1
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Šulc M. Chitin quantitation (as glucosamine) in food raw materials by spectrophotometry. MethodsX 2024; 12:102669. [PMID: 38585182 PMCID: PMC10997885 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Chitin is a water insoluble nitrogen-containing polysaccharide made from N-acetyl-D-glucosamine containing β-(1→4)-linkages. In food, chitin is considered as a source of fiber with prebiotic properties to gut microflora. Chitin content varies widely in nature from 1% (yeasts) up to 64% (butterfly cuticles) and is mostly found in filamentous or mushroom forming fungi, insects and crustaceans. This spectrophotometric method is suitable for chitin quantitation (reported as glucosamine) in food raw materials like insects (mealworm larvae, crickets), shrimps, mushrooms and fungi in a research (non-routine) laboratory. To remove interferences, the sample is defatted (Soxhlet) prior to acid hydrolysis in 6 M HCl. The color complex is developed after the addition of Katano's reagent (a mix of 0.05 mol/L sodium metasilicate, 0.6 mol/L sodium molybdate, 30% dimethyl sulfoxide and 1.42 mol/L acetic acid) at 70 °C for 30 min and measured at 750 nm against blank. A five-point linear calibration (5-100 µg/mL) is used. Limit of detection is 3 µg GLCN/mL. The correlation (R2) with an HPLC method for chitin analysis is at least 0.93.•a reliable alternative to an HPLC method•does not require expensive equipment•deproteination by alkali is not necessary for most matrices - saves about 30% of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloslav Šulc
- Food Research Institute Prague, Radiova 1285/7, Prague CZ-10200, Czech Republic
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2
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Sandhu PK, Solonenka JT, Murch SJ. Neurotoxic non-protein amino acids in commercially harvested Lobsters (Homarus americanus H. Milne-Edwards). Sci Rep 2024; 14:8017. [PMID: 38580836 PMCID: PMC10997655 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58778-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria produce neurotoxic non-protein amino acids (NPAAs) that accumulate in ecosystems and food webs. American lobsters (Homarus americanus H. Milne-Edwards) are one of the most valuable seafood industries in Canada with exports valued at > $2 billion. Two previous studies have assessed the occurrence of β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) in a small number of lobster tissues but a complete study has not previously been undertaken. We measured NPAAs in eyeballs, brain, legs, claws, tails, and eggs of 4 lobsters per year for the 2021 and 2022 harvests. Our study included 4 male and 4 female lobsters. We detected BMAA and its isomers, N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine (AEG), 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DAB) and β-aminomethyl-L-alanine (BAMA) by a fully validated reverse phase chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. We quantified BMAA, DAB, AEG and BAMA in all of the lobster tissues. Our quantification data varied by individual lobster, sex and collection year. Significantly more BMAA was quantified in lobsters harvested in 2021 than 2022. Interestingly, more BAMA was quantified in lobsters harvested in 2022 than 2021. Monitoring of lobster harvests for cyanobacterial neurotoxins when harmful algal bloom events occur could mitigate risks to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawanjit K Sandhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Syilx Okanagan Nation Territory, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Julia T Solonenka
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Syilx Okanagan Nation Territory, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Susan J Murch
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Syilx Okanagan Nation Territory, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada.
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3
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Rojas-Araos F, Rojas-Hernández N, Cornejo-Guzmán S, Ernst B, Dewitte B, Parada C, Veliz D. Population genomic and biophysical modeling show different patterns of population connectivity in the spiny lobster Jasus frontalis inhabiting oceanic islands. Mar Environ Res 2024; 193:106253. [PMID: 37979403 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge about connectivity between populations is essential for the fisheries management of commercial species. The lobster Jasus frontalis inhabits two oceanic island groups, the Juan Fernández Archipelago and the Desventuradas Islands, separated by 800 km. Since this species is primarily exploited in the Juan Fernández Archipelago, knowledge of the connectivity patterns among islands is foundational for species management. Here, we used variability at single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and individual-based modeling (IBM) to estimate the genetic structure and connectivity between J. frontalis populations in these island groups. The variability at 9090 SNPs suggests two genetic populations, one in the Juan Fernández Archipelago and one in the Desventuradas Islands. Furthermore, IBM suggests an asymmetric connectivity pattern, with particles moving from the Juan Fernández Archipelago to the Desventuradas Islands but not vice versa. Since the IBM analysis suggests asymmetric larval movement between the islands, and the genetic analysis indicates isolation between the Juan Fernández Archipelago and the Desventuradas Islands, larval retention mechanisms such as small-scale oceanographic processes or behavior could hinder larval movement between islands. This study highlights the importance of using more than one methodology to estimate population connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Rojas-Araos
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Noemi Rojas-Hernández
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Billy Ernst
- Centro Milenio de Ecología y Manejo Sustentable (ESMOI), Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile; Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Boris Dewitte
- Centro Milenio de Ecología y Manejo Sustentable (ESMOI), Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile; Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile; Université de Toulouse III, CERFACS/CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Carolina Parada
- Departamento de Geofísica, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Centro Milenio de Ecología y Manejo Sustentable (ESMOI), Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile.
| | - David Veliz
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro Milenio de Ecología y Manejo Sustentable (ESMOI), Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile.
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4
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Cau A, Gorule PA, Bellodi A, Carreras-Colom E, Moccia D, Pittura L, Regoli F, Follesa MC. Comparative microplastic load in two decapod crustaceans Palinurus elephas (Fabricius, 1787) and Nephrops norvegicus (Linnaeus, 1758). Mar Pollut Bull 2023; 191:114912. [PMID: 37080020 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The present work compares microplastics (MPs) contamination in two charismatic crustaceans: European spiny lobster Palinurus elephas and langoustine Nephrops norvegicus. Samples (P. elephas n = 14; N. norvegicus n = 15) were collected between 76 and 592 m depth, from four sites in west Sardinia, Italy. An extraction protocol was applied on stomachs and intestines, separately, and over 500 particles were further characterized through μFT-IR. We document 100 % occurrence in specimens from both species, with P. elephas being significantly more contaminated (9.1 ± 1.75 vs. 3.2 ± 0.45 MPs individual-1), ingesting larger MPs with different polymeric composition. The scavenging-based feeding strategy of both species could explain such exposure to MPs, mostly derived by single-use plastic. The overall results highlight that both species are clearly affected by plastic pollution, being valuable bioindicators and charismatic species that could thus represent excellent flagship species for raising awareness toward the global issue of plastic in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Cau
- Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Via Tommaso Fiorelli 1, 09126 Cagliari, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, CoNISMa, ULR Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Pankaj A Gorule
- Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Via Tommaso Fiorelli 1, 09126 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Andrea Bellodi
- Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Via Tommaso Fiorelli 1, 09126 Cagliari, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, CoNISMa, ULR Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ester Carreras-Colom
- Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Davide Moccia
- Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Via Tommaso Fiorelli 1, 09126 Cagliari, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, CoNISMa, ULR Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Lucia Pittura
- Università Politecnica delle Marche, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Regoli
- Università Politecnica delle Marche, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; National Future Biodiversity Center (NFBC), Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Follesa
- Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Via Tommaso Fiorelli 1, 09126 Cagliari, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, CoNISMa, ULR Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Kraufvelin P, Bergström L, Sundqvist F, Ulmestrand M, Wennhage H, Wikström A, Bergström U. Rapid re-establishment of top-down control at a no-take artificial reef. Ambio 2023; 52:556-570. [PMID: 36324024 PMCID: PMC9849640 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-022-01799-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Establishment of artificial reefs and no-take areas are management measures available for restoring deteriorated marine ecosystems, compensating for habitat loss and strengthening harvested populations. Following the establishment of no-take artificial reefs in western Sweden to compensate for hard bottoms lost to a shipping lane, we detected rapid positive effects on crustaceans and demersal fish compared to fished reference areas. The relative abundance and size structure of European lobster (Homarus gammarus) increased strongly in the no-take area indicating more than doubled and tripled egg production in 5 and 10 years, respectively. For benthic fish and crustacean communities, the abundances of gadoids and wrasses increased and the abundances of small decapod crustaceans decreased in the no-take area, likely indicating cascading effects of increased predation. The study demonstrates that relatively small no-take areas, enhanced by artificial reefs, can rapidly invigorate populations of lobster and fish that in turn may re-initiate local top-down control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Kraufvelin
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Skolgatan 6, 742 42 Öregrund, Sweden
- Åland University of Applied Sciences, PB 1010, AX-22111 Mariehamn, Åland, Finland
| | - Lena Bergström
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Skolgatan 6, 742 42 Öregrund, Sweden
| | - Frida Sundqvist
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Skolgatan 6, 742 42 Öregrund, Sweden
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Coastal Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Yttre Skällåkra 6, 432 65 Väröbacka, Sweden
| | - Mats Ulmestrand
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Havsfiskelaboratoriet, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Turistgatan 5, Box 4, 453 30 Lysekil, Sweden
| | - Håkan Wennhage
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Havsfiskelaboratoriet, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Turistgatan 5, Box 4, 453 30 Lysekil, Sweden
| | - Andreas Wikström
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Havsfiskelaboratoriet, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Turistgatan 5, Box 4, 453 30 Lysekil, Sweden
| | - Ulf Bergström
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Skolgatan 6, 742 42 Öregrund, Sweden
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6
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Robertson J, Jeffs A, Hedges C, Hickey AJR. Cardiac mitochondrial energetics of the Australasian red spiny lobster, Jasus edwardsii, when exposed to isoeugenol within the commercial anaesthetic AQUI-S. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:275578. [PMID: 35647661 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The anaesthetic isoeugenol has been used as metabolic suppressant for commercial transport of live lobsters in order to decrease energy expenditure aand improve survival. Given the central role of mitochondria in metabolism and structural similarities of isoeugenol to the mitochondrial electron carrier coenzyme Q, we explored the influence on mitochondrial function of isoeugenol. Mitochondrial function was measured using high resolution respirometry and saponin permeabilized heart fibres from the Australasian red spiny lobster, Jasus edwardsii. Relative to vehicle (polysorbate), isoeugenol inhibited respiration supported by complex I (CI) and cytochrome c oxidase (CCO). While complex II (CII), which also reduces coenzyme Q was largely unaffected by isoeugenol, respiration supported by CII when uncoupled was depressed. Titration of isoeugenol indicates that respiration through CI has a half inhibition constant (IC50) of 2.4±0.1 µM, and full inhibition constant IC100 of approximately 6.3 µM. These concentrations are consistent with those used for transport and euthanasia of J. edwardsii and indicates that CI is a possible target of isoeugenol like many other anaesthetics with quinone-like structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Robertson
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Jeffs
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Christopher Hedges
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Anthony J R Hickey
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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7
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Stoll JS, Oldach EJ, Witkin T, Reardon K, Love DC, Pinto da Silva P. Rapid adaptation to crisis events: Insights from the bait crisis in the Maine lobster fishery. Ambio 2022; 51:926-942. [PMID: 34523080 PMCID: PMC8439535 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01617-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Climate change, overfishing, and other anthropogenic drivers are forcing marine resource users and decision makers to adapt-often rapidly. In this article we introduce the concept of pathways to rapid adaptation to crisis events to bring attention to the double-edged role that institutions play in simultaneously enabling and constraining swift responses to emerging crises. To develop this concept, we draw on empirical evidence from a case study of the iconic Maine lobster (Homarus americanus) industry. In the Gulf of Maine, the availability of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) stock, a key source of bait in the Maine lobster industry, declined sharply. We investigate the patterns of bait use in the fishery over an 18-year period (2002-2019) and how the lobster industry was able to abruptly adapt to the decline of locally-sourced herring in 2019 that came to be called the bait crisis. We found that adaptation strategies to the crisis were diverse, largely uncoordinated, and imperfectly aligned, but ultimately led to a system-level shift towards a more diverse and globalized bait supply. This shift was enabled by existing institutions and hastened an evolution in the bait system that was already underway, as opposed to leading to system transformation. We suggest that further attention to raceways may be useful in understanding how and, in particular, why marine resource users and coastal communities adapt in particular ways in the face of shocks and crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S. Stoll
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469 USA
| | - Eliza J. Oldach
- Center for Environmental Policy and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Taylor Witkin
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469 USA
| | - Kathleen Reardon
- Maine Department of Marine Resources, West Boothbay Harbor, ME 04575 USA
| | - David C. Love
- Center for a Livable Future, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21202 USA
| | - Patricia Pinto da Silva
- Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA
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Hudson DM, Krumholz JS, Pochtar DL, Dickenson NC, Dossot G, Phillips G, Baker EP, Moll TE. Potential impacts from simulated vessel noise and sonar on commercially important invertebrates. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12841. [PMID: 35127295 PMCID: PMC8800386 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human usage of coastal water bodies continues to increase and many invertebrates face a broad suite of anthropogenic stressors (e.g., warming, pollution, acidification, fishing pressure). Underwater sound is a stressor that continues to increase in coastal areas, but the potential impact on invertebrates is not well understood. In addition to masking natural sound cues which may be important for behavioral interactions, there is a small but increasing body of scientific literature indicating sublethal physiological stress may occur in invertebrates exposed to high levels of underwater sound, particularly low frequency sounds such as vessel traffic, construction noise, and some types of sonar. Juvenile and sub-adult blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) and American lobsters (Homarus americanus) were exposed to simulated low-frequency vessel noise (a signal was low-pass filtered below 1 kHz to ensure low-frequency content only) and mid-frequency sonar (a 1-s 1.67 kHz continuous wave pulse followed by a 2.5 to 4.0 kHz 1-s linear frequency modulated chirp) and behavioral response (the animal's activity level) was quantified during and after exposure using EthoVision XT™ from overhead video recordings. Source noise was quantified by particle acceleration and pressure. Physiological response to the insults (stress and recovery) were also quantified by measuring changes in hemolymph heat shock protein (HSP27) and glucose over 7 days post-exposure. In general, physiological indicators returned to baseline levels within approximately 48 h, and no observable difference in mortality between treatment and control animals was detected. However, there was a consistent amplified hemolymph glucose signal present 7 days after exposure for those animals exposed to mid-frequency sound and there were changes to C. sapidus competitive behavior within 24 h of exposure to sound. These results stress the importance of considering the impacts of underwater sound among the suite of stressors facing marine and estuarine invertebrates, and in the discussion of management actions such as protected areas, impact assessments, and marine spatial planning efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Hudson
- McLaughlin Research Corporation, Middletown, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Remote Ecologist, Inc., Darien, Connecticut, United States of America
- Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
- Research and Conservation Department, The Maritime Aquarium at Norwalk, Norwalk, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jason S. Krumholz
- McLaughlin Research Corporation, Middletown, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Darby L. Pochtar
- University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, United States
| | - Natasha C. Dickenson
- Naval Undersea Warfare Center Division, Newport, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Georges Dossot
- Naval Undersea Warfare Center Division, Newport, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Gillian Phillips
- Research and Conservation Department, The Maritime Aquarium at Norwalk, Norwalk, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Edward P. Baker
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Tara E. Moll
- Naval Undersea Warfare Center Division, Newport, Rhode Island, United States of America
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Gordon DV. Price and revenue projections under alternative policy shocks due to the coronavirus: Canadian lobster and snow crab. Mar Policy 2021; 130:104556. [PMID: 34690404 PMCID: PMC8522118 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus will have serious consequences for the fishing industry. The purpose here is to simulate price and revenue outcomes for Canadian lobster and snow crab markets under alternative policy shocks due to the coronavirus. Predictions are based on three policy scenarios representing upper and lower bounds on the range of possible landings and economic outcomes for the period 2019-2021. Based on past research, demand equations for both the lobster and snow crab markets are used to empirically simulate price projections. The results for snow crab are startling with predicted serious declines in price and generated revenue, particularly for Québec and Newfoundland and Labrador (NL). Compared to 2018, projections suggest a decline in average revenue for 2021 of - 18% Gulf, - 32% Maritimes, - 53% Québec, and - 57% NL. The outcome for lobster is not as bleak, projections showing a 21% decline in revenue for 2020 but with recovery in 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel V Gordon
- Department of Economics, University of Calgary, Canada & Department Safety, Economics and Planning, University of Stavanger, Norway
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10
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de Souza Valente C, Wan AHL. Vibrio and major commercially important vibriosis diseases in decapod crustaceans. J Invertebr Pathol 2021; 181:107527. [PMID: 33406397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2020.107527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria fromthe Vibriogenus are autochthonous to aquatic environments and ubiquitous in aquaculture production systems. Many Vibrio species are non-pathogenic and can be commonly found in healthy farmed aquatic animals. However, some Vibrio species and strains are pathogenic leading to a variety of 'vibriosis' diseases. These diseases can have a significant negative impact on animal production, including farmed crustaceans such as shrimps, lobsters, and crabs. As such, vibriosis can pose a threat to meeting growing food demand and global food security. Preventive management is essential to avoid the onset of vibriosis. This includes a robust health management plan, the use of prophylaxis and treatment measures, and enhancing animal health through nutrition. Furthermore, the use of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, quorum sensing disruption, green water, biofloc, bacteriophages, and immune priming could also play a role in preventing and controlling a vibriosis outbreak. This review aims to inform and update the reader about the current state of knowledge about Vibrio and associated vibriosis in farmed crustaceans (i.e. shrimp, lobster, and crabs). Furthermore, the review will identify potential knowledge gaps in the literature, which serves as a basis for future research priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecília de Souza Valente
- Aquaculture and Nutrition Research Unit, Room 204, Annex Building, Ryan Institute and School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway City H91 TK33, Ireland; Aquaculture and Nutrition Research Unit, Carna Research Station, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Carna, Connemara, Co. Galway H91 V8Y1, Ireland.
| | - Alex H L Wan
- Aquaculture and Nutrition Research Unit, Room 204, Annex Building, Ryan Institute and School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway City H91 TK33, Ireland; Aquaculture and Nutrition Research Unit, Carna Research Station, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Carna, Connemara, Co. Galway H91 V8Y1, Ireland
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11
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Baeza JA. Yes, we can use it: a formal test on the accuracy of low-pass nanopore long-read sequencing for mitophylogenomics and barcoding research using the Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:882. [PMID: 33297960 PMCID: PMC7726883 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07292-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Whole mitogenomes or short fragments (i.e., 300–700 bp of the cox1 gene) are the markers of choice for revealing within- and among-species genealogies. Protocols for sequencing and assembling mitogenomes include ‘primer walking’ or ‘long PCR’ followed by Sanger sequencing or Illumina short-read low-coverage whole genome (LC-WGS) sequencing with or without prior enrichment of mitochondrial DNA. The aforementioned strategies assemble complete and accurate mitochondrial genomes but are time consuming and/or expensive. In this study, I first tested whether mitogenomes can be sequenced from long-read nanopore sequencing data exclusively. Second, I explored the accuracy of the long-read assembled genomes by comparing them to a ‘gold’ standard reference mitogenome retrieved from the same individual using Illumina sequencing. Third and lastly, I tested if the long-read assemblies are useful for mitophylogenomics and barcoding research. To accomplish these goals, I used the Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus, an ecologically relevant species in shallow water coral reefs and target of the most lucrative fishery in the greater Caribbean region. Results LC-WGS using a MinION ONT device and various de-novo and reference-based assembly pipelines retrieved a complete and highly accurate mitogenome for the Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus. Discordance between each of the long-read assemblies and the reference mitogenome was mostly due to indels at the flanks of homopolymer regions. Although not ‘perfect’, phylogenetic analyses using entire mitogenomes or a fragment of the cox1 gene demonstrated that mitogenomes assembled using long reads reliably identify the sequenced specimen as belonging to P. argus and distinguish it from other related species in the same genus, family, and superorder. Conclusions This study serves as a proof-of-concept for the future implementation of in-situ surveillance protocols using the MinION to detect mislabeling in P. argus across its supply chain. Mislabeling detection will improve fishery management in this overexploited lobster. This study will additionally aid in decreasing costs for exploring meta-population connectivity in the Caribbean spiny lobster and will aid with the transfer of genomics technology to low-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Antonio Baeza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, 132 Long Hall, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA. .,Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce, 701 Seaway Drive, Fort Pierce, Florida, 34949, USA. .,Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile.
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12
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Kou SG, Peters LM, Mucalo MR. Chitosan: A review of sources and preparation methods. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 169:85-94. [PMID: 33279563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan, derived from chitin, has many desirable biomedical attributes. This review aims to explore different sources of chitin and methods of chitosan production with industrial consideration. This article first discussed different sources of chitin for industrial scale production, with considerations given to both their environmental impacts and commercialization potential. Secondly, this article reviews the two categories of chitosan preparation - chemical methods and biological methods - based on existing publications which used lobster by-products as a feedstock source. The mechanisms of the chemical methods are firstly summarized, and then the different chemical agents and reaction parameters used are discussed. Next, both enzymatic and fermentation-based approaches are reviewed under biological methods and compared with chemical methodologies, with lactic fermentation methods as the major focus. This article concludes that lobster cephalothorax could be an ideal source for chitosan preparation on an industrial scale; and chemical methods involve simpler processing overall, while producing chitosan with stronger bioactivities because of the lower molecular weight (MW) and higher degree of deacetylation (DD) achieved by the products. Moreover, due to biological methods inevitably necessitating further chemical processing, an approach involving some unconventional chemical methods has been regarded as a more suitable strategy for industrial scale chitosan production.
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13
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English MM, Scrosati PM, Aquino AJ, McSweeney MB, Gulam Razul MS. Novel carbohydrate blend enhances chemical and sensory properties of lobster (Homarus americanus) after one-year frozen storage. Food Res Int 2020; 137:109697. [PMID: 33233271 PMCID: PMC7501059 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It has previously been shown that a novel blend of carbohydrates could preserve lobster meat after 6 months of frozen storage. Increased year-round demand for high-quality lobster may make selling to the frozen seafood market an unintended option for some fishermen. Yet, the chemical and sensory changes that occur in lobster meat after one-year frozen storage in this cryoprotectant blend is not known. The objective of this study was to determine the chemical and sensory characteristics of lobster frozen in five different solutions: solution-1 (water); solution-2 (water + NaCl + STPP, sodium tripolyphosphate, 0.5%); solution-3 (water + NaCl + carbohydrate blend); solution-4 (water + NaCl + STPP, 0.25% + carbohydrate blend), and solution-5 (water + NaCl + STPP, 0.5% + carbohydrate blend). No difference (P > 0.05) existed among the treatments with regard to Malondialdehyde levels as a measure of lipid oxidation. Lobster frozen in the cryoprotectant showed increased tenderness, compared to the control which was frozen in water. The lobster meat treated with a combination of the carbohydrate blend and STPP had lower (P < 0.05) moisture content than the control. In addition, consumers preferred (P < 0.05) lobster frozen in the novel cryoprotectant blend and STPP with respect to flavour, texture, and overall acceptability compared to the control. Penalty analysis revealed that overall liking scores were positively associated with the attributes moist and sweet. In conclusion, the combination of the novel carbohydrate blend and STPP enhanced the sensory quality and the chemical properties of frozen lobster, which in turn extended the shelf-life of these products. These findings may have wide implications for the long-term preservation of frozen lobster meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia M English
- Department of Human Nutrition, Saint Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | - Pablo M Scrosati
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Anthony J Aquino
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Matthew B McSweeney
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - M S Gulam Razul
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, Canada
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14
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Fürst von Lieven A, Humar M, Scholtz G. Aristotle's lobster: the image in the text. Theory Biosci 2021; 140:1-15. [PMID: 33048298 DOI: 10.1007/s12064-020-00322-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Anatomai, a lost work written by Aristotle, must have contained a collection of various drawings and figures of species as well as their organs. In his texts (mainly the Historia animalium), Aristotle is often referring to the drawings after the description of species. Our study applies the method of the comparative view (‘Vergleichendes Sehen’) to provide an access to and reconstruction of Aristotle’s lost illustrations based on his textual descriptions. As an example, we chose the treatment of the European lobster (Homarus gammarus L., 1758) in the Aristotelian corpus as a case study. First, we analyse the etymology of the Greek term astakós referring to the lobster and provide an overview on the putative synonyms. Second, we confront the textual basis of the description with several questions concerning the degree of abstraction, the relation between text and image, and the spatial orientation of the image. Finally, we present a step-by-step reconstruction of Aristotle’s illustrations of the lobster based on the various passages dealing with its anatomy in the text of the Historia animalium. The problems which arise by a confrontation of the textual basis with hypothetical images are discussed at a more general level. We conclude that this kind of a text-based image reconstruction is only possible if the object described by Aristotle is unambiguously identifiable and still visually accessible.
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15
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Hyde CJ, Fitzgibbon QP, Elizur A, Smith GG, Ventura T. CrustyBase: an interactive online database for crustacean transcriptomes. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:637. [PMID: 32928113 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptome sequencing has opened the field of genomics to a wide variety of researchers, owing to its efficiency, applicability across species and ability to quantify gene expression. The resulting datasets are a rich source of information that can be mined for many years into the future, with each dataset providing a unique angle on a specific context in biology. Maintaining accessibility to this accumulation of data presents quite a challenge for researchers.The primary focus of conventional genomics databases is the storage, navigation and interpretation of sequence data, which is typically classified down to the level of a species or individual. The addition of expression data adds a new dimension to this paradigm - the sampling context. Does gene expression describe different tissues, a temporal distribution or an experimental treatment? These data not only describe an individual, but the biological context surrounding that individual. The structure and utility of a transcriptome database must therefore reflect these attributes. We present an online database which has been designed to maximise the accessibility of crustacean transcriptome data by providing intuitive navigation within and between datasets and instant visualization of gene expression and protein structure.The site is accessible at https://crustybase.org and currently holds 10 datasets from a range of crustacean species. It also allows for upload of novel transcriptome datasets through a simple web interface, allowing the research community to contribute their own data to a pool of shared knowledge.
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Parsons AE, Escobar-Lux RH, Sævik PN, Samuelsen OB, Agnalt AL. The impact of anti-sea lice pesticides, azamethiphos and deltamethrin, on European lobster (Homarus gammarus) larvae in the Norwegian marine environment. Environ Pollut 2020; 264:114725. [PMID: 32388310 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Anti-sea lice pesticides, used in the salmonid aquaculture industry, are a growing environmental concern due to their potential to adversely affect non-target crustaceans. Azamethiphos and deltamethrin are two bath treatment pesticides used on salmon farms in Norway, however, limited information is available on their impact on European lobster (Homarus gammarus) larvae in the Norwegian marine environment. Here, we firstly report the lethal (LC50) and effective (EC50) concentrations of azamethiphos and deltamethrin for stage I and stage II larvae, following 1-h exposures. Using a hydrodynamic model, we also modelled the dispersal of both compounds into the marine environment around selected Norwegian farms and mapped the potential impact zones (areas that experience LC50 and EC50 concentrations) around each farm. Our data shows that azamethiphos and deltamethrin are acutely toxic to both larval stages, with LC50 and EC50 values below the recommended treatment concentrations. We also show that the azamethiphos impact zones around farms were relatively small (mean area of 0.04-0.2 km2), however deltamethrin impact zones covered much larger areas (mean area of 21.1-39.0 km2). These findings suggest that deltamethrin poses a significant risk to European lobster in the Norwegian marine environment while the impact of azamethiphos may be less severe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife E Parsons
- Institute of Marine Research/ Havforskningsinstituttet, PO Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rosa H Escobar-Lux
- Institute of Marine Research/ Havforskningsinstituttet, PO Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway; Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen High-Technology Centre, PO Box 7803, NO-5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Pål Næverlid Sævik
- Institute of Marine Research/ Havforskningsinstituttet, PO Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ole B Samuelsen
- Institute of Marine Research/ Havforskningsinstituttet, PO Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Ann-Lisbeth Agnalt
- Institute of Marine Research/ Havforskningsinstituttet, PO Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway
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An D, Husovic A, Ali L, Weddle E, Nagle L, Ahearn GA. Ocean acidification: synergistic inhibitory effects of protons and heavy metals on 45Ca uptake by lobster branchiostegite membrane vesicles. J Comp Physiol B 2019; 189:513-521. [PMID: 31317243 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-019-01227-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous work with isolated outer membrane vesicles of lobster branchiostegite epithelial cells has shown that 45Ca2+ uptake by these structures is significantly (p < 0.02) reduced by an incremental decrease in saline pH (increased proton concentration) and that this decrease is due to competitive inhibition between carrier-mediated transport of 45Ca2+ and hydrogen ions. The present paper extends these previous findings and describes the combined effects of pH and cationic heavy metals on branchiostegite uptake of 45Ca2+. Partially purified membrane vesicles of branchiostegite cells were produced by a homogenization/centrifugation method and were loaded with mannitol at pH 7.0. The time course of 1 mM 45Ca2+ uptake in a mannitol medium at pH 8.5 containing 100 µM verapamil (Ca2+ channel blocker) was hyperbolic and approached equilibrium at 30 min. This uptake was either significantly reduced (p < 0.05) by the addition of 5 µM Zn2+ or essentially abolished with the addition of 5 µM Cu2+. Increasing zinc concentrations (5-500 µM) reduced 1 mM 45Ca2+ uptake at pH 8.5 or 7.5 in a hyperbolic fashion with the remaining non-inhibited uptake due to apparent non-specific binding. Uptake of 1 mM 45Ca2+ at pH 8.5, 7.5, 7.5 + Zn2+, and 7.5 + Zn2+ + Cu2+ + Cd2+ in the presence of 100 µM verapamil displayed a stepwise reduction of 45Ca2+ uptake with the addition of each treatment until only non-specific isotope binding occurred with all cation inhibitors. 45Ca2+ influxes (15 s uptakes; 0.25-5.0 mM calcium + 100 µM verapamil) in the presence and absence of 10 µM Zn2+ were both hyperbolic functions of calcium concentration. The curve with Zn2+ displayed a transport Km twice that of the control (p < 0.05), while inhibitor and control curve Jmax values were not significantly different (p > 0.05), suggesting competitive inhibition between 45Ca2+ and Zn2+ influxes. Analysis of the relative inhibitory effects of increased proton or heavy metal interaction with 45Ca2+ uptake suggests that divalent metals may reduce the calcium transport about twice as much as a drop in pH, but together, they appear to abolish carrier-mediated transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalen An
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Aida Husovic
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Laeequa Ali
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Elizabeth Weddle
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Lilian Nagle
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Gregory A Ahearn
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA. .,, Jacksonville, USA.
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18
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Taylor LJ, Mann NS, Daoud D, Clark KF, van den Heuvel MR, Greenwood SJ. Effects of Sublethal Chlorpyrifos Exposure on Postlarval American Lobster (Homarus americanus). Environ Toxicol Chem 2019; 38:1294-1301. [PMID: 30900777 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos has been introduced to the marine environment via adsorption to agricultural soil runoff or as spray drift. Chlorpyrifos affects the survival of some larval decapod crustaceans, but no data exist on the impacts to the American lobster, Homarus americanus. The purpose of the present study was to assess the levels at which chlorpyrifos affects the survival of postlarval H. americanus. Using acute saltwater exposures, the 24- and 48-h median lethal concentrations were established for stage IV H. americanus (1.56 and 1.33 µg/L, respectively). Movement, acetylcholinesterase activity, intermoult period, specific growth rate, and moult increment were measured during exposure to sublethal concentrations. Movement patterns were assessed to establish a 48-h median inhibition concentration for cessation of normal movement (0.66 µg/L). Acetylcholinesterase activity was found to be inhibited immediately post-exposure to 0.50, 0.57, and 0.82 µg/L chlorpyrifos but could be recovered within a period (9-15 d) in clean seawater. Sublethal growth effects of increased intermoult period, decreased specific growth rate, and decreased moult increment were observed during exposure to an environmentally relevant concentration (0.82 µg/L). The present study suggests that H. americanus stage IV larvae were marginally less sensitive to chlorpyrifos compared with other decapods and that acute lethality of H. americanus postlarvae is not likely to occur with chlorpyrifos concentrations previously reported from aquatic environments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:1294-1301. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Taylor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
- AVC Lobster Science Centre, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Nicole S Mann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
- AVC Lobster Science Centre, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Dounia Daoud
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
- Homarus, Shediac, New Brunswick, Canada
- EcoNov, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - K Fraser Clark
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Bible Hill, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Michael R van den Heuvel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
- Canadian Rivers Institute; Department of Biology, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Spencer J Greenwood
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
- AVC Lobster Science Centre, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
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Goldstein JS, Watson III WH. Biochemical changes throughout early- and middle-stages of embryogenesis in lobsters ( Homarus americanus) under different thermal regimes. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6952. [PMID: 31143555 PMCID: PMC6526006 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most marine crustacean eggs contain the full complement of nutritional resources required to fuel their growth and development. Given the propensity of many ovigerous (egg-bearing) American lobsters (Homarus americanus) to undergo seasonal inshore-to-offshore migrations, thereby potentially exposing their eggs to varying thermal regimes, the goal of this study was to determine the impact of water temperature on egg quality over their course of development. This was accomplished by documenting changes in total lipids, proteins, and size (volume) of eggs subjected to one of three thermal regimes: inshore, offshore, and constant (16 °C) conditions. Total egg lipids showed a marked decrease over time, while protein levels increased over the same period. Although there were no significant differences in total lipids, proteins, or egg sizes between eggs exposed to inshore and offshore temperatures, they differed from values for eggs exposed to a constant temperature, which also hatched almost three months sooner. This is most likely due to the fact that eggs held at a constant temperature did not experience a period of slow development during the colder months from November to March that are important for synchronizing egg hatch and may be compromised by elevated seawater temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S. Goldstein
- Maine Coastal Ecology Center, Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve, Wells, ME, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences and School of Marine Sciences and Ocean Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Winsor H. Watson III
- Department of Biological Sciences and School of Marine Sciences and Ocean Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
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Gan HM, Grandjean F, Jenkins TL, Austin CM. Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence: Nanopore sequencing and complete assembly of the European lobster (Homarus gammarus) mitogenome uncovers the missing nad2 and a new major gene cluster duplication. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:335. [PMID: 31053062 PMCID: PMC6500004 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5704-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recently published complete mitogenome of the European lobster (Homarus gammarus) that was generated using long-range PCR exhibits unusual gene composition (missing nad2) and gene rearrangements among decapod crustaceans with strong implications in crustacean phylogenetics. Such atypical mitochondrial features will benefit greatly from validation with emerging long read sequencing technologies such as Oxford Nanopore that can more accurately identify structural variation. RESULTS We re-sequenced the H. gammarus mitogenome on an Oxford Nanopore Minion flowcell and performed a long-read only assembly, generating a complete mitogenome assembly for H. gammarus. In contrast to previous reporting, we found an intact mitochondrial nad2 gene in the H. gammarus mitogenome and showed that its gene organization is broadly similar to that of the American lobster (H. americanus) except for the presence of a large tandemly duplicated region with evidence of pseudogenization in one of each duplicated protein-coding genes. CONCLUSIONS Using the European lobster as an example, we demonstrate the value of Oxford Nanopore long read technology in resolving problematic mitogenome assemblies. The increasing accessibility of Oxford Nanopore technology will make it an attractive and useful tool for evolutionary biologists to verify new and existing unusual mitochondrial gene rearrangements recovered using first and second generation sequencing technologies, particularly those used to make phylogenetic inferences of evolutionary scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Ming Gan
- Deakin Genomics Centre, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220 Australia
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220 Australia
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
- Monash University Malaysia Genomics Facility, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Frederic Grandjean
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267 Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose 5 rue Albert Turpin, 86073 Poitiers, Cedex, France
| | - Tom L. Jenkins
- Department of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Christopher Mervyn Austin
- Deakin Genomics Centre, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220 Australia
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220 Australia
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
- Monash University Malaysia Genomics Facility, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
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Cresci A, Samuelsen OB, Durif CMF, Bjelland RM, Skiftesvik AB, Browman HI, Agnalt AL. Exposure to teflubenzuron negatively impacts exploratory behavior, learning and activity of juvenile European lobster (Homarus gammarus). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2018; 160:216-221. [PMID: 29807294 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Infestations with salmon lice, a parasitic copepod, is a major problem in the salmon farming industry. Teflubenzuron is an in-feed pharmaceutical applied to control lice outbreaks; the standard medication is 10 mg per kg fish per day for seven days. Surveys reveal that teflubenzuron accumulates and persists in the sediment around fish farms and causes deformities and mortality in juvenile European lobster (Homarus gammarus), a species commonly found in the vicinity of salmon farms in Norway. To date, there is no information on sub-lethal effects of teflubenzuron on, for example, behavior. We conducted an experiment to assess possible difference in the shelter seeking behavior of teflubenzuron-exposed (N = 19) vs. not exposed (N = 19) H. gammarus juveniles. The teflubenzuron-exposed juveniles had been given very low concentrations, 1.7 µg per pellet twice per week for 113 days prior to this experiment. The concentration of teflubenzuron was estimated to be less than 1 ng/g lobster when they were tested in the behavior experiment. Animals were placed in a lane with a shelter at one end. Once a lobster had found and entered the shelter, they were repeatedly displaced back to the opposite end of the lane, for a total of 3 repeated runs per animal. Three of the exposed juveniles failed to settle in the shelter, and the remaining teflubenzuron-exposed animals took significantly more time to explore the environment and to find and recognize shelter. Furthermore, exposed lobsters also exhibited slower walking speed compared to the controls. These results demonstrate that teflubenzuron significantly reduces exploratory behavior, learning and activity of juvenile H. gammarus. Thus, exposure to teflubenzuron could increase predation mortality of juvenile lobsters in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Cresci
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine & Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, FL 33149-1098, USA; Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, N-5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Ole B Samuelsen
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Caroline M F Durif
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, N-5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Reidun M Bjelland
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, N-5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Anne Berit Skiftesvik
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, N-5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Howard I Browman
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, N-5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Ann-Lisbeth Agnalt
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway.
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Becker C, Dick JTA, Cunningham EM, Schmitt C, Sigwart JD. The crustacean cuticle does not record chronological age: New evidence from the gastric mill ossicles. Arthropod Struct Dev 2018; 47:498-512. [PMID: 30086392 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A proposed method to determine chronological age of crustaceans uses putative annual bands in the gastric mill ossicles of the foregut. The interpretation of cuticle bands as growth rings is based on the idea that ossicles are retained through the moult and could accumulate a continuous record of age. However, recent studies presented conflicting findings on the dynamics of gastric mill ossicles during ecdysis. We herein study cuticle bands in ossicles in four species of commercially important decapod crustaceans (Homarus gammarus, Nephrops norvegicus, Cancer pagurus and Necora puber) in different phases of the moult cycle using dissections, light microscopy, micro-computed tomography and cryo-scanning electron microscopy. Our results demonstrate that the gastric mill is moulted and ossicles are not retained but replaced during ecdysis. It is therefore not plausible to conclude that ossicles register a lifetime growth record as annual bands and thereby provide age information. Other mechanisms for the formation of cuticle bands and their correlation to size-based age estimates need to be considered and the effect of moulting on other cuticle structures where 'annual growth bands' have been reported should be investigated urgently. Based on our results, there is no evidence for a causative link between cuticle bands and chronological age, meaning it is unreliable for determining crustacean age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Becker
- Queen's University Marine Laboratory, 12-13 The Strand, Portaferry, BT22 1PF, Northern Ireland, UK; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Biology, Comparative Zoology, Philippstr. 13, Haus 2, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jaimie T A Dick
- Queen's University Marine Laboratory, 12-13 The Strand, Portaferry, BT22 1PF, Northern Ireland, UK; Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, MBC, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Eoghan Mánus Cunningham
- Queen's University Marine Laboratory, 12-13 The Strand, Portaferry, BT22 1PF, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Clemens Schmitt
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam-Golm Science Park, Am Mühlenberg 1 OT Golm, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Julia D Sigwart
- Queen's University Marine Laboratory, 12-13 The Strand, Portaferry, BT22 1PF, Northern Ireland, UK.
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Clark AS, Behringer DC, Moss Small J, Waltzek TB. Partial validation of a TaqMan real-time quantitative PCR assay for the detection of Panulirus argus virus 1. Dis Aquat Organ 2018; 129:193-198. [PMID: 30154279 DOI: 10.3354/dao03242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus supports important fisheries throughout the greater Caribbean and is also the only known host for the pathogenic virus Panulirus argus virus 1 (PaV1). While discovered nearly 2 decades ago, gaps still exist in our knowledge of PaV1, such as the dose required to establish infection and its viability outside of the host. To help answer such questions and to enhance diagnostic capabilities, we developed a TaqMan real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay for PaV1. Of the advantages offered by qPCR, one of the most important benefits is its ability to accurately quantify viral DNA copies in a clinical sample. The qPCR assay was found to be efficient (mean ± SD: 99.19 ± 4.67%) and sensitive, detecting as few as 10 copies of PaV1 plasmid DNA. Its diagnostic sensitivity and specificity determined using a set of 165 lobster samples (138 from Florida, USA, and 27 from across the Caribbean) were 100 and 84%, respectively. The qPCR assay should thus prove useful as a research tool and for detecting and quantifying PaV1 infection severity in Caribbean spiny lobsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail S Clark
- Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32653, USA
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Nagle L, Brown S, Krinos A, Ahearn GA. Ocean acidification: effects of pH on 45Ca uptake by lobster branchiostegites. J Comp Physiol B 2018; 188:739-747. [PMID: 30008138 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-018-1173-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gill chambers of the Atlantic lobster, Homarus americanus, possess three structures that are involved with respiration and ion regulation: gill filaments, epipodites, and branchiostegites. This paper describes ion transport mechanisms present in the plasma membranes of branchiostegite epithelial cells and the effects of pH on the uptake of 45Ca by these processes. Partially purified membrane vesicles (PPMV) of branchiostegite cells were produced by a homogenization/centrifugation method that has previously been used to define ion transport processes in both crab and lobster gill tissues. In the present study, lobster branchiostegite PPMV 45Ca uptake was highest at pH 8.5 and lowest at pH values between 6.0 and 7.0 (p < 0.02). At pH 8.0, 45Ca uptake was a biphasic process consisting of a saturable process at low [Ca] and a linear process at higher [Ca]. At pH 6.0, 45Ca uptake was only a linear process and paralleled linear uptake at pH 8.0. A valinomycin/K+-induced membrane potential (PD, inside negative) doubled 45Ca uptake at pH 7.0 above that in the absence of a PD (p < 0.05). An induced PD at pH 8.0 did not significantly (p > 0.05) affect 45Ca uptake observed in the absence of a PD, but was threefold greater than uptake at pH 7.0 in the absence of a PD (p < 0.05). Amiloride (2 mM) did not affect 45Ca uptake at pH 8.0, but 2 mM amiloride + 100 µM verapamil reduced uptake by approximately 50%. In the presence of both 2 mM amiloride + 100 µM verapamil, 15 s 45Ca influx at pH 8.5 was a hyperbolic function of [Ca] (0.1-5 mM) (Km = 4.2 ± 0.3 mM; Jmax = 9792 ± 439 pmol/mg protein × 15 s). 45Ca influxes at pH 7.5 under the same conditions were also hyperbolic with Km = 8.3 ± 1.4 mM; Jmax = 10732 ± 1250 pmol/mg protein × 15 s. Km values were significantly different (p < 0.05), but Jmax values were not (p > 0.05). These results suggest that 45Ca uptake by lobster branchiostegites may have occurred by the combination of diffusion through a verapamil-inhibited calcium channel and carrier-mediated transport by amiloride-insensitive, electroneutral, 1Ca2+/2H+ antiporters. Decreased pH, as might occur during ocean acidification, did not appear to modify calcium diffusion through the channels, but protons acted as competitive inhibitors of calcium transport by carrier-mediated antiport. Decreased calcium uptake with continued ocean acidification may significantly affect calcification processes during periodic molting, potentially influencing mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Nagle
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Skye Brown
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Arianna Krinos
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Gregory A Ahearn
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
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Waring T, Acheson J. Evidence of cultural group selection in territorial lobstering in Maine. Sustain Sci 2017; 13:21-34. [PMID: 30147768 PMCID: PMC6086256 DOI: 10.1007/s11625-017-0501-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Relatively little is known about how resource conservation practices and institutions emerge. We examine the historical emergence of territoriality and conservation rules in Maine's lobstering industry, using a cultural evolutionary perspective. Cultural evolution suggests that cultural adaptations such as practices and institutions arise as a result of evolutionary selection pressure. The cultural multilevel selection framework of Waring et al. (Ecol Soc, 2015) further proposes that group cultural adaptations tend to emerge at a level of social organization corresponding to the underlying dilemma. Drawing on detailed history and ethnography, we conduct a retrospective assessment to determine which levels of social organization experienced selection pressures that might explain the emergence of lobstering territoriality and conservation practices we observe in history. The evidence strongly suggests that informal territoriality evolved by selection on harbor gang behavior, while some conservation practices spread via selection at other levels from individuals to regional lobstering zones. We identify two apparent historical shifts in the dominant level of selection for these practices over the history of the industry and discuss the implications of this trajectory for the evolution of lobster management in the Gulf of Maine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Waring
- School of Economics and Mitchell Center for Sustainability Solutions, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469 USA
| | - James Acheson
- Department of Anthropology and School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469 USA
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26
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Rodríguez-Viera L, Perera E, Montero-Alejo V, Perdomo-Morales R, García-Galano T, Martínez-Rodríguez G, Mancera JM. Carbohydrates digestion and metabolism in the spiny lobster ( Panulirus argus): biochemical indication for limited carbohydrate utilization. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3975. [PMID: 29114440 PMCID: PMC5672836 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As other spiny lobsters, Panulirus argus is supposed to use preferentially proteins and lipids in energy metabolism, while carbohydrates are well digested but poorly utilized. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary carbohydrate level on digestion and metabolism in the spiny lobster P. argus. We used complementary methodologies such as post-feeding flux of nutrients and metabolites, as well as measurements of α-amylase expression and activity in the digestive tract. Lobsters readily digested and absorbed carbohydrates with a time-course that is dependent on their content in diet. Lobster showed higher levels of free glucose and stored glycogen in different tissues as the inclusion of wheat flour increased. Modifications in intermediary metabolism revealed a decrease in amino acids catabolism coupled with a higher use of free glucose as carbohydrates rise up to 20%. However, this effect seems to be limited by the metabolic capacity of lobsters to use more than 20% of carbohydrates in diets. Lobsters were not able to tightly regulate α-amylase expression according to dietary carbohydrate level but exhibited a marked difference in secretion of this enzyme into the gut. Results are discussed to highlight the limitations to increasing carbohydrate utilization by lobsters. Further growout trials are needed to link the presented metabolic profiles with phenotypic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Rodríguez-Viera
- Center for Marine Research, University of Havana, Havana, Havana, Cuba.,Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), University of Cadiz, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Erick Perera
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, IATS-CSIC, Castellón, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vivian Montero-Alejo
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Pharmaceuticals Research and Development, Havana, Cuba
| | - Rolando Perdomo-Morales
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Pharmaceuticals Research and Development, Havana, Cuba
| | | | | | - Juan M Mancera
- Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), University of Cadiz, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
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27
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Rodriguez-Siordia I, Rojo-Arreola L, Navarrete Del Toro MDLA, García-Carreño F. American lobster Cathepsin D, an aspartic peptidase resistant to proteolysis and active in organic solvents, non-ionic detergents and salts. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 107:1501-1509. [PMID: 28987802 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Suitable peptidases for biotechnological applications are those active at low temperature, in organic solvents, detergents or proteolytic additives. American lobster cathepsin D1 (CD1) is an enzyme highly efficient at 5-50°C and at pH 2.5-5.5. We assessed the effect of common industrial additives on CD1 activity. CD1 was isolated from lobster gastric fluid by chromatography. The proteolytic activity was measured using a fluorogenic specific substrate and the conformation by intrinsic fluorescence. Non-ionic detergents Tween-20 and Triton X-100 stabilize the peptidase activity. Ethanol, methanol and isopropanol [5-15% (v/v)] increased the enzyme activity up to 80%. The enzyme is active until 2.5M urea and is resistant to proteolysis by papain and renin. In this work, a crustacean peptidase that remains active when exposed to different chemical and proteolytic additives is reported, evincing that crustaceans are a good model for discovery of novel stable peptidases for future pharmaceutical, cosmetic and alimentary applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Rodriguez-Siordia
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas del Noroeste, Instituto Politecnico Nacional 195, Col., Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, 23096, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - Liliana Rojo-Arreola
- CONACYT-Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Instituto Politecnico Nacional 195, Col., Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, 23096, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - María de Los Angeles Navarrete Del Toro
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas del Noroeste, Instituto Politecnico Nacional 195, Col., Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, 23096, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - Fernando García-Carreño
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas del Noroeste, Instituto Politecnico Nacional 195, Col., Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, 23096, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico.
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28
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Scheffler O, Ahearn GA. Functional characterization of a novel disaccharide transporter in lobster hepatopancreas. J Comp Physiol B 2017; 187:563-73. [PMID: 28180997 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-017-1058-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In animals, the accepted model of carbohydrate digestion and absorption involves reduction of disaccharides into the monosaccharides glucose, fructose, and galactose followed by their individual transmembrane transport into cells. In 2011, a gene for a distinct disaccharide sucrose transporter (SCRT) was found in Drosophila melanogaster and characterized in a yeast expression system. The purpose of the present investigation was to functionally identify and characterize a putative disaccharide transporter analog in the hepatopancreas of the American lobster, Homarus americanus. Purified hepatopancreatic brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMV) were used in transport experiments using 14C-sucrose and a Millipore filter isolation technique. In the absence of sodium, an external pH of 4 significantly stimulated the uptake of 14C-sucrose compared to that occurring at pH 5, 6, or 7. At pH 7, increasing external concentrations of sodium increased 14C-sucrose uptake by BBMV in a hyperbolic fashion and this stimulation was significantly reduced when the pH was changed to 4, suggesting that both protons and sodium ions were each capable of driving the uptake of the sugar. In experiments with a variety of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and trisaccharides, used as potential inhibitors of 14C-sucrose uptake, only maltose and trehalose inhibited carrier-mediated 14C-sucrose transport. An additional experiment showed that 20 mM maltose was a competitive inhibitor of 14C-sucrose uptake. The use of a putative lobster SCRT by both maltose and trehalose is nutritionally appropriate for lobsters as they commonly digest glycogen and chitin, polymers of maltose and trehalose, respectively. These findings suggest there is a brush-border proton- or sodium-dependent, hepatopancreatic carrier process, shared by sucrose, maltose, and trehalose, that may function to absorb disaccharides that are produced from digestion of naturally occurring dietary constituents.
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29
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Fujii Y, Fujiwara T, Koide Y, Hasan I, Sugawara S, Rajia S, Kawsar SM, Yamamoto D, Araki D, Kanaly RA, Ogawa Y, Fujita H, Ozeki Y. Internalization of a novel, huge lectin from Ibacus novemdentatus (slipper lobster) induces apoptosis of mammalian cancer cells. Glycoconj J 2017; 34:85-94. [PMID: 27658397 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9731-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
An N-acetyl sugar-binding lectin (termed iNoL) displaying cytotoxic activity against human cancer cells was isolated from the slipper lobster Ibacus novemdentatus (family Scyllaridae). iNoL recognized monosaccharides containing N-acetyl group, and glycoproteins (e.g., BSM) containing oligosaccharides with N-acetyl sugar. iNoL was composed of five subunits (330, 260, 200, 140, and 30 kDa), which in turn consisted of 70-, 40-, and 30-kDa polypeptides held together by disulfide bonds. Electron microscopic observations and gel permeation chromatography indicated that iNoL was a huge (500-kDa) molecule and had a polygonal structure under physiological conditions. iNoL displayed cytotoxic (apoptotic) effects against human cancer cell lines MCF7 and T47D (breast), HeLa (ovarian), and Caco2 (colonic), through incorporation (internalization) into cells. The lectin was transported into lysosomes via endosomes. Its cytotoxic effect and incorporation into cells were inhibited by the co-presence of N-acetyl-D-mannosamine (ManNAc). Treatment of HeLa cells with iNoL resulted in DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation, through activation of caspase-9 and -3. In summary, the novel crustacean lectin iNoL is incorporated into mammalian cancer cells through glycoconjugate interaction, and has cytotoxic (apoptotic) effects.
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30
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Edmonds NJ, Firmin CJ, Goldsmith D, Faulkner RC, Wood DT. A review of crustacean sensitivity to high amplitude underwater noise: Data needs for effective risk assessment in relation to UK commercial species. Mar Pollut Bull 2016; 108:5-11. [PMID: 27210557 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
High amplitude anthropogenic noise is associated with adverse impacts among a variety of organisms but detailed species-specific knowledge is lacking in relation to effects upon crustaceans. Brown crab (Cancer pagurus), European lobster (Homarus gammarus) and Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) together represent the most valuable commercial fishery in the UK (Defra, 2014). Critical evaluation of literature reveals physiological sensitivity to underwater noise among N. norvegicus and closely related crustacean species, including juvenile stages. Current evidence supports physiological sensitivity to local, particle motion effects of sound production in particular. Derivation of correlative relationships between the introduction of high amplitude impulsive noise and crustacean distribution/abundance is hindered by the coarse resolution of available data at the present time. Future priorities for research are identified and argument for enhanced monitoring under current legislative frameworks outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Edmonds
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK.
| | - Christopher J Firmin
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK
| | - Denise Goldsmith
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK
| | - Rebecca C Faulkner
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK
| | - Daniel T Wood
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK
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31
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Raissy M. Assessment of health risk from heavy metal contamination of shellfish from the Persian Gulf. Environ Monit Assess 2016; 188:55. [PMID: 26703978 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-5071-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study assessed the risk of consumption of shrimp and lobster contaminated with mercury, arsenic, cadmium, and lead from the Persian Gulf. The concentrations of mercury, arsenic, lead, and cadmium in shrimp was 62.5, 178.2, 325.2, and 193.5 μg kg(-1) and in lobsters was 53.2, 103.9, 640.6, and 163.1 μg kg(-1), respectively. The maximum daily consumption of shrimp and lobster was calculated to estimate health risks associated with their consumption. The results showed that the maximum allowable consumption of shrimp and lobster was 18-140 g/day for mercury, 33-214 g/day for arsenic, 59-454 g/day for cadmium, and 72-916 g/day for lead. The concentration of metals was within recommended limits for human consumption with the exception of lead, which was found to be above acceptable levels and represents a health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Raissy
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran.
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32
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Clark KF, Wadowska D, Greenwood SJ. Aerococcus viridans var. homari: The presence of capsule and the relationship to virulence in American lobster (Homarus americanus). J Invertebr Pathol 2016; 133:20-6. [PMID: 26598140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between virulence and encapsulation of Aerococcus viridans var. homari was evaluated by growing virulent (Rabin's) and avirulent (ATCC 10400) strains under varying culture conditions, and during challenge trials. Changes in capsule thickness were monitored using a modified lysine-ruthenium red (LRR) fixation method and transmission electron microscopy. The virulent Rabin's strain possessed a prominent capsule of 0.252 μm±0.061 μm that was diminished by in vitro growth conditions to 0.206 μm±0.076 μm. The ATCC 10400 strain capsule thickness decreased from 0.157 μm±0.043 μm to 0.117 μm±0.043 μm after 10 in vitro passages. The virulent Rabin's strain capsule was significantly thicker than the avirulent ATCC 10400 strain under all growth conditions. Rabin's strain, regardless of pre-challenge growth conditions or dose (high dose 10(7) or low dose 10(2)), was able to kill lobsters in 7 days at 15°C. ATCC 10400 strain, regardless of pre-challenge growth conditions, killed lobster only at high doses (10(7)) with varying median time to death of ∼15 days, while at low doses (10(2)) all lobsters survived and no bacteria were present after 42 days. This work demonstrates the importance of the thickness of the A. viridans capsule to virulence in the American lobster.
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33
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Loucks RH, Smith RE, Fisher EB. Interactions between finfish aquaculture and lobster catches in a sheltered bay. Mar Pollut Bull 2014; 88:255-9. [PMID: 25242235 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between open-net pen finfish aquaculture and lobster catches in a sheltered bay in Nova Scotia, Canada, were investigated using fishermen's participatory research in annual lobster trap surveys over seven years. Fishermen recorded lobster catches during the last two weeks of May from 2007 to 2013. Catches for each trap haul were recorded separately for ovigerous and market-sized lobsters. Catch trends within the bay were compared to regional trends. Results of correlation analyses indicated that ovigerous catch trends were strongly affected by the fish farm's feeding/fallow periods. There was no significant correlation between trends for bay and LFA lobster landings. Patterns of lobster catch per unit effort extending over considerable distance in Port Mouton Bay appear to be influenced by proximity to the fish farm regardless of year-to-year variation in water temperatures and weather conditions. Odours and habitat changes surrounding open-net pen finfish operations are potential factors affecting lobster displacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald H Loucks
- RH Loucks Oceanology Ltd., 24 Clayton Park Drive, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3M 1L3, Canada
| | - Ruth E Smith
- RH Loucks Oceanology Ltd., 24 Clayton Park Drive, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3M 1L3, Canada
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34
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Abstract
Animals spontaneously initiate goal-directed behavior including foraging action based on their appetitive motivation. The American lobster Homarus americanus exhibits grasping behavior with its crusher claw as feeding behavior that can be initiated after appropriate operant conditioning. In order to quantitatively characterize the goal-directed grasping behavior with a time resolution fine enough for neurophysiological analysis of its initiation and control mechanisms, we made simultaneous electromyographic (EMG) recording from grasping- and reaching-related muscles of the crusher claw while animals initiated grasping behavior. We developed an in vivo extracellular recording chamber that allowed the animal under a semi-restrained condition to perform operant reward learning of claw grasping. Three muscles in the crusher claw (propodite-dactyl closer/opener and coxal protractor) were found to be closely associated with spontaneous grasping behavior. In spontaneous grasping, the activation of those muscles consistently preceded the grasping onset time and exhibited different activity patterns from the grasp induced by a mechanical stimulus. Furthermore, we found that the timing of coxal protractor activation was closer to the grasp onset and its activity was briefer for goal-directed grasping behavior in trained and hungry animals than for non-goal-directed spontaneous grasping behavior in naive or satiated animals. It is suggested that the goal-directed grasping behavior of lobster is characterized, at least partly, by experience-dependent briefer activity of specific muscles involved in reaching action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Tomina
- Behavioral Neurobiology, Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Masakazu Takahata
- Behavioral Neurobiology, Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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35
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Tan MH, Gan HM, Lee YP, Austin CM. The complete mitogenome of the Morton Bay bug Thenus orientalis (Lund, 1793) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Scyllaridae) from a cooked sample and a new mitogenome order for the Decapoda. Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2014; 27:1277-8. [PMID: 25103440 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2014.945554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial genome sequence of the Morton Bay bug, Thenus orientalis, is documented, which makes it the second mitogenome for species of the family Scyllaridae and the ninth for members of the superfamily Palinuroidae. Thenus orientalis has a mitogenome of 16,826 base pairs consisting of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal subunit genes, 23 transfer RNAs, and a non-coding AT-rich region. The base composition of the T. orientalis mitogenome is 31.31% for T, 23.77% for C, 31.05% for A, and 13.87% for G, with an AT bias of 62.36%. In addition to a duplicated trnS1 and several other tRNA gene rearrangements, the mitogenome gene order has novel protein coding gene order with the nad6 and cob genes translocated as a block to a location downstream of the nad3 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mun Hua Tan
- a Monash University Malaysia Genomics Facility, Jalan Lagoon Selatan , Bandar Sunway , Petaling Jaya , Selangor , Malaysia and.,b School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan , Bandar Sunway , Petaling Jaya , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Han Ming Gan
- a Monash University Malaysia Genomics Facility, Jalan Lagoon Selatan , Bandar Sunway , Petaling Jaya , Selangor , Malaysia and.,b School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan , Bandar Sunway , Petaling Jaya , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Yin Peng Lee
- a Monash University Malaysia Genomics Facility, Jalan Lagoon Selatan , Bandar Sunway , Petaling Jaya , Selangor , Malaysia and.,b School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan , Bandar Sunway , Petaling Jaya , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Christopher M Austin
- a Monash University Malaysia Genomics Facility, Jalan Lagoon Selatan , Bandar Sunway , Petaling Jaya , Selangor , Malaysia and.,b School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan , Bandar Sunway , Petaling Jaya , Selangor , Malaysia
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Götze S, Bose A, Sokolova IM, Abele D, Saborowski R. The proteasomes of two marine decapod crustaceans, European lobster (Homarus gammarus) and Edible crab (Cancer pagurus), are differently impaired by heavy metals. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 162:62-9. [PMID: 24721378 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular ubiquitin-proteasome system is a key regulator of cellular processes involved in the controlled degradation of short-living or malfunctioning proteins. Certain diseases and cellular dysfunctions are known to arise from the disruption of proteasome pathways. Trace metals are recognized stressors of the proteasome system in vertebrates and plants, but their effects on the proteasome of invertebrates are not well understood. Since marine invertebrates, and particularly benthic crustaceans, can be exposed to high metal levels, we studied the effects of in vitro exposure to Hg(2+), Zn(2+), Cu(2+), and Cd(2+) on the activities of the proteasome from the claw muscles of lobsters (Homarus gammarus) and crabs (Cancer pagurus). The chymotrypsin like activity of the proteasome of these two species showed different sensitivity to metals. In lobsters the activity was significantly inhibited by all metals to a similar extent. In crabs the activities were severely suppressed only by Hg(2+) and Cu(2+) while Zn(2+) had only a moderate effect and Cd(2+) caused almost no inhibition of the crab proteasome. This indicates that the proteasomes of both species possess structural characteristics that determine different susceptibility to metals. Consequently, the proteasome-mediated protein degradation in crab C. pagurus may be less affected by metal pollution than that of the lobster H. gammarus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Götze
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Functional Ecology, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Aneesh Bose
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Functional Ecology, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Inna M Sokolova
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Doris Abele
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Functional Ecology, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Reinhard Saborowski
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Functional Ecology, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
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Clark KF, Greenwood SJ, Acorn AR, Byrne PJ. Molecular immune response of the American lobster (Homarus americanus) to the White Spot Syndrome Virus. J Invertebr Pathol 2013; 114:298-308. [PMID: 24045127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The adult American lobster (Homarus americanus) is susceptible to few naturally occurring pathogens, and no viral pathogen is known to exist. Despite this, relatively little is known about the H. americanus immune system and nothing is known about its potential viral immune response. Hundreds of rural communities in Atlantic Canada rely on the lobster fishery for their economic sustainability and could be devastated by large-scale pathogen-mediated mortality events. The White Spot Syndrome Virus is the most economically devastating viral pathogen to global shrimp aquaculture production and has been proposed to be capable of infecting all decapod crustaceans including the European Lobster. An in vivo WSSV injection challenge was conducted in H. americanus and WSSV was found to be capable of infecting and replicating within lobsters held at 20°C. The in vivo WSSV challenge also generated the first viral disease model of H. americanus and allowed for the high-throughput examination of transcriptomic changes that occur during viral infection. Microarray analysis found 136 differentially expressed genes and the expression of a subset of these genes was verified using RT-qPCR. Anti-lipopolysaccharide isoforms and acute phase serum amyloid protein A expression did not change during WSSV infection, contrary to previous findings during bacterial and parasitic infection of H. americanus. This, along with the differential gene expression of thioredoxin and trypsin isoforms, provides compelling evidence that H. americanus is capable of mounting an immune response specific to infection by different pathogen classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fraser Clark
- AVC Lobster Science Centre, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3, Canada; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3, Canada.
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Abstract
The daily rhythm of PERIOD protein (PER) expression is an integral component of the circadian clock, which is found among a broad range of animal species including fruit flies, marine mollusks and even humans. The use of antibodies directed against PER has provided a helpful tool in the discovery of PER homologues and the labeling of putative pacemaker cells, especially in animals for which an annotated genome is not readily available. In this study, DrosophilaPER antibodies were used to probe for PER in the American lobster, Homarus americanus. This species exhibits robust endogenous circadian rhythms but the circadian clock has yet to be located or characterized. PER was detected in the eyestalks of the lobster but not in the brain. Furthermore, a significant effect of the LD cycle on daily PER abundance was identified, and PER was significantly more abundant at mid dark than in early light or mid light hours. Our results suggest that PER is a part of the molecular machinery of the circadian clock located in the eyestalk of the lobster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine R Grabek
- Human Medical Genetics Program, Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
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