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Pilowsky JK, Elliott R, Roche MA. Data cleaning for clinician researchers: Application and explanation of a data-quality framework. Aust Crit Care 2024:S1036-7314(24)00058-4. [PMID: 38600009 DOI: 10.1016/j.aucc.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data cleaning is the series of procedures performed before a formal statistical analysis, with the aim of reducing the number of error values in a dataset and improving the overall quality of subsequent analyses. Several study-reporting guidelines recommend the inclusion of data-cleaning procedures; however, little practical guidance exists for how to conduct these procedures. OBJECTIVES This paper aimed to provide practical guidance for how to perform and report rigorous data-cleaning procedures. METHODS A previously proposed data-quality framework was identified and used to facilitate the description and explanation of data-cleaning procedures. The broader data-cleaning process was broken down into discrete tasks to create a data-cleaning checklist. Examples of the how the various tasks had been undertaken for a previous study using data from the Australia and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Adult Patient Database were also provided. RESULTS Data-cleaning tasks were described and grouped according to four data-quality domains described in the framework: data integrity, consistency, completeness, and accuracy. Tasks described include creation of a data dictionary, checking consistency of values across multiple variables, quantifying and managing missing data, and the identification and management of outlier values. The data-cleaning task checklist provides a practical summary of the various aspects of the data-cleaning process and will assist clinician researchers in performing this process in the future. CONCLUSIONS Data cleaning is an integral part of any statistical analysis and helps ensure that study results are valid and reproducible. Use of the data-cleaning task checklist will facilitate the conduct of rigorous data-cleaning processes, with the aim of improving the quality of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Pilowsky
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Rosalind Elliott
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Nursing and Midwifery Directorate, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael A Roche
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; University of Canberra and ACT Health Directorate, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Wilkes R, Karimi A. What does the MAIHDA method explain? Soc Sci Med 2024; 345:116495. [PMID: 38401177 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy (MAIHDA) is a new approach to quantitative intersectional modelling. Along with an outcome of interest, MAIHDA entails the use of two sets of independent variables. These include group demographics such as race, gender, and poverty status as well as strata which are constructs such as Black female poor, Black female wealthy, and White female poor. These constructs represent the combination of the demographic variables. To operationalize the approach, an initial random intercepts model with strata as a level 2 context is specified. Then, another model is specified that includes the strata as well as the demographic variables as level 1 fixed effects. As such, it is argued that MAIHDA uniquely identifies the additive and intersectional effects for any given outcome. In this paper we show that MAIHDA falls short of this promise: the strata are an individual-level composite variable not a level 2 context. Rather than being analogous to neighborhoods as contexts, strata are analogous to socio-economic status which is a combination of individual-level demographic variables, albeit often presented as a group-level characteristic. The result is that the demographic variables are inserted in both level 2 and 1. This duplication across the levels in MAIHDA means that there is a built-in collinearity across the levels and that the models are mis-specified and, therefore, redundant. We conclude that single-level models with the demographic variables and interactions or with the strata as fixed effects are still the more accurate models for quantitative intersectional analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Wilkes
- Sociology, 6303 NW Marine Drive, UBC, Canada.
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Barber C, van der Vleuten C, Chahine S. Validity evidence and psychometric evaluation of a socially accountable health index for health professions schools. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract 2024; 29:147-172. [PMID: 37347458 DOI: 10.1007/s10459-023-10248-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
There is an expectation that health professions schools respond to priority societal health needs. This expectation is largely based on the underlying assumption that schools are aware of the priority needs in their communities. This paper demonstrates how open-access, pan-national health data can be used to create a reliable health index to assist schools in identifying societal needs and advance social accountability in health professions education. Using open-access data, a psychometric evaluation was conducted to examine the reliability and validity of the Canadian Health Indicators Framework (CHIF) conceptual model. A non-linear confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on 67 health indicators, at the health-region level (n = 97) was used to assess the model fit of the hypothesized 10-factor model. Reliability analysis using McDonald's Omega were conducted, followed by Pearson's correlation coefficients. Findings from the non-linear CFA rejected the original conceptual model structure of the CHIF. Exploratory post hoc analyses were conducted using modification indices and parameter constraints to improve model fit. A final 5-factor multidimensional model demonstrated superior fit, reducing the number of indicators from 67 to 32. The 5-factors included: Health Conditions (8-indicators); Health Functions (6-indicators); Deaths (5-indicators); Non-Medical Health Determinants (7-indicators); and Community & Health System Characteristics (6-indicators). All factor loadings were statistically significant (p < 0.001) and demonstrated excellent internal consistency ( ω >0.95). Many schools struggle to identify and measure socially accountable outcomes. The process highlighted in this paper and the indices developed serve as starting points to allow schools to leverage open-access data as an initial step in identifying societal needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Barber
- School of Health Professions Education (SHE), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Cees van der Vleuten
- School of Health Professions Education (SHE), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Saad Chahine
- Faculty of Education, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Warshawski S. First-year nursing students' perceptions of health activism and social responsibility - A cross sectional study. Nurse Educ Today 2024; 132:106019. [PMID: 37931346 DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2023.106019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social responsibility and health activism both represent key concepts and professional values in nursing practice. Nevertheless, definitions in the nursing literature remain inconsistent, and little is known regarding nursing students' perceptions of these concepts or about the associations between these perceptions. OBJECTIVES This research explores: a) the associations between nursing students' perceptions of social responsibility and health activism; and b) the differences in nursing students' perceptions of social responsibility and health activism according to their personal characteristics. DESIGN AND METHODS Across-sectional survey design was conducted with a sample of 173 Israeli first-year undergraduate nursing students. Questions were uploaded in the format provided by a commercial Internet survey provider (Qualtrics.com) and distributed through social media groups. RESULTS Positive correlations were found between health activism and social responsibility and between health activism and philanthropic and environmental responsibility. Significant differences were found in the research variables according to the students' cultural group and voluntary service. Cultural group and social responsibility explained 25 % of students' variance in health activism. CONCLUSIONS Faculty and nurse educators should promote and develop nursing students' knowledge acquisition in health activism and social responsibility throughout all their years of study. It is recommended that nursing students be given meaningful opportunities to discuss, integrate, and apply health activism, guided by role models in clinical practice. Academic settings should also promote the value of social responsibility and support nursing students in taking active roles in social organizations in order to further develop and integrate the social component of their professional role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigalit Warshawski
- Nursing Department, The Stanley Steyer School of Health Professions, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Israel.
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Imakiire A, Soutome S, Nakamura Y, Nakamatsu M, Miura K, Sakamoto Y, Umeda M. A novel method for determining viable bacteria from a mixture of dead and viable bacteria: Delayed real-time PCR (DR-PCR) method. J Microbiol Methods 2023; 214:106844. [PMID: 37858897 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2023.106844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Aspiration pneumonia can occur in perioperative and older patients, and various oral care methods have been used to prevent it. To validate the effective oral care methods, measuring bacterial counts before and after oral care is necessary. However, isolating and quantifying viable bacteria from those that are inactivated by agents used in oral care is not possible. In this study, we developed a novel method, Delayed real-time PCR (DR-PCR), that can quantify only viable bacteria from mixed samples of viable and dead bacteria. This method takes advantage of the fact that dead bacteria do not grow but viable bacteria do. When the samples were incubated in a liquid medium for 4 hours, the higher the percentage of viable bacteria, the higher the rate of increase in the number of bacteria. This method showed that povidone‑iodine mouthwashing reduced the number of viable bacteria to approximately 1/4 of that before mouthwashing. Although DR-PCR is slightly more time consuming than real-time PCR, it is effective for studying changes in bacterial counts before and after oral care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Imakiire
- Department of Clinical Oral Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Sakiko Soutome
- Department of Oral Health, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Yuichi Nakamura
- Department of Clinical Oral Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Moeko Nakamatsu
- Department of Clinical Oral Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Miura
- Department of Clinical Oral Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuki Sakamoto
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Kansai Medical University Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Umeda
- Department of Clinical Oral Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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Baradaran Mahdavi MM, Rafati M, Ghanei M, Arabfard M. Computer-assisted evaluation of small airway disease in CT scans of Iran-Iraq war victims of chemical warfare by a locally developed software: comparison between different quantitative methods. BMC Med Imaging 2023; 23:165. [PMID: 37872482 PMCID: PMC10594688 DOI: 10.1186/s12880-023-01114-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diagnosis of small airway disease on computed tomography (CT) scans is challenging in patients with a history of chemical warfare exposure. We developed a software package based on different methodologies to identify and quantify small airway disease in CT images. The primary aim was to identify the best automatic methodology for detecting small airway disease in CT scans of Iran-Iraq War victims of chemical warfare. METHODS This retrospective case-control study enrolled 46 patients with a history of chemical warfare exposure and 27 controls with inspiratory/expiratory (I/E) CT scans and spirometry tests. Image data were automatically segmented, and inspiratory images were registered into the expiratory images' frame using the locally developed software. Parametric response mapping (PRM) and air trapping index (ATI) mapping were performed on the CT images. Conventional QCT methods, including expiratory/inspiratory mean lung attenuation (E/I MLA) ratio, normal density E/I (ND E/I) MLA ratio, attenuation volume Index (AVI), %low attenuation areas (LAA) < -856 in exhale scans, and %LAA < -950 in inhale scans were also computed. QCT measurements were correlated with spirometry results and compared across the two study groups. RESULTS The correlation analysis showed a significant negative relationship between three air trapping (AT) measurements (PRM, ATI, and %LAAExp < -856) and spirometry parameters (Fev1, Fvc, Fev1/Fvc, and MMEF). Moreover, %LAAExp < -856 had the highest significant negative correlation with Fev1/Fvc (r = -0.643, P-value < 0.001). Three AT measurements demonstrated a significant difference between the study groups. The E/I ratio was also significantly different between the two groups (P-value < 0.001). Binary logistic regression models showed PRMFsad, %LAAExp < -856, and ATI as significant and strong predictors of the study outcome. Optimal cut-points for PRMFsad = 19%, %LAAExp < -856 = 23%, and ATI = 27% were identified to classify the participants into two groups with high accuracy. CONCLUSION QCT methods, including PRM, ATI, and %LAAExp < -856 can greatly advance the identification and quantification of SAD in chemical warfare victims. The results should be verified in well-designed prospective studies involving a large population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mehdi Baradaran Mahdavi
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehravar Rafati
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mostafa Ghanei
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Masoud Arabfard
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Sheffel A, Carter E, Zeger S, Munos MK. Association between antenatal care facility readiness and provision of care at the client level and facility level in five low- and middle-income countries. BMC Health Serv Res 2023; 23:1109. [PMID: 37848885 PMCID: PMC10583346 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-023-10106-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite growing interest in monitoring improvements in quality of care, data on service quality in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) is limited. While health systems researchers have hypothesized the relationship between facility readiness and provision of care, there have been few attempts to quantify this relationship in LMICs. This study assesses the association between facility readiness and provision of care for antenatal care at the client level and facility level. METHODS To assess the association between provision of care and various facility readiness indices for antenatal care, we used multilevel, multivariable random-effects linear regression models. We tested an inflection point on readiness scores by fitting linear spline models. To compare the coefficients between models, we used a bootstrapping approach and calculated the mean difference between all pairwise comparisons. Analyses were conducted at client and facility levels. RESULTS Our results showed a small, but significant association between facility readiness and provision of care across countries and most index constructions. The association was most evident in the client-level analyses that had a larger sample size and were adjusted for factors at the facility, health worker, and individual levels. In addition, spline models at a facility readiness score of 50 better fit the data, indicating a plausible threshold effect. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that facility readiness is not a proxy for provision of care, but that there is an important association between facility readiness and provision of care. Data on facility readiness is necessary for understanding the foundations of health systems particularly in countries with the lowest levels of service quality. However, a comprehensive view of quality of care should include both facility readiness and provision of care measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Sheffel
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205-2103 USA
| | - Emily Carter
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205-2103 USA
| | - Scott Zeger
- Departments of Biostatistics and International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205-2103 USA
| | - Melinda K. Munos
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205-2103 USA
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Zhen Y, Gao L, Chen J, Gu L, Shu H, Wang Z, Liu D, Zhang Z. EEG Reveals Alterations in Motor Imagery in People With Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2023; 78:1474-1483. [PMID: 37216647 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbad076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Motor imagery has been used to investigate the cognitive mechanism of motor control. Although behavioral and electrophysiological changes in motor imagery in people with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) have been reported, deficits in different types of imagery remain unclear. To explore this question, we used electroencephalography (EEG) to study neural correlates of visual imagery (VI) and kinesthetic imagery (KI) and their relationship to cognitive function in people with aMCI. METHODS A hand laterality judgment task was used to induce implicit motor imagery in 29 people with aMCI and 40 healthy controls during EEG recording. Mass univariate and multivariate EEG analysis was applied to explore group differences in a data-driven manner. RESULTS Modulation of stimuli orientation to event-related potential (ERP) amplitudes differed significantly between groups at 2 clusters located in the posterior-parietal and frontal areas. Multivariate decoding revealed sufficient representation of VI-related orientation features in both groups. Relative to healthy controls, the aMCI group lacked accurate representation of KI-related biomechanical features, suggesting deficits in automatic activation of KI strategy. Electrophysiological correlates were associated with episodic memory, visuospatial function, and executive function. Higher decoding accuracy of biomechanical features predicted better executive function via longer response time in the imagery task in the aMCI group. DISCUSSION These findings reveal electrophysiological correlates related to motor imagery deficits in aMCI, including local ERP amplitudes and large-scale activity patterns. Alterations in EEG activity are related to cognitive function in multiple domains, including episodic memory, suggesting the potential of these EEG indices as biomarkers of cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfen Zhen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lijuan Gao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Research Institution of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiu Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Research Institution of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lihua Gu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Research Institution of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Shu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Research Institution of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Research Institution of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Duan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Research Institution of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Research Institution of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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9
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Waite T, Evans M, Kholod N, Blahut N, Rowland J. Review of quantitative methods to assess impacts of changing climate and socioeconomic conditions on Arctic transportation systems. Ambio 2023; 52:1155-1169. [PMID: 37204668 PMCID: PMC10247601 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-023-01853-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Rapid climate and socioeconomic changes are transforming Arctic human-earth systems. An integral part of these systems is mobility, which encompasses the transport of humans and goods into, out of, and between Arctic regions. Impacts of climate and socioeconomic drivers on Arctic mobility are heterogenous. Methodologies are needed to quantify these impacts in measures that can be linked with broader socioeconomic systems. This article reviews existing methods and organizes them into a conceptual framework to understand trends and gaps in the literature. We found methods quantifying impacts of a range of climate drivers on most transportation modes present in the Arctic, but few methods focused on socioeconomic drivers. In addition, underrepresented were methods explicitly considering adaptive capacity of transportation systems. We provide insight into the data and relationships relevant to understanding impacts of Arctic change on transportation systems, laying a foundation for future work that investigates how these impacts fit into broader human-arth systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn Waite
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, 5825 University Research Court, Suite 3500, College Park, MD 20740 USA
| | - Meredydd Evans
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, 5825 University Research Court, Suite 3500, College Park, MD 20740 USA
| | - Nazar Kholod
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, 5825 University Research Court, Suite 3500, College Park, MD 20740 USA
| | - Nina Blahut
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, 5825 University Research Court, Suite 3500, College Park, MD 20740 USA
| | - Joel Rowland
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA
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Patil G, Nalepka P, Novak A, Auletta F, Pepping GJ, Fransen J, Kallen RW, Richardson MJ. Dynamical biomarkers in teams and other multiagent systems. J Sci Med Sport 2023:S1440-2440(23)00074-9. [PMID: 37150726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Effective team behavior in high-performance environments such as in sport and the military requires individual team members to efficiently perceive the unfolding task events, predict the actions and action intents of the other team members, and plan and execute their own actions to simultaneously accomplish individual and collective goals. To enhance team performance through effective cooperation, it is crucial to measure the situation awareness and dynamics of each team member and how they collectively impact the team's functioning. Further, to be practically useful for real-life settings, such measures must be easily obtainable from existing sensors. This paper presents several methodologies that can be used on positional and movement acceleration data of team members to quantify and/or predict team performance, assess situation awareness, and to help identify task-relevant information to support individual decision-making. Given the limited reporting of these methods within military cohorts, these methodologies are described using examples from team sports and teams training in virtual environments, with discussion as to how they can be applied to real-world military teams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Patil
- School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia; Center for Elite Performance, Expertise and Training, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia.
| | - Patrick Nalepka
- School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia; Center for Elite Performance, Expertise and Training, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia.
| | - Andrew Novak
- Human Performance Research Centre, Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Australia; High Performance Department, Rugby Australia, Australia
| | - Fabrizia Auletta
- School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia; Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Gert-Jan Pepping
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Australia
| | - Job Fransen
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Rachel W Kallen
- School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia; Center for Elite Performance, Expertise and Training, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Michael J Richardson
- School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia; Center for Elite Performance, Expertise and Training, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia
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11
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Gonçalves AC, Prearo LC, Miranda NAD, Mendes PR. An analysis of student numbers per class and educational performance in the Brazilian context. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15130. [PMID: 37123956 PMCID: PMC10130757 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between class size and school performance has always been ambiguous and the current literature has found no direct connection between them, especially in the Brazilian context. Therefore, this study aimed to verify whether the number of students per class influences school performance. We used Microdata from the Prova Brazil of 2017. Using the propensity score matching statistical model, with the nearest neighbor matching estimator, we grouped the classes into clusters by similarity. The metric used to group the clusters was the Euclidean distance. We attempted to verify adherence to the normal distribution of data using the Kolmogorov Smirnov test and tested the null hypothesis of the medians using the Wilcoxon test. All the statistical analysis were performed using SPSS Statistic version 20. The results showed that the number of students per class has little influence on performance and, when the influence exists, larger classes perform better.
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Grebing EM, Edmunds JA, Arshavsky NP. The relationship between buy-in and implementation: Measuring teacher buy-in to a high school reform effort. Eval Program Plann 2023; 97:102224. [PMID: 36623452 DOI: 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2023.102224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
'Buy-in,' or the extent to which individuals believe in and actively support interventions, is an important but understudied component of program evaluation. This paper articulates a conceptual framework and describes survey scales for measuring buy-in. The paper applies the framework and survey to a program evaluation of an effort implementing the early college model in 16 high schools. The paper empirically connects teacher buy-in to perceptions of program implementation. In our main regression analysis, we found a significant relationship between teacher buy-in and model implementation. Through a dominance analysis, we also found that items related to collective buy-in were stronger predictors of implementation than items measuring individual buy-in. Our results suggest that it is important to measure both individual and collective buy-in because both are predictive of implementation. The survey items and framework presented could be of use to evaluators through modification for use in implementation studies of other program evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Grebing
- SERVE Center at University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Durham, NC 27707, United States.
| | - Julie A Edmunds
- SERVE Center at University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Durham, NC 27707, United States
| | - Nina P Arshavsky
- SERVE Center at University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Durham, NC 27707, United States
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Bertamini G, Perzolli S, Bentenuto A, Paolizzi E, Furlanello C, Venuti P. Child-therapist interaction features impact Autism treatment response trajectories. Res Dev Disabil 2023; 135:104452. [PMID: 36796270 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2023.104452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying mechanisms of change in Autism treatment may help explain response variability and maximize efficacy. For this, the child-therapist interaction could have a key role as stressed by developmental models of intervention, but still remains under-investigated. AIMS The longitudinal study of treatment response trajectories considering both baseline and child-therapist interaction features by means of predictive modeling. METHODS AND PROCEDURES N = 25 preschool children were monitored for one year during Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Intervention. N = 100 video-recorded sessions were annotated with an observational coding system at four time points, to extract quantitative interaction features. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Baseline and interaction variables were combined to predict response trajectories at one year, and achieved the best predictive performance. The baseline developmental gap, therapist's efficacy in child engagement, respecting children's timing after fast behavioral synchronization, and modulating the interplay to prevent child withdrawal emerged as key factors. Further, changes in interaction patterns in the early phase of the intervention were predictive of the overall response to treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Clinical implications are discussed, stressing the importance of promoting emotional self-regulation during intervention and the possible relevance of the first period of intervention for later response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Bertamini
- Laboratory of Observation, Diagnosis, and Education (ODFLab), Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitie-Salpetriere University Hospital, Sorbonne University, 75013 Paris, France; Data Science for Health (DSH), Bruno Kessler Foundation, 38123 Trento, Italy; Institute for Ingelligent Systems and Robotics (ISIR), Sorbonne University, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Silvia Perzolli
- Laboratory of Observation, Diagnosis, and Education (ODFLab), Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - Arianna Bentenuto
- Laboratory of Observation, Diagnosis, and Education (ODFLab), Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - Eleonora Paolizzi
- Laboratory of Observation, Diagnosis, and Education (ODFLab), Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - Cesare Furlanello
- Orobix Life Sciences, 24121 Bergamo, Italy; HK3Lab, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - Paola Venuti
- Laboratory of Observation, Diagnosis, and Education (ODFLab), Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
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Yount KM, Bergenfeld I, Anderson KM, Trang QT, Sales JM, Cheong YF, Minh TH. Theoretical mediators of GlobalConsent: An adapted web-based sexual violence prevention program for university men in Vietnam. Soc Sci Med 2022; 313:115402. [PMID: 36272210 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Sexual violence remains a global problem that disproportionately affects women. Though sexual violence interventions exist, few have been implemented in low- or middle-income countries, and none in Vietnam for young men. We adapted a sexual violence prevention intervention (RealConsent) developed for college men in the U.S. and conducted a randomized controlled trial of the adapted intervention (GlobalConsent) with college men in Vietnam. We assessed the effects of GlobalConsent on sexually violent behavior and prosocial bystander behavior, directly and through theoretically targeted mediators. The study design entailed a double-blind, parallel intervention-control-group design in two universities. Consenting heterosexual or bisexual men 18-24 years starting university in September 2019 (n = 793) completed a baseline survey and were assigned with 1:1 randomization to GlobalConsent or attention control. Both programs were web-based and lasted 12 weeks. Path analysis was performed to study the mediating effects of cognition/knowledge, beliefs/attitudes, affect, and efficacy/intention variables measured at six months on sexually violent behavior and prosocial bystander behavior measured at 12 months. In parallel multiple-mediator models, initiating GlobalConsent lowered the odds of sexually violent behavior mainly indirectly, via knowledge of sexual violence legality and harm and victim empathy and increased the odds of prosocial bystander behavior directly and indirectly, through knowledge of sexual violence legality and harm and bystander capacities. The efficacious direct and indirect effects of GlobalConsent support the cross-cultural applicability of its underlying theory of change and findings from mediation analyses of its sister program RealConsent, suggesting GlobalConsent's national scalability and adaptability across Southeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Yount
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Irina Bergenfeld
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Katherine M Anderson
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Quach Thu Trang
- Center for Creative Initiatives in Health and Population, 48 251/8 Nguyen Khang, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Jessica M Sales
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Yuk Fai Cheong
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, 36 Eagle Row, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Tran Hung Minh
- Center for Creative Initiatives in Health and Population, 48 251/8 Nguyen Khang, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
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15
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Havey N, Chang MJ. Do Journals Have Preferences? Insights from The Journal of Higher Education. Innov High Educ 2022; 47:915-926. [PMID: 36321166 PMCID: PMC9614747 DOI: 10.1007/s10755-022-09634-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Using five years of publishing data from the Journal of Higher Education, we describe the publication pipeline at the journal, explore trends with respect to topic, the geographic distribution of authors, and each paper's methodological approach. Following the presentation of these trends, we discuss implications for the field of higher education and those publishing within it.
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16
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Goldrick M. An Impoverished Epistemology Holds Back Cognitive Science Research. Cogn Sci 2022; 46:e13199. [PMID: 36070855 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Goldrick
- Department of Linguistics, Northwestern University.,Department of Psychology, Northwestern University.,Cognitive Science Program, Northwestern University
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17
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Wolcott MD, Olsen AA, Augustine JM. Item response theory in high-stakes pharmacy assessments. Curr Pharm Teach Learn 2022; 14:1206-1214. [PMID: 36154966 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2022.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OUR SITUATION Classical test theory (CTT) and item response theory (IRT) are two measurement models used to evaluate results from examinations, questionnaires, and instruments. To illustrate the benefits of IRT, we compared how results from multiple-choice tests can be interpreted using CTT and IRT. METHODOLOGICAL LITERATURE REVIEW IRT encompasses a collection of statistical models that estimate the probability of providing a correct response for a test item. The models are non-linear and generate item characteristic curves that illustrate the relationship between the examinee's ability level and whether they answered the item correctly. Several models can be used to estimate parameters such as item difficulty, discrimination, and guessing. In addition, IRT can generate item and test information functions to illustrate the accuracy of ability estimates. OUR RECOMMENDATIONS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS Researchers interested in IRT should gather the necessary resources early in the research process and collaborate with those experienced in quantitative and advanced statistical models. Researchers should confirm IRT is the optimal choice and select the model ideal for their needs. Once data are acquired, confirm model assumptions are met and model fit is appropriate. Lastly, researchers should consider disseminating the findings with accompanying visuals. POTENTIAL IMPACT IRT can be a valuable approach in assessment design and evaluation. Potential opportunities include supporting the design of computer adaptive tests, creating equivalent test forms that evaluate a range of examinee abilities, and evaluating whether items perform differently for examinee sub-groups. Further, IRT can have noteworthy visuals such as test information and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Wolcott
- HPU Workman School of Dental Medicine, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC 27268, 336-841-7344, United States; UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 301 Pharmacy Lane - Beard Hall 321, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, 919-451-3547, United States.
| | - Amanda A Olsen
- College of Education, University of Texas at Arlington, 701 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX 76019, 817-272-5641, United States.
| | - Jill M Augustine
- College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, 3001 Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, GA 30341, 678-547-6738, United States.
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18
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Liu Y, Pearson CA, Sandmann FG, Barnard RC, Kim JH, Flasche S, Jit M, Abbas K. Dosing interval strategies for two-dose COVID-19 vaccination in 13 middle-income countries of Europe: Health impact modelling and benefit-risk analysis. Lancet Reg Health Eur 2022; 17:100381. [PMID: 35434685 PMCID: PMC8996067 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Background In settings where the COVID-19 vaccine supply is constrained, extending the intervals between the first and second doses of the COVID-19 vaccine may allow more people receive their first doses earlier. Our aim is to estimate the health impact of COVID-19 vaccination alongside benefit-risk assessment of different dosing intervals in 13 middle-income countries (MICs) of Europe. Methods We fitted a dynamic transmission model to country-level daily reported COVID-19 mortality in 13 MICs in Europe (Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Georgia, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, Serbia, North Macedonia, Turkey, and Ukraine). A vaccine product with characteristics similar to those of the Oxford/AstraZeneca COVID-19 (AZD1222) vaccine was used in the base case scenario and was complemented by sensitivity analyses around efficacies similar to other COVID-19 vaccines. Both fixed dosing intervals at 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks and dose-specific intervals that prioritise specific doses for certain age groups were tested. Optimal intervals minimise COVID-19 mortality between March 2021 and December 2022. We incorporated the emergence of variants of concern (VOCs) into the model and conducted a benefit-risk assessment to quantify the tradeoff between health benefits versus adverse events following immunisation. Findings In all countries modelled, optimal strategies are those that prioritise the first doses among older adults (60+ years) or adults (20+ years), which lead to dosing intervals longer than six months. In comparison, a four-week fixed dosing interval may incur 10.1% [range: 4.3% - 19.0%; n = 13 (countries)] more deaths. The rapid waning of the immunity induced by the first dose (i.e. with means ranging 60-120 days as opposed to 360 days in the base case) resulted in shorter optimal dosing intervals of 8-20 weeks. Benefit-risk ratios were the highest for fixed dosing intervals of 8-12 weeks. Interpretation We infer that longer dosing intervals of over six months could reduce COVID-19 mortality in MICs of Europe. Certain parameters, such as rapid waning of first-dose induced immunity and increased immune escape through the emergence of VOCs, could significantly shorten the optimal dosing intervals. Funding World Health Organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carl A.B. Pearson
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frank G. Sandmann
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Statistics, Modelling and Economics Department, National Infection Service, UK Health Security Agency (UK HSA), London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosanna C. Barnard
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - CMMID COVID-19 Working Group
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Statistics, Modelling and Economics Department, National Infection Service, UK Health Security Agency (UK HSA), London, United Kingdom
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Stefan Flasche
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Jit
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Statistics, Modelling and Economics Department, National Infection Service, UK Health Security Agency (UK HSA), London, United Kingdom
| | - Kaja Abbas
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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19
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Colineaux H, Soulier A, Lepage B, Kelly-Irving M. Considering sex and gender in Epidemiology: a challenge beyond terminology. From conceptual analysis to methodological strategies. Biol Sex Differ 2022; 13:23. [PMID: 35550193 PMCID: PMC9103114 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-022-00430-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiologists need tools to measure effects of gender, a complex concept originating in the social sciences which is not easily operationalized in the discipline. Our aim is to clarify useful concepts, measures, paths, effects, and analytical strategies to explore mechanisms of health difference between men and women. Methods We reviewed concepts to clarify their definitions and limitations for their translation into usable measures in Epidemiology. Then we conducted methodological research using a causal framework to propose methodologically appropriate strategies for measuring sex and gender effects in health. Results (1) Concepts and measures. We define gender as a set of norms prescribed to individuals according to their attributed-at-birth sex. Gender pressure creates a systemic gap, at population level, in behaviors, activities, experiences, etc., between men and women. A pragmatic individual measure of gender would correspond to the level at which an individual complies with a set of elements constituting femininity or masculinity in a given population, place and time. (2) Main analytical strategy. Defining and measuring gender are not sufficient to distinguish the effects of sex and gender on a health outcome. We should also think in terms of mechanisms, i.e., how the variables are linked together, to define appropriate analytical strategies. A causal framework can help us to conceptualize “sex” as a “parent” of a gender or gendered variable. This implies that we cannot interpret sex effects as sexed mechanisms, and that we can explore gendered mechanisms of sex-differences by mediation analyses. (3) Alternative strategy. Gender could also be directly examined as a mechanism, rather than through a variable representing its realization in the individual, by approaching it as an interaction between sex and social environment. Conclusions Both analytical strategies have limitations relative to the impossibility of reducing a complex concept to a single or a few measures, and of capturing the entire effect of the phenomenon of gender. However, these strategies could lead to more accurate analyses of the mechanisms underlying health differences between men and women. A pragmatic individual measure of individual gender would correspond to the level at which an individual complies with a set of elements constituting femininity or masculinity in a given population, place and time Comparing outcomes by sex and gender is not sufficient, and even misleading, to understand the mechanisms underlying biological and health differences between men and women Causal analysis framework is a powerful tool for refining hypotheses and identifying the effects that can and should be estimated to meet the objectives Gender could also be measured at the populational-level as an interaction between sex and environment, which would be more compatible with the sociological concept of gender
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Colineaux
- EQUITY Team,, CERPOP, INSERM, Batiment E, 1er Etage, 37 Allées Jules Guesde, 31062, Toulouse, France.
| | | | - Benoit Lepage
- EQUITY Team,, CERPOP, INSERM, Batiment E, 1er Etage, 37 Allées Jules Guesde, 31062, Toulouse, France.,Epidemiology Department, CHU Toulouse, 37 Allées Jules Guesde, 31062, Toulouse, France.,Biostatistic Department, Toulouse III University, 37 Allées Jules Guesde, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Michelle Kelly-Irving
- EQUITY Team,, CERPOP, INSERM, Batiment E, 1er Etage, 37 Allées Jules Guesde, 31062, Toulouse, France
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20
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Barber C, Burgess R, Mountjoy M, Whyte R, Vanstone M, Grierson L. Associations between admissions factors and the need for remediation. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract 2022; 27:475-489. [PMID: 35171399 DOI: 10.1007/s10459-022-10097-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the way in which student characteristics and pre-admissions measures are statistically associated with the likelihood a student will require remediation for academic and professionalism offenses. We anchor our inquiry within Irby and Hamstra's (2016) conceptual framework of constructs of professionalism. Data from five graduating cohorts (2014-2018) from McMaster University (Hamilton, Canada) (N = 1,021) were retroactively collected and analyzed using traditional and multinominal logistic regression analyses. The relationship among student characteristics, pre-admissions variables, and referral for potential remediation both by occurrence (yes/no) as well as type (academic/professional/no referral) were examined separately. Findings indicate that gender (OR = 0.519, 95% CI 0.326-0.827, p < 0.01) and undergraduate grade point average (GPA) (OR = 0.245, 95% CI 0.070-0.855, p < 0.05) were significantly associated with instances of referral for potential professionalism and academic remediation, respectively. Women were less likely than men to require remediation for professionalism (OR = 0.332, 95% CI 0.174-0.602, p < 0.001). Undergraduate GPAs (OR = 0.826, 95% CI 0.021-0.539, p < 0.01) were significantly associated with remediation for academic reasons. Lower undergraduate GPAs were associated with a higher likelihood of remediation. These findings point to the admissions variables that are associated with instances that prompt referral for potential remediation. Where associations are not significant, we consider the application of different conceptualizations of professionalism across periods of admissions and training. We encourage those involved in applicant selection and student remediation to emphasize the importance of the interactions that occur between personal and contextual factors to influence learner behaviour and professional identity formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Barber
- McMaster Program for Education Research, Innovation, and Theory (MERIT), Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- School of Health Professions Education (SHE), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Raquel Burgess
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 100 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, L8P 1H6, Canada
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, USA
- MD Undergraduate Program, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Margo Mountjoy
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 100 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, L8P 1H6, Canada
- MD Undergraduate Program, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Rob Whyte
- MD Undergraduate Program, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Meredith Vanstone
- McMaster Program for Education Research, Innovation, and Theory (MERIT), Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 100 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, L8P 1H6, Canada
- MD Undergraduate Program, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Lawrence Grierson
- McMaster Program for Education Research, Innovation, and Theory (MERIT), Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 100 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, L8P 1H6, Canada.
- MD Undergraduate Program, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
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Ryan N, Vieira D, Gyamfi J, Ojo T, Shelley D, Ogedegbe O, Iwelunmor J, Peprah E. Development of the ASSESS tool: a comprehenSive tool to Support rEporting and critical appraiSal of qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods implementation reSearch outcomes. Implement Sci Commun 2022; 3:34. [PMID: 35346390 PMCID: PMC8959802 DOI: 10.1186/s43058-021-00236-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several tools to improve reporting of implementation studies for evidence-based decision making have been created; however, no tool for critical appraisal of implementation outcomes exists. Researchers, practitioners, and policy makers lack tools to support the concurrent synthesis and critical assessment of outcomes for implementation research. Our objectives were to develop a comprehensive tool to (1) describe studies focused on implementation that use qualitative, quantitative, and/or mixed methodologies and (2) assess risk of bias of implementation outcomes. Methods A hybrid consensus-building approach combining Delphi Group and Nominal Group techniques (NGT) was modeled after comparative methodologies for developing health research reporting guidelines and critical appraisal tools. First, an online modified NGT occurred among a small expert panel (n = 5), consisting of literature review, item generation, round robin with clarification, application of the tool to various study types, voting, and discussion. This was followed by a larger e-consensus meeting and modified Delphi process with implementers and implementation scientists (n = 32). New elements and elements of various existing tools, frameworks, and taxonomies were combined to produce the ASSESS tool. Results The 24-item tool is applicable to a broad range of study designs employed in implementation science, including qualitative studies, randomized-control trials, non-randomized quantitative studies, and mixed methods studies. Two key features are a section for assessing bias of the implementation outcomes and sections for describing the implementation strategy and intervention implemented. An accompanying explanation and elaboration document that identifies and describes each of the items, explains the rationale, and provides examples of reporting and appraising practice, as well as templates to allow synthesis of extracted data across studies and an instructional video, has been prepared. Conclusions The comprehensive, adaptable tool to support both reporting and critical appraisal of implementation science studies including quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods assessment of intervention and implementation outcomes has been developed. This tool can be applied to a methodologically diverse and growing body of implementation science literature to support reviews or meta-analyses that inform evidence-based decision-making regarding processes and strategies for implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nessa Ryan
- Global Health Program, New York University School of Global Public Health, Public Health, 708 Broadway, 4th floor - Room 453, New York, NY, 10003, USA.
| | - Dorice Vieira
- NYU Health Sciences Library, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joyce Gyamfi
- Global Health Program, New York University School of Global Public Health, Public Health, 708 Broadway, 4th floor - Room 453, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Temitope Ojo
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, New York University School of Global Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donna Shelley
- Department of Public Health Policy and Management, New York University School of Global Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Olugbenga Ogedegbe
- Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juliet Iwelunmor
- Behavioral Science and Health Education, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Salus Center, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Emmanuel Peprah
- Global Health Program, New York University School of Global Public Health, Public Health, 708 Broadway, 4th floor - Room 453, New York, NY, 10003, USA.,Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, New York University School of Global Public Health, New York, NY, USA
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22
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Hilley CD, O'Rourke HP. Dynamic change meets mechanisms of change: Examining mediators in the latent change score framework. Int J Behav Dev 2022; 46:125-141. [PMID: 38406589 PMCID: PMC10888507 DOI: 10.1177/01650254211064352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Researchers in behavioral sciences are often interested in longitudinal behavior change outcomes and the mechanisms that influence changes in these outcomes over time. The statistical models that are typically implemented to address these research questions do not allow for investigation of mechanisms of dynamic change over time. However, latent change score models allow for dynamic change (not just linear or exponential change) over time and have flexibility in parameter constraints that other longitudinal models do not have. Developmental researchers also frequently utilize mediation analyses to investigate mechanisms of influence in longitudinal research implemented in path analytic or latent growth curve models. In this article, we provide three examples of how mediation can be tested in the latent change score framework by combining aspects of traditional mediation models with latent change score models of repeated measures outcomes (and mediators and predictors) with more than two timepoints. We also provide the Mplus syntax to complete these analyses and practical considerations of latent change score mediation (LCSM) models.
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23
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Guluma B, Saperstein A. Consistent Divisions or Methodological Decisions? Assessing the U.S. Racial Hierarchy Across Outcomes. Race Soc Probl 2022; 14:189-207. [PMID: 35103079 PMCID: PMC8792454 DOI: 10.1007/s12552-021-09351-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Scholars have offered a range of perspectives on the twenty-first century racial landscape with little consensus about either the current state of the U.S. racial hierarchy or its future trajectory. We offer a more comprehensive assessment, using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) to study racial stratification across a number of socioeconomic outcomes. We pay particular attention to the robustness of results across different categorization schemes that account for self-identification and interviewer classification, as well as racial fluidity. Although we observe that White and Asian Americans generally have the best socioeconomic outcomes, on average, while Black Americans and American Indians have the worst, we also find meaningful differences in patterns of stratification both across outcomes and depending on how race is operationalized. These differences in stratification are reflected in the estimated number of strata as well as the rank order of racial categories. Our results suggest that ongoing debates about the nature of the U.S. racial hierarchy can be partly explained by methodological decisions about which outcomes to study and how best to measure race. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12552-021-09351-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beka Guluma
- Department of Sociology, Stanford University, 450 Jane Stanford Way, Building 120, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Aliya Saperstein
- Department of Sociology, Stanford University, 450 Jane Stanford Way, Building 120, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
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Chen R, Li L, Yang K, Ren F, Xi C, Lin Y, Zheng H. Quantitative methods for predicting underground construction waste considering reuse and recycling. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:3394-3405. [PMID: 34389947 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15858-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The construction industry has been greatly developed in the past few decades, especially in the extensive use of underground space. The increasing amount of waste (e.g., soil, sludge, and rock) generated in the underground construction constitutes an important part of construction and demolition waste (CDW), but the related problems are rarely addressed in an independent quantitative study. In order to facilitate recycling of underground construction waste (UCW), quantitative methods for predicting UCW are proposed based on mass conservation in this study. Through on-site investigation and literature review, the source characteristics of UCW and corresponding recycling potential are firstly analyzed. Secondly, the corresponding quantitative method is proposed for predicting each type of UCW according to the principle of mass conservation. Finally, the proposed quantitative methods are applied in two real underground infrastructure projects to verify the accuracy. The results show that the accuracy of quantitative methods for predicting shield sludge and engineering soil is 82.03-95.79% and 94.49% respectively. The quantitative methods for predicting the amount of UCW proposed in this study is effective. In both cases, underground construction produced a large amount of construction waste with great recycling potential. UCW can theoretically reach 100% recycling, and full reuse and recycling of UCW will bring huge benefits and be conducive to the sustainable development of the construction industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Lanxin Li
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Kai Yang
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
- CCCC Railway Consultants Group Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100088, China
| | - Fumin Ren
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Chenggang Xi
- Zhonglu Gaoke Traffic Science and Technology Group Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100088, China
| | - Yang Lin
- Hongrun Construction Group Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200235, China
| | - Hai Zheng
- Hongrun Construction Group Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200235, China
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25
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Cossar RD, Stewart AC, Wilkinson AL, Dietze P, Ogloff JRP, Aitken C, Butler T, Kinner SA, Curtis M, Walker S, Kirwan A, Stoové M. Emergency department presentations in the first weeks following release from prison among men with a history of injecting drug use in Victoria, Australia: A prospective cohort study. Int J Drug Policy 2021; 101:103532. [PMID: 34871944 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rates of emergency department (ED) use are higher among people released from prison than in the general population. However, little is known about ED presentations specifically among people with a history of injecting drug use (IDU) leaving prison. We measured the incidence of ED presentation in the three months following release from prison, among a cohort of men with histories of IDU, and determined pre-release characteristics associated with presenting to an ED during this period. METHODS We analysed linked survey and administrative data from the Prison and Transition Health (PATH) study (N = 400) using multiple-failure survival analysis. RESULTS Twenty-one percent (n = 81/393) of the cohort presented to an ED at least once within the three months after release from prison. The incidence of ED presentation was highest in the first six days after release. Cox proportional hazards modelling showed that a history of in-patient psychiatric admission and housing instability were associated with increased hazard of an ED presentation, and identifying as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander was associated with decreased hazard. CONCLUSIONS In our study, ED presentations following release from prison among people with a history of IDU was linked to acute health risks related to known mental health and social vulnerabilities in this population. Greater collaboration and systems integration between prison and community health and support services is needed to reduce presentations to ED and associated morbidities among people with a history of IDU after release from prison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reece David Cossar
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Swinburne University of Technology and Forensicare, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Ashleigh Cara Stewart
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anna Lee Wilkinson
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Swinburne University of Technology and Forensicare, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul Dietze
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - James R P Ogloff
- Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Swinburne University of Technology and Forensicare, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Campbell Aitken
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tony Butler
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Justice Health Unit, Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Mater Research Institute-UQ, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael Curtis
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Monash Addiction Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shelley Walker
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Amy Kirwan
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark Stoové
- Behaviours and Health Risks, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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26
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Hayward A, Wodtke L, Craft A, Robin T, Smylie J, McConkey S, Nychuk A, Healy C, Star L, Cidro J. Addressing the need for indigenous and decolonized quantitative research methods in Canada. SSM Popul Health 2021; 15:100899. [PMID: 34584930 PMCID: PMC8455856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Though qualitative methods are often an appropriate Indigenous methodology and have dominated the literature on Indigenous research methods, they are not the only methods available for health research. There is a need for decolonizing and Indigenizing quantitative research methods, particularly in the discipline of epidemiology, to better address the public health needs of Indigenous populations who continue to face health inequities because of colonial systems, as well as inaccurate and incomplete data collection about themselves. For the last two decades, researchers in colonized countries have been calling for a specifically Indigenous approach to epidemiology that recognizes the limits of Western epidemiological methods, incorporates more Indigenous research methodologies and community-based participatory research methods, builds capacity by training more Indigenous epidemiologists, and supports Indigenous self-determination. Indigenous epidemiology can include a variety of approaches, including: shifting standards, such as age standardization, according to Indigenous populations to give appropriate weight to their experiences; carefully setting recruitment targets and using appropriate recruitment methods to fulfill statistical standards for stratification; acting as a bridge between Indigenous and Western technoscientific perspectives; developing culturally appropriate data collection tools; and developing distinct epidemiological methods based on Indigenous knowledge systems. This paper explores how decolonization and Indigenization of epidemiology has been operationalized in recent Canadian studies and projects, including the First Nations Regional Longitudinal Health Survey and how this decolonization and Indigenization might be augmented with the capacity-building of the future Our Health Counts Applied Indigenous Epidemiology, Health Information, and Health Services and Program Evaluation Training and Mentorship Program in Canada.
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Key Words
- CBPR, community-based participatory research
- CIHR, Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Capacity-building
- Community-based participatory research
- Decolonized
- Epidemiology
- FNIGC, First Nations Information Governance Centre
- FNIM, First Nations Inuit and Métis
- ISC, Indigenous Services of Canada
- Indigenous research methods
- NEIHR, Network Environments for Indigenous Health Research
- OHC-NET, Our Health Counts Applied Indigenous Epidemiology, Health Information and Health Services and Program Evaluation Training and Mentorship Program
- PAHO, Pan American Health Organization
- Quantitative methods
- RHS, The First Nations Regional Longitudinal Health Survey
- TEC, Tribal Epidemiology Centers
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Hayward
- University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3B 2E9, Canada
| | - Larissa Wodtke
- University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3B 2E9, Canada
| | - Aimée Craft
- University of Ottawa, 57 Louis Pasteur Street, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Tabitha Robin
- University of Manitoba, 66 Chancellors Circle, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Janet Smylie
- Centre for Urban Health Solutions (C-UHS), St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Stephanie McConkey
- Centre for Urban Health Solutions (C-UHS), St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Alexandra Nychuk
- University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3B 2E9, Canada
| | - Chyloe Healy
- Blackfoot Confederacy, 820 59th Ave S.E., Unit 100, Calgary, AB, T2H 2G5, Canada
| | - Leona Star
- First Nations Health and Social Secretariat of Manitoba, 74-360 Kernaghan Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R2C 5G1, Canada
| | - Jaime Cidro
- University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3B 2E9, Canada
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S. Talabis DA, Babierra AL, H. Buhat CA, Lutero DS, Quindala KM, Rabajante JF. Local government responses for COVID-19 management in the Philippines. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1711. [PMID: 34544423 PMCID: PMC8452379 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11746-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Responses of subnational government units are crucial in the containment of the spread of pathogens in a country. To mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Philippine national government through its Inter-Agency Task Force on Emerging Infectious Diseases outlined different quarantine measures wherein each level has a corresponding degree of rigidity from keeping only the essential businesses open to allowing all establishments to operate at a certain capacity. Other measures also involve prohibiting individuals at a certain age bracket from going outside of their homes. The local government units (LGUs)-municipalities and provinces-can adopt any of these measures depending on the extent of the pandemic in their locality. The purpose is to keep the number of infections and mortality at bay while minimizing the economic impact of the pandemic. Some LGUs have demonstrated a remarkable response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study is to identify notable non-pharmaceutical interventions of these outlying LGUs in the country using quantitative methods. METHODS Data were taken from public databases such as Philippine Department of Health, Philippine Statistics Authority Census, and Google Community Mobility Reports. These are normalized using Z-transform. For each locality, infection and mortality data (dataset Y) were compared to the economic, health, and demographic data (dataset X) using Euclidean metric d=(x-y)2, where x∈X and y∈Y. If a data pair (x,y) exceeds, by two standard deviations, the mean of the Euclidean metric values between the sets X and Y, the pair is assumed to be a 'good' outlier. RESULTS Our results showed that cluster of cities and provinces in Central Luzon (Region III), CALABARZON (Region IV-A), the National Capital Region (NCR), and Central Visayas (Region VII) are the 'good' outliers with respect to factors such as working population, population density, ICU beds, doctors on quarantine, number of frontliners and gross regional domestic product. Among metropolitan cities, Davao was a 'good' outlier with respect to demographic factors. CONCLUSIONS Strict border control, early implementation of lockdowns, establishment of quarantine facilities, effective communication to the public, and monitoring efforts were the defining factors that helped these LGUs curtail the harm that was brought by the pandemic. If these policies are to be standardized, it would help any country's preparedness for future health emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Antonio S. Talabis
- Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Physics, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
- University of the Philippines Resilience Institute, University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Ariel L. Babierra
- Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Physics, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
- University of the Philippines Resilience Institute, University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Christian Alvin H. Buhat
- Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Physics, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
- University of the Philippines Resilience Institute, University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Destiny S. Lutero
- Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Physics, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
- University of the Philippines Resilience Institute, University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Kemuel M. Quindala
- Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Physics, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
- University of the Philippines Resilience Institute, University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Jomar F. Rabajante
- Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Physics, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
- University of the Philippines Resilience Institute, University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines
- Faculty of Education, University of the Philippines Open University, Laguna, Philippines
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McCormick EM. Multi-Level Multi-Growth Models: New opportunities for addressing developmental theory using advanced longitudinal designs with planned missingness. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2021; 51:101001. [PMID: 34391004 PMCID: PMC8363832 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2021.101001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Longitudinal models have become increasingly popular in recent years because of their power to test theoretically derived hypotheses by modeling within-person processes with repeated measures. Growth models constitute a flexible framework for modeling a range of complex trajectories across time in outcomes of interest, including non-linearities and time-varying covariates. However, these models can be expanded to include the effects of multiple growth processes at once on a single outcome. Here, I outline such an extension, showing how multiple growth processes can be modeled as a specific case of the general ability to include time-varying covariates in growth models. I show that this extension of growth models cannot be accomplished by statistical models alone, and that study design plays a crucial role in allowing for proper parameter recovery. I demonstrate these principles through simulations to mimic important theoretical conditions where modeling the effects of multiple growth processes can address developmental theory including, disaggregating the effects of age and practice or treatment in repeated assessments and modeling age- and puberty-related effects during adolescence. I compare how these models behave in two common longitudinal designs, cohort and accelerated, and how planned missingness in observations is key to parameter recovery. I conclude with directions for future substantive research using the method outlined here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan M McCormick
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States; Cognitive Neuroscience Department, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Dawson A. The achilles heel of democracy? A macro cross-national assessment of the correlates of state legitimacy. Soc Sci Res 2021; 97:102574. [PMID: 34045010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2021.102574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the macro-level correlates of subjective state legitimacy using a cross-national panel dataset of 82 countries from 1989 to 2014. It conducts the first comprehensive multivariate assessment of the effect of democracy, while also evaluating the effects of the nationalist principle of ethnic self-rule and state endogeneity (i.e. colonialism), net of controls. The findings suggest that-contrary to certain theories and earlier empirical studies-democracy has a strong and negative association with legitimacy, which is robust across different measures of democracy and model specifications. The results also provide some evidence that adhering to the nationalist principle is related to subjective state legitimacy, while suggesting that state endogeneity is not. Moreover, democracy is the strongest correlate of subjective state legitimacy whose effect becomes stronger-rather than weaker, as some predict-in the presence of controls. Preliminary analyses provide some support to the claim that the freedom of expression contributes to the negative democracy/state legitimacy relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Dawson
- Department of Sociology, York University, 2275 Bayview Ave., Glendon Campus C126 York Hall, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M6, Canada.
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Abstract
Much attention has been paid to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on long-term care but the impact on informal caregivers has remained speculative. In Austria, like in other European countries, informal care is carried out overwhelmingly by (non-cohabiting) relatives. Limited care services available during the pandemic, social-distancing, increased unemployment and competing care needs within households (e.g. due to school closures) may have changed the prevalence and intensity of informal caregiving. Moreover, these changes may have increased the psychological strain experienced by caregivers. Focusing on Austria, this study aims to empirically analyse the following research questions: how have the prevalence and intensity of informal care changed due to the pandemic? How has the psychological well-being of informal caregivers been affected? We use a pre- and post-onset of the pandemic research design based on a representative survey carried out in Austria in June 2020 (N = 2000) in combination with comparable 2015 data from the European Social Survey. Findings suggest that neither prevalence nor intensity of informal care changed significantly due to the pandemic. However, the psychological well-being gap between carers and non-carers increased with the start of the pandemic, especially among men. Findings are discussed in relation to the policy measures implemented and possible policy implications for the future. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10433-021-00611-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Rodrigues
- European Centre for Social Welfare Policy and Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cassandra Simmons
- European Centre for Social Welfare Policy and Research, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Nadia Steiber
- Department of Sociology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
Statistical paradigms limit the perspective and tools social work researchers use to study the world and answer questions impacting people and policy. Currently, quantitative social work researchers overwhelmingly rely on the frequentist paradigm of statistics. This paper discusses foundational differences between the frequentist and Bayesian statistical paradigms, describes basic concepts of Bayesian analysis, compares Bayesian and frequentist statistical analysis for a sample social work problem, and introduces two types of causal analyses built on Bayesian statistical thinking: counterfactual causality, and causality based on work by computer scientist Judea Pearl. Implications for social work research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael A Lewis
- Silberman College of Social Work, Hunter College, CUNY, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daniel Dunleavy
- College of Social Work, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
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Tadavarthi Y, Hosseini P, Reyes SE, Focht Garand KL, Pisegna JM, Pearson WG. Pilot Study of Quantitative Methods for Differentiating Pharyngeal Swallowing Mechanics by Dysphagia Etiology. Dysphagia 2021; 36:231-241. [PMID: 32410203 PMCID: PMC7666098 DOI: 10.1007/s00455-020-10123-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative analysis of modified barium swallow (MBS) imaging is useful to determine the impact of various disease states on pharyngeal swallowing mechanics. In this retrospective proof of concept study, kinematic analysis and computational analysis of swallowing mechanics (CASM) were used to demonstrate how these methods differentiate swallowing dysfunction by dysphagia etiology. Ten subjects were randomly selected from four cohorts of dysphagic patients including COPD, head and neck cancer (HNC), motor neuron disease, and stroke. Each subject was age- and gender-matched with healthy, non-dysphagic controls. MBS videos of 5 ml thin and 5 ml thick bolus trials from each subject were used. A MATLAB tracker tool was adapted and updated to collect and compile data for each video (n = 160). For kinematic measurements, a MANOVA was performed with post-hoc analyses to determine group differences. For CASM measurements, a morphometric canonical variate analysis with post hoc analysis was performed to determine group differences. Kinematic analyses indicated statistically significant differences between HNC cohort and controls in distance measurements for hyolaryngeal approximation (p = .001), laryngeal elevation (p = 0.0001), pharyngeal shortening (p = 0.0002), and stage transition duration timing (p = 0.002). Timing differences were noted between the stroke cohort and controls for pharyngeal transit time (p = 0.007). Multivariate morphometric canonical variate analysis showed significant differences between etiology groups (p < 0.0001) with eigenvectors indicating differing patterns of swallowing mechanics. This study demonstrated that swallowing mechanics among cohorts of dysphagic patients can be differentiated using kinematics and CASM, providing different but complementary quantitative methods for investigating the impact of various disease states on swallowing function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pouria Hosseini
- Medical College of Georgia (MCG), Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Stephanie E Reyes
- College of Allied Health Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
- Department of Otolaryngology, MCG, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Kendrea L Focht Garand
- Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Jessica M Pisegna
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William G Pearson
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, MCG, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.
- Department of Otolaryngology, MCG, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.
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Cerino ES, Stawski RS, Geldhof GJ, MacDonald SWS. Associations Between Control Beliefs and Response Time Inconsistency in Older Adults Vary as a Function of Attentional Task Demands. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2021; 75:1819-1830. [PMID: 30452690 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gby124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Control beliefs are established correlates of cognitive aging. Despite recent demonstrations that response time inconsistency (RTI) represents a proxy for cognitive processing efficiency, few investigations have explored links between RTI and psychosocial correlates. We examined associations among RTI and control beliefs (perceived competence and locus of control) for two choice-response time (RT) tasks varying in their attentional demands. METHOD Control beliefs and RTI were measured weekly for 5 weeks in a sample of 304 community-dwelling older adults (Mage = 74.11 years, SD = 6.05, range = 64-92, 68.58% female). RESULTS Multilevel models revealed that for the attentionally demanding task, reporting higher perceived competence than usual was associated with lower RTI for relatively younger participants and greater RTI for relatively older participants. For the less attentionally demanding task, reporting higher perceived competence than usual was associated with lower RTI for relatively older participants. Links between locus of control and RTI were comparatively scant. DISCUSSION Our findings suggest that control beliefs may have adaptive and maladaptive influences on RTI, depending on dimension of control beliefs, individual differences in level of control beliefs and age, as well as attentional task demands. Both for whom and when control beliefs can be leveraged to optimize cognitive aging are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Cerino
- School of Social and Behavioral Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis
| | - Robert S Stawski
- School of Social and Behavioral Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis
| | - G John Geldhof
- School of Social and Behavioral Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis
| | - Stuart W S MacDonald
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.,Institute on Aging and Lifelong Health, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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Fuller JT, Choudhury TK, Lowe DA, Balsis S. Hallucinations and Delusions Signal Alzheimer's Associated Cognitive Dysfunction More Strongly Compared to Other Neuropsychiatric Symptoms. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2021; 75:1894-1904. [PMID: 30877750 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbz032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are common among individuals with dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT). We sought to characterize which NPS more purely relate to cognitive dysfunction in DAT, relative to other NPS. METHOD Demographic, neurocognitive, neuroimaging, and NPS data were mined from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative database (n = 906). Using factor analysis, we analyzed the degree to which individual NPS were associated with DAT-associated cognitive dysfunction. We also employed item response theory to graphically depict the ability of individual NPS to index DAT-associated cognitive dysfunction across a continuum ranging from cognitively normal to mild DAT. RESULTS Psychotic symptoms (hallucinations and delusions) were more strongly related to the continuum of DAT-associated cognitive dysfunction than other NPS, with the strength of the relationship peaking at high levels of disease severity. Psychotic symptoms also negatively correlated with brain volume and did not relate to the presence of vision problems. Aberrant motor behavior and apathy had relatively smaller associations with DAT-associated cognitive dysfunction, while other NPS showed minimal associations. DISCUSSION Psychotic symptoms most strongly indexed DAT-associated cognitive dysfunction, whereas other NPS, such as depression and anxiety, were not as precisely related to the DAT-associated cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Fuller
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Tabina K Choudhury
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station
| | - Deborah A Lowe
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City
| | - Steve Balsis
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Lowell
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35
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Harari L, Lee C. Intersectionality in quantitative health disparities research: A systematic review of challenges and limitations in empirical studies. Soc Sci Med 2021; 277:113876. [PMID: 33866085 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Quantitative health disparities research has increasingly employed intersectionality as a theoretical tool to investigate how social characteristics intersect to generate health inequality. Yet, intersectionality was not designed to quantify, predict, or identify health disparities, and, as a result, multiple criticisms against its misapplication in health disparities research have been made. As such, there is an emerging need to evaluate the growing body of quantitative research that aims to investigate health disparities through an intersectional lens. METHODS We conducted a systematic review from earliest records to January 2020 to (i) describe the scope of limitations when applying intersectionality to quantitative health disparities research, and (ii) identify recommendations to improve the future integration of intersectionality with this scholarship. We identified relevant publications with electronic searches in PubMed and CA Web of Science. Studies eligible for inclusion were English-language publications that used quantitative methodologies to investigate health disparities among adults in the U.S. while explicitly claiming to adopt an intersectional perspective. Out of 1279 articles reviewed, 65 were eligible for inclusion. RESULTS Our review found that, while the value of intersectionality to the study of health disparities is evident, the existing research struggles with meeting intersectionality's fundamental assumptions. In particular, four limitations were found to be widespread: narrowing the measurements of intersectionality, intersectional groups, and health outcomes; placing primacy on the study of certain intersectional groups to the neglect of others; overlooking underlying explanatory mechanisms that contribute to the health disparities experienced by intersectional groups; and, lacking in the use of life-course perspectives to show how health disparities vary across different life stages. CONCLUSION If the goal of health equality is to be achieved among diverse intersectional groups, future research must be assisted by the collection and examination of data that overcomes these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexi Harari
- Department of Sociology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Chioun Lee
- Department of Sociology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
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Minchella S, De Leo A, Orazi D, Mitello L, Terrenato I, Latina R. Violence against women: An observational study in an Italian emergency department. Appl Nurs Res 2021; 58:151411. [PMID: 33745559 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnr.2021.151411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Violence against women is a pervasive phenomenon affecting one in three women aged ≥15 in the world that are more likely to visit an emergency department (ED) for the serious physical and psychological consequences of the abuse. The aim of this observational single-centre study is to describe the socio-demographic and clinical variables associated with violence against women. We enrolled 425 female patients who attended an Italian ED for trauma on 2019 and the patients' information was collected and analyzed with descriptive statistics. The average age of the patients was 41.5 (standard deviation = 14.2) years. 74.6% of the women were Italians, and 86.6% were of metropolitan origin. The reasons for the ED visit included aggression (67.5%), accidental trauma (29.0%) and unknown reasons (3.5%). Multivariate analysis confirmed that three factors were independently associated with violence: nationality (odds ratio [OR] = 0.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.09-0.77), head/face/neck injuries (OR = 7.32; 95% CI, 3.76-14.27) and multiple injuries (OR = 8.52; 95% CI, 1.03-70.47). Age over 25 was a protective factor. The study confirmed that being a foreigner and having head/face/neck injuries or multiple injuries are associated with violence against women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Minchella
- Department of Health Professions, School of Nursing and Midwifery AO S. Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Aurora De Leo
- School of Nursing and Midwifery AO S. Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
| | - Daniela Orazi
- Health Direction, AO S. Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Mitello
- Department of Health Professions, School of Nursing and Midwifery AO S. Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Irene Terrenato
- Biostatistical Unit, IRCSS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Latina
- Department of Health Professions, School of Nursing and Midwifery AO S. Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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Nelson NA, Bergeman CS, Jacobucci R. Future Time Perspective in Mid-to-Later Life: The Role of Personality. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2021; 76:524-533. [PMID: 31637438 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbz110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Future time perspective (FTP), or the way individuals orient to and consider their futures, is fundamental to motivation and well-being across the life span. There is a relative paucity of studies, however, that explore its contributing factors in mid-to-later life, specifically. Therefore, uncovering which variables contribute to individual differences in FTP, as well as the ways these variables interact, is paramount to developing a strong understanding of this construct during this life-span stage. METHOD This study used three data mining techniques (ie, elastic net, decision tree, and tree ensemble analyses) to simultaneously test several potential contributors identified in the literature, including the five-factor personality domains, several health indices, and age. RESULTS Personality, especially neuroticism, extraversion, conscientiousness, and agreeableness, had the most influence on FTP. Age and health were not among the most salient FTP contributors in mid-to-later life. Furthermore, decision tree analyses uncovered interactive effects of personality; several profiles of neuroticism, extraversion, and/or conscientiousness were linked with differing FTP levels. DISCUSSION Although the extant literature has indicated that FTP, age, and health are inextricably tied, these results indicate that there is more variability to be explained in FTP, perhaps especially when looking within specific age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ross Jacobucci
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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Brito J, Bernardo A, Zagalo C, Gonçalves LL. Quantitative analysis of air pollution and mortality in Portugal: Current trends and links following proposed biological pathways. Sci Total Environ 2021; 755:142473. [PMID: 33035978 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A wealth of studies focusing on the relationships between negative health outcomes and short-term and long-term exposures to environmental risk factors have produced estimates of the burden of disease attributable to air pollution, which have led to the implementation of air pollution control strategies. However, the call to expand those studies, in terms of geographical units of analysis to produce more accurate estimates of the burden of disease in the different countries has been made. Studies of the specific environment-health relationship concerning air pollution in Portugal are scarce and rather descriptive. Therefore, this work assesses the trends both in atmospheric levels of pollutants including particulate matter (PM10), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulphur dioxide (SO2), and in mortality rates for diabetes, malignant neoplasms and diseases of the respiratory, digestive and circulatory systems, and explores the links between exposure to air pollutants and mortality, following proposed biological pathways and using inferential statistics methods, for the period 2010 to 2017 in Portugal. The following major conclusions were drawn: (i) despite a somewhat initial downward trend in PM10 and a peak in O3 levels, fairly constant air pollution levels were mostly observed; (ii) concomitantly, increases in age-adjusted mortality rates were significant for all diseases except diabetes; (iii) lower atmospheric levels of pollutants were observed in rural areas, when compared to urban areas, except for ozone; (iv) age-adjusted mortality rates were higher in rural regions, for diabetes, and in urban regions, for malignant neoplasms; (v) for a 10 μg/m3 increase in atmospheric levels of PM10, regression analysis estimated an increase of 0.30% in the mortality rate for diseases of the respiratory, digestive and circulatory systems, and malignant neoplasms combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Brito
- Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal; Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário - Quinta da Granja, 2929-511 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Alexandra Bernardo
- Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal; Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário - Quinta da Granja, 2929-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Carlos Zagalo
- Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal; Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário - Quinta da Granja, 2929-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Luísa Lima Gonçalves
- Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal; Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário - Quinta da Granja, 2929-511 Caparica, Portugal
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Leduc G, Gilbert JA, Ayotte A, Moreau N, Drapeau V, Lemoyne J, Monthuy-Blanc J, Tremblay J, Mathieu ME. The FitSpirit approach for increasing physical activity in canadian teenage girls: protocol of a longitudinal, quasi-experimental study. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:229. [PMID: 33509155 PMCID: PMC7841897 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10200-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Worldwide, most adolescent girls do not meet physical activity (PA) recommendations and very few PA programs are tailored specifically towards them. Even fewer information exists about the long-term effects of such programs. Some Canadian schools have implemented the FitSpirit PA intervention designed specifically for girls aged 12 to 17 years old. This paper describes the protocol of a quasi-experimental study evaluating long-term changes in health behaviours and outcomes following FitSpirit participation. Methods The study is conducted among schools that partner with FitSpirit every year. It started in 2018 and will be completed in 2022. The intervention comprises motivational talks, a turnkey running program, PA sessions and special events. Study participants fill out an online questionnaire twice a year. Follow-up questionnaires are sent at the end of each school year to the study participants who dropout from FitSpirit. The main outcome, changes in PA levels, is evaluated using questions validated for adolescents. Secondary outcomes are health (perceived health); lifestyle habits (sedentary activities, eating and sleeping habits); psychosocial outcomes (physical self-efficacy and body satisfaction); and FitSpirit appreciation (activity participation and satisfaction). Most questions originate from questionnaires validated for the adolescent population. Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses will be performed. Discussion This study will provide one of the first longitudinal reports on the impact of a large extra-curricular PA intervention designed specifically for adolescent girls. The current study will uniquely contribute to PA research by assessing outcomes additional to PA levels, including markers of health, lifestyle habits and psychosocial determinants. Trial registration NCT, NCT03804151, Registered on January 22, 2019; retrospectively registered. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-10200-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Leduc
- FitSpirit, 141, rue Saint-Charles, Bureau 4, Sainte-Thérèse, Quebec, J7E 2A9, Canada
| | - Jo-Anne Gilbert
- École de kinésiologie et des sciences de l'activité physique, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Alexandra Ayotte
- FitSpirit, 141, rue Saint-Charles, Bureau 4, Sainte-Thérèse, Quebec, J7E 2A9, Canada
| | - Nicolas Moreau
- School of Social Work, University of Ottawa, 120 University Private, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Vicky Drapeau
- Département d'éducation physique, Université Laval, 2300 Rue de la Terrasse, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jean Lemoyne
- Département des sciences de l'activité physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, boul. des Forges, Trois-Rivières, Quebec, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Johana Monthuy-Blanc
- Département des sciences de l'activité physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, boul. des Forges, Trois-Rivières, Quebec, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Jonathan Tremblay
- École de kinésiologie et des sciences de l'activité physique, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Marie-Eve Mathieu
- École de kinésiologie et des sciences de l'activité physique, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3J7, Canada. .,Sainte-Justine University Health Center, 3175 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1C5, Canada.
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McLoughlin GM, Candal P, Vazou S, Lee JA, Dzewaltowski DA, Rosenkranz RR, Lanningham-Foster L, Gentile DA, Liechty L, Chen S, Welk GJ. Evaluating the implementation of the SWITCH® school wellness intervention and capacity-building process through multiple methods. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2020; 17:162. [PMID: 33308237 PMCID: PMC7733251 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-020-01070-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background School wellness programming is important for promoting healthy lifestyles and academic achievement in youth; however, research is needed on methods that can help schools implement and sustain such programs on their own. The purpose of this study was to investigate factors within and outside the school environment that influenced school capacity for implementation and potential sustainability of wellness programming. Methods As part of the School Wellness Integration Targeting Child Health (SWITCH®) intervention, elementary school wellness teams (N = 30) were guided through a capacity-building process focused on promoting the adoption of healthy lifestyle behaviors in students. Data on implementation were collected through three standardized surveys and interviews (pre-mid-post) and a post-implementation interview. Indicators of organizational capacity were assessed using the School Wellness Readiness Assessment (SWRA). Paired t-tests were run to assess changes in implementation (classroom, physical education, and lunchroom settings), capacity, and stakeholder engagement over time. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were run to examine how implementation of best practices (low, moderate, high) explained differences in capacity gains. Qualitative data were analyzed through inductive and deductive analysis, following the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). Results Paired t-tests showed non-significant increases in school and setting-specific capacity and implementation of SWITCH best practices over time, in addition to a consistent level of engagement from key stakeholders. ANOVA results revealed non-significant associations between implementation group and gains in school capacity (F [2, 24] = 1.63; p = .21), class capacity (F [2, 24]=0.20 p = .82), lunchroom capacity (F [2, 24]=0.29; p = .78), and physical education (F [2, 24]=1.45; p = .25). Qualitative data demonstrated that factors within the outer setting (i.e., engaging community partners) facilitated programming. Inner-setting factors (i.e., relationships with administration and staff) influenced implementation. Implementation process themes (e.g., planning, adaptation of resources to meet school capacity/needs, and engaging students as leaders) were cited as key facilitators. Schools discussed factors affecting sustainability, such as school culture and knowledge of school wellness policy. Conclusions The results from this implementation study document the importance of allowing schools to adapt programming to meet their local needs, and highlight the strengths of measuring multiple implementation outcomes. Increased support is needed for schools regarding the formation and improvement of wellness policies as a means to enhance sustainability over time. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12966-020-01070-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella M McLoughlin
- Implementation Science Center for Cancer Control and Prevention Research Center, Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA. .,Department of Surgery (Division of Public Health Sciences), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Priscila Candal
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Spyridoula Vazou
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Joey A Lee
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, 80918, USA
| | - David A Dzewaltowski
- College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.,Buffett Early Childhood Institute, University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE, 68106, USA
| | - Richard R Rosenkranz
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | | | - Douglas A Gentile
- Department of Psychology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Laura Liechty
- Extension and Outreach: 4-H Youth Development, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Senlin Chen
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Gregory J Welk
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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Vesoulis ZA, Gamble PG, Jain S, Ters NME, Liao SM, Mathur AM. WU-NEAT: A clinically validated, open-source MATLAB toolbox for limited-channel neonatal EEG analysis. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 2020; 196:105716. [PMID: 32858282 PMCID: PMC7606381 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited-channel EEG research in neonates is hindered by lack of open, accessible analytic tools. To overcome this limitation, we have created the Washington University-Neonatal EEG Analysis Toolbox (WU-NEAT), containing two of the most commonly used tools, provided in an open-source, clinically-validated package running within MATLAB. METHODS The first algorithm is the amplitude-integrated EEG (aEEG), which is generated by filtering, rectifying and time-compressing the original EEG recording, with subsequent semi-logarithmic display. The second algorithm is the spectral edge frequency (SEF), calculated as the critical frequency below which a user-defined proportion of the EEG spectral power is located. The aEEG algorithm was validated by three experienced reviewers. Reviewers evaluated aEEG recordings of fourteen preterm/term infants, displayed twice in random order, once using a reference algorithm and again using the WU-NEAT aEEG algorithm. Using standard methodology, reviewers assigned a background pattern classification. Inter/intra-rater reliability was assessed. For the SEF, calculations were made using the same fourteen recordings, first with the reference and then with the WU-NEAT algorithm. Results were compared using Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS For the aEEG algorithm, intra- and inter-rater reliability was 100% and 98%, respectively. For the SEF, the mean±SD Pearson correlation coefficient between algorithms was 0.96±0.04. CONCLUSION We have demonstrated a clinically-validated toolbox for generating the aEEG as well as calculating the SEF from EEG data. Open-source access will enable widespread use of common analytic algorithms which are device-independent and unlikely to become outdated as technology changes, thereby facilitating future collaborative research in neonatal EEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Vesoulis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 1 Children's Place, Campus Box 8116, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Paul G Gamble
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 1 Children's Place, Campus Box 8116, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Siddharth Jain
- Department of Neurology, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Nathalie M El Ters
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 1 Children's Place, Campus Box 8116, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Steve M Liao
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 1 Children's Place, Campus Box 8116, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Amit M Mathur
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, USA
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Ross PT, Hart-Johnson T, Santen SA, Zaidi NLB. Considerations for using race and ethnicity as quantitative variables in medical education research. Perspect Med Educ 2020; 9:318-323. [PMID: 32789666 PMCID: PMC7550522 DOI: 10.1007/s40037-020-00602-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Throughout history, race and ethnicity have been used as key descriptors to categorize and label individuals. The use of these concepts as variables can impact resources, policy, and perceptions in medical education. Despite the pervasive use of race and ethnicity as quantitative variables, it is unclear whether researchers use them in their proper context. In this Eye Opener, we present the following seven considerations with corresponding recommendations, for using race and ethnicity as variables in medical education research: 1) Ensure race and ethnicity variables are used to address questions directly related to these concepts. 2) Use race and ethnicity to represent social experiences, not biological facts, to explain the phenomenon under study. 3) Allow study participants to define their preferred racial and ethnic identity. 4) Collect complete and accurate race and ethnicity data that maximizes data richness and minimizes opportunities for researchers' assumptions about participants' identity. 5) Follow evidence-based practices to describe and collapse individual-level race and ethnicity data into broader categories. 6) Align statistical analyses with the study's conceptualization and operationalization of race and ethnicity. 7) Provide thorough interpretation of results beyond simple reporting of statistical significance. By following these recommendations, medical education researchers can avoid major pitfalls associated with the use of race and ethnicity and make informed decisions around some of the most challenging race and ethnicity topics in medical education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula T Ross
- University of Michigan-Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | | | - Sally A Santen
- Virginia Commonwealth School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
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Moilanen T, Leino-Kilpi H, Kuusisto H, Rautava P, Seppänen L, Siekkinen M, Sulosaari V, Vahlberg T, Stolt M. Leadership and administrative support for interprofessional collaboration in a cancer center. J Health Organ Manag 2020; ahead-of-print. [PMID: 32894012 DOI: 10.1108/jhom-01-2020-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The interprofessional collaboration is a key practice for providing cancer care. However, the realization of collaboration requires effective leadership and administrative support. In this study, the aim was to analyze healthcare professionals' perceptions of leadership and administrative support (strategic and management) in interprofessional collaboration for developing practices in cancer care. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH A descriptive survey design was used to collect data from healthcare professionals (n = 350, response rate 33.3%), including nurses, physicians and other professionals participating in patient care in one Finnish cancer center (out of five) in 05/2018-10/2018. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The instrument focused on leadership in the work unit and administrative support including organization strategy and organizational management. FINDINGS Healthcare professionals perceived leadership in the work unit, organization strategy and management for the support of interprofessional collaboration as weak. However, the ratings of male respondents and those in leading positions were more positive. The findings indicate that healthcare professionals in the cancer care setting are dissatisfied with the leadership and administrative support. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS Interprofessional collaboration, including its leadership, requires systematic and constant evaluation and development. ORIGINALITY/VALUE Healthcare leaders in the cancer care setting can use the results to identify factors that might be in need of attention and development in the field of interprofessional collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helena Leino-Kilpi
- Department of Nursing Science, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Päivi Rautava
- University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura Seppänen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Virpi Sulosaari
- Department of Nursing Science, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku University of Applied Sciences, Turku, Finland
| | - Tero Vahlberg
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Minna Stolt
- Department of Nursing Science, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Kelle U, Tempel G. [Understanding through qualitative methods - the contribution of interpretative social research to health reporting]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2020; 63:1126-1133. [PMID: 32886137 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-020-03209-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Health reporting normally uses quantitative data collected in a standardized manner. The use of qualitative data, using the methods of qualitative social research, is generally the exception. The present article would like to illustrate the potential benefits of using qualitative methods in health reporting. The focus is on the following questions: What characterizes qualitative methods, what is their theoretical and methodological basis, and what specific contribution can they make in health reporting?Qualitative research is based on the assumption that people generally act on the basis of subjective meanings they attach to objects in their environment and to the action of other people. Qualitative methods often provide better possibilities to investigate these subjective perspectives and action orientations than standardized procedures. Due to their methodological particularities, qualitative methods are suitable for the exploration of health-relevant perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors. The results could help to improve the appropriateness of prevention programs; they can also be the starting point for further quantitative research to test hypotheses.The openness that characterizes qualitative methods presupposes sufficient expertise, but beyond this, accurateness and a rule-governed procedure are necessary, as in quantitative research. Added to this is transparency; the data have to be precisely documented and the analytic method disclosed. Even the results of qualitative research must stand up to critical appraisal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udo Kelle
- Fakultät für Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften, Helmut-Schmidt-Universität der Bundeswehr, 70 08 22, 22008, Hamburg, Deutschland.
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Abstract
Numerous measures have been developed for the assessment of interprofessional attitudes, including the Interprofessional Attitudes Scale (IPAS). The purpose of this study was to assess, and contribute to, the validity evidence for the IPAS. The IPAS was used in a three-year longitudinal study to collect data from first year health professionals. Three forms of assessment were conducted to accrue validity evidence for the IPAS: Exploratory Factor Analysis, Item Analysis, and analysis using Item Response Theory. Data was collected from 337 participants over three years. Separately, and cumulatively, the Exploratory Factor Analysis, Item Analysis and analysis using Item Response Theory identified issues with the content, response process, internal structure, and consequential validity of the IPAS. The outcomes of the present study call into question the use of the IPAS, and other measures, for the assessment of interprofessional attitudes. The present study contributes several pieces of evidence to the validity of the IPAS and the reevaluation of the use of attitude assessment in interprofessional education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrem Violato
- Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Sharla King
- Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education and Director, Health Sciences Education and Research Commons, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Abstract
Sibling (cousin) correlations are empirically straightforward: they capture the degree to which siblings' (cousins') socioeconomic outcomes are similar. At face value, these quantities seem to summarize something about how families constrain opportunity. Their meaning, however, is complicated. One empirical set of sibling and cousin correlations can be generated from a multitude of distinct theoretical processes. I illustrate this problem in the context of multigenerational mobility: the relationship between the incomes of an ancestor and a descendant separated by several generations in a family. When cousins' outcomes are similar (an empirical fact), prior authors have favored the particular theoretical interpretation that extended kin affect life chances through pathways not involving the parents of the focal individual. I show that this evidence is consistent with alternative theories of latent transmission (measurement error) or dynamic transmission (a parent-to-child transmission process that changes over generations). Theoretical assumptions are required to lend meaning to a point estimate. Further, I show that point estimates alone may be misleading because they can be highly uncertain. To facilitate uncertainty estimation for the key test statistic, I develop a Bayesian procedure to estimate sibling and cousin correlations. I conclude by outlining how future research might use sibling and cousin correlations as effective descriptive quantities while remaining cognizant that these quantities could arise from a variety of distinct theoretical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Lundberg
- Department of Sociology and Office of Population Research, 227 Wallace Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
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47
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Schneider P, Niederberger M. [Mixed-methods studies in the field of health promotion. Results of a systematic review of German publications]. Z Evid Fortbild Qual Gesundhwes 2020; 153-154:10-22. [PMID: 32601023 DOI: 10.1016/j.zefq.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Research in the field of health promotion generates evidence-based knowledge and has the potential to increase the acceptance, impact and long-term effectiveness of interventions. Typically, a distinction is made between qualitative and quantitative approaches. Yet, with complex and multidimensional re-search questions in the field of health promotion a combination of the two approaches has proven useful. Using mixed-methods designs promises, among other things, to compensate for weaknesses of the individual methods, to improve the scope of the results, and to provide a comprehensive insight into the topic. In this systematic review of two German journals we examine the role of the mixed-methods approach in the field of health promotion and how it can be translated into specific research projects. The review's results show that mixed-methods designs are implemented in various contexts. In most studies, the quantitative research strand plays the central role. The use of the mixed-methods designs in health promotion can be further discussed, especially taking into account technical innovations in the field of data collection or with regard to the interpretative potential of qualitative research. The presentation of the review is based on PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) by the Equator Network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pairin Schneider
- Pädagogische Hochschule Schwäbisch Gmünd, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Deutschland
| | - Marlen Niederberger
- Forschungsmethoden in der Gesundheitsförderung und Prävention Pädagogische Hochschule Schwäbisch Gmünd, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Deutschland.
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48
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Thompson CL, Hrit R, Melo LCO, Vinyard CJ, Bottenberg KN, de Oliveira MAB. Callitrichid responses to dead and dying infants: the effects of paternal bonding and cause of death. Primates 2020; 61:707-716. [PMID: 32409994 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-020-00824-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Many primates show responses to dead infants, yet testing explanations for these behaviors has been difficult. Callitrichids present a unique opportunity to delineate between hypotheses, since unlike most species, male caretakers form closer social bonds with infants than mothers. Callitrichids are also known to commit infanticide, leaving obvious wounds that may enable them to more readily recognize death. We present: (1) a case study of a wild common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) group responding to an infant's natural death, and (2) a review of published infant deaths across callitrichids (N = 16), testing for trends in the sex of reacting individuals and cause of death. In our case study, several group members frequently interacted with the dead infant, attempting to carry it. However, the strongest response was from a male that remained with the corpse for ~ 3 h, despite his group leaving the area. Across callitrichid species, corpse interactions were significantly sex-biased: 100% (N = 6) of accidental deaths involved corpse interaction by males (p = 0.007), compared to 60% (N = 3 of 5) by females (p = 0.095). Cause of death also played a significant role, with individuals attempting to carry dead infants in 100% (N = 6) of accidental deaths, but only 11.1% (N = 1 of 9) of infanticides (p = 0.001). Although the available literature is small and potentially subject to publication biases, these data support the idea that visually obvious wounds may influence callitrichids' perception of dead conspecifics. Additionally, male-biased patterns of corpse interaction in callitrichids indicate that social bonds likely shape reactions to the dead, in addition to kinship. While published data on primate thanatology are limited, this study demonstrates quantitative approaches that can provide empirical insights into primates' responses to dead conspecifics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Thompson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, USA.
| | - Rebecca Hrit
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, USA
| | - Leonardo C O Melo
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Christopher J Vinyard
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Kimberly N Bottenberg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, USA
| | - Maria A B de Oliveira
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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49
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Ye J, Wen S, Schoenfelder J, Islam S. Quantitative Safety Monitoring in Clinical Trials: Application of Multiple Statistical Methodologies for Infrequent Events. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2020; 54:1175-1184. [PMID: 32865799 DOI: 10.1007/s43441-020-00142-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are limited quantitative approaches for evaluating rare safety outcomes from controlled clinical trials in either a blinded or unblinded setting. This manuscript demonstrates an application of three statistical methods for quantitative safety monitoring that can be implemented during any phase of a clinical trial, including open-label extension studies. METHODS An interactive safety monitoring (iSM) tool was developed using R language in the publicly available R-Shiny app and was implemented for three statistical methods of quantitative safety monitoring. These methods are sequential probability ratio test (SPRT), maximized SPRT (MaxSPRT), and Bayesian posterior probability threshold (BPPT). The iSM tool evaluated specific safety signals that incorporated pre-specified background rates or reference risk ratios. RESULTS Two sets of blinded clinical trial data were used for case studies to demonstrate the use the iSM tool. Two particular adverse events, myocardial infarction (MI) and serious infection, were monitored. Monte Carlo simulation was conducted to evaluate the operating characteristics of pre-specified parameters. It showed that after adjusting for exposure, the BPPT and MaxSPRT yielded similar results in identifying a pre-specified signals while the SPRT method failed to detect such signals. CONCLUSION Statistical methods shown for the case studies, as well as the application of the user-friendly iSM tool, greatly enhance the quantitative monitoring of safety events of interest in ongoing clinical trials The BPPT and MaxSPRT methods seem more sensitive in picking-up early signals than the SPRT method when the number of safety events is small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabu Ye
- AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Shihua Wen
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, NJ, 07936, USA
| | | | - Syed Islam
- Jazz Pharmaceuticals, 2005 Market Street, Suite 2100, Philadelphia, PA, 19103, USA.
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50
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Abstract
Longitudinal evaluation of interprofessional programming is necessary to understand the impact of interprofessional education (IPE) for collaborative practice. Attitude is one measure of intended behavior. The Interprofessional Attitude Scale (IPAS) was developed as an improved measure to examine the readiness for interprofessional education and collaborative practice. As a means to pilot a protocol for a longitudinal comprehensive evaluation of an interprofessional program with 13 health professional programs in 6 health science faculties, the IPAS was administered over a 3-year period to three cohorts of students. The results of the IPAS indicated no significant differences detected across the 3 years. Although there was a significant difference on the Patient Centredness subscale for Cohorts 2 and 3 the effect size was small. Previous experience in an interprofessional course was a predictor of more positive patient centeredness attitudes, but other IPE experience and years of education were not predictors of any interprofessional attitudes. Students from the Medicine & Dentistry (M&D) faculty ranked significantly lower on the teamwork roles and responsibilities subscale compared to the other faculties, except Rehabilitation Medicine (RM). However, once the outliers in RM were removed, there was a significant difference on this subscale between RM and M&D. This paper outlines the challenges with using the IPAS as part of a comprehensive program evaluation and identifies issues with longitudinal data collection for evaluation with large student cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharla King
- Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education and Director, Health Sciences Education and Research Commons, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Canada
| | - Efrem Violato
- Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Canada
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