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Wen T, Li J, Cai W, Wu D, Yin ZZ, Kong Y. Visual and electrochemical chiral discrimination of tryptophan isomers with shikimic acid chiral ionic liquids-copper ions complex. Talanta 2024; 272:125850. [PMID: 38437760 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Efficient discrimination of amino acids (AAs) isomers is of significant importance for life science and analytical chemistry. Here, a dual-mode chiral discrimination strategy is proposed for visual and electrochemical chiral discrimination of tryptophan (Trp) isomers. Shikimic acid chiral ionic liquids (SCIL) is coordinated with copper ions (Cu2+), and the obtained SCIL-Cu2+ can form ternary complexes with the Trp isomers. Owing to the inherent chirality of SCIL and the reverse homochirality of L-Trp and D-Trp, the ternary complex of SCIL-Cu-D-Trp has higher stability than SCIL-Cu-L-Trp, as revealed by the calculated stability constants (K) and changes in Gibbs free energy (ΔG). The difference in the stability can be utilized for the chiral discrimination of L-Trp and D-Trp, resulting in discernible differences in colors and the electrochemical signals of the Trp isomers. Besides Trp, the isomers of phenylalanine (Phe) can also be discriminated by the proposed dual-mode chiral discrimination strategy with the SCIL-Cu2+ complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai Wen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Junyao Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Wenrong Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Datong Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Zheng-Zhi Yin
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, China.
| | - Yong Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China.
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2
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Zhang Z, Xu Q, Wang Y, Qu S, Tan J, Tang Y, Li P, Zheng X. Exploiting the synergistic antibacterial activity of shikimic acid and ceftiofur against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:78. [PMID: 38253730 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03876-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Efforts to curtail the escalating health threat posed by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a formidable superbug, necessitate the development of innovative treatment strategies. Leveraging potential compounds from natural sources in tandem with antibiotics has emerged as a promising approach against MRSA. These strategies should enhance the antibiotic efficacy, reduce dosage and toxicity, and bypass MRSA resistance. In this study, we used a checkerboard assay to illustrate the significant synergistic anti-MRSA effect of shikimic acid (SA), a naturally occurring compound, and ceftiofur (CF). Time-kill curves further revealed that a combination of 1/4 of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of SA and 1/8 MIC of the sodium CF eradicated MRSA within 2 h, with no noticeable toxicity observed with these concentrations. In vivo experiments confirmed that this combination therapy demonstrated robust antimicrobial activity against MRSA-induced bacteremia in mice, significantly reducing bacterial loads in the kidneys, liver, and spleen, attenuating inflammatory cell infiltration, and alleviating pathological damage. This study not only offers a compelling strategy, capitalizing on the synergistic potential of SA and CF, to rapidly address antibiotic resistance but also contributes significantly to the refinement of antimicrobial therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuohui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Qianqian Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Shiyin Qu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Junjie Tan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yulong Tang
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Pishun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
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3
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Sheng Q, Yi L, Zhong B, Wu X, Liu L, Zhang B. Shikimic acid biosynthesis in microorganisms: Current status and future direction. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 62:108073. [PMID: 36464143 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Shikimic acid (SA), a hydroaromatic natural product, is used as a chiral precursor for organic synthesis of oseltamivir (Tamiflu®, an antiviral drug). The process of microbial production of SA has recently undergone vigorous development. Particularly, the sustainable construction of recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum (141.2 g/L) and Escherichia coli (87 g/L) laid a solid foundation for the microbial fermentation production of SA. However, its industrial application is restricted by limitations such as the lack of fermentation tests for industrial-scale and the requirement of growth-limiting factors, antibiotics, and inducers. Therefore, the development of SA biosensors and dynamic molecular switches, as well as genetic modification strategies and optimization of the fermentation process based on omics technology could improve the performance of SA-producing strains. In this review, recent advances in the development of SA-producing strains, including genetic modification strategies, metabolic pathway construction, and biosensor-assisted evolution, are discussed and critically reviewed. Finally, future challenges and perspectives for further reinforcing the development of robust SA-producing strains are predicted, providing theoretical guidance for the industrial production of SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sheng
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Nanchang 330045, China; Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Lingxin Yi
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Nanchang 330045, China; Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Bin Zhong
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Nanchang 330045, China; Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Nanchang 330045, China; Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Liming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Nanchang 330045, China; Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
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Martinelli R, Rufino LR, de Melo AC, Alcántara-de la Cruz R, da Silva MFDGF, da Silva JR, Boaretto RM, Monquero PA, Mattos D, de Azevedo FA. Glyphosate excessive use chronically disrupts the shikimate pathway and can affect photosynthesis and yield in citrus trees. Chemosphere 2022; 308:136468. [PMID: 36116622 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate excessive use is reported in Brazilian citrus orchards, whereas there is speculation about its consequences and the published studies are contradictory and inconclusive. This study aimed to describe the possible harmful effects by simulating glyphosate drift directly to the leaves of ∼4-yr-old citrus plants. As major results, glyphosate doses >360 g ae ha-1 increased the shikimate accumulation in leaves (up to 2.3-times above control), which was increased after a second glyphosate application (up to 3.5-times above control), even after a 240-d interval. Interestingly, shikimate accumulation was occasionally related to a dose-response of the herbicide at specific times; however, the doses had their accumulation peak on determined dates. These accumulations were directly correlated to reduced net photosynthesis even months after the glyphosate sprays. Quantum productivity based on electron transport through the photosystem II and apparent electron transport reductions up to 17% were also observed during the entire experiment course. Similarly, quantum productivity based on CO2 assimilation of glyphosate sprayed leaves decreased up to four times compared to the control after the second application. Glyphosate doses >360 g ae ha-1 increased stomatal conductance and transpiration as the carboxylation efficiency decreased, evidencing a carbon drainage in the Calvin-Benson cycle. These metabolic and physiological disturbances suggest possible photooxidative damage and an increase in photorespiration, which may be a mitigation strategy by the citrus plants to glyphosate effects, by the cost of reducing the citrus fruit yield (up to 57%). It is concluded that glyphosate phytotoxicity damages citrus plants over time due to chronic disturbances in the shikimate pathway and photosynthesis, even when there are no symptoms. This study is the first report to demonstrate how glyphosate damages citrus trees beyond the shikimate pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Martinelli
- Agronomic Institute (IAC), Sylvio Moreira Citrus Center, Cordeirópolis, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dirceu Mattos
- Agronomic Institute (IAC), Sylvio Moreira Citrus Center, Cordeirópolis, São Paulo, Brazil
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Tao R, Lu Y, Xia W, Zhang C, Wang C. Characterization and antibacterial activity of ruthenium-based shikimate cross-linked chitosan composites. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 217:890-901. [PMID: 35907455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The unsustainable antibacterial activity of ruthenium antibacterial agents is an important factor limiting their applications. This present work attempts to prepare ruthenium (Ru) coordination polymer composites with chitosan quaternary ammonium polymers (CQ) and shikimic acid (SA) through the interaction of ionic bonds and covalent bonds by microwave-assisted high-pressure homogenization methods. The prepared CQ@Ru-SA was characterized by size distribution, zeta potential, TEM, UV-vis, FTIR, XPS and XRD analyses. The coordination structure and morphology of Bridge-CQ-NH-Ru-SA were verified. The CQ@Ru-SA was well-dispersed in both the aqueous or anhydrous states. MIC and MBC, time-killing curves, biofilm formation inhibition assay, mature biofilm disruption assay, SEM, Ca2+ mobilization assay and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activity studies revealed that CQ@Ru-SA had a stronger inhibitory effect against S. aureus than CQ and showed sustained antibacterial properties in the dynamic time-killing curves. Meanwhile, CQ@Ru-SA had good antibacterial effects against S. aureus and inhibited their biofilm forming ability in a dose-dependent manner. Further studies on antibacterial mechanisms revealed that CQ@Ru-SA influenced cell membrane integrity, Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activity on the cell membrane and intracellular Ca2+ levels of S. aureus. This study will provide the necessary data for the further design and development of ruthenium-based photosensitive antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Tao
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu Province, China; Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, CAF, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Yin Lu
- General Hospital of Eastern Theater Command, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wubing Xia
- Jiangsu Honghui Pharmaceutical Company Limited, China
| | - Changwei Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu Province, China; Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, CAF, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Chengzhang Wang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu Province, China; Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, CAF, Beijing 100091, China.
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Ganorkar PV, Jadeja GC, Desai MA. Extraction of shikimic acid from water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) using sonication: An approach towards waste valorization. J Environ Manage 2022; 305:114419. [PMID: 34991027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Shikimic acid (SA) is a valuable compound found in water hyacinth and is a precursor for synthesis of antiviral drug oseltamivir phosphate (Tamiflu®) which is used to treat H5N1 avian influenza. In the present work, the acid was extracted from different morphological parts (stem, leaves, and roots) of water hyacinth (a notorious aquatic weed) using sonication. The parametric study has been conducted by varying sonication time (10-50 min), solvent composition (methanol + water), solvent volume (20-50 mL), amplitude of sonication (30-60%), and pulse ratio (20-50%) for improving the recovery of shikimic acid (SA), antioxidant activity (AA) and total phenolic content (TPC) of water hyacinth extract. Also, the acid was extracted conventionally as a benchmark study. The highest yield of 2.4% at 40 min and 3.1% at 30 min was observed in case of conventional and ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE), respectively for stem. Leaves showed a higher TPC value of 7.4 mg GAE/g biomass and a higher AA was observed 83.21% at 20 min for stem in case of conventional method. The highest TPC value of 11.11 mg GAE/g biomass has been observed for leaves while stem has shown the highest AA of 87.72% at 10 min of sonication time for UAE. It was possible to recover the valuable chemicals with better processing conditions in the case of UAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti V Ganorkar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Ichchhanath, Surat, 395007, Gujarat, India
| | - G C Jadeja
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Ichchhanath, Surat, 395007, Gujarat, India
| | - Meghal A Desai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Ichchhanath, Surat, 395007, Gujarat, India.
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7
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Komera I, Gao C, Guo L, Hu G, Chen X, Liu L. Bifunctional optogenetic switch for improving shikimic acid production in E. coli. Biotechnol Biofuels Bioprod 2022; 15:13. [PMID: 35418155 PMCID: PMC8822657 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02111-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomass formation and product synthesis decoupling have been proven to be promising to increase the titer of desired value add products. Optogenetics provides a potential strategy to develop light-induced circuits that conditionally control metabolic flux redistribution for enhanced microbial production. However, the limited number of light-sensitive proteins available to date hinders the progress of light-controlled tools. RESULTS To address these issues, two optogenetic systems (TPRS and TPAS) were constructed by reprogramming the widely used repressor TetR and protease TEVp to expand the current optogenetic toolkit. By merging the two systems, a bifunctional optogenetic switch was constructed to enable orthogonally regulated gene transcription and protein accumulation. Application of this bifunctional switch to decouple biomass formation and shikimic acid biosynthesis allowed 35 g/L of shikimic acid production in a minimal medium from glucose, representing the highest titer reported to date by E. coli without the addition of any chemical inducers and expensive aromatic amino acids. This titer was further boosted to 76 g/L when using rich medium fermentation. CONCLUSION The cost effective and light-controlled switch reported here provides important insights into environmentally friendly tools for metabolic pathway regulation and should be applicable to the production of other value-add chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Komera
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,International Joint Laboratory On Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Cong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,International Joint Laboratory On Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Liang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,International Joint Laboratory On Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Guipeng Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xiulai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,International Joint Laboratory On Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Liming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,International Joint Laboratory On Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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Tan Y, Agustin RVC, Stein LY, Sauvageau D. Transcriptomic analysis of synchrony and productivity in self-cycling fermentation of engineered yeast producing shikimic acid. Biotechnol Rep (Amst) 2021; 32:e00691. [PMID: 34934640 PMCID: PMC8660916 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2021.e00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Industrial fermentation provides a wide variety of bioproducts, such as food, biofuels and pharmaceuticals. Self-cycling fermentation (SCF), an advanced automated semi-continuous fermentation approach, has shown significant advantages over batch reactors (BR); including cell synchrony and improved production. Here, Saccharomyces cerevisiae engineered to overproduce shikimic acid was grown under SCF operation. This led to four-fold increases in product yield and volumetric productivity compared to BR. Transcriptomic analyses were performed to understand the cellular mechanisms leading to these increases. Results indicate an up-regulation of a large number of genes related to the cell cycle and DNA replication in the early stages of SCF cycles, inferring substantial synchronization. Moreover, numerous genes related to gluconeogenesis, the citrate cycle and oxidative phosphorylation were significantly up-regulated in the late stages of SCF cycles, consistent with significant increases in shikimic acid yield and productivity.
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Key Words
- BR, Batch reactor
- CER, Carbon dioxide evolution rate
- DDT, Dithiothreitol
- DNA, Deoxyribonucleic acid
- EDTA, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- FC, Fold change
- OD600, Optical density at 600 nm
- RNA, Ribonucleic acid
- SCF, Self-cycling fermentation
- STP, Standard temperature and pressure
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae
- Self-cycling fermentation (SCF)
- Shikimic acid
- Synchrony
- Transcriptomics
- cDNA, Complementary deoxyribonucleic acid
- mRNA, Messenger ribonucleic acid
- qPCR, Quantitative polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Tan
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Roman Vincent C. Agustin
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lisa Y. Stein
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dominic Sauvageau
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Gruenberg M, Irla M, Myllek S, Draths K. Characterization of two 3-deoxy-d-Arabino-Heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthases from Bacillusmethanolicus. Protein Expr Purif 2021; 188:105972. [PMID: 34517109 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2021.105972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
3-Deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate (DAHP) synthase catalyzes the condensation of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) with d-erythrose 4-phosphate (E4P) and plays an important role in regulating carbon flux toward aromatic amino acid biosynthesis in bacteria and plants. Sequence analysis of the DAHP synthases AroG1 and AroG2 from Bacillus methanolicus MGA3 suggested this thermophilic, methylotrophic bacterium possesses two type Iβ DAHP synthases. This study describes production of AroG1 and AroG2 in Escherichia coli as hexa-histidine fused proteins, which were purified by affinity chromatography. Treatment with TEV protease afforded native proteins for characterization and kinetic analysis. AroG1 and AroG2 are, respectively, 30.1 kDa and 40.0 kDa proteins. Both enzymes have maximal activity over a pH range of 6.3-7.2. The apparent kinetic parameters at 50 °C and pH 7.2 for AroG1 are KmPEP 1100 ± 100 μM, KmE4P 530 ± 100 μM, and kcat 10.3 ± 1.2 s-1. The kinetic parameters for AroG2 are KmPEP 90 ± 20 μM, KmE4P 130 ± 40 μM, and kcat 2.0 ± 0.2 s-1. At 50 °C AroG2 retains 50% of its activity after 96 min whereas AroG1 retains less than 5% of its activity after 10 min. AroG2, which contains an N-terminal regulatory domain, is inhibited by chorismate and prephenate but not l-phenylalanine, l-tyrosine, or l-tryptophan. AroG1 is not inhibited by any of the molecules examined. Understanding DAHP synthase regulation in B. methanolicus is a first step toward generating biocatalysts that exploit the target-rich aromatic amino acid biosynthetic pathway for synthesis of chemicals from methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Gruenberg
- Department of Chemistry, 578 S. Shaw Lane, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Marta Irla
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7034 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Sebastian Myllek
- Department of Chemistry, 578 S. Shaw Lane, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Karen Draths
- Department of Chemistry, 578 S. Shaw Lane, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Borah R, Bhattacharjee A, Rao SR, Kumar V, Sharma P, Upadhaya K, Choudhury H. Genetic diversity and population structure assessment using molecular markers and SPAR approach in Illicium griffithii, a medicinally important endangered species of Northeast India. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:118. [PMID: 34374870 PMCID: PMC8355293 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00211-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Illicium griffithii is an aromatic medicinal tree species that has been listed in the IUCN Red List as an endangered species. Dried seed pods of I. griffithii have a good market potential in the spices and pharmaceutical industries. Fruits are the potential source of shikimic acid and used for the production of oseltamivir (a drug against bird flu). However, in recent years, unscientific harvesting and rampant exploitation of the species has caused a negative and adverse effect on its natural population. Proper knowledge of genetic diversity and population structure is crucial to understand the population dynamics, adaptation, and evolutionary pattern of a particular species for conservation. It was from this view point that the present study was undertaken so as to compare the various types of DNA-based molecular markers namely RAPD, ISSR, DAMD, and SCoT by their efficiency and SPAR approach to evaluate the genetic diversity of I. griffithii as well as to analyze population genetic structure for conservation purpose. RESULT A total of 250 discernible bands were generated with 246 bands (98.40 %) being polymorphic in nature. All the primers in combination gave a mean polymorphic information content (PIC) of 0.81 and Rp value (resolving power) of 4.32. Nei's, Gst, and AMOVA analysis showed similar values of genetic differentiation among populations (Gst = 0.396, FST = 0.30, respectively), revealing a low level of genetic differentiation among the eight sampled populations. I. griffithii with an estimated gene flow value of Nm = 0.761 was significantly low among populations. Clustering pattern obtained with Bayesian structure and PCoA diagram revealed that intermixing of genetic material across populations is only possible when the populations lie close to each other. This is further validated with UPGMA clustering method where a positive correlation of genetic variability with geographical distance among closely related populations could be clearly seen. CONCLUSION The result aids in the identification, collection, and preservation of diverse germplasm of I. griffithii from Arunachal Pradesh and Meghalaya of Northeast India. This would further help in understanding the population structure and genetic diversity among other Illicium species in order to formulate effective conservation strategies for the improvement of this endangered taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Borah
- Department of Basic Sciences and Social Sciences, School of Technology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, 793022, India.,Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, 793022, India
| | - Atanu Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, 793022, India
| | - Satyawada Rama Rao
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, 793022, India
| | - Vineet Kumar
- Chemistry and Bioprospecting Division, Forest Research Institute, Indian Council of Forestry Research & Education, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248006, India
| | - Pradeep Sharma
- Chemistry and Bioprospecting Division, Forest Research Institute, Indian Council of Forestry Research & Education, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248006, India
| | - Krishna Upadhaya
- Department of Basic Sciences and Social Sciences, School of Technology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, 793022, India
| | - Hiranjit Choudhury
- Department of Basic Sciences and Social Sciences, School of Technology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, 793022, India.
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Kwon YW, Lee SH, Kim AR, Kim BJ, Park WS, Hur J, Jang H, Yang HM, Cho HJ, Kim HS. Plant callus-derived shikimic acid regenerates human skin through converting human dermal fibroblasts into multipotent skin-derived precursor cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:346. [PMID: 34116724 PMCID: PMC8196440 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02409-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The human skin-derived precursors (SKPs) are a good cell source for regeneration. However, the isolation of SKP from human skin is limited. To overcome this drawback, we hypothesized that the component of plant stem cells could convert human fibroblasts to SKPs. Methods Human dermal fibroblasts were treated with shikimic acid, a major component of Sequoiadendron giganteum callus extract. The characteristics of these reprogrammed cells were analyzed by qPCR, western blot, colony-forming assay, and immunofluorescence staining. Artificial human skin was used for CO2 laser-induced wound experiments. Human tissues were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Results The reprogrammed cells expressed nestin (a neural precursor-specific protein), fibronectin, and vimentin and could differentiate into the ectodermal and mesodermal lineage. Nestin expression was induced by shikimic acid through the mannose receptor and subsequent MYD88 activation, leading to P38 phosphorylation and then CREB binding to the nestin gene promoter. Finally, we confirmed that shikimic acid facilitated the healing of cut injury and enhanced dermal reconstruction in a human artificial skin model. Moreover, in a clinical study with healthy volunteers, plant callus extracts increased the expression of stem cell markers in the basal layer of the epidermis and collagen deposit in the dermis. Conclusions These results indicate that shikimic acid is an effective agent for tissue regeneration. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02409-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo-Wook Kwon
- Strategic Center of Cell and Bio Therapy for Heart, Diabetes & Cancer, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Hyae Lee
- Clinical Research Team, SK Chemical, Life Science Biz., Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13494, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah-Reum Kim
- Skin Research Division, AMOREPACIFIC Corp. R&D Unit, Yongin, -si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Joon Kim
- Departments of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Seok Park
- Skin Research Division, AMOREPACIFIC Corp. R&D Unit, Yongin, -si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, 50612, Korea
| | - Hyunduk Jang
- Strategic Center of Cell and Bio Therapy for Heart, Diabetes & Cancer, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Mo Yang
- Strategic Center of Cell and Bio Therapy for Heart, Diabetes & Cancer, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jai Cho
- Strategic Center of Cell and Bio Therapy for Heart, Diabetes & Cancer, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Soo Kim
- Strategic Center of Cell and Bio Therapy for Heart, Diabetes & Cancer, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea. .,Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea. .,Cardiovascular Center & Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Malalgoda M, Ohm JB, Howatt KA, Green A, Simsek S. Effects of pre-harvest glyphosate use on protein composition and shikimic acid accumulation in spring wheat. Food Chem 2020; 332:127422. [PMID: 32623129 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
During wheat cultivation, glyphosate-based herbicides are recommended to be applied a week prior to harvest during the ripe stage of physiological maturity. However, some grains may not be at this physiological stage due to non-uniform maturation within the field. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of glyphosate-based herbicide timing on the chemistry of wheat gluten proteins and shikimic acid accumulation. The results of the study indicate that pre-harvest glyphosate application does not impact the amino acid composition, protein secondary structure or gluten protein composition. However, pre-harvest glyphosate application decreased the molecular weight of SDS extractable and unextractable proteins, and significantly increased the amount of shikimic acid accumulation, especially when applied early. Thus, this study indicates that pre-harvest use of glyphosate-based herbicides can cause significant differences in wheat protein chemistry and shikimic acid levels, especially when applied earlier than recommended, emphasizing the importance of timely application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maneka Malalgoda
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - Jae-Bom Ohm
- USDA-ARS, Edward T. Schafer Research Center, Cereal Crops Research Unit, Hard Spring and Durum Wheat Quality Laboratory, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Kirk A Howatt
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - Andrew Green
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - Senay Simsek
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
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13
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Sikorski Ł, Baciak M, Bęś A, Adomas B. The effects of glyphosate-based herbicide formulations on Lemna minor, a non-target species. Aquat Toxicol 2019; 209:70-80. [PMID: 30739875 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Research into plants plays an important role in evaluations of water pollution with pesticides. Lemna minor (common duckweed) is widely used as an indicator organism in environmental risk assessments. The aim of this study was to determine by biological Lemna test and chemical methods the effect of glyphosate (GlyPh) concentrations of 0-40 μM on duckweed, an important link in the food chain. There are no published data on glyphosate's effects on the activity of enzymes of the amine biosynthesis pathway: ornithine decarboxylase, S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, tyrosine decarboxylase, lysine decarboxylase and arginine decarboxylase, and the content of shikimic acid and glyphosate residues in the tissues of common duckweed. It was found that glyphosate was taken up by duckweed. In plants exposed to 3 μM of glyphosate for 7 days, glyphosate content exceeded the acceptable Maximum Residue Level (MRL) 10-fold. Glyphosate accumulation in plant tissues exerted toxic effects on duckweed by decreasing its growth and yield, inhibiting the synthesis of chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids, and decreasing the photochemical activity of photosystem II (PSII). However, glyphosate increased the concentration of shikimic acid in the tested plants. The activity of ornithine decarboxylase increased 4-fold in plants exposed to 20 μM of the herbicide. As a water pollutant, glyphosate increased the content of biogenic amines tyramine, putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine and spermine. The activity of peroxidase and catalase was highest in duckweed exposed to 20 μM and 7 μM of the herbicide, respectively. The predicted toxic units were calculated based on glyphosate content and the computed EC values. The mean effective concentration calculated for all morphological and biochemical parameters of duckweed was determined at EC10 = 1.55, EC25 = 3.36, EC50 = 6.62 and EC90 = 14.08 μM of glyphosate. The study demonstrated that glyphosate, the active ingredient of Roundup Ultra 360 SL herbicide, induces morphological and biochemical changes in non-target plants and exerts toxic effects on aquatic ecosystems even during short-term exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Sikorski
- Department of Chemistry, Research Group of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 17, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Michał Baciak
- Department of Chemistry, Research Group of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 17, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Bęś
- Department of Chemistry, Research Group of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 17, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Barbara Adomas
- Department of Chemistry, Research Group of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 17, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland
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14
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Lu F, Yin D, Pu Y, Liu W, Li Z, Shao Q, He C, Cao L. Shikimic Acid Promotes Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cell Differentiation and Accelerates Remyelination in Mice. Neurosci Bull 2019; 35:434-446. [PMID: 30684125 PMCID: PMC6527532 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-018-0322-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The obstacle to successful remyelination in demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, mainly lies in the inability of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) to differentiate, since OPCs and oligodendrocyte-lineage cells that are unable to fully differentiate are found in the areas of demyelination. Thus, promoting the differentiation of OPCs is vital for the treatment of demyelinating diseases. Shikimic acid (SA) is mainly derived from star anise, and is reported to have anti-influenza, anti-oxidation, and anti-tumor effects. In the present study, we found that SA significantly promoted the differentiation of cultured rat OPCs without affecting their proliferation and apoptosis. In mice, SA exerted therapeutic effects on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), such as alleviating clinical EAE scores, inhibiting inflammation, and reducing demyelination in the CNS. SA also promoted the differentiation of OPCs as well as their remyelination after lysolecithin-induced demyelination. Furthermore, we showed that the promotion effect of SA on OPC differentiation was associated with the up-regulation of phosphorylated mTOR. Taken together, our results demonstrated that SA could act as a potential drug candidate for the treatment of demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengfeng Lu
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of The Ministry of Education, and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Dou Yin
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of The Ministry of Education, and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yingyan Pu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of The Ministry of Education, and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Weili Liu
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of The Ministry of Education, and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhenghao Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of The Ministry of Education, and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Qi Shao
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of The Ministry of Education, and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Cheng He
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China. .,Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of The Ministry of Education, and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Li Cao
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of The Ministry of Education, and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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15
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Syarifah-Noratiqah SB, Zulfarina MS, Ahmad SU, Fairus S, Naina-Mohamed I. The Pharmacological Potential of Oil Palm Phenolics (OPP) Individual Components. Int J Med Sci 2019; 16:711-719. [PMID: 31217739 PMCID: PMC6566743 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.29934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The oil palm tree (Elaeis guineensis) from the family Arecaceae is a high oil-producing agricultural crop. A significant amount of vegetation liquor is discarded during the palm oil milling process amounting to 90 million tons per year around the world. This water-soluble extract is rich in phenolic compounds known as Oil Palm Phenolics (OPP). Several phenolic acids including the three isomers of caffeoylshikimic acid (CFA), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA), protocatechuic acid (PCA) and hydroxytyrosol are among the primary active ingredients in the OPP. Previous investigations have reported several positive pharmacological potentials by OPP such as neuroprotective and atheroprotective effects, anti-tumor and reduction in Aβ deposition in Alzheimer's disease model. In the current review, the pharmacological potential for CFA, PHBA, PCA and hydroxytyrosol is carefully reviewed and evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed S Zulfarina
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shihab Uddin Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Syed Fairus
- Metabolics Unit, Advanced Biotechnology and Breeding Centre (ABBC), Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Isa Naina-Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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16
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Chen X, Li X, Zhai X, Zhi X, Cao L, Qin L, Su J. Shikimic Acid Inhibits Osteoclastogenesis in Vivo and in Vitro by Blocking RANK/TRAF6 Association and Suppressing NF-κB and MAPK Signaling Pathways. Cell Physiol Biochem 2018; 51:2858-2871. [PMID: 30562759 DOI: 10.1159/000496039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Bone homeostasis is associated with the balance between bone-resorbing osteoclasts and bone-forming osteoblasts. Unbalanced bone homeostasis as a result of reduced osteogenesis or excessive osteoclastogenesis can lead to disorders such as osteoporosis, Paget's disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. Shikimic acid is a cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, reported to exhibit pharmacological properties including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. However, its effects on bone homeostasis remain unknown. METHODS First, the in vitro MTT cell viability assay was performed. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and actin ring formation assays, as well as immunofluorescence staining were then performed to evaluate osteoclastogenesis. Potential signaling pathways were characterized by western blotting and verified in overexpression experiments. Related factors were examined by western blotting, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and co-immunoprecipitation. Ovariectomized mice were used for the in vivo study. RESULTS TRAP staining showed that shikimic acid significantly inhibited osteoclastogenesis and pit resorption in bone marrow monocytes and RAW264.7 cells, and actin ring formation assays showed that shikimic acid suppressed the bone resorption function of osteoclasts. Furthermore, shikimic acid inhibited the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB RANK/tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) association, suppressed nuclear factor-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways, and downregulated nuclear factor of activated T-cell cytoplasmic 1. The expression of osteoclastogenesis biomarkers, including TRAF6, calcitonin receptor, TRAP, cathepsin K, and matrix metalloproteinase-9, was inhibited. In vivo, shikimic acid also significantly ameliorated bone loss and prevented osteoclastogenesis in ovariectomized mice. CONCLUSION Shikimic acid inhibited osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast function by blocking RANK ligand-induced recruitment of TRAF6, as well as downstream signaling pathways in vitro. Shikimic acid also reduced ovariectomy-induced osteoclastogenesis and bone loss in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,China-South Korea Bioengineering Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqun Li
- Graduate Management Unit, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Zhai
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Zhi
- Graduate Management Unit, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liehu Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,China-South Korea Bioengineering Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Longjuan Qin
- Orthopedic Basic and Translational Research Center, Jiangyin, China
| | - Jiacan Su
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, .,China-South Korea Bioengineering Center, Shanghai,
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17
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Nabavi SM, Šamec D, Tomczyk M, Milella L, Russo D, Habtemariam S, Suntar I, Rastrelli L, Daglia M, Xiao J, Giampieri F, Battino M, Sobarzo-Sanchez E, Nabavi SF, Yousefi B, Jeandet P, Xu S, Shirooie S. Flavonoid biosynthetic pathways in plants: Versatile targets for metabolic engineering. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 38:107316. [PMID: 30458225 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants, fungi, and microorganisms are equipped with biosynthesis machinery for producing thousands of secondary metabolites. These compounds have important functions in nature as a defence against predators or competitors as well as other ecological significances. The full utilization of these compounds for food, medicine, and other purposes requires a thorough understanding of their structures and the distinct biochemical pathways of their production in cellular systems. In this review, flavonoids as classical examples of secondary metabolites are employed to highlight recent advances in understanding how valuable compounds can be regulated at various levels. With extensive diversity in their chemistry and pharmacology, understanding the metabolic engineering of flavonoids now allows us to fine-tune the eliciting of their production, accumulation, and extraction from living systems. More specifically, recent advances in the shikimic acid and acetate biosynthetic pathways of flavonoids production from metabolic engineering point of view, from genes expression to multiple principles of regulation, are addressed. Specific examples of plants and microorganisms as the sources of flavonoids-based compounds with particular emphasis on therapeutic applications are also discussed.
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18
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Martínez JA, Rodriguez A, Moreno F, Flores N, Lara AR, Ramírez OT, Gosset G, Bolivar F. Metabolic modeling and response surface analysis of an Escherichia coli strain engineered for shikimic acid production. BMC Syst Biol 2018; 12:102. [PMID: 30419897 PMCID: PMC6233605 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-018-0632-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Classic metabolic engineering strategies often induce significant flux imbalances to microbial metabolism, causing undesirable outcomes such as suboptimal conversion of substrates to products. Several mathematical frameworks have been developed to understand the physiological and metabolic state of production strains and to identify genetic modification targets for improved bioproduct formation. In this work, a modeling approach was applied to describe the physiological behavior and the metabolic fluxes of a shikimic acid overproducing Escherichia coli strain lacking the major glucose transport system, grown on complex media. Results The obtained flux distributions indicate the presence of high fluxes through the pentose phosphate and Entner-Doudoroff pathways, which could limit the availability of erythrose-4-phosphate for shikimic acid production even with high flux redirection through the pentose phosphate pathway. In addition, highly active glyoxylate shunt fluxes and a pyruvate/acetate cycle are indicators of overflow glycolytic metabolism in the tested conditions. The analysis of the combined physiological and flux response surfaces, enabled zone allocation for different physiological outputs within variant substrate conditions. This information was then used for an improved fed-batch process designed to preserve the metabolic conditions that were found to enhance shikimic acid productivity. This resulted in a 40% increase in the shikimic acid titer (60 g/L) and 70% increase in volumetric productivity (2.45 gSA/L*h), while preserving yields, compared to the batch process. Conclusions The combination of dynamic metabolic modeling and experimental parameter response surfaces was a successful approach to understand and predict the behavior of a shikimic acid producing strain under variable substrate concentrations. Response surfaces were useful for allocating different physiological behavior zones with different preferential product outcomes. Both model sets provided information that could be applied to enhance shikimic acid production on an engineered shikimic acid overproducing Escherichia coli strain. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12918-018-0632-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Martínez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, 62210, Morelos, México
| | - Alberto Rodriguez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, 62210, Morelos, México
| | - Fabian Moreno
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, 62210, Morelos, México
| | - Noemí Flores
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, 62210, Morelos, México
| | - Alvaro R Lara
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana (UAM), Vasco de Quiroga 4871, Colonia Santa Fe Cuajimalpa, Delegación Cuajimalpa de Morelos, México D.F., 05348, Mexico
| | - Octavio T Ramírez
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, 62210, Morelos, México
| | - Guillermo Gosset
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, 62210, Morelos, México
| | - Francisco Bolivar
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, 62210, Morelos, México.
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19
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Al-Malki AL. Shikimic acid from Artemisia absinthium inhibits protein glycation in diabetic rats. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 122:1212-1216. [PMID: 30227208 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of Shikimic Acid (SA) obtained from leaves of Artemisia absinthium on protein glycation in the retina of diabetic rats. The GC/MS analysis of A. absinthium showed that the most abundant bioactive compound was SA (C7H10O5) with a measured retention Index (RI) of 1960 compared to that of the reference sample (1712). Male albino rats were divided into two main groups, Group I (control) and Group II (diabetic); Group II was further divided into four subgroups: Group IIa (diabetic control), Group IIb (diabetic rats were given SA orally [50 mg/kg, body weight (bw)/day], Group IIc diabetic rats were given SA orally [100 mg/kg, bw/day], and Group IId (diabetic rats were given metformin orally [100 mg/kg, bw/day] as positive control). The data obtained suggested that SA reduced glucose and glycated hemoglobin levels. In addition, SA also decreased the formation of glucose-derived advanced glycation end products. Interestingly, SA showed interference with the release of inflammatory mediators in retina and possess antioxidant potential. In conclusion, SA protected the tissues from detrimental effects of hyperglycemia and enhanced antioxidant activity. SA could be a potential lead in the process of drug development in the future to prevent retinopathy in diabetic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman L Al-Malki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, Bioactive Natural Products Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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20
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Bilal M, Wang S, Iqbal HMN, Zhao Y, Hu H, Wang W, Zhang X. Metabolic engineering strategies for enhanced shikimate biosynthesis: current scenario and future developments. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:7759-7773. [PMID: 30014168 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9222-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Shikimic acid is an important intermediate for the manufacture of the antiviral drug oseltamivir (Tamiflu®) and many other pharmaceutical compounds. Much of its existing supply is obtained from the seeds of Chinese star anise (Illicium verum). Nevertheless, plants cannot supply a stable source of affordable shikimate along with laborious and cost-expensive extraction and purification process. Microbial biosynthesis of shikimate through metabolic engineering and synthetic biology approaches represents a sustainable, cost-efficient, and environmentally friendly route than plant-based methods. Metabolic engineering allows elevated shikimate production titer by inactivating the competing pathways, increasing intracellular level of key precursors, and overexpressing rate-limiting enzymes. The development of synthetic and systems biology-based novel technologies have revealed a new roadmap for the construction of high shikimate-producing strains. This review elaborates the enhanced biosynthesis of shikimate by utilizing an array of traditional metabolic engineering along with novel advanced technologies. The first part of the review is focused on the mechanistic pathway for shikimate production, use of recombinant and engineered strains, improving metabolic flux through the shikimate pathway, chemically inducible chromosomal evolution, and bioprocess engineering strategies. The second part discusses a variety of industrially pertinent compounds derived from shikimate with special reference to aromatic amino acids and phenazine compound, and main engineering strategies for their production in diverse bacterial strains. Towards the end, the work is wrapped up with concluding remarks and future considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China
| | - Songwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, CP 64849, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Yuping Zhao
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China
| | - Hongbo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- National Experimental Teaching Center for Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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Bai J, Wu Y, Zhong K, Xiao K, Liu L, Huang Y, Wang Z, Gao H. A Comparative Study on the Effects of Quinic Acid and Shikimic Acid on Cellular Functions of Staphylococcus aureus. J Food Prot 2018; 81:1187-1192. [PMID: 29939792 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Quinic acid (QA) and shikimic acid (SA), two kinds of natural organic acids, have been reported to exhibit potent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. In this study, the effects of QA and SA on the cellular functions of S. aureus were investigated by measuring the intracellular pH, intracellular and extracellular ATP concentrations, succinate dehydrogenase activity, DNA content, and interactions between SA and QA with S. aureus DNA. Studies of the cellular functions demonstrated that QA could significantly decrease the intracellular pH, whereas SA had no effect on intracellular pH. QA and SA reduced succinate dehydrogenase activity and caused a significant decrease in intracellular ATP concentration but no proportional increase in extracellular ATP. Moreover, QA and SA both could remarkably reduce the DNA content of S. aureus and directly interact with genomic DNA. The results suggested that the effects of QA and SA on cellular functions were distinguishable, although the chemical structures of these two compounds were similar. In conclusion, the results of the present research suggested that SA and QA could be used as antibacterial agents in food preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrong Bai
- 1 Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center and.,2 Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry, Textile and Food Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3657-8993 [J.B.]); and
| | - Yanping Wu
- 1 Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center and.,2 Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry, Textile and Food Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3657-8993 [J.B.]); and
| | - Kai Zhong
- 1 Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center and.,2 Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry, Textile and Food Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3657-8993 [J.B.]); and
| | - Kai Xiao
- 2 Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry, Textile and Food Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3657-8993 [J.B.]); and
| | - Lijin Liu
- 3 Department of Public Health, West China Medical School of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yina Huang
- 3 Department of Public Health, West China Medical School of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengshu Wang
- 3 Department of Public Health, West China Medical School of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Gao
- 1 Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center and.,2 Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Light Industry, Textile and Food Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3657-8993 [J.B.]); and
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Zhang X, Meng X, Wu J, Huang L, Chen S. Global ecological regionalization of 15 Illicium species: nature sources of shikimic acid. Chin Med 2018; 13:31. [PMID: 29983731 PMCID: PMC6003141 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-018-0186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Illicium plants are relevant officinal and ornamental species that are native in Eastern Asia, and they are the main sources of shikimic acid. Shikimic acid is an important component of Tamiflu, which is recognized for its ability to resist avian influenza by the World Health Organization. To determine areas where 15 Illicium species can be grown and to understand the importance of species diversity, we should enhance the prediction of suitable areas. METHODS In this study, the global potential distribution of 15 Illicium species was predicted using a geographic information system for global medicinal plants. RESULTS Results showed that the possible suitable areas for these plants in China covered 1357.68 × 104 km2 (56%), and the second-largest area spanning 527.42 × 104 km2 was found in the United States. Illicium verum Hook, an edible species with the highest shikimic acid content among them, grew in areas of 59.92 × 104 (48%), 64.04 × 104 (19%), and 60.53 × 104 km2(18%) in China, the United States, and Brazil, respectively. Illicium.difengpi B. N. Chamg, an endangered species, was distributed in an area of 19.03 × 104 km2 or 95% of the total area in China. CONCLUSIONS This research provided a guarantee for the demand of Tamiflu, presented strategies that helped protect endangered species, and provided a reference for species cultivation and introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Xiangxiao Meng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700 China
| | - Jie Wu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700 China
| | - Linfang Huang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Shilin Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700 China
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Cacciola F, Mangraviti D, Rigano F, Donato P, Dugo P, Mondello L, Cortes HJ. Novel comprehensive multidimensional liquid chromatography approach for elucidation of the microbosphere of shikimate-producing Escherichia coli SP1.1/pKD15.071 strain. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:3473-82. [PMID: 29167937 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0744-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Shikimic acid is a intermediate of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis and the preferred starting material for production of the most commonly prescribed anti-influenza drug, Tamiflu. Its six-membered carbocyclic ring is adorned with several chiral centers and various functionalities, making shikimic acid a valuable chiral synthon. When microbially-produced, in addition to shikimic acid, numerous other metabolites are exported out of the cytoplasm and accumulate in the culture medium. This extracellular matrix of metabolites is referred to as the microbosphere. Due to the high sample complexity, in this study, the microbosphere of shikimate-producing Escherichia coli SP1.1/pKD15.071 was analyzed by liquid chromatography and comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled to photodiode array and mass spectrometry detection. GC analysis of the trimethylsilyl derivatives was also carried out in order to support the elucidation of the selected metabolites in the microbosphere. The elucidation of the metabolic fraction of this bacterial strain might be of valid aid for improving, through genetic changes, the concentration and yield of shikimic acid synthesized from glucose. Graphical abstract.
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Men J, Wang R, Li H, Li X, Yang S, Liu H, Gao B. Preparation of crosslinked poly (acryloyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride) microsphere and its adsorption and mechanism towards shikimic acid. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2016; 71:167-175. [PMID: 27987694 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Shikimic acid (SA) is a key raw material for the synthesis of the antiviral drug, but its extraction and separation from plants is still limited. Crosslinked poly (acryloyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride, DAC) microspheres were synthesized via inverse-phase suspension polymerization. In the synthesizing, N,N'-methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) was used as crosslinker, cyclohexane as dispersed medium and span-60 as dispersants, obtaining CPDAC gel microspheres. The effect of polymerization condition on balling performance and the characteristics of CPDAC were examined. The adsorption properties of CPDAC towards SA were mainly explored and the data of adsorption isotherm were analyzed by using Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Sips and Toth models. Furthermore, the adsorption mechanism was analyzed in depth, and the adsorption thermodynamics was also investigated. The results show that in order to prepare CPDAC, water phase must be added dropwise to oil phase, and the volume ratio of oil-water is more than 2:1. The mean diameter of CPDAC decreases with increasing span-60 and accelerating agitating rate. The strong electrostatic interaction is formed between quaternary ammonium nitrogen of CPDAC and COO- of SA. The adsorption kinetic data is fitted well with pseudo-first-order model. The adsorption ability is higher in aqueous water than ethanol, reaching 108mg/g, and Toth model is more suitable for describing the actual adsorption process. The adsorption of CPDAC towards SA is dependent on the pH value of the medium. The adsorption process is exothermic, the adsorption amount decreases with the increase of temperature, and the process is driven by enthalpy. The adsorption amount decreases with the increase of salinity. The reusability of CPDAC towards SA can keep 86.1% at the sixth cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiying Men
- Department of Chemical engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China.
| | - Ruixin Wang
- Department of Chemical engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Chemical engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Xinyan Li
- Department of Chemical engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Shanshan Yang
- Department of Chemical engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Haisi Liu
- Department of Chemical engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Baojiao Gao
- Department of Chemical engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
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Zhang B, Liu ZQ, Liu C, Zheng YG. Application of CRISPRi in Corynebacterium glutamicum for shikimic acid production. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 38:2153-61. [PMID: 27623797 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2207-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To construct, test and exploit the CRISPRi system for enhancement of shikimic acid production with Corynebacterium glutamicum. RESULTS The CRISPRi system was used to regulate C. glutamicum gene expression at the transcriptional level. Hfq protein-mediated small regulatory RNAs system was compared with CRISPRi system. The more efficient CRISPRi system was used to adjust the metabolic flux involving the shikimic acid (SA) synthetic pathway. In 11 candidate genes, including transcription regulator, three targets were effective for increasing SA production. Through over-expression of ncgl1512 and down-regulating the expression of ncgl2008, ncgl2809, ncgl1856, the titers of SA increased 115 % to 7.76 g/l in 250 ml flasks and 23.8 g/l in 5 l fermentor, which is the highest shikimic acid yield reported for C. glutamicum. CONCLUSIONS CRISPRi system was constructed and is a high-performance and time-saving method to manipulate multiple genes in C. glutamicum for shikimic acid production. Moreover, CRISPRi-system was also effective in regulating the expression of a transcription regulator.
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Suástegui M, Shao Z. Yeast factories for the production of aromatic compounds: from building blocks to plant secondary metabolites. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 43:1611-1624. [PMID: 27581441 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-016-1824-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The aromatic amino acid biosynthesis pathway is a source to a plethora of commercially relevant chemicals with very diverse industrial applications. Tremendous efforts in microbial engineering have led to the production of compounds ranging from small aromatic molecular building blocks all the way to intricate plant secondary metabolites. Particularly, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been a great model organism given its superior capability to heterologously express long metabolic pathways, especially the ones containing cytochrome P450 enzymes. This review contains a collection of state-of-the-art metabolic engineering work devoted towards unraveling the mechanisms for enhancing the flux of carbon into the aromatic pathway. Some of the molecules discussed include the polymer precursor muconic acid, as well as important nutraceuticals (flavonoids and stilbenoids), and opium-derived drugs (benzylisoquinoline alkaloids).
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Suástegui
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA.,NSF Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Zengyi Shao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA. .,Microbiology Interdisciplinary Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA. .,NSF Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA.
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Rabelo TK, Guimarães AG, Oliveira MA, Gasparotto J, Serafini MR, de Souza Araújo AA, Quintans-Júnior LJ, Moreira JCF, Gelain DP. Shikimic acid inhibits LPS-induced cellular pro-inflammatory cytokines and attenuates mechanical hyperalgesia in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 39:97-105. [PMID: 27454847 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Shikimic acid (SA) is present in a wide variety of plants and microorganisms used in traditional and folk medicine and also is an essential starting material for the synthesis of the antiviral drug Oseltamivir (Tamiflu®). Some pharmacological actions observed in SA-enriched products include antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Here, we investigated the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive actions of isolated SA. METHODS RAW 264.7 macrophage cells were treated with bacterial LPS (1μg/mL) and the effect of SA on the modulation of cell viability, nitric oxide (NO) production, TNF-α, and IL-1β content and MAPK (ERK1/2 and p38) activation was evaluated. Besides, the anti-hyperalgesic actions of SA on in vivo model of mechanical hyperalgesia induced by carrageenan (CG), dopamine (DA), TNF-α and prostaglandin (PGE2) were assessed. RESULTS In RAW 264.7 cells, SA suppressed LPS-induced decrease in cell viability and nitrite accumulation to control values and inhibited up-regulation of TNF-α (65%) and IL-1β (39%). These effects may be mediated at least in part by inhibition of LPS-induced ERK 1/2 (22%) and p38 (17%) phosphorylation. In mice, SA at 50, 100, and 200mg/kg decreased formalin-induced nociceptive behavior (around 50%) and inhibited the inflammatory nociception induced by TNF-α and PGE2 (50 to 75% each). Moreover, SA (100 and 200mg/kg) significantly attenuated the mechanical hyperalgesia induced by CG and DA (25 to 40% each). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that SA presents anti-inflammatory actions with potential for development of drugs to treat pro-inflammatory and painful conditions.
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Scalabrin E, Radaelli M, Capodaglio G. Simultaneous determination of shikimic acid, salicylic acid and jasmonic acid in wild and transgenic Nicotiana langsdorffii plants exposed to abiotic stresses. Plant Physiol Biochem 2016; 103:53-60. [PMID: 26966898 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The presence and relative concentration of phytohormones may be regarded as a good indicator of an organism's physiological state. The integration of the rolC gene from Agrobacterium rhizogenes and of the rat glucocorticoid receptor (gr) in Nicotiana langsdorffii Weinmann plants has shown to determine various physiological and metabolic effects. The analysis of wild and transgenic N. langsdorffii plants, exposed to different abiotic stresses (high temperature, water deficit, and high chromium concentrations) was conducted, in order to investigate the metabolic effects of the inserted genes in response to the applied stresses. The development of a new analytical procedure was necessary, in order to assure the simultaneous determination of analytes and to obtain an adequately low limit of quantification. For the first time, a sensitive HPLC-HRMS quantitative method for the simultaneous determination of salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and shikimic acid was developed and validated. The method was applied to 80 plant samples, permitting the evaluation of plant stress responses and highlighting some metabolic mechanisms. Salicylic, jasmonic and shikimic acids proved to be suitable for the comprehension of plant stress responses. Chemical and heat stresses showed to induce the highest changes in plant hormonal status, differently affecting plant response. The potential of each genetic modification toward the applied stresses was marked and particularly the resistance of the gr modified plants was evidenced. This work provides new information in the study of N. langsdorffii and transgenic organisms, which could be useful for the further application of these transgenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Scalabrin
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University of Venice, Ca' Foscari, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy.
| | - Marta Radaelli
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes-CNR, University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Gabriele Capodaglio
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University of Venice, Ca' Foscari, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy; Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes-CNR, University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
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Mao C, Xie H, Chen S, Valverde BE, Qiang S. Multiple mechanism confers natural tolerance of three lilyturf species to glyphosate. Planta 2016; 243:321-35. [PMID: 26411727 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2408-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION A combination of unique EPSPS structure and increased gene copy number and expression contribute to natural glyphosate tolerance in three lilyturf species. A few plants are naturally tolerant to glyphosate, the most widely used non-selective herbicide worldwide. Here, the basis for natural tolerance to glyphosate in three lilyturf species, Ophiopogon japonicus (OJ), Liriope spicata (LS), and Liriope platyphylla (LP), is characterized. These species tolerate glyphosate at about five times the commercially recommended field dose. They share three unique amino acids in their 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) that affect glyphosate binding. These correspond to Asp71Met, Ala112Ile, and Val201Met amino acid variations compared to 231 other published plant EPSPS amino acid sequences. There was also a common deletion at 91 of a highly conserved glutamic acid. Glyphosate-treated lilyturf plants accumulated little shikimic acid but had significantly higher levels of EPSPS mRNA than initially expressed in the control. The IC50 of LsEPSPS was 14.0 µM compared to the 5.1 µM of Arabidopsis thaliana. The higher K m and K i values of LsEPSPS kinetics showed that LsEPSPS had lower substrate binding affinity to glyphosate. Overexpression of LsEPSPS in the recombinant E. coli BL21 (DE3) strain enhanced its tolerance to glyphosate. Both OJ and LS had two copies of the EPSPS gene, while LP had three copies. Therefore, a combination of unique EPSPS structure and increased gene copy number and expression contribute to natural glyphosate tolerance in the three lilyturf species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanjuan Mao
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hongjie Xie
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shiguo Chen
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Bernal E Valverde
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Sheng Qiang
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Alcántara de la Cruz R, Barro F, Domínguez-Valenzuela JA, De Prado R. Physiological, morphological and biochemical studies of glyphosate tolerance in Mexican Cologania (Cologania broussonetii (Balb.) DC.). Plant Physiol Biochem 2016; 98:72-80. [PMID: 26646239 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, glyphosate-tolerant legumes have been used as cover crops for weed management in tropical areas of Mexico. Mexican cologania (Cologania broussonetii (Balb.) DC.) is an innate glyphosate-tolerant legume with a potential as a cover crop in temperate areas of the country. In this work, glyphosate tolerance was characterized in two Mexican cologania (a treated (T) and an untreated (UT)) populations as being representatives of the species, compared in turn to a glyphosate-susceptible hairy fleabane (S) (Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq.) population. Experiments revealed that T and UT Mexican cologania populations had a higher tolerance index (TI), and a lower shikimic acid accumulation and foliar retention than the hairy fleabane S population. Absorption and translocation, leaf morphology and metabolism studies were only carried out in the Mexican cologania T population and the hairy fleabane S population. The latter absorbed 37% more (14)C-glyphosate compared to the Mexican cologania T at 96 h after treatment (HAT). Mexican cologania T translocated less herbicide from the treated leaf to the remainder of the plant than hairy fleabane S. The Mexican cologania T presented a greater epicuticular wax coverage percentage than the hairy fleabane S. This morphological characteristic contributed to the low glyphosate absorption observed in the Mexican cologania. In addition, the Mexican cologania T metabolized glyphosate mainly into AMPA, formaldehyde and sarcosine. These results indicate that the high glyphosate tolerance observed in Mexican cologania is mainly due to the poor penetration and translocation of glyphosate into the active site, and the high glyphosate degradation into non-toxic substances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Barro
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Spanish National Research Council (IAS-CSIC), E-14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Rafael De Prado
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Edaphology, University of Cordoba, E-14071, Cordoba, Spain
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Manna K, Khan A, Kr Das D, Bandhu Kesh S, Das U, Ghosh S, Sharma Dey R, Das Saha K, Chakraborty A, Chattopadhyay S, Dey S, Chattopadhyay D. Protective effect of coconut water concentrate and its active component shikimic acid against hydroperoxide mediated oxidative stress through suppression of NF-κB and activation of Nrf2 pathway. J Ethnopharmacol 2014; 155:132-146. [PMID: 24835026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Conventionally coconut water has been used as an 'excellent hydrating' drink that maintain the electrolyte balance and help in treating diverse ailments related to oxidative stress including liver function. The present study was aimed to elucidate whether and how the coconut water concentrate (CWC) and its major active phytoconstituent shikimic acid (SA) can effectively protect murine hepatocytes from the deleterious effect of hydroperoxide-mediated oxidative stress. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bioactivity guided fractionation of CWC resulted in the isolation of a couple of known compounds. Freshly isolated murine hepatocytes were exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (1 and 3mM) in the presence or absence of CWC (200 and 400 μg/ml) and SA (40 μM) for the determination of antioxidative, DNA protective, cellular ROS level by modern methods, including immunoblot and flowcytometry to find out the possible mechanism of action. RESULTS Pre-treatment of hepatocyte with CWC and SA showed significant prevention of H2O2-induced intracellular ROS generation, nuclear DNA damage along with the formation of hepatic TBARS and cellular nitrite. Further, the H2O2 induced cell death was arrested in the presence of CWC through the inhibition of CDC42 mediated SAPK/JNK pathways and activation of other molecules of apoptotic pathways, including Bax and caspase3. Moreover, CWC and SA help in maintaining the GSH level and endogenous antioxidants like Mn-SOD, to support intracellular defense mechanisms, probably through the transcriptional activation of Nrf2; and inhibition of nuclear translocation of NF-κB. CONCLUSION CWC and its active components SA reversed the H2O2 induced oxidative damage in hepatocytes, probably through the inhibition of NF-κB, with the activation of PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 pathway and reduction of apoptosis by interfering the SAPK/JNK/Bax pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnendu Manna
- Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Amitava Khan
- Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Dipesh Kr Das
- Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Swaraj Bandhu Kesh
- Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Ujjal Das
- Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Sayan Ghosh
- Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Rakhi Sharma Dey
- Department of Food & Nutrition, Barrackpore Rastraguru Surendranath College, North 24, Parganas 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Krishna Das Saha
- Cancer Biology & Inflammatory Disorder Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Anindita Chakraborty
- Radiation Biology Division, UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, Kolkata Centre, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata 700098, West Bengal, India
| | - Sreya Chattopadhyay
- Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Sanjit Dey
- Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India.
| | - Debprasad Chattopadhyay
- ICMR Virus Unit, ID & BG Hospital, GB-4, First Floor, 57 Dr. Suresh C Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, West Bengal, India
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Al-Amri SM. Improved growth, productivity and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants through application of shikimic acid. Saudi J Biol Sci 2013; 20:339-45. [PMID: 24235870 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Revised: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of seed presoaking of shikimic acid (30, 60 and 120 ppm) on growth parameters, fruit productivity and quality, transpiration rate, photosynthetic pigments and some mineral nutrition contents of tomato plants. Shikimic acid at all concentrations significantly increased fresh and dry weights, fruit number, average fresh and dry fruit yield, vitamin C, lycopene, carotenoid contents, total acidity and fruit total soluble sugars of tomato plants when compared to control plants. Seed pretreatment with shikimic acid at various doses induces a significant increase in total leaf conductivity, transpiration rate and photosynthetic pigments (Chl. a, chl. b and carotenoids) of tomato plants. Furthermore, shikimic acid at various doses applied significantly increased the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in tomato leaves as compared to control non-treated tomato plants. Among all doses of shikimic acid treatment, it was found that 60 ppm treatment caused a marked increase in growth, fruit productivity and quality and most studied parameters of tomato plants when compared to other treatments. On the other hand, no significant differences were observed in total photosynthetic pigments, concentrations of nitrogen and potassium in leaves of tomato plants treated with 30 ppm of shikimic acid and control plants. According to these results, it could be suggested that shikimic acid used for seed soaking could be used for increasing growth, fruit productivity and quality of tomato plants growing under field conditions.
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Singh A, Jain A, Sarma BK, Upadhyay RS, Singh HB. Rhizosphere competent microbial consortium mediates rapid changes in phenolic profiles in chickpea during Sclerotium rolfsii infection. Microbiol Res 2013; 169:353-60. [PMID: 24168925 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study was carried out with the aim of evaluating the effectiveness and potentiality of three compatible rhizosphere microbes, viz., fluorescent Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PHU094), Trichoderma harzianum (THU0816) and Mesorhizobium sp. (RL091), in promoting plant growth and mobilizing phenolic acid biosynthesis in chickpea under challenge of Sclerotium rolfsii. The microbes were applied as seed coating in different combinations in two experimental sets and the pathogen was inoculated after 25 days of sowing in one set. Results revealed that microbe application led to higher growth in chickpea particularly in the triple microbe combination compared to their individual treatments and control. Similarly, pathogen challenged plants accumulated higher amount of phenolic compounds both at the site of attack of the pathogen i.e. collar region as well as leaves compared to unchallenged plants. All the bioagents were found to trigger the level of phenolic compounds at collar region in varying degrees as compared to the healthy control (A). However, the most effective treatment was D7 (combined application of PHU094, THU0816 and RL091 with pathogen challenge) among all the treatments. Shikimic acid was maximally induced amongst all the phenolic compounds. In leaves also, the most effective treatment was D7 where shikimic acid, t-chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, myricetin, quercetin and syringic acid were produced in higher amounts as compared to treatment B where the plants were challenged only with the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Singh
- Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| | - Akansha Jain
- Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| | - Birinchi Kumar Sarma
- Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| | - Ram S Upadhyay
- Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| | - Harikesh Bahadur Singh
- Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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Rawat G, Tripathi P, Yadav S, Saxena RK. An interactive study of influential parameters for shikimic acid production using statistical approach, scale up and its inhibitory action on different lipases. Bioresour Technol 2013; 144:675-679. [PMID: 23871288 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.06.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Shikimic acid is the promising candidate as a building block for the industrial synthesis of drug Tamiflu used for the treatment of Swine flu. The fermentative production process using microbes present an excellent and even more sustainable alternative to the traditional plants based extraction methods. In the present study, the fermentative production of shikimic acid by Citrobacter freundii GR-21 (KC466031) was optimized by process engineering using a statistical modeling approach and a maximum amount of 16.78 g L(-1) was achieved. The process was also scaled up to 14L bioreactor to validate the production of shikimic acid. Further, the potential of anti-enzymatic nature of purified shikimic acid was evaluated for different lipases wherein, shikimic acid inhibited the hydrolysis of triglycerides by 55-60%. Shikimic acid also profoundly inhibited pancreatic lipase activity by 66%, thus providing another valuable therapeutic aspect for treating diet induced obesity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Rawat
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India.
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Bochkov DV, Sysolyatin SV, Kalashnikov AI, Surmacheva IA. Shikimic acid: review of its analytical, isolation, and purification techniques from plant and microbial sources. J Chem Biol 2012; 5:5-17. [PMID: 22826715 PMCID: PMC3251648 DOI: 10.1007/s12154-011-0064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Shikimic acid properties and its available analytical techniques are discussed. Plants having the highest content of shikimic acid are shown. The existing isolation methods are analyzed and the most optimal approaches to extracting this acid from natural sources (plants and microorganisms) are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis V. Bochkov
- Institute for Problems of Chemical and Energetic Technologies, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IPCET SB RAS), ul. Socialisticheskaya, 1, Biysk, 659322 Russia
| | - Sergey V. Sysolyatin
- Institute for Problems of Chemical and Energetic Technologies, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IPCET SB RAS), ul. Socialisticheskaya, 1, Biysk, 659322 Russia
| | - Alexander I. Kalashnikov
- Institute for Problems of Chemical and Energetic Technologies, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IPCET SB RAS), ul. Socialisticheskaya, 1, Biysk, 659322 Russia
| | - Irina A. Surmacheva
- Institute for Problems of Chemical and Energetic Technologies, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IPCET SB RAS), ul. Socialisticheskaya, 1, Biysk, 659322 Russia
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