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Donkor P, Siabi EK, Frimpong K, Mensah SK, Siabi ES, Vuu C. Socio-demographic effects on role assignment and associated occupational health and safety issues in artisanal and small-scale gold mining in Amansie Central District, Ghana. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13741. [PMID: 36873478 PMCID: PMC9976322 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The study employed the binary logistic regression model, Chi-square, and likelihood ratio test to explore the nexus between socio-demographic characteristics and role assignment as well as Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) issues in artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) undertakings in the Amansie Central District of Ghana. Simple random sampling was employed to sample 250 respondents from three (3) different mining sites. The results revealed that socio-demographic variables such as age, gender, and work experience significantly impacted the type of role assumed by individuals in ASGM undertakings. For the socio-demographic effects on OHS issues, male respondents especially those in the age group between 18 and 35 with less work experience and education had a higher risk of recording injuries/accidents. Other risk factors such as types of role, reasons for ASGM, awareness of OHS hazards, awareness of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), usage of PPE, arrest for not using PPE, cost of PPE, and frequency of buying PPE had a statistically significant influence on the occurrence of injuries/accidents. It is recommended that the Government implement initiatives to ensure that workers in ASGM operations in Ghana are provided with training, education, resources, and support services to ensure their safety and well-being, taking into account their socio-demographic characteristics. Also, the government and related stakeholders create more jobs through sustainable mining with long-term potential in local districts to address goals 1 (No poverty) and 2 (zero hunger) of the sustainable development goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Donkor
- School of Public Service and Governance, Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration, P. O. Box AH50, Achimota, Accra, Ghana
- Corresponding author.
| | - Ebenezer Kwadwo Siabi
- Earth Observation Research and Innovation Center (EORIC), University of Energy and Natural Resources, P. O. Box 214, Sunyani, Ghana
| | - Kwasi Frimpong
- School of Public Service and Governance, Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration, P. O. Box AH50, Achimota, Accra, Ghana
| | - Samuel Kofi Mensah
- School of Public Service and Governance, Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration, P. O. Box AH50, Achimota, Accra, Ghana
| | - Elikplim Sarah Siabi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Energy and Natural Resources, P. O. Box 214, Sunyani, Ghana
| | - Christopher Vuu
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, KNUST, Kumasi-Ghana/ Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre, Kumasi (RWESCK), KNUST, Ghana
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Wichitnithad W, Nantaphol S, Noppakhunsomboon K, Rojsitthisak P. An update on the current status and prospects of nitrosation pathways and possible root causes of nitrosamine formation in various pharmaceuticals. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:295-311. [PMID: 36942272 PMCID: PMC10023554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2022.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last two years, global regulatory authorities have raised safety concerns on nitrosamine contamination in several drug classes, including angiotensin II receptor antagonists, histamine-2 receptor antagonists, antimicrobial agents, and antidiabetic drugs. To avoid carcinogenic and mutagenic effects in patients relying on these medications, authorities have established specific guidelines in risk assessment scenarios and proposed control limits for nitrosamine impurities in pharmaceuticals. In this review, nitrosation pathways and possible root causes of nitrosamine formation in pharmaceuticals are discussed. The control limits of nitrosamine impurities in pharmaceuticals proposed by national regulatory authorities are presented. Additionally, a practical and science-based strategy for implementing the well-established control limits is notably reviewed in terms of an alternative approach for drug product N-nitrosamines without published AI information from animal carcinogenicity testing. Finally, a novel risk evaluation strategy for predicting and investigating the possible nitrosation of amine precursors and amine pharmaceuticals as powerful prevention of nitrosamine contamination is addressed.
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Key Words
- AI, acceptable intake
- APIs, active pharmaceutical ingredients
- ARBs, angiotensin II receptor blockers
- AZBC, 4′-(azidomethyl)-[1.1′-biphenyl]-2-carbonitile
- AZBT, 5-(4′-(azidomethyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)-1H-tetrazole
- AZTT, 5-(4′-((5-(azidomethyl)-2-butyl-4-chloro-1H-imidazol-1-yl) methyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)-1H-tetrazole
- CDER, center for drug evaluation and research
- CPNP, 1-cyclopentyl-4-nitrosopiperazine
- Control limits
- DBA, N,N-dibutylamine
- DEA, N,N-diethylamine
- DIPEA, N,N-diisopropylethylamine
- DMA, dimethylamine
- DMF, N,N-dimethyl formamide
- DPA, N,N-dipropylamine
- EMA, European Medicines Agency
- EPA, Environmental Protection Agency
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- HSA, Health Sciences Authority
- IARC, International Agency for Research on Cancer
- ICH, International Council for Harmonisation
- LD50, median lethal dose
- MBA, N-methylamino-N-butyric acid
- MDD, maximum daily dose
- MNP, 1-methyl-4-nitrosopiperazine
- NAP, nitrosation assay procedure
- NDBA, N-nitrosodibutylamine
- NDEA, N-nitrosodiethylamine
- NDIPA, N-nitrosodiisopropylamine
- NDMA, N-nitrosodimethylamine
- NDSRIs, Nitrosamine drug substance-related impurities
- NEIPA, N-nitroso ethylisopropylamine
- NMBA, N-nitroso-N-methyl-4-aminobutyric acid
- NMP, N-methyl pyrrolidinone
- NOCs, N-nitroso compounds
- Nitrosamines
- Nitrosation
- PPRs, proportionate reporting ratios
- Ranitidine
- SARs, structure–activity relationships
- Sartans
- TD50, median toxic dose
- TEA, triethylamine
- TMA, trimethylamine
- TTC, threshold of toxicological concern
- USFDA, United States Food Drug and Administration
- USP, United States Pharmacopoeia
- WHO, World Health Organization
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Affiliation(s)
- Wisut Wichitnithad
- Department of Analytical Development, Pharma Nueva Co., Ltd, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Development, Pharma Nueva Co., Ltd, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Siriwan Nantaphol
- Department of Clinical Development, Pharma Nueva Co., Ltd, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | | | - Pornchai Rojsitthisak
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products for Ageing and Chronic Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Corresponding author at: Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330 Thailand.
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Lu V, Bastaki M, Api AM, Aubanel M, Bauter M, Cachet T, Demyttenaere J, Diop MM, Harman CL, Hayashi SM, Krammer G, Mendes O, Renskers KJ, Schnabel J, Taylor SV. Dietary administration of β-ionone epoxide to Sprague-Dawley rats for 90 days. Curr Res Toxicol 2021; 2:192-201. [PMID: 34345860 PMCID: PMC8320606 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In a 90-day GLP-compliant study groups of Sprague-Dawley rats (10/sex/group) were fed diets containing β-ionone epoxide, a fragrance material and a flavoring substance, at dietary concentrations providing target intakes of 0, 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg bw/day. There were no deaths and no adverse changes in clinical observations, ophthalmological examinations, body weight, body weight gain, food consumption, food efficiency; hematology, serum chemistry, urinalysis parameters; or in macroscopic findings attributable to β-ionone epoxide administration. Increased absolute and relative liver weights in high dose females without correlating hepatic histopathological findings were considered non-adverse. Cortical vacuolation of adrenal zona fasciculata was observed in high-dose males but was considered non-adverse due to the nondegenerative nature of this alteration. β-Ionone epoxide did not influence estrus cyclicity in females and did not affect sperm morphology or epididymal sperm count, homogenization-resistant spermatid count and motility measurements in male rats. The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for administration of β-ionone epoxide in the diet was determined to be the highest dose tested of 80 mg/kg bw/day.
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Key Words
- AAALAC, Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care
- CAS, Chemical Abstracts Service
- CFR, Code of Federal Regulation
- EFSA, European Food Safety Authority
- EPA, Environmental Protection Agency
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- FEMA GRAS
- FEMA, Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association
- GLP, Good Laboratory Practice
- GRAS, Generally Recognized as Safe
- JECFA, Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives
- MW, molecular weight
- NOAEL, no-observed-adverse-effect level
- OECD, Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development
- RSD, relative standard deviation
- Rat
- SD, standard deviation
- Toxicity
- beta-Ionone epoxide
- bw or BdW, body weight
- flavoring ingredient
- fragrance material
- ppm, parts per million
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Lu
- International Organization of the Flavor Industry, 1101 17th Street NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC 20036, USA
| | - Maria Bastaki
- International Organization of the Flavor Industry, 1101 17th Street NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC 20036, USA
| | - Anne Marie Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Blvd., Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - Michel Aubanel
- Kerry Flavours France, Zl du Plan BP 82067, 63 Avenue Jean Maubert, 06131 Grasse Cedex, France
| | - Mark Bauter
- Product Safety Labs, 2394 US Route 130, Dayton, NJ 08810, USA
| | - Thierry Cachet
- International Organization of the Flavor Industry, Avenue des Arts 6, B-1210 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan Demyttenaere
- European Flavour Association, Avenue des Arts 6, B-1210 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Christie L. Harman
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC 20036, USA
| | - Shim-mo Hayashi
- Japan Flavor and Fragrance Materials Association, Sankeinihonbashi Bldg. 6F, 4-7-1 Nihonbashi-Honcho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0023, Japan
| | | | - Odete Mendes
- Product Safety Labs, 2394 US Route 130, Dayton, NJ 08810, USA
| | - Kevin J. Renskers
- Takasago International Corporation, 4 Volvo Drive, PO Box 932, Rockleigh, NJ 07647, USA
| | - Jürgen Schnabel
- Givaudan International SA, Kemptpark 50, 8310 Kemptthal, Switzerland
| | - Sean V. Taylor
- International Organization of the Flavor Industry, 1101 17th Street NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC 20036, USA
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Mukherjee S, Boral S, Siddiqi H, Mishra A, Meikap BC. Present cum future of SARS-CoV-2 virus and its associated control of virus-laden air pollutants leading to potential environmental threat - A global review. J Environ Chem Eng 2021; 9:104973. [PMID: 33462561 PMCID: PMC7805399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2020.104973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The world is presently infected by the biological fever of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus. The present study is mainly related to the airborne transmission of novel coronavirus through airway. Similarly, our mother planet is suffering from drastic effects of air pollution. There are sufficient probabilities or evidences proven for contagious virus transmission through polluted airborne-pathway in formed aerosol molecules. The pathways and sources of spread are detailed along with the best possible green control technologies or ideas to hinder further transmission. The combined effects of such root causes and unwanted outcomes are similar in nature leading to acute cardiac arrest of our planet. To maintain environmental sustainability, the prior future of such emerging unknown biological hazardous air emissions is to be thoroughly researched. So it is high time to deal with the future of hazardous air pollution and work on its preventive measures. The lifetime of such an airborne virus continues for several hours, thus imposing severe threat even during post-lockdown phase. The world waits eagerly for the development of successful vaccination or medication but the possible outcome is quite uncertain in terms of equivalent economy distribution and biomedical availability. Thus, risk assessments are to be carried out even during the post-vaccination period with proper environmental surveillance and monitoring. The skilled techniques of disinfection, sanitization, and other viable wayouts are to be modified with time, place, and prevailing climatic conditions, handling the pandemic efficiently. A healthy atmosphere makes the earth a better place to dwell, ensuring its future lifecycle.
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Key Words
- 2019-nCoV, 2019 novel coronavirus
- ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- ALRI, Acute Lower Respiratory Infections
- ANN, artificial neural network
- API, air pollution index
- ASTM, American Society for Testing and Materials
- Aerosol or particulate matter
- Airborne virus
- BCG, Bacillus Calmette Guérin
- COCOREC, Collaborative Study COVID Recurrence
- COPD, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder
- COVID-19, coronavirus disease, 2019
- CSG, Coronavirus Study Group
- CoV, Coronavirus
- Dispersion
- EPA, Environmental Protection Agency
- FCVS, filtered containment venting systems
- HEME, High-Efficiency Mist Eliminator
- ICTV, International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
- IHD, Ischemic Heart Disease
- ISO, International organization of Standardization
- IoT, Internet of Things
- MERS-CoV, Middle-East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus
- NAAQS, National Ambient Air Quality Standard
- NFKB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- Novel coronavirus
- PM, particulate matter
- Pathways of transmission
- Prevention and control measures
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SARS-CoV-2
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- USEPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency
- UVGI, Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation
- VOC, volatile organic compound
- WHO, World Health Organization
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhrajit Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Soumendu Boral
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Hammad Siddiqi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Asmita Mishra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Bhim Charan Meikap
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Howard College Campus, University of Kwazulu-Natal (UKZN), King George V Avenue, Durban 4041, South Africa
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Fivenson D, Sabzevari N, Qiblawi S, Blitz J, Norton BB, Norton SA. Sunscreens: UV filters to protect us: Part 2-Increasing awareness of UV filters and their potential toxicities to us and our environment. Int J Womens Dermatol 2021; 7:45-69. [PMID: 33537395 PMCID: PMC7838327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijwd.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sunscreens are topical preparations containing one or more compounds that filter, block, reflect, scatter, or absorb ultraviolet (UV) light. Part 2 of this review focuses on the environmental, ecological effects and human toxicities that have been attributed to UV filters. METHODS Literature review using NIH databases (eg, PubMed and Medline), FDA and EPA databases, Google Scholar, the Federal Register, and the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). LIMITATIONS This was a retrospective literature review that involved many different types of studies across a variety of species. Comparison between reports is limited by variations in methodology and criteria for toxicity. CONCLUSIONS In vivo and in vitro studies on the environmental and biological effects of UV filters show a wide array of unanticipated adverse effects on the environment and exposed organisms. Coral bleaching receives considerable attention from the lay press, but the scientific literature identifies potential toxicities of endocrine, neurologic, neoplastic and developmental pathways. These effects harm a vast array of aquatic and marine biota, while almost no data supports human toxicity at currently used quantities (with the exception of contact allergy). Much of these data are from experimental studies or field observations; more controlled environmental studies and long-term human use data are limited. Several jurisdictions have prohibited specific UV filters, but this does not adequately address the dichotomy of the benefits of photoprotection vs lack of eco-friendly, safe, and FDA-approved alternatives.
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Key Words
- 4-MBC, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor
- AAD, American Academy of Dermatology
- Aquatic organism toxicity of UV filters
- BP-3, Benzophenone-3 or Oxybenzone
- Bioaccumulation
- CDER, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (part of FDA)
- Coral bleaching
- EPA, Environmental Protection Agency
- Europa, European Union Commission for Public Health
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- GBRMPA, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority
- GRASE, Generally Recognized As Safe and Effective
- Human toxicity of UV filters
- NDA, New drug application
- NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
- NanoTiO2, Nanoparticle titanium dioxide
- Nanoparticle toxicity
- OC, Octocrylene
- OMC, Octyl methoxycinnamate or octinoxate
- OTC, Over-the-counter
- PABA, Para-aminobenzoic acid
- PCPC, Personal care products and cosmetics
- PPCP, Pharmaceuticals and personal care products
- Sunscreen side effects
- TiO2, Titanium dioxide
- UV filter
- UV, Ultraviolet
- UVF, Ultraviolet filter
- WWTP, Wastewater treatment plant
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fivenson
- Fivenson Dermatology, 3200 W. Liberty Rd., Suite C5, Ann Arbor, MI 48103, United States
- St. Joseph Mercy Health System Ann Arbor-Dermatology Residency Program, United States
| | - Nina Sabzevari
- St. Joseph Mercy Hospital, Dermatology Resident, 5333 McAuley Drive, Suite 5003, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, United States
| | - Sultan Qiblawi
- Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, 965 Fee Rd A110, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Jason Blitz
- Navy Region Hawaii Public Health Emergency Officer (PHEO) NMRTC, 480 Central Avenue, Code DPH, Pearl Harbor Hawaii JBPHH, HI 96860-4908, United States
| | - Benjamin B. Norton
- Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
| | - Scott A. Norton
- Dermatology Division, Children’s National Hospital, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010, United States
- Dermatology and Pediatrics, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
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Sabzevari N, Qiblawi S, Norton SA, Fivenson D. Sunscreens: UV filters to protect us: Part 1: Changing regulations and choices for optimal sun protection. Int J Womens Dermatol 2021; 7:28-44. [PMID: 33537394 PMCID: PMC7838247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijwd.2020.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sunscreens are topical preparations containing any number of ultraviolet filters (UVFs). The first part of the review will focus on the recent Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations of 2019 and general use of these agents. While sunscreen products are becoming more regulated in the United States, we still lag behind other countries in our options for UVFs. Sun protection to prevent skin cancer and aging changes should be a combination of sun avoidance, protective structures, and clothing as well as use of sunscreen products. Newer and safer products are needed to help supplement and replace older agents as well as improve their cosmetic acceptability. This will be a review of ingredients, local toxicities (i.e. contact dermatitis, photocontact dermatitis), special considerations for children, and cosmesis of sunscreen preparations. Part 2 will focus on the environmental, ecological and human toxicities that have been increasingly related to UVFs.
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Key Words
- 4-MBC, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor
- AAD, American Academy of Dermatology
- BP-3, Benzophenone-3
- CDER, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (part of FDA)
- EPA, Environmental Protection Agency
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- GRASE, Generally Recognized As Safe and Effective
- Generally Recognized As Safe And Effective (GRASE)
- NDA, New drug application
- NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
- NLM, National Library of Medicine
- NanoTiO2, Nanoparticle titanium dioxide
- OCTO, Octocrylene
- OMC, Octyl methoxycinnamate
- OTC, Over-the-counter
- PABA, Para-aminobenzoic acid
- PCPC, Personal care products and cosmetics
- PPCP, Pharmaceuticals and personal care products
- Skin cancer
- Sun protection factor (SPF)
- Sunscreen
- TiO2, Titanium dioxide
- UV, Ultraviolet
- UVF, Ultraviolet filter
- Ultraviolet filter (UVF)
- Ultraviolet protection
- WWTP, Wastewater treatment plant
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Sabzevari
- St. Joseph Mercy Hospital, Dermatology Resident, 5333 McAuley Drive, Suite 5003, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA
| | - Sultan Qiblawi
- Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, 965 Fee Rd A110, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Scott A Norton
- Dermatology Division, Children's National Hospital, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
- Professor of Dermatology and Pediatrics, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - David Fivenson
- Fivenson Dermatology, 3200 W. Liberty Rd. Suite C5, Ann Arbor, MI 48103, USA
- St. Joseph Mercy Health System Ann Arbor-Dermatology Residency Program, USA
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Kumar P, Hama S, Omidvarborna H, Sharma A, Sahani J, Abhijith KV, Debele SE, Zavala-Reyes JC, Barwise Y, Tiwari A. Temporary reduction in fine particulate matter due to 'anthropogenic emissions switch-off' during COVID-19 lockdown in Indian cities. Sustain Cities Soc 2020; 62:102382. [PMID: 32834936 PMCID: PMC7357527 DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2020.102382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic elicited a global response to limit associated mortality, with social distancing and lockdowns being imposed. In India, human activities were restricted from late March 2020. This 'anthropogenic emissions switch-off' presented an opportunity to investigate impacts of COVID-19 mitigation measures on ambient air quality in five Indian cities (Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kolkata, and Mumbai), using in-situ measurements from 2015 to 2020. For each year, we isolated, analysed and compared fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration data from 25 March to 11 May, to elucidate the effects of the lockdown. Like other global cities, we observed substantial reductions in PM2.5 concentrations, from 19 to 43% (Chennai), 41-53% (Delhi), 26-54% (Hyderabad), 24-36% (Kolkata), and 10-39% (Mumbai). Generally, cities with larger traffic volumes showed greater reductions. Aerosol loading decreased by 29% (Chennai), 11% (Delhi), 4% (Kolkata), and 1% (Mumbai) against 2019 data. Health and related economic impact assessments indicated 630 prevented premature deaths during lockdown across all five cities, valued at 0.69 billion USD. Improvements in air quality may be considered a temporary lockdown benefit as revitalising the economy could reverse this trend. Regulatory bodies must closely monitor air quality levels, which currently offer a baseline for future mitigation plans.
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Key Words
- AOD, aerosol optical depth
- AQI, air quality index
- Air pollution
- CO, carbon monoxide
- CO2, carbon dioxide
- COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 2019
- Coronavirus pandemic
- EPA, Environmental Protection Agency
- ER, excess risk
- ESA, European Space Agency
- Emission switch-off
- GEV, generalized extreme value
- GoI, Government of India
- HB, health burden
- Health and economic impacts
- MODIS, moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer
- MSL, mean sea level
- NASA, National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- NH3, ammonia
- NO2, nitrogen dioxide
- O3, ozone
- PDF, probability density function
- PM, particulate matter
- PM10, PM with aerodynamic diameter of ≤ 10 μm
- PM2.5 concentration
- PM2.5, PM with aerodynamic diameter of ≤ 2.5 μm
- RH, relative humidity
- RR, relative risk
- SARS-CoV-2 Virus
- SARS-CoV-2, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2
- SO2, sulphur dioxide
- SSEC, Space Science and Engineering Centre
- TROPOMI, TROPOspheric monitoring instrument
- UK, United Kingdom
- USA, United States of America
- USD, United States Dollar
- VSL, value of statistical life
- WHO, World Health Organization
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Sarkawt Hama
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Hamid Omidvarborna
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Ashish Sharma
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Jeetendra Sahani
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - K V Abhijith
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Sisay E Debele
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Juan C Zavala-Reyes
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Yendle Barwise
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Arvind Tiwari
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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Romero-Estévez D, Yánez-Jácome GS, Simbaña-Farinango K, Vélez-Terreros PY, Navarrete H. Determination of cadmium and lead in tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum) and lettuce ( Lactuca sativa) consumed in Quito, Ecuador. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:893-899. [PMID: 32742937 PMCID: PMC7388161 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadmium content was lower than 0.100 mg/kg (tomato) and 0.200 mg/kg (lettuce). Lead content above or close to 0.100 mg/kg was found in 25 % of tomato samples. Organic products had similar lead and cadmium content as nonorganic ones.
Vegetables are one of the most important components in the human diet, but despite their multiple nutritional components, studies have demonstrated the presence of trace metals in their edible parts. In Ecuador, two of the most consumed crops are tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa). The importance of these two crops in the Ecuadorian diet, especially in large and touristic locations like the Metropolitan District of Quito, implies food safety-related concerns for locals and visitors. However, no previous studies have quantified the cadmium and lead levels in these two vegetables using samples from Quito markets. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the cadmium and lead content in both tomato and lettuce products from main nonorganic and organic markets in Quito using a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results showed that the cadmium levels were lower than 0.058 in tomatoes and 0.034 mg/kg in lettuce, which are under the respective threshold values (0.100 and 0.200 mg/kg). Regarding lead, levels lower than 0.066 mg/kg were detected in lettuce, which did not exceed the CXS 193–1995 threshold value, while levels in tomatoes were near or exceeded the threshold value (0.100 mg/kg) from four markets (0.209, 0.162, 0.110, 0.099 mg/kg), suggesting a possible risk from tomato consumption. In addition, most vegetables marketed as organic had higher metal content than those coming from nonorganic markets. Based on these results, local health and commercial control authorities should monitor contaminants in food products sold in Quito and other places in Ecuador to ensure their safety.
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Key Words
- AOAC, Association of Official Analytical Chemists
- Atomic absorption spectrophotometry
- CXS, General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed Codex
- DMQ, Metropolitan District of Quito
- DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
- EPA, Environmental Protection Agency
- FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization
- Fairs
- HQ, hazard quotients
- INEN, Ecuadorian Standardization Service
- Markets
- NTE, Ecuadorian Technical Standard
- Nonorganic crops
- Organic crops
- RSD, relative standard deviation
- TM, trace metal
- Trace metals
- WHO, World Health Organization
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Affiliation(s)
- David Romero-Estévez
- Centro de Estudios Aplicados en Química CESAQ-PUCE, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Quito, 17012184, Ecuador
| | - Gabriela S Yánez-Jácome
- Centro de Estudios Aplicados en Química CESAQ-PUCE, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Quito, 17012184, Ecuador
| | - Karina Simbaña-Farinango
- Centro de Estudios Aplicados en Química CESAQ-PUCE, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Quito, 17012184, Ecuador
| | - Pamela Y Vélez-Terreros
- Centro de Estudios Aplicados en Química CESAQ-PUCE, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Quito, 17012184, Ecuador
| | - Hugo Navarrete
- Herbario QCA, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito. Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Quito, 17012184, Ecuador
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9
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Sogawa K, Okawa R, Yachiku K, Shiozaki M, Miura T, Takayanagi H, Shibata T, Ezoe S. Effects of continuous exposure to low concentration of ClO 2 gas on the growth, viability, and maintenance of undifferentiated MSCs in long-term cultures. Regen Ther 2020; 14:184-190. [PMID: 32128355 PMCID: PMC7042415 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hygienic management is more important in the manufacturing of cell products than in the production of chemical agents, because cell material and final product cannot be decontaminated. On the other hand, especially in the selection of hygienic agent, the adverse effects on the cells must be considered as well as the decontamination effect. ClO2 is a potent disinfectant, which is now expected as a safe and effective hygienic agent in the field of cell production. In this study, we investigated the effects of low dose ClO2 gas in the atmosphere of CO2 incubator on the characteristics of MSCs cultured in it. Methods First, we installed a ClO2 generator to a CO2 incubator for cell culture in which a constant level of ClO2 can be maintained. After culturing human cord derived MSCs in the CO2 incubator, the characteristics of cells were analyzed. Results Continuous exposure to 0.05 ppmv of ClO2 gas did not affect cell proliferation until at least 8th passage. In the FACS analysis, antigens usually expressed on MSCs, CD105, CD90, CD44, CD73 and CD29, were positively observed, but differentiation markers, CD11b and CD34, were little expressed on the MSCs exposed to 0.05 ppmv or 0.1 ppmv of ClO2 gas just as on the control cells. Also in the investigation for cell death, 0.05 ppmv and 0.1 ppmv of ClO2 gas little affected the viability, apoptosis or necrosis of MSCs. Furthermore, we assessed senescence using SA-β-gal staining. Although the frequency of stained cells cultured in 0.1 ppmv of ClO2 gas was significantly increased than that of not exposed cells, the stained cells in 0.05 ppmv were rare and their frequency was almost the same as that in control. Conclusions All these results indicate that, although excessive concentration of ClO2 gas induces senescence but neither apoptosis nor cell differentiation, exposure to 0.05 ppmv of ClO2 gas little affected the characteristics of MSCs. In this study we demonstrate that continuous exposure to appropriate dose of ClO2 gas can be safely used as decontamination agent in cell processing facilities. Continuous exposure to low concentration of ClO2 gas little affected to of MSCs. Higher concentration of ClO2 gas induced senescence to MSCs. The most suitable concentration for the continuous of ClO2 gas exposure during the culture of MSCs was identified.
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Key Words
- Cell processing
- Chlorine dioxide (ClO2)
- ClO2, chlorine dioxide
- EPA, Environmental Protection Agency
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- H2O2, hydrogen peroxide
- HEPA, high efficiency particulate air
- Hygienic management
- MSCs, mesenchymal stem cells
- Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)
- OSHA, Occupational Safety and Health Administration
- PMD Act, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Act
- Senescence
- TWA, time weight average
- WHO, World Health Organization
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushirou Sogawa
- Department of Environmental Space Infection Control, Graduate School of Medicine/Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryoma Okawa
- Department of Environmental Space Infection Control, Graduate School of Medicine/Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenji Yachiku
- Department of Environmental Space Infection Control, Graduate School of Medicine/Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Motoko Shiozaki
- Department of Environmental Space Infection Control, Graduate School of Medicine/Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takanori Miura
- Department of Environmental Space Infection Control, Graduate School of Medicine/Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takayanagi
- Department of Environmental Space Infection Control, Graduate School of Medicine/Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takashi Shibata
- Strategic Global Partnership Cross-Innovation Initiative, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sachiko Ezoe
- Department of Environmental Space Infection Control, Graduate School of Medicine/Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Corresponding author. Department of Environmental Space Infection Control, Graduate School of Medicine/Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan. Fax: +81 6 6105 6098. .
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Dionisio KL, Frame AM, Goldsmith MR, Wambaugh JF, Liddell A, Cathey T, Smith D, Vail J, Ernstoff AS, Fantke P, Jolliet O, Judson RS. Exploring consumer exposure pathways and patterns of use for chemicals in the environment. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:228-237. [PMID: 28962356 PMCID: PMC5598258 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To assign use-related information to chemicals to help prioritize which will be given more scrutiny relative to human exposure potential. Categorical chemical use and functional information are presented through the Chemical/Product Categories Database (CPCat). CPCat contains information on >43,000 unique chemicals mapped to ∼800 terms categorizing their usage or function. The CPCat database is useful for modeling and prioritizing human chemical exposures.
Humans are exposed to thousands of chemicals in the workplace, home, and via air, water, food, and soil. A major challenge in estimating chemical exposures is to understand which chemicals are present in these media and microenvironments. Here we describe the Chemical/Product Categories Database (CPCat), a new, publically available (http://actor.epa.gov/cpcat) database of information on chemicals mapped to “use categories” describing the usage or function of the chemical. CPCat was created by combining multiple and diverse sources of data on consumer- and industrial-process based chemical uses from regulatory agencies, manufacturers, and retailers in various countries. The database uses a controlled vocabulary of 833 terms and a novel nomenclature to capture and streamline descriptors of chemical use for 43,596 chemicals from the various sources. Examples of potential applications of CPCat are provided, including identifying chemicals to which children may be exposed and to support prioritization of chemicals for toxicity screening. CPCat is expected to be a valuable resource for regulators, risk assessors, and exposure scientists to identify potential sources of human exposures and exposure pathways, particularly for use in high-throughput chemical exposure assessment.
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Key Words
- ACToR, Aggregated Computational Toxicology Resource
- AICS, Australian Inventory of Chemical Substances
- CAS RN, Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number
- CDR, Chemical Data Reporting Rule
- CPCat, Chemical/Product Categories Database
- Chemical exposure
- DCPS, Danish Consumer Product Survey
- DfE, Design for the Environment
- EDSP, Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program
- EPA, Environmental Protection Agency
- EWG, Environmental Working Group
- Exposure prioritization
- GRAS, Generally Recognized as Safe
- HTP, Human Toxome Project
- High throughput
- Human exposure
- IUR, Inventory Update Reporting Modifications Rule
- MSDS, Material Safety Data Sheets
- NICNAS, National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme
- RPC, Retail Product Categories Database
- SDWA, Safe Drinking Water Act
- SPIN, Substances in Preparation in Nordic Countries
- TSCA, Toxic Substances Control Act
- Use category
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathie L Dionisio
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, MC E205-02, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Alicia M Frame
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Computational Toxicology, MC B205-01, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Michael-Rock Goldsmith
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, MC E205-02, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - John F Wambaugh
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Computational Toxicology, MC B205-01, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Alan Liddell
- North Carolina State University, Department of Mathematics, Box 8205, Raleigh, NC 27695-8205, USA
| | - Tommy Cathey
- Lockheed Martin, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Doris Smith
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Computational Toxicology, MC B205-01, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - James Vail
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Computational Toxicology, MC B205-01, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Alexi S Ernstoff
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment, Department of Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet 424, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Fantke
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment, Department of Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet 424, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Olivier Jolliet
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Richard S Judson
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Computational Toxicology, MC B205-01, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Zhang Y, Mo J, Li Y, Sundell J, Wargocki P, Zhang J, Little JC, Corsi R, Deng Q, Leung MH, Fang L, Chen W, Li J, Sun Y. Can commonly-used fan-driven air cleaning technologies improve indoor air quality? A literature review. Atmos Environ (1994) 2011; 45:4329-4343. [PMID: 32362761 PMCID: PMC7185562 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Air cleaning techniques have been applied worldwide with the goal of improving indoor air quality. The effectiveness of applying these techniques varies widely, and pollutant removal efficiency is usually determined in controlled laboratory environments which may not be realized in practice. Some air cleaners are largely ineffective, and some produce harmful by-products. To summarize what is known regarding the effectiveness of fan-driven air cleaning technologies, a state-of-the-art review of the scientific literature was undertaken by a multidisciplinary panel of experts from Europe, North America, and Asia with expertise in air cleaning, aerosol science, medicine, chemistry and ventilation. The effects on health were not examined. Over 26,000 articles were identified in major literature databases; 400 were selected as being relevant based on their titles and abstracts by the first two authors, who further reduced the number of articles to 160 based on the full texts. These articles were reviewed by the panel using predefined inclusion criteria during their first meeting. Additions were also made by the panel. Of these, 133 articles were finally selected for detailed review. Each article was assessed independently by two members of the panel and then judged by the entire panel during a consensus meeting. During this process 59 articles were deemed conclusive and their results were used for final reporting at their second meeting. The conclusions are that: (1) None of the reviewed technologies was able to effectively remove all indoor pollutants and many were found to generate undesirable by-products during operation. (2) Particle filtration and sorption of gaseous pollutants were among the most effective air cleaning technologies, but there is insufficient information regarding long-term performance and proper maintenance. (3) The existing data make it difficult to extract information such as Clean Air Delivery Rate (CADR), which represents a common benchmark for comparing the performance of different air cleaning technologies. (4) To compare and select suitable indoor air cleaning devices, a labeling system accounting for characteristics such as CADR, energy consumption, volume, harmful by-products, and life span is necessary. For that purpose, a standard test room and condition should be built and studied. (5) Although there is evidence that some air cleaning technologies improve indoor air quality, further research is needed before any of them can be confidently recommended for use in indoor environments.
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Key Words
- AC, activated carbon
- Air cleaner
- BTEX, benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene
- By-product
- CADR, clean air delivery rate
- CFM, cubic feet per minute
- Clean air delivery rate (CADR)
- DBD, dielectric barrier discharge
- EPA, Environmental Protection Agency
- ESP, electrostatic precipitator
- Electrostatic precipitator
- HEPA, high efficiency particulate air
- High efficiency particulate air (HEPA)
- IAQ, indoor air quality
- Indoor air quality (IAQ)
- Ion generator
- Ozone
- PCO, photocatalytic oxidation
- Photocatalytic oxidation (PCO)
- Plasma
- SOA, secondary organic aerosol
- SP, submicron particles
- SVOC, semi-volatile organic compound
- Sorption
- TCO, thermal catalytic oxidation
- TVOC, total volatile organic compound
- Thermal catalytic oxidation (TCO)
- UV-C, ultraviolet C, wavelength range: 280–100 nm
- UVGI, ultraviolet germicidal irradiation
- Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI)
- VOC, volatile organic compound
- WHO, World Health Organization
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinping Zhang
- Institute of Built Environment, Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Institute of Built Environment, Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuguo Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Jan Sundell
- Institute of Built Environment, Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- International Center for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Pawel Wargocki
- International Center for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Jensen Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Syracuse University, NY, USA
| | - John C. Little
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech., VA, USA
| | - Richard Corsi
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Qihong Deng
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Michael H.K. Leung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Lei Fang
- International Center for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Wenhao Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Syracuse University, NY, USA
| | - Jinguang Li
- Institute of Shanghai Building Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuexia Sun
- College of Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Texas at Tyler, 3900 University Blvd., Tyler, TX, USA
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