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Ojeaburu S, Oriakhi K. Hepatoprotective, antioxidant and, anti-inflammatory potentials of gallic acid in carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage in Wistar rats. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:177-185. [PMID: 33489777 PMCID: PMC7806503 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gallic acid (GA) is a known phenolic compound with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer activities. The objective of this research is to evaluate the preventive role of GA against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver fibrosis. Thirty-five (35) male Wistar rats were used in this study and were equally distributed into five groups (7 rats each). All groups were acclimatized for a week, Group I (control) rats were administered distilled water only. Group II rats were induced with a single dose of CCl4 (1.25 mL/kg in olive oil (1:1); IP) to cause hepatic damage, while Groups III, IV, and V, rats were intoxicated with CCl4. After 24 h the rats in groups III, IV, and V were given 50 mg/kg of silymarin, 50 mg/kg of GA, and 100 mg/kg of GA daily for one week respectively. Rats were sacrificed and fasting blood was estimated for biochemical analysis while the liver was excised for molecular studies. Results from this study revealed that GA significantly decreases serum hepatic enzymes, down-regulate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin 1 beta (IL-1B), interleukin 6 (IL-6), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX 2), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF α), and up-regulate antioxidant gene expression (superoxide dismutase and catalase). The use of gallic acid as natural antioxidants can be promising in ameliorating liver diseases.
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Key Words
- ALB, albumin
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine transaminase
- ARE, antioxidant response element
- AST, aspartate transaminase
- Anti-inflammatory
- Antioxidant
- CAT, catalase
- CCl4, carbon tetrachloride
- COX2, cyclooxygenase 2
- Cytokines
- DGA, dodecylgallate
- GA, gallic acid
- GAPDH, glyceraldehydes3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GGT, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
- GSH, glutathione
- Gallic acid
- IL-1β, interleukin 1beta
- IL-6, interleukin 6
- Keap1, kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
- Liver disease
- MDA, maloniadehyde
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells
- Nrf 2, nuclear factor erythroid- derived 2 like 2 genes
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- RNA, ribonucleic acid
- RT-PCR, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- SYBR, green fluorescent DNA Stain
- TB, total bilirubin
- TNF α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha
- TP, total protein
- cDNA, complementary deoxyribonucleic acid
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- qPCR, quantitative polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- S.I Ojeaburu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - K Oriakhi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
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Kerasioti E, Terzopoulou Z, Komini O, Kafantaris I, Makri S, Stagos D, Gerasopoulos K, Anisimov NY, Tsatsakis AM, Kouretas D. Tissue specific effects of feeds supplemented with grape pomace or olive oil mill wastewater on detoxification enzymes in sheep. Toxicol Rep 2017; 4:364-372. [PMID: 28959661 PMCID: PMC5615154 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of livestock feed supplemented with grape pomace (GP) or olive oil mill wastewater (OMW) byproducts on the enzymatic activity and protein expression of antioxidants enzymes, in liver and spleen tissue of sheep. Thus, 36 male sheep of Chios breed were divided into 3 homogeneous groups, control group (n = 12), GP group (n = 12) and OMW group (n = 12), receiving standard or experimental feed. Liver and spleen tissues were collected at 42 and 70 days post-birth. The enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-s-transferase (GST) and also the protein expression of γ-synthase glutamyl custeine (γ-GCS) were determined in these tissues. The results showed GP group exhibited increased enzymatic activity of GST and protein expression of γ-GCS in liver compared to control group. In GP group's spleen, GST activity was increased compared to control but γ-GCS expression was not affected. In OMW group's liver, GST activity was increased and γ-GCS expression was reduced compared to control. In OMW group's spleen, GST activity was increased but GCS expression was not affected. SOD activity was not affected in both tissues either in GP or OMW group.
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Key Words
- AREs, antioxidant response elements
- CDNB, 1 chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene
- DETAPAC, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid
- DTT, dithiothreitol
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphatedehydrogenase
- GP, grape pomace
- GS, glutathione synthase
- GSH, glutathione
- GST, glutathione-s-transferase
- Glutathione-s-transferase (GST)
- Grape pomace (GP)
- HEPES, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid
- KCl, potassium chloride
- KOH, potassium hydroxide
- Keap1, kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
- MgCl2, magnesium chloride
- NBT, nitroblue tetrazolium
- NaCl, sodium chloride
- Nrf2, nuclear factor-like 2
- OMW, olive oil mill wastewater
- Olive oil mill wastewater (OMW)
- PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride membranes
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- Superoxide dismutase (SOD)
- XO, xanthine oxidase
- γ-GCS, γ-synthase glutamyl cysteine
- γ-synthase glutamyl custeine (γ-GCS)
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthalia Kerasioti
- Department of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa 41500, Greece
| | - Zoi Terzopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa 41500, Greece
| | - Ourania Komini
- Department of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa 41500, Greece
| | - Ioannis Kafantaris
- Department of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa 41500, Greece
| | - Sotiria Makri
- Department of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa 41500, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Stagos
- Department of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa 41500, Greece
| | | | | | - Aristides M Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Demetrios Kouretas
- Department of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa 41500, Greece
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Zhang Y, Song M, Rui X, Pu S, Li Y, Li C. Supplemental dietary phytosterin protects against 4-nitrophenol-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat testes. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:664-676. [PMID: 28962402 PMCID: PMC5598167 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
4-Nitrophenol (PNP), is generally regarded as an environmental endocrine disruptor (EED). Phytosterin (PS), a new feed additive, possesses highly efficient antioxidant activities. The transcription factor, nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), is an important regulator of cellular oxidative stress. Using rats, this study examined PNP-induced testicular oxidative damage and PS-mediated protection against that damage. The generation of MDA and H2O2 upon PNP and PS treatment was milder than that upon treatment with PNP alone. This mitigation was accompanied by partially reversed changes in SOD, CAT, GSH and GSH-Px. Moreover, PNP significantly reduced the caudal epididymal sperm counts and serum testosterone levels. Typical morphological changes were also observed in the testes of PNP-treated animals. PNP reduced the transcriptional level of Nrf2, as evaluated by RT-PCR, but it promoted the dissociation from the Nrf2 complex, stabilization and translocation into the nucleus, as evaluated by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. In addition, PNP enhanced the Nrf2-dependent gene expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and glutamate–cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC). These results suggest that the Nrf2 pathway plays an important role in PNP-induced oxidative damage and that PS possesses modulatory effects on PNP-induced oxidative damage in rat testes.
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Key Words
- 4-Nitrophenol
- 4-Nitrophenol (PubChem CID: 980)
- ARE, antioxidant response element
- Antioxidant gene
- Apoptosis
- CAT, catalase
- Campesterol (PubChem CID: 457801)
- DEP, diesel exhaust particles
- EED, environmental endocrine disruptor
- GCLC, γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase
- GSH, glutathione
- GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase
- HO-1, heme oxygenase 1
- Keap1, kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB
- NQO1, NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1
- Nrf2
- Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- PNP, 4-nitrophenol
- PS, phytosterins
- Phytosterin
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- Stigmasterol (PubChem CID: 5280794)
- Testis
- β-Sitosterol (PubChem CID: 222284)
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.,Laboratory of Nuclear Receptors & Cancer Research, Basic Medical Research Center, Nantong University School of Medicine, Nanjing 226001, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Meiyan Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Rui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Shaoxia Pu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yansen Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - ChunMei Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
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Moreira AJ, Rodrigues G, Bona S, Cerski CT, Marroni CA, Mauriz JL, González-Gallego J, Marroni NP. Oxidative stress and cell damage in a model of precancerous lesions and advanced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:333-40. [PMID: 28962366 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most frequent cause of cancer deaths throughout the world. This study was aimed to analyze oxidative stress and cell damage in a multistage model of liver carcinogenesis induced by diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in rats. Male Wistar rats weighing 145–150 g were divided into three groups: control, precancerous lesions (PL) (which received 100 mg DEN once a week every 6 weeks up to 28 weeks), and advanced HCC (50 mg DEN once/twice per week up to 19 weeks). Lipid peroxidation (TBARS), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and expression of transforming growth factor-1 beta (TGF)-1β, endothelial and inducible nitric oxide syntahese (eNOS, iNOS), NADPH quinone oxireductase (NQO)-1, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (NrF)2, kelch-like ECH-associated protein (Keap)1 and heat shock protein (HSP)70 were measured. TBARS concentration was augmented in the PL and advanced HCC groups. SOD activity, TGF-1β and Nrf2 expression were higher in animals with precancerous lesions. In advanced HCC, expression of NQO1 and iNOS increased while there was a decrease in HPS70 expression. Data obtained provide evidence for the differential activation of proteins involved in oxidative stress and cell damage during progression of carcinogenesis in an animal model of HCC.
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Key Words
- 2-AAF, 2-acetylaminofluorene
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AP, alkaline phosphatase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- DEN, diethylnitrosamine
- Diethylnitrosamine
- EDTA, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid
- GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HSC, hepatic stellate cells
- HSP70, heat shock 70-kDa protein
- Heat shock protein
- Hepatocarcinoma
- Keap1, kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
- MDA, malonaldehyde
- NO, nitric oxide
- NQO1, NADPH quinone oxireductase-1
- Nitric oxide synthase
- Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- Oxidative stress
- PVDF, polyvinylidene fluoride
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactant substances
- TGF-1β, transforming growth fator-1 beta
- TTBS, Tris-buffered containing 0.05% Tween 20
- UV, ultra violet
- eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
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