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Bhavsar H, Robinson Z, Benson M, Getachew F, González-Rosa JM, Lafontant PJ. Lectins As Effective Tools in the Study of the Biliary Network and the Parenchymal Architecture of the Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) Liver. Zebrafish 2024; 21:177-180. [PMID: 38621207 PMCID: PMC11035847 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2023.0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins with specific affinity to glycoconjugates expressed in various tissues. Lectins are of substantial utility as research, histochemical, and diagnostic tools in mammalian systems. Reactivity of 12 commonly used plant-based lectins was studied in zebrafish liver. Four lectins, tomato lectin (TL), wheat germ agglutinin, concanavalin A, and Jacalin showed strong reactivity to hepatic parenchymal structures. Importantly, TL reacted to glycoconjugates within segments of the larval and adult intrahepatic biliary network, from canaliculi to bile ducts. We provide evidence that lectins can serve as important histochemical tools to investigate the structural and functional characteristics of the zebrafish liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden Bhavsar
- Biology Department, Grinnell College, Grinnell, Iowa, USA
| | - Zoe Robinson
- Biology Department, Grinnell College, Grinnell, Iowa, USA
| | - Matthew Benson
- Biology Department, Grinnell College, Grinnell, Iowa, USA
| | - Feven Getachew
- Biology Department, Grinnell College, Grinnell, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Pascal J. Lafontant
- Biology Department, Grinnell College, Grinnell, Iowa, USA
- Department of Biology, DePauw University, Greencastle, Indiana, USA
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Bolger MW, Tekkey T, Kohn DH. Peripheral canalicular branching is decreased in streptozotocin-induced diabetes and correlates with decreased whole-bone ultimate load and perilacunar elastic work. JBMR Plus 2024; 8:ziad017. [PMID: 38505218 PMCID: PMC10945723 DOI: 10.1093/jbmrpl/ziad017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteocytes, the most abundant cell type in bone, play a crucial role in mechanosensation and signaling for bone formation and resorption. These cells reside within a complex lacuno-canalicular network (OLCN). Osteocyte signaling is reduced under diabetic conditions, and both type 1 and type 2 diabetes lead to reduced bone turnover, perturbed bone composition, and increased fracture risk. We hypothesized that this reduced bone turnover, and altered bone composition with diabetes is associated with reduced OLCN architecture and connectivity. This study aimed to elucidate: (1) the sequence of OLCN changes with diabetes related to bone turnover and (2) whether changes to the OLCN are associated with tissue composition and mechanical properties. Twelve- to fourteen-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were administered streptozotocin at 50 mg/kg for 5 consecutive days to induce hyperglycemia, sacrificed at baseline (BL), or after being diabetic for 3 (D3) and 7 (D7) wk with age-matched (C3, C7) controls (n = 10-12 per group). Mineralized femoral sections were infiltrated with rhodamine, imaged with confocal microscopy, then the OLCN morphology and topology were characterized and correlated against bone histomorphometry, as well as local and whole-bone mechanics and composition. D7 mice exhibited a lower number of peripheral branches relative to C7. The total number of canalicular intersections (nodes) was lower in D3 and D7 relative to BL (P < 0.05 for all), and a reduced bone formation rate (BFR) was observed at D7 vs C7. The number of nodes explained only 15% of BFR, but 45% of Ct.BV/TV, and 31% of ultimate load. The number of branches explained 30% and 22% of the elastic work at the perilacunar and intracortical region, respectively. Collectively, the reduction in OLCN architecture and association of OLCN measures with bone turnover, mechanics, and composition highlights the relevance of the osteocyte and the OLCN and a potential therapeutic target for treating diabetic skeletal fragility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan W Bolger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Tara Tekkey
- Department of Chemistry, College of Literature, Science and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - David H Kohn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
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Abstract
Objective: This study is the first time to explore the feasibility of CO2 laser treating some eyelid lacrimal puncta benign tumor. Background: Eyelid lacrimal papillae is special anatomy region. Treatment of eyelid peripunctal tumor is relatively intractable and needs reconstruction of the lacrimal passage in most of the time. We use super pulse CO2 laser to treat peripunctal benign tumor and appears to be effective. Materials and methods: It contained 12 participants treated with super pulse CO2 laser photocoagulation without lacrimal duct silicone tube placement. The areas of lesions were as follows: eight cases were located in the upper eyelid lacrimal puncta, four cases in the lower lacrimal puncta. Super pulse CO2 laser was used to treat it. The follow-up period was 4 weeks, 24 weeks, and 3 years after treatment. Histological diagnoses were obtained in all patients. Results: All patients were satisfactory after treatment with their cosmetic outcomes, and the wounds are dry, with no infections. No patient has functional damage, secondary epiphora, and lacrimal drainage system obstruction. Complete epithelialization occurs 2-4 weeks after treatment and forms normal epithelium. It showed no obvious scars or notches after treatment, and only temporarily less hyperpigmentation is in the treated area than the circumambient normal skin. During the follow-up period, there were no complications and no relapses were observed. Conclusions: Super pulse CO2 laser therapy for eyelid peripunctal benign tumors without lacrimal duct silicone tube placement sometime appears to be available, effective, and well-tolerated alternative to traditional surgery in the clinic, especially for selected disease. The IRB proved number is 2016034.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Song
- Department of Facial plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, and Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Tong
- Department of Facial plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, and Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Facial plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, and Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Department of Otolaryngology, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Facial plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, and Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Feng S, Bao L, Qiu G, Liao Z, Deng Z, Chen N, Chu Y, Luo Z, Jin Y, Li X, Yang Y, Zhao L. [Observation of dendrite osteocytes of mice at different developmental stages using Ploton silver staining and phalloidin staining]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2020; 40:1656-1661. [PMID: 33243734 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.11.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the value of Ploton silver staining and phalloidin-iFlour 488 staining in observation of the morphology of osteocyte dendrites of mice at different developmental stages. METHODS The humerus and femurs were harvested from mice at 0 (P0), 5 (P5), 15 (P15), 21 (P21), 28 (P28), and 35 days (P35) after birth to prepare cryo-sections and paraffin sections. HE staining of P35 mouse femur sections served as a reference for observing osteocytes in the trabecular bone and cortical bone. The humeral sections at different developmental stages were stained with Ploton silver staining to observe the morphology of osteocytes and canaliculi, and the canalicular lengths in the cortical and trabecular bones of the humerus of the mice in each developmental stage were recorded. The cryo-sections of the humerus from P10 and P15 mice were stained with phalloidin iFlour-488 to observe the morphology of osteocytes and measurement of the length of osteocyte dendrites in the cortical bone. RESULTS In the trabecular bone of the humerus of P0-P15 mice, Ploton silver staining only visualized the outline of the osteocytes, and the morphology of the canaliculi was poorly defined. In P21 or older mice, Ploton silver staining revealed the morphology of the trabecular bone osteocytes and the canaliculi, which were neatly arranged and whose lengths increased significantly with age (P21 vs P28, P < 0.05; P21 vs P35, P < 0.05). In the humeral cortical bone of P15 mice, the morphology of the osteocytes and canalicular could be observed with Ploton silver staining, and the length of the regularly arranged canaliculi of the osteocytes increased significantly with age (P15 vs P21, P < 0.005; P15 vs P28, P < 0.0001; P15 vs P35, P < 0.0001). Phalloidin iFlour-488 staining was capable of visualizing the complete morphology of the osteocytes at P10 and P15; the osteocyte dendrites elongated progressively with age (P10 vs P15, P < 0.01) to form connections with the surrounding osteocytes. CONCLUSIONS Mouse osteocyte dendrites elongate progressively and their arrangement gradually becomes regular with age. Ploton silver staining can clearly visualize the morphology of the osteocytes and the canaliculi in adult mice but not in mice in early stages of development. Phalloidin iFlour-488 staining for labeling the cytoskeleton can be applied for mouse osteocytes at all developmental stages and allows morphological observation of mouse osteocytes in early developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhao Feng
- Department of Joint and Orthopedic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard University, Boston 02115, USA
| | - Liangxiao Bao
- Department of Joint and Orthopedic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Gengtao Qiu
- Department of Joint and Orthopedic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zheting Liao
- Department of Joint and Orthopedic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhonghao Deng
- Department of Joint and Orthopedic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Nachun Chen
- Department of Joint and Orthopedic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yuhao Chu
- Department of Joint and Orthopedic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ziheng Luo
- Department of Joint and Orthopedic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yu Jin
- Department of Joint and Orthopedic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Joint and Orthopedic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yingzi Yang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard University, Boston 02115, USA
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Joint and Orthopedic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Wittig NK, Laugesen M, Birkbak ME, Bach-Gansmo FL, Pacureanu A, Bruns S, Wendelboe MH, Brüel A, Sørensen HO, Thomsen JS, Birkedal H. Canalicular Junctions in the Osteocyte Lacuno-Canalicular Network of Cortical Bone. ACS Nano 2019; 13:6421-6430. [PMID: 31095362 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b08478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The osteocyte lacuno-canalicular network (LCN) is essential for bone remodeling because osteocytes regulate cell recruitment. This has been proposed to occur through liquid-flow-induced shear forces in the canaliculi. Models of the LCN have thus far assumed that it contains canaliculi connecting the osteocyte lacunae. However, here, we reveal that enlarged spaces occur at places where several canaliculi cross; we name these spaces canalicular junctions. We characterize them in detail within mice cortical bone using synchrotron nanotomography at two length scales, with 50 and 130 nm voxel size, and show that canalicular junctions occur at a density similar to that of osteocyte lacunae and that canalicular junctions tend to cluster. Through confocal laser scanning microscopy, we show that canalicular junctions are widespread as we have observed them in cortical bone from several species, even though the number density of the canalicular junctions was not universal. Fluid flow simulations of a simple model system with and without a canalicular junction clearly show that liquid mass transport and flow velocities are altered by the presence of canalicular junctions. We suggest that these canalicular junctions may play an important role in osteocyte communication and possibly also in canalicular fluid flow. Therefore, we believe that they constitute an important component in the bone osteocyte network.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Stefan Bruns
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen , 2100 Copenhagen Ø , Denmark
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Abstract
Studies of hepatic bile formation reported in 1958 established that it was an osmotically generated water flow. Intravenous infusion of sodium taurocholate established a high correlation between hepatic bile flow and bile acid excretion. Secretin, a hormone that stimulates bicarbonate secretion, was also found to increase hepatic bile flow. The sources of the water entering the biliary system with these two stimuli were differentiated by the use of mannitol. An increase in its excretion parallels the increase in bile flow in response to bile acids but not secretin, which led to a quantitative distinction between canalicular and ductular water flow. The finding of aquaglyceroporin-9 in the basolateral surface of the hepatocyte accounted for the rapid entry of mannitol into hepatocytes and its exclusion from water movement in the ductules where aquaporin-1 is present. Electron microscopy demonstrated that bile acids generate the formation of vesicles that contain lecithin and cholesterol after their receptor-mediated canalicular transport. Biophysical studies established that the osmotic effect of bile acids varies with their concentration and also with the proportion of mono-, di-, and trihydroxy bile acids and provides a basis for understanding their physiological effects. Because of the varying osmotic effect of bile acids, it is difficult to quantify bile acid independent flow generated by other solutes, such as glutathione, which enters the biliary system. Monohydroxy bile acids, by markedly increasing aggregation number, severely reduce water flow. Developing biomarkers for the noninvasive assessment of normal hepatic bile flow remains an elusive goal that merits further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman B Javitt
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
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Kong J, Liu BB, Wu SD, Wang Y, Jiang QQ, Guo EL. Enhancement of interaction of BSEP and HAX-1 on the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes in a mouse model of cholesterol cholelithiasis. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2014; 7:1644-1650. [PMID: 24817961 PMCID: PMC4014245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We induced gallstones in C57L mice fed with a high cholesterol diet and examined the expression of bile salt export pump (BSEP) on the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes and its relation with PKCα and HAX-1.Twenty-four gallstone-prone C57L mice were randomly assigned to receive a high cholesterol diet or a regular diet. Gallstone formation was recorded. BSEP, PKCα and phospho-PKCα expression was examined by immunoblotting assays. Co-expression of BSEP and HAX-1 was studied by immunofluorescent microscopy and immunoprecipitations. Gallstones were formed in all 12 mice fed with the high cholesterol diet. In Gallstone group, BSEP levels on the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes were markedly lower while a significant increase was observed in phosphorylated PKCα. Immunofluorescent microscopy showed that BSEP and HAX-1 were co-localized on the canalicular membrane, which was apparently enhanced by feeding with the high cholesterol diet. The immunoprecipitation assays further demonstrated that BSEP and HAX-1 showed enhanced interaction in the hepatocytes of mice fed with the high cholesterol diet. Cholesterol gallstone formation is associated with downregulation of BSEP expression on the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes with increased phosphorylation of PKCα. BSEP and HAX-1 show enhanced interaction with one another on the canalicular membrane during gallstone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Kong
- Department of Biliary and Minimally Invasive Surgery, China Medical University Shengjing Hospital Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Bin-Bin Liu
- Department of Biliary and Minimally Invasive Surgery, China Medical University Shengjing Hospital Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shuo-Dong Wu
- Department of Biliary and Minimally Invasive Surgery, China Medical University Shengjing Hospital Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Biliary and Minimally Invasive Surgery, China Medical University Shengjing Hospital Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Qing-Quan Jiang
- Department of Biliary and Minimally Invasive Surgery, China Medical University Shengjing Hospital Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - En-Ling Guo
- Department of Biliary and Minimally Invasive Surgery, China Medical University Shengjing Hospital Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Sharma D, Ciani C, Ramirez Marin PA, Levy JD, Doty SB, Fritton SP. Alterations in the osteocyte lacunar-canalicular microenvironment due to estrogen deficiency. Bone 2012; 51:488-97. [PMID: 22634177 PMCID: PMC3412941 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
While reduced estrogen levels have been shown to increase bone turnover and induce bone loss, there has been little analysis of the effects of diminished estrogen levels on the lacunar-canalicular porosity that houses the osteocytes. Alterations in the osteocyte lacunar-canalicular microenvironment may affect the osteocyte's ability to sense and translate mechanical signals, possibly contributing to bone degradation during osteoporosis. To investigate whether reduced estrogen levels affect the osteocyte microenvironment, this study used high-resolution microscopy techniques to assess the lacunar-canalicular microstructure in the rat ovariectomy (OVX) model of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Confocal microscopy analyses indicated that OVX rats had a larger effective lacunar-canalicular porosity surrounding osteocytes in both cortical and cancellous bone from the proximal tibial metaphysis, with little change in cortical bone from the diaphysis or cancellous bone from the epiphysis. The increase in the effective lacunar-canalicular porosity in the tibial metaphysis was not due to changes in osteocyte lacunar density, lacunar size, or the number of canaliculi per lacuna. Instead, the effective canalicular size measured using a small molecular weight tracer was larger in OVX rats compared to controls. Further analysis using scanning and transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that the larger effective canalicular size in the estrogen-deficient state was due to nanostructural matrix-mineral level differences like loose collagen surrounding osteocyte canaliculi. These matrix-mineral differences were also found in osteocyte lacunae in OVX, but the small surface changes did not significantly increase the effective lacunar size. The alterations in the lacunar-canalicular surface mineral or matrix environment appear to make OVX bone tissue more permeable to small molecules, potentially altering interstitial fluid flow around osteocytes during mechanical loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031
| | - Cesare Ciani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031
| | | | - Jessica D. Levy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031
| | - Stephen B. Doty
- Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021
| | - Susannah P. Fritton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031
- Corresponding author: Susannah P. Fritton, Ph.D., Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, Phone: 212-650-5213, Fax: 212-650-6727,
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Ciani C, Doty SB, Fritton SP. An effective histological staining process to visualize bone interstitial fluid space using confocal microscopy. Bone 2009; 44:1015-7. [PMID: 19442607 PMCID: PMC2825028 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.01.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Revised: 11/28/2008] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bone is a composite porous material with two functional levels of porosity: the vascular porosity that surrounds blood vessels and the lacunar-canalicular porosity that surrounds the osteocytes. Both the vascular porosity and lacunar-canalicular porosity are directly involved in interstitial fluid flow, thought to play an important role in bone's maintenance. Because of the small dimensions of the lacunar-canalicular porosity, interstitial fluid space has been difficult to visualize and quantify. We report a new staining protocol that is reliable and easily reproducible, using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) as a probe visualized by confocal microscopy. Reconstructed FITC-stained cross sections enable effective visualization of bone microstructure and microporosities. This new staining process can be used to analyze interstitial fluid space, providing high-resolution quantification of the vascular pores and the lacunar-canalicular network of cortical and cancellous bone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen B. Doty
- Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021
| | - Susannah P. Fritton
- Corresponding author: Mailing address: Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, Convent Avenue at 138 Street, New York, NY 10031, 212-650-5213 (voice); 212-650-6727 (fax),
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Abstract
Much recent evidence suggests that bone cells sense their mechanical environment via interstitial fluid flow. In this review, we summarize theoretical and experimental approaches to quantify fluid and solute transport in bone, starting with the early investigations of fluid shear stress applied to bone cells. The pathways of bone interstitial fluid and solute movement are high-lighted based on recent theoretical models, as well as a new generation of tracer experiments that have clarified and refined the structure and function of the osteocyte pericellular matrix. Then we trace how the fluid-flow models for mechanotransduction have evolved as new ultrastructural features of the osteocyte lacunar-canalicular porosity have been identified and how more recent in vitro fluid-flow and cell-stretch experiments have helped elucidate at the molecular level the possible pathways for cellular excitation in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah P. Fritton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, New York 10031
| | - Sheldon Weinbaum
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, New York 10031
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, New York 10031
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