was 12% [95% CI: 3-31%], with partial responses in 2 refractory patients. We were able to obtain tumor samples for more than half of patients for MGMT testing. CONCLUSION Temozolomide 200 mg/m2/day for 5 days in 28-day cycles is tolerable and active in patients with relapsed SCLCs. No treatment-limiting prolonged cytopenias were observed, making this our preferred schedule for further studies. Acquisition of archived biospecimens is feasible and necessary in order to continue evaluating the role of MGMT as a predictive biomarker in SCLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie G Zauderer
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States.
| | - Alex Drilon
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
| | - Kyuichi Kadota
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Kety Huberman
- Geoffrey Beene Translational Oncology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Camelia S Sima
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Isabella Bergagnini
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
| | - Dyana K Sumner
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
| | - William D Travis
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Adriana Heguy
- Geoffrey Beene Translational Oncology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Michelle S Ginsberg
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Andrei I Holodny
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Gregory J Riely
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
| | - Mark G Kris
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
| | - Lee M Krug
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
| | - M Catherine Pietanza
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
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21
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Glick M, Biddle P, Jantzi J, Weaver S, Schirch D. The antitumor agent 3-bromopyruvate has a short half-life at physiological conditions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 452:170-3. [PMID: 25152397 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Clinical research is currently exploring the validity of the anti-tumor candidate 3-bromopyruvate (3-BP) as a novel treatment for several types of cancer. However, recent publications have overlooked rarely-cited earlier work about the instability of 3-BP and its decay to 3-hydroxypyruvate (3-HP) which have obvious implications for its mechanism of action against tumors, how it is administered, and for precautions when preparing solutions of 3-BP. This study found the first-order decay rate of 3-BP at physiological temperature and pH has a half-life of only 77 min. Lower buffer pH decreases the decay rate, while choice of buffer and concentration do not affect it. A method for preparing more stable solutions is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Glick
- Department of Chemistry, Goshen College, Goshen, IN, United States
| | - Perry Biddle
- Department of Chemistry, Goshen College, Goshen, IN, United States
| | - Josh Jantzi
- Department of Chemistry, Goshen College, Goshen, IN, United States
| | - Samantha Weaver
- Department of Chemistry, Goshen College, Goshen, IN, United States
| | - Doug Schirch
- Department of Chemistry, Goshen College, Goshen, IN, United States.
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22
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Hampel T, Bruns M, Bayer M, Handgretinger R, Bruchelt G, Brückner R. Synthesis and biological effects of new hybrid compounds composed of benzylguanidines and the alkylating group of busulfan on neuroblastoma cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2728-33. [PMID: 24814532 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
(131)Iodine-labelled (meta-iodobenzyl)guanidine ([(131)I]-mIBG) and busulfan [butane-1,4-diylbis(methanesulfonate)] are well-established pharmaceuticals in neuroblastoma therapy. We report the design, synthesis, and testing of hybrid molecules-mBBG and pBBG-which combine key structural features of (meta-iodobenzyl)guanidine and busulfan: they contain a benzylguanidine moiety for accumulating in neuroblastoma cells via the noradrenaline transporter and, in the meta- or para-position, respectively, one of the two identical alkylating motives of busulfan for killing cells. Uptake and toxicity of hybrids mBBG and pBBG in human neuroblastoma cells compared favorably to their ancestors [(131)I]-mIBG and busulfan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hampel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marietta Bruns
- Children's University Hospital, Hoppe-Seyler-Str.1, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Melanie Bayer
- Children's University Hospital, Hoppe-Seyler-Str.1, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Gernot Bruchelt
- Children's University Hospital, Hoppe-Seyler-Str.1, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Reinhard Brückner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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23
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Ross D, Jones M, Komanduri K, Levy RB. Antigen and lymphopenia-driven donor T cells are differentially diminished by post-transplantation administration of cyclophosphamide after hematopoietic cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2013; 19:1430-8. [PMID: 23819914 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2013.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Administration of cyclophosphamide after transplantation (post-transplantation cyclophosphamide, PTC) has shown promise in the clinic as a prophylactic agent against graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). An important issue with regard to recipient immune function and reconstitution after PTC is the extent to which, in addition to diminution of antihost allo-reactive donor T cells, the remainder of the nonhost allo-reactive donor T cell pool may be affected. To investigate PTC's effects on nonhost reactive donor CD8 T cells, ova-specific (OT-I) and gp100-specific Pmel-1 T cells were labeled with proliferation dyes and transplanted into syngeneic and allogeneic recipients. Notably, an intermediate dose (66 mg/kg) of PTC, which abrogated GVHD after allogeneic HSCT, did not significantly diminish these peptide-specific donor T cell populations. Analysis of the rate of proliferation after transplantation illustrated that lymphopenic-driven, donor nonhost reactive TCR Tg T cells in syngeneic recipients underwent slow division, resulting in significant sparing of these donor populations. In contrast, after exposure to specific antigens at the time of transplantation, these same T cells were significantly depleted by PTC, demonstrating the global susceptibility of rapidly dividing T cells after an encounter with cognate antigen. In total, our results, employing both syngeneic and allogeneic minor antigen-mismatched T cell replete models of transplantation, demonstrate a concentration of PTC that abrogates GVHD can preserve most cells that are dividing because of the accompanying lymphopenia after exposure. These findings have important implications with regard to immune function and reconstitution in recipients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan Ross
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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24
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Nadai M, Sattin G, Palù G, Palumbo M, Richter SN. Clerocidin-mediated DNA footprinting discriminates among different G-quadruplex conformations and detects tetraplex folding in a duplex environment. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:4660-8. [PMID: 23747297 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND G-quadruplexes are polymorphic non-canonical nucleic acid conformations involved both in physiological and pathological processes. Given the high degree of folding heterogeneity and comparable conformational stabilities, different G-quadruplex forms can occur simultaneously, hence rendering the use of basic instrumental methods for structure determination, like X-ray diffraction or NMR, hardly useful. Footprinting techniques represent valuable and relatively rapid alternative to characterize DNA folding. The natural diterpenoid clerocidin is an alkylating agent that specifically reacts at single-stranded DNA regions, with different mechanisms depending on the exposed nucleotide. METHODS Clerocidin was used to footprint G-quadruplex structures formed by telomeric and oncogene promoter sequences (c-myc, bcl-2, c-kit2), and by the thrombin binding aptamer. RESULTS The easy modulability of CL reactivity towards DNA bases permitted to discriminate fully and partially protected sites, highlights stretched portions of the G-quadruplex conformation, and discriminate among topologies adopted by one sequence in different environmental conditions. Importantly, CL displayed the unique property to allow detection of G-quadruplex folding within a duplex context. CONCLUSIONS CL is a finely performing new tool to unveil G-quadruplex arrangements in DNA sequences under genomically relevant conditions. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Nucleic acid G-quadruplex structures are an emerging research field because of the recent indication of their involvement in a series of key biological functions, in particular in regulation of proliferation-associated gene expression. The use of clerocidin as footprinting agent to identify G-quadruplex structures under genomically relevant conditions may allow detection of new G-quadruplex-based regulatory regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Nadai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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