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Chai J, Xu L, Liu N. miR-23b-3p regulates differentiation of osteoclasts by targeting PTEN via the PI3k/AKT pathway. Arch Med Sci 2022; 18:1542-1557. [PMID: 36457973 PMCID: PMC9710281 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2019.87520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are cells of osteoblastic origin, and are vital in homeostasis of the skeleton. miRs are important for functioning, survival and differentiation of osteoclasts. It has been reported previously that miR-23b-3p is involved in osteoporosis and in regulation of differentiation of osteoblasts. It is also involved in the process of bone formation. However, the role of miR-23b-3p in differentiation of osteoclasts remains unexplored. MATERIAL AND METHODS CSF-1 and ODF induced osteoclasts were used for the study. RNA isolation was done from TIB-71 cells. TRAP staining was done for TRAP-positive osteoclast formation. PIT assay for bone resorption was performed. For in vivo studies osteoclast-specific miR-23b-3p transgenic mice were developed. RESULTS The levels of miR-23b-3p were upregulated in bone marrow monocytes during osteoclastogenesis with colony stimulating factor-1 and osteoclast differentiation factor induction, which suggests that miR-23b-3p plays a crucial role in differentiation of osteoclasts. Over-expression of miR-23b-3p in bone marrow monocytes leads to osteoclastogenesis, whereas the inhibition ameliorates it. We further studied the function of miR-23b-3p via PI3K/AKT targeting the PTEN pathway. In vivo, osteoclast-specific miR-23b-3p transgenic mice showed suppressed PTEN and elevated osteoclast activity, and the mice showed decreased bone mineral density. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that miR-23b-3p regulates the differentiation of osteoclasts by targeting PTEN through the PI3K/AKT cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Chai
- Second Ward of Trauma Surgery Department, Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Department of Surgery, Linyi Health School, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Niansheng Liu
- The First Ward of Trauma Surgery Department, Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
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Gupta MS, Kumar TP, Gowda DV, Rosenholm JM. Orodispersible films: Conception to quality by design. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 178:113983. [PMID: 34547323 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Orodispersible films (ODFs) are ultra-thin, stamp-sized, elegant, portable and patient-centric pharmaceutical dosage forms that do not need water to be ingested. They are particularly useful for paediatric and geriatric patient populations with special needs such as dysphagia, Parkinson's disease, and oral cancer. Accordingly, they hold tremendous potential in gaining patient compliance, convenience and pharmacotherapy. In the present review, conception and evolution of ODFs as a product and its technology are discussed. The review continues by providing overview about the potential of ODFs as carriers for delivering drugs, herbal extracts, probiotics and vaccines. Besides, strategies employed in drug cargo loading, taste masking of bitter drugs and enhancing drug stability are discussed. Finally, the review concludes by providing a brief overview about quality by design (QbD) principles in development of ODFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maram Suresh Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagar, Mysore 570 015, Karnataka, India.
| | - Tegginamath Pramod Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagar, Mysore 570 015, Karnataka, India
| | - Devegowda Vishkante Gowda
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagar, Mysore 570 015, Karnataka, India
| | - Jessica M Rosenholm
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
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Khalid GM, Musazzi UM, Selmin F, Franzè S, Minghetti P, Cilurzo F. Extemporaneous printing of diclofenac orodispersible films for pediatrics. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2021; 47:636-644. [PMID: 33826438 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2021.1908335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The possible application of a hot-melt ram extrusion printing to the preparation of diclofenac orodispersible films (ODF) made of maltodextrin was studied focusing the attention on the effects of taste-masking agents (i.e. namely mint, licorice-mint, and sucralose) and an opacifier (titanium dioxide [TiO2]). SIGNIFICANCE This is a proof-of-concept of the feasibility to print ODF loaded with a thermosensitive drug substance by hot-melt technologies. METHODS Diclofenac sodium (DNa) ODF made of maltodextrin (dextrose equivalent (DE) = 6 ) plasticized with glycerol were prepared by hot-melt extrusion printing. ODF were characterized for disintegration time, drug content, and solid state, in vitro dissolution in deionized water and simulated salivary fluid at pH 5.7, tensile, and adhesive properties. Moreover, the stability of ODF was assessed in accelerated conditions over six months. RESULTS After the preparation, no variation in drug solid state was evident and the formation of impurity A of DNa was detected, even if it remained below the Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) limits (< 0.2%). Only the addition of DNa significantly improved the ODF tensile properties: the tensile strength increased from 0.17 ± 0.03 MPa (placebo ODF) to 2.21 ± 0.54 MPa (p ≤ 0.03). All ODF disintegrated in about 1 min, and the t80% was lower than 3 min. TiO2 reduced the static and dynamic peel forces (p ≤ 0.006) favoring the ODF detachment from the primary packaging material. During the accelerated stability study, ODF were easy to handle without fracture; the drug content, impurity A, and dissolution profiles remained superimposable. CONCLUSION Hot-melt printing can be suitable to prepare palatable ODF loaded with bitter thermosensitive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garba M Khalid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Umberto M Musazzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Selmin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Franzè
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Minghetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Cilurzo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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4
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Galán López J, Kestens LAI. A multivariate grain size and orientation distribution function: derivation from electron backscatter diffraction data and applications. J Appl Crystallogr 2021; 54:148-162. [PMID: 33833645 PMCID: PMC7941316 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576720014909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Grain size distribution and orientation distribution functions are combined in a single multivariate continuous grain size orientation distribution function (GSODF). Several examples of practical applications to low carbon steels are presented, in which it is shown how the GSODF can be used in the analysis of 2D and 3D electron backscatter diffraction data, and as input in full-field and mean-field crystal plasticity simulations. Two of the microstructural parameters most influential in the properties of polycrystalline materials are grain size and crystallographic texture. Although both properties have been extensively studied and there are a wide range of analysis tools available, they are generally considered independently, without taking into account the possible correlations between them. However, there are reasons to assume that grain size and orientation are correlated microstructural state variables, as they are the result of single microstructural formation mechanisms occurring during material processing. In this work, the grain size distribution and orientation distribution functions are combined in a single multivariate grain size orientation distribution function (GSODF). In addition to the derivation of the function, several examples of practical applications to low carbon steels are presented, in which it is shown how the GSODF can be used in the analysis of 2D and 3D electron backscatter diffraction data, as well as in the generation of representative volume elements for full-field models and as input in simulations using mean-field methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Galán López
- MSE, Faculty 3mE, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Leo A I Kestens
- MSE, Faculty 3mE, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands.,Department of Electromechanical, Systems and Metal Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 903, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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Clarke NE, Dyer CEF, Amaral S, Tan G, Vaz Nery S. Improving Uptake and Sustainability of Sanitation Interventions in Timor-Leste: A Case Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph18031013. [PMID: 33498840 PMCID: PMC7908170 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18031013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Open defecation (OD) is still a significant public health challenge worldwide. In Timor-Leste, where an estimated 20% of the population practiced OD in 2017, increasing access and use of improved sanitation facilities is a government priority. Community-led total sanitation (CLTS) has become a popular strategy to end OD since its inception in 2000, but evidence on the uptake of CLTS and related interventions and the long-term sustainability of OD-free (ODF) communities is limited. This study utilized a mixed-methods approach, encompassing quantitative monitoring and evaluation data from water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) agencies, and semi-structured interviews with staff working for these organizations and the government Department of Environmental Health, to examine sanitation interventions in Timor-Leste. Recommendations from WASH practitioners on how sanitation strategies can be optimized to ensure ODF sustainability are presented. Whilst uptake of interventions is generally good in Timor-Leste, lack of consistent monitoring and evaluation following intervention delivery may contribute to the observed slippage back to OD practices. Stakeholder views suggest that long-term support and monitoring after ODF certification are needed to sustain ODF communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi E Clarke
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (N.E.C.); (C.E.F.D.)
- Research School of Population Health, College of Health & Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; (S.A.); (G.T.)
| | - Clare E F Dyer
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (N.E.C.); (C.E.F.D.)
| | - Salvador Amaral
- Research School of Population Health, College of Health & Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; (S.A.); (G.T.)
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, John Mathews Building, Royal Darwin Hospital Campus, Tiwi, NT 0810, Australia
| | - Garyn Tan
- Research School of Population Health, College of Health & Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; (S.A.); (G.T.)
| | - Susana Vaz Nery
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (N.E.C.); (C.E.F.D.)
- Research School of Population Health, College of Health & Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; (S.A.); (G.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-(2)-9385-0867
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6
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Abstract
The receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)-RANK-osteoprotegerin (OPG) system is critical to bone homeostasis, but genetically deficient mouse models have revealed important roles in the immune system as well. RANKL-RANK-OPG is particularly important to T cell biology because of its organogenic control of thymic development and secondary lymphoid tissues influence central T cell tolerance and peripheral T cell function. RANKL-RANK-OPG cytokine-receptor interactions are often controlled by regulation of expression of RANKL on developing T cells, which interacts with RANK expressed on some lymphoid tissue cells to stimulate key downstream signaling pathways that affect critical tuning functions of the T cell compartment, like cell survival and antigen presentation. Activation of peripheral T cells is regulated by RANKL-enhanced dendritic cell survival, and dysregulation of the RANKL-RANK-OPG system in this context is associated with loss of T cell tolerance and autoimmune disease. Given its broader implications for immune homeostasis and osteoimmunology, it is critical to further understand how the RANKL-RANK-OPG system operates in T cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Walsh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yongwon Choi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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7
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Sudheer P, Shrestha S, Narayana KA. Amorphous Solid Dispersion Based Oral Disintegrating Film of Ezetimibe: Development and Evaluation. Drug Metab Lett 2020; 14:66-79. [PMID: 32875994 DOI: 10.2174/1872312814666200901182517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ezetimibe is a cholesterol-lowering agent with an oral bioavailability of 50% by virtue of its poor solubility and extensive hepatic and intestinal metabolism. OBJECTIVE The study aimed to overcome low bioavailability issues of ezetimibe by formulating an oral disintegrating film. METHODS The low solubility of ezetimibe was undertaken, preparing solid dispersions using mannitol, β-cyclodextrin, and urea. The mannitol solid dispersion assimilated oral disintegrating film was prepared and optimized using 23 factorial design, where the concentration of film formers hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (K5& K15) (X1and X2) and super disintegrant, sodium starch glycolate (X3) was used as factors on the response disintegration time (Y). The films were evaluated for physical properties, time of disintegration, and drug release profiles. RESULTS Mannitol solid dispersion (1:2 ratio) based on the superior drug content, solubility and in vitro release profile was preferred in film formation. The low crystalline nature of the solid dispersion was very evident by the absence of prominent peaks in the X-Ray diffraction pattern and the reduced peak intensity of melting endotherms. The correlation coefficient (R2) and statistical parameter analysis of variance specify the implication of linear factors on responses, which is apparent from confidence intervals (P-values) less than 0.05. The in vitro release profile of all the eight formulations (F1-F8) in a phosphate buffer solution of pH 6.8 revealed a significant increment in comparison to ezetimibe. CONCLUSION The study revealed that the formulation approach could overcome the biopharmaceutical challenge of solubility as well as low bioavailability issues of ezetimibe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preethi Sudheer
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Krupanidhi College of Pharmacy, Chikkabellandur, Carmelaram Post, Varthur, Hobli, Bangalore-560035, Karnataka, India
| | - Sangam Shrestha
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Krupanidhi College of Pharmacy, Chikkabellandur, Carmelaram Post, Varthur, Hobli, Bangalore-560035, Karnataka, India
| | - Kavitha A Narayana
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Krupanidhi College of Pharmacy, Chikkabellandur, Carmelaram Post, Varthur, Hobli, Bangalore-560035, Karnataka, India
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Berthold K P Horn
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL), Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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9
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Rigoni TS, Vellozo NS, Cabral-Piccin M, Fabiano-Coelho L, Lopes UG, Filardy AA, DosReis GA, Lopes MF. RANK Ligand Helps Immunity to Leishmania major by Skewing M2-Like Into M1 Macrophages. Front Immunol 2020; 11:886. [PMID: 32477357 PMCID: PMC7235166 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages host Leishmania major infection, which causes cutaneous Leishmaniasis in humans. In the murine model, resistance to infection depends on the host immunity mediated by CD4 T-cell cytokines and macrophages. In association to other stimuli, the Th1 cytokine IFN-γ induces NO-mediated microbial killing by M1/classically-activated macrophages. By contrast, the Th2 cytokine IL-4 promotes M2/alternatively activated macrophages, which express arginase-1 and shelter infection. Other cytokines, such as RANKL, might also participate in the crosstalk between T cells and macrophages to restrict parasite infection. RANKL and its receptor RANK are known to play an essential role in bone remodeling, by inducing osteoclatogenesis. It has also been shown that RANKL stimulates antigen-presenting cells, such as DCs and macrophages, to enhance T cell responses. Here we investigated how RANKL directly modulates the effector macrophage phenotypes and immunity to L. major parasites. We found that inflammatory peritoneal macrophages from B6 mice express RANK and M2 features, such as CD301 (MGL) and CD206 (mannose receptor). Nonetheless, treatment with RANKL or IFN-γ induced macrophage differentiation into more mature F40/80hi macrophages able to produce IL-12 and TNF-α. In parallel, macrophages treated with RANKL, IFN-γ, or RANKL along with IFN-γ progressively downregulated the expression of the M2 hallmarks MGL, arginase-1, and CCL17. Moreover, a synergism between IFN-γ and RANKL enhanced inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression and NO production by macrophages. These results are consistent with the idea that RANKL helps IFN-γ to induce a M2-like to M1 phenotype shift. Accordingly, concomitant treatment with RANKL and IFN-γ promoted macrophage-mediated immunity to L. major, by inducing NO and ROS-dependent parasite killing. Furthermore, by cooperating with IFN-γ, endogenous RANKL engages CD4 T-cell help toward L. major-infected macrophages to upregulate M1 and Th1 cytokine responses. Therefore, RANKL, in combination with IFN-γ, is a potential local therapeutic tool to improve immune responses in Leishmaniasis, by skewing M2-like into effector M1 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís S Rigoni
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Natália S Vellozo
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariela Cabral-Piccin
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Laryssa Fabiano-Coelho
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ulisses G Lopes
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alessandra A Filardy
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - George A DosReis
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional para Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcela F Lopes
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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10
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Rafailov G, Caspi EN, Hielscher R, Tiferet E, Schneck R, Vogel SC. Visualization of texture components using MTEX. J Appl Crystallogr 2020; 53:540-548. [PMID: 32280326 PMCID: PMC7133062 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576719014742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the appearance of texture components and fibres in pole figures, in inverse pole figures and in Euler space is fundamental for texture analysis. For cubic crystal systems, such as steels, an extensive literature exists and, for example, the book by Matthies, Vinel & Helming [Standard Distributions in Texture Analysis: Maps for the Case of Cubic Orthorhomic Symmetry, (1987), Akademie-Verlag Berlin] provides an atlas to identify texture components. For lower crystal symmetries, however, equivalent comprehensive overviews that can serve as guidance for the interpretation of experimental textures do not exist. This paper closes this gap by providing a set of scripts for the MTEX package [Bachmann, Hielscher & Schaeben (2010). Solid State Phenom. 160, 63-68] that allow the texture practitioner to compile such an atlas for a given material system, thus aiding orientation distribution function analysis also for non-cubic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady Rafailov
- Los Alamos Neutron Science Center, Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS H805, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.,Materials Department, Nuclear Research Center of the Negev, PO Box 9001, Beer Sheva, 84190, Israel
| | - El'ad N Caspi
- Physics Department, Nuclear Research Center of the Negev, PO Box 9001, Beer Sheva, 84190, Israel
| | - Ralf Hielscher
- Fakultät für Mathematik, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Reichenhainer Strasse 39, Chemnitz, 09126, Germany
| | - Eitan Tiferet
- Materials Department, Nuclear Research Center of the Negev, PO Box 9001, Beer Sheva, 84190, Israel.,Additive Manufacturing Center, Rotem Industries, Mishor Yamin, 86800, Israel
| | - Roni Schneck
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, Beer Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Sven C Vogel
- Los Alamos Neutron Science Center, Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS H805, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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Dell'Acqua F, Tournier J. Modelling white matter with spherical deconvolution: How and why? NMR Biomed 2019; 32:e3945. [PMID: 30113753 PMCID: PMC6585735 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Since the realization that diffusion MRI can probe the microstructural organization and orientation of biological tissue in vivo and non-invasively, a multitude of diffusion imaging methods have been developed and applied to study the living human brain. Diffusion tensor imaging was the first model to be widely adopted in clinical and neuroscience research, but it was also clear from the beginning that it suffered from limitations when mapping complex configurations, such as crossing fibres. In this review, we highlight the main steps that have led the field of diffusion imaging to move from the tensor model to the adoption of diffusion and fibre orientation density functions as a more effective way to describe the complexity of white matter organization within each brain voxel. Among several techniques, spherical deconvolution has emerged today as one of the main approaches to model multiple fibre orientations and for tractography applications. Here we illustrate the main concepts and the reasoning behind this technique, as well as the latest developments in the field. The final part of this review provides practical guidelines and recommendations on how to set up processing and acquisition protocols suitable for spherical deconvolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Dell'Acqua
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonDepartment of NeuroimagingUK
- Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonDepartment of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental SciencesUK
| | - J.‐Donald Tournier
- King's College LondonDivision of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical EngineeringUK
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Gala RP, Popescu C, Knipp GT, McCain RR, Ubale RV, Addo R, Bhowmik T, Kulczar CD, D’Souza MJ. Physicochemical and Preclinical Evaluation of a Novel Buccal Measles Vaccine. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:283-292. [PMID: 27357420 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0566-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to develop an orally disintegrating film (ODF) containing a microparticulate measles vaccine formulation for buccal delivery. The measles vaccine microparticles were made with biocompatible and biodegradable bovine serum albumin (BSA) and processed by spray drying. These vaccine microparticles were incorporated in the ODF, consisting of Lycoat RS720®, Neosorb P60W® and Tween 80. The yield of the microparticles was approximately 85-95%, w/w. The mean size of the vaccine microparticles was 3.65 ± 1.89 μm and had a slightly negative surface charge of 32.65 ± 2.4 mV. The vaccine particles were nontoxic to normal cells at high concentrations (500 μg/2.5 × 105 cells) of vaccine particles. There was a significant induction of innate immune response by vaccine microparticles which was observed in vitro when compared to blank microparticles (P < 0.05). The vaccine microparticles also significantly increased the antigen presentation and co-stimulatory molecules expression on antigen presenting cells, which is a prerequisite for Th1 and Th2 immune responses. When the ODF vaccine formulation was dosed in juvenile pigs, significantly higher antibody titers were observed after week 2, with a significant increase at week 4 and plateauing through week 6 comparative to naïve predose titers. The results suggest that the ODF measles vaccine formulation is a viable dosage form alternative to noninvasive immunization that may increase patient compliance and commercial distribution.
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Axer M, Strohmer S, Gräßel D, Bücker O, Dohmen M, Reckfort J, Zilles K, Amunts K. Estimating Fiber Orientation Distribution Functions in 3D-Polarized Light Imaging. Front Neuroanat 2016; 10:40. [PMID: 27147981 PMCID: PMC4835454 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2016.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research of the human brain connectome requires multiscale approaches derived from independent imaging methods ideally applied to the same object. Hence, comprehensible strategies for data integration across modalities and across scales are essential. We have successfully established a concept to bridge the spatial scales from microscopic fiber orientation measurements based on 3D-Polarized Light Imaging (3D-PLI) to meso- or macroscopic dimensions. By creating orientation distribution functions (pliODFs) from high-resolution vector data via series expansion with spherical harmonics utilizing high performance computing and supercomputing technologies, data fusion with Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging has become feasible, even for a large-scale dataset such as the human brain. Validation of our approach was done effectively by means of two types of datasets that were transferred from fiber orientation maps into pliODFs: simulated 3D-PLI data showing artificial, but clearly defined fiber patterns and real 3D-PLI data derived from sections through the human brain and the brain of a hooded seal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Axer
- Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine Jülich, Germany
| | - Sven Strohmer
- Jülich Supercomputing Centre, Institute for Advanced Simulation, Research Centre JülichJülich, Germany; Research Centre Jülich, Simulation Lab Neuroscience, Bernstein Facility for Simulation and Database Technology, Institute for Advanced SimulationJülich, Germany
| | - David Gräßel
- Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine Jülich, Germany
| | - Oliver Bücker
- Jülich Supercomputing Centre, Institute for Advanced Simulation, Research Centre Jülich Jülich, Germany
| | - Melanie Dohmen
- Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine Jülich, Germany
| | - Julia Reckfort
- Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine Jülich, Germany
| | - Karl Zilles
- Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and MedicineJülich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachen, Germany; JARA Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Translational Brain MedicineAachen, Germany
| | - Katrin Amunts
- Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and MedicineJülich, Germany; C. and O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Heinrich-Heine-University DüsseldorfDüsseldorf, Germany
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14
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Lacerda LM, Sperl JI, Menzel MI, Sprenger T, Barker GJ, Dell'Acqua F. Diffusion in realistic biophysical systems can lead to aliasing effects in diffusion spectrum imaging. Magn Reson Med 2015; 76:1837-1847. [PMID: 26714794 PMCID: PMC5111756 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI) is an imaging technique that has been successfully applied to resolve white matter crossings in the human brain. However, its accuracy in complex microstructure environments has not been well characterized. THEORY AND METHODS Here we have simulated different tissue configurations, sampling schemes, and processing steps to evaluate DSI performances' under realistic biophysical conditions. A novel approach to compute the orientation distribution function (ODF) has also been developed to include biophysical constraints, namely integration ranges compatible with axial fiber diffusivities. RESULTS Performed simulations identified several DSI configurations that consistently show aliasing artifacts caused by fast diffusion components for both isotropic diffusion and fiber configurations. The proposed method for ODF computation showed some improvement in reducing such artifacts and improving the ability to resolve crossings, while keeping the quantitative nature of the ODF. CONCLUSION In this study, we identified an important limitation of current DSI implementations, specifically the presence of aliasing due to fast diffusion components like those from pathological tissues, which are not well characterized, and can lead to artifactual fiber reconstructions. To minimize this issue, a new way of computing the ODF was introduced, which removes most of these artifacts and offers improved angular resolution. Magn Reson Med 76:1837-1847, 2016. © 2015 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M. Lacerda
- NATBRAINLAB, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College LondonUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Gareth J. Barker
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College LondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Flavio Dell'Acqua
- NATBRAINLAB, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College LondonUnited Kingdom
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15
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Pasha Hosseinbor A, Chung MK, Wu YC, Bendlin BB, Alexander AL. A 4D hyperspherical interpretation of q-space. Med Image Anal 2015; 21:15-28. [PMID: 25624043 DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
3D q-space can be viewed as the surface of a 4D hypersphere. In this paper, we seek to develop a 4D hyperspherical interpretation of q-space by projecting it onto a hypersphere and subsequently modeling the q-space signal via 4D hyperspherical harmonics (HSH). Using this orthonormal basis, we derive several well-established q-space indices and numerically estimate the diffusion orientation distribution function (dODF). We also derive the integral transform describing the relationship between the diffusion signal and propagator on a hypersphere. Most importantly, we will demonstrate that for hybrid diffusion imaging (HYDI) acquisitions low order linear expansion of the HSH basis is sufficient to characterize diffusion in neural tissue. In fact, the HSH basis achieves comparable signal and better dODF reconstructions than other well-established methods, such as Bessel Fourier orientation reconstruction (BFOR), using fewer fitting parameters. All in all, this work provides a new way of looking at q-space.
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16
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Chou MC, Huang TY, Chung HW, Hsieh TJ, Chang HC, Chen CY. Q-ball imaging with PROPELLER EPI acquisition. NMR Biomed 2013; 26:1723-1732. [PMID: 24038670 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Q-ball imaging (QBI) is an imaging technique that is capable of resolving intravoxel fiber crossings; however, the signal readout based on echo-planar imaging (EPI) introduces geometric distortions in the presence of susceptibility gradients. This study proposes an imaging technique that reduces susceptibility distortions in QBI by short-axis PROPELLER EPI acquisition. Conventional QBI and PROPELLER QBI data were acquired from two 3T MR scans of the brains of five healthy subjects. Prior to the PROPELLER reconstruction, residual distortions in single-blade low-resolution b0 and diffusion-weighted images (DWIs) were minimized by linear affine and nonlinear diffeomorphic demon registrations. Subsequently, the PROPELLER keyhole reconstruction was applied to the corrected DWIs to obtain high-resolution PROPELLER DWIs. The generalized fractional anisotropy and orientation distribution function maps contained fewer distortions in PROPELLER QBI than in conventional QBI, and the fiber tracts more closely matched the brain anatomy depicted by turbo spin-echo (TSE) T2-weighted imaging (T2WI). Furthermore, for fixed T(E), PROPELLER QBI enabled a shorter scan time than conventional QBI. We conclude that PROPELLER QBI can reduce susceptibility distortions without lengthening the acquisition time and is suitable for tracing neuronal fiber tracts in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chung Chou
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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17
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Lehti MS, Kotaja N, Sironen A. KIF3A is essential for sperm tail formation and manchette function. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 377:44-55. [PMID: 23831641 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
KIF3A motor protein is responsible for intraflagellar transport, which is required for protein delivery during axoneme formation in ciliated cells. The function of KIF3A during spermatogenesis is not known. In this study, we show that depletion of KIF3A causes severe impairments in sperm tail formation and interestingly, it also affects manchette organization and the shaping of sperm heads. Our results demonstrate the analogy between the mechanisms governing the formation of cilia in somatic cells and the formation of spermatozoa-specific flagella. Furthermore, this study reveals KIF3A as an important regulator of spermatogenesis and emphasizes the crucial role of KIF3A in maintaining male fertility. We also identified several novel interacting partners for KIF3A, including meiosis-specific nuclear structural protein 1 (MNS1) that colocalizes with KIF3A in the manchette and principal piece of the sperm tail. This study highlights the essential role of KIF3A-mediated microtubular transport in the development of spermatozoa and male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari S Lehti
- Agrifood Research Finland, Biotechnology and Food Research, Animal Genomics, FIN-31600 Jokioinen, Finland.
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18
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Prasad G, Joshi SH, Nir TM, Toga AW, Thompson PM. FLOW-BASED NETWORK MEASURES OF BRAIN CONNECTIVITY IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. Proc IEEE Int Symp Biomed Imaging 2013; 2013:258-261. [PMID: 25067993 DOI: 10.1109/isbi.2013.6556461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We present a new flow-based method for modeling brain structural connectivity. The method uses a modified maximum-flow algorithm that is robust to noise in the diffusion data and guided by biologically viable pathways and structure of the brain. A flow network is first created using a lattice graph by connecting all lattice points (voxel centers) to all their neighbors by edges. Edge weights are based on the orientation distribution function (ODF) value in the direction of the edge. The maximum-flow is computed based on this flow graph using the flow or the capacity between each region of interest (ROI) pair by following the connected tractography fibers projected onto the flow graph edges. Network measures such as global efficiency, transitivity, path length, mean degree, density, modularity, small world, and assortativity are computed from the flow connectivity matrix. We applied our method to diffusion-weighted images (DWIs) from 110 subjects (28 normal elderly, 56 with early and 11 with late mild cognitive impairment, and 15 with AD) and segmented co-registered anatomical MRIs into cortical regions. Experimental results showed better performance compared to the standard fiber-counting methods when distinguishing Alzheimer's disease from normal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Prasad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shantanu H Joshi
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Talia M Nir
- Imaging Genetics Center, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arthur W Toga
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Prasad G, Nir TM, Toga AW, Thompson PM. TRACTOGRAPHY DENSITY AND NETWORK MEASURES IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. Proc IEEE Int Symp Biomed Imaging 2013; 2013:692-695. [PMID: 25404994 DOI: 10.1109/isbi.2013.6556569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Brain connectivity declines in Alzheimer's disease (AD), both functionally and structurally. Connectivity maps and networks derived from diffusion-based tractography offer new ways to track disease progression and to understand how AD affects the brain. Here we set out to identify (1) which fiber network measures show greatest differences between AD patients and controls, and (2) how these effects depend on the density of fibers extracted by the tractography algorithm. We computed brain networks from diffusion-weighted images (DWI) of the brain, in 110 subjects (28 normal elderly, 56 with early and 11 with late mild cognitive impairment, and 15 with AD). We derived connectivity matrices and network topology measures, for each subject, from whole-brain tractography and cortical parcellations. We used an ODF lookup table to speed up fiber extraction, and to exploit the full information in the orientation distribution function (ODF). This made it feasible to compute high density connectivity maps. We used accelerated tractography to compute a large number of fibers to understand what effect fiber density has on network measures and in distinguishing different disease groups in our data. We focused on global efficiency, transitivity, path length, mean degree, density, modularity, small world, and assortativity measures computed from weighted and binary undirected connectivity matrices. Of all these measures, the mean nodal degree best distinguished diagnostic groups. High-density fiber matrices were most helpful for picking up the more subtle clinical differences, e.g. between mild cognitively impaired (MCI) and normals, or for distinguishing subtypes of MCI (early versus late). Care is needed in clinical analyses of brain connectivity, as the density of extracted fibers may affect how well a network measure can pick up differences between patients and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Prasad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Talia M Nir
- Imaging Genetics Center, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arthur W Toga
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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