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Bertamini M, Bobbio A. Silvia De Marchi (1929) on numerical estimation: A translation and commentary. Perception 2024:3010066241234612. [PMID: 38620014 DOI: 10.1177/03010066241234612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Vittorio Benussi (1878-1927) is known for numerous studies on optical illusions, visual and haptic perception, spatial and time perception. In Padova, he had a brilliant student who carefully worked on the topic of how people estimate numerosity, Silvia De Marchi (1897-1936). Her writings have never been translated into English before. Here we comment on her work and life, characterized also by the challenges faced by women in academia. The studies on perception of numerosity from her thesis were published as an article in 1929. We provide a translation from Italian, a redrawing of its 23 illustrations and of the graphs. It shows an original experimental approach and an anticipation of what later became known as magnitude estimation.
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Guadagnoli L, Hoffert Y, Den Hond S, Dreesen E, van Ryckeghem D, Van Damme S, Zaman J, Van Oudenhove L. Do we perceive sensations inside and outside of our body differently? Perceptual, emotional, and behavioral differences between visceral and somatic sensation, discomfort, and pain. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2024:e14787. [PMID: 38523349 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental research evaluating differences between the visceral and somatic stimulation is limited to pain and typically uses different induction methods for visceral and somatic stimulation (e.g., rectal balloon distention vs. tactile hand stimulation). Our study aimed to compare differences in response time, intensity, unpleasantness, and threat between identical electrical visceral and somatic stimulations at both painful and non-painful perceptual thresholds. METHODS Electrical stimulation was applied to the wrist and distal esophagus in 20 healthy participants. A double pseudorandom staircase determined perceptual thresholds of Sensation, Discomfort, and Pain for the somatic and visceral stimulations, separately. Stimulus reaction time (ms, via button press), and intensity, unpleasantness, and threat ratings were recorded after each stimulus. General linear mixed models compared differences in the four outcomes by stimulation type, threshold, and the stimulation type-by-threshold interaction. Sigmoidal maximum effect models evaluated differences in outcomes across all delivered stimulation intensities. KEY RESULTS Overall, visceral stimulations were perceived as more intense, threatening, and unpleasant compared to somatic stimulations, but participants responded faster to somatic stimulations. There was no significant interaction effect, but planned contrasts demonstrated differences at individual thresholds. Across all delivered intensities, higher intensity stimulations were needed to reach the half-maximum effect of self-reported intensity, unpleasantness, and threat ratings in the visceral domain. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Differences exist between modalities for both non-painful and painful sensations. These findings may have implications for translating paradigms and behavioral treatments from the somatic domain to the visceral domain, though future research in larger clinical samples is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Guadagnoli
- Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies (LaBGAS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yannick Hoffert
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Den Hond
- Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies (LaBGAS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erwin Dreesen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dimitri van Ryckeghem
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Stefaan Van Damme
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jonas Zaman
- Centre for the Psychology of Learning and Experimental Psychopathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- School of Social Sciences, University of Hasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lukas Van Oudenhove
- Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies (LaBGAS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Lab, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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Bruner E. Cognitive archaeology, and the psychological assessment of extinct minds. J Comp Neurol 2024; 532:e25583. [PMID: 38289186 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Evolutionary anthropology relies on both neontological and paleontological information. In the latter case, fields such as paleoneurology, neuroarchaeology, and cognitive archaeology are supplying new perspectives in prehistory and neuroscience. Cognitive archaeology, in particular, investigates the behaviors associated with extinct species or cultures according to specific psychological models. For example, changes in working memory, attention, or visuospatial integration can be postulated when related behavioral changes are described in the archaeological record. However, cognition is a process based on different and partially independent functional elements, and extinct species could hence have evolved distinct combinations of cognitive abilities or features, based on both quantitative and qualitative differences. Accordingly, differences in working memory can lead to more conceptual or more holistic mindsets, with important changes in the perception and management of the mental experience. The parietal cortex is particularly interesting, in this sense, being involved in functions associated with body-tool integration, attention, and visual imaging. In some cases, evolutionary mismatches among these elements can induce drawbacks that, despite their positive effects on natural selection, can introduce important constraints in our own mental skills. Beyond the theoretical background, some hypotheses can be tested following methods in experimental psychology. In any case, theories in cognitive evolution must acknowledge that, beyond the brain and its biology, the human mind is also deeply rooted in body perception, in social networks, and in technological extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Bruner
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Burgos, Spain
- Alzheimer's Centre Reina Sofia-CIEN Foundation-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
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Lin T, Zarate DA, Iribarren N, Lindau H, Ramos-Gomez F, Gansky S. Quality-Adjusted Life Year Proxies for Caries in Primary Dentition: A Discrete Choice Experiment. JDR Clin Trans Res 2024; 9:85-94. [PMID: 36789915 PMCID: PMC10850881 DOI: 10.1177/23800844221149337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cost-utility analysis (CUA)-a method to evaluate intervention cost-effectiveness-transforms benefits of alternatives into a measure of quantity and quality of life, such as quality-adjusted life year (QALY), to enable comparison across heterogeneous programs. Measurement challenges prevent directly estimating utilities and calculating QALYs for caries in primary dentition. Proxy disease QALYs are often used as a substitute; however, there lacks quantitative evidence that these proxy diseases are comparable to caries. OBJECTIVE To employ a discrete choice experiment (DCE) to quantitatively determine the most comparable proxy disease for different levels of caries in primary dentition. METHODS A cross-sectional DCE survey was administered to respondents (N = 461) who resided in California, were aged ≥18 y, and were primary caretakers for ≥1 child aged 3 to 12 y. Four attributes were included: pain level, disease duration, treatment cost, and family life impacts. Mixed effects logistic regression and conditional logistic regression were used to analyze the survey data. RESULTS Respondents from the overall sample preferred no pain over mild (odds ratio [OR] = 0.50, P < 0.05), moderate (OR = 0.57, P < 0.05), and severe pain (OR = 0.48, P < 0.05). Acute gastritis (OR = 0.44, P < 0.05), chronic gastritis (OR = 0.31, P < 0.01), and cold sore (OR = 0.38, P < 0.05) were less preferred than stage 1 caries. Acute tonsilitis (OR = 0.43, P < 0.05), acute gastritis (OR = 0.38, P < 0.05), chronic gastritis (OR = 0.26, P < 0.01), and cold sore (OR = 0.33, P < 0.01) were less preferred than stage 2 caries. Chronic gastritis (OR = 0.42,P < 0.05) was less preferred than stage 4 caries. CONCLUSIONS Parents viewed the characteristics of many diseases with similar QALYs differently. Findings suggest that otitis media and its QALY-as commonly used in CUAs-may be a suitable proxy disease and substitute. However, other disease states with slightly different QALYs may be suitable. As such, the recommendation is to consider a range of proxy diseases and their QALYs when conducting a CUA for child caries interventions. KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER STATEMENT This study reviews and systematically compares pediatric diseases that are comparable to caries in primary dentition. The findings may inform future research using cost-utility analysis to examine the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of interventions to prevent and treat caries as compared with an alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- T.K. Lin
- Institute for Health & Aging, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center to Address Disparities in Children’s Oral Health, Department of Preventive Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - D.E. Arriola Zarate
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - N. Iribarren
- Center to Address Disparities in Children’s Oral Health, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - H. Lindau
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center to Address Disparities in Children’s Oral Health, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - F. Ramos-Gomez
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center to Address Disparities in Children’s Oral Health, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - S.A. Gansky
- Center to Address Disparities in Children’s Oral Health, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center to Address Disparities in Children’s Oral Health, Department of Preventive Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Millán JD, Salas G. Reception of experimental pedagogy and psychology in Chile. Analysis of the intellectual influences of Wilhelm Mann, 1904-1915. J Hist Behav Sci 2024; 60:e22261. [PMID: 37191625 DOI: 10.1002/jhbs.22261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This article provides a detailed analysis of the intellectual research project of Wilhelm Mann, one of the pioneers of experimental and educational psychology in Chile. Mann's work has been the object of so little analysis that his intellectual influences and networks are not clearly known. We analyzed 338 intratext citations from 22 works by Wilhelm Mann published during the period 1904-1915. As a result, we obtained a mapping of his cooperation networks and used a quantitative approach to study the authors who most influenced his career, among whom were William Stern, Herbert Spencer, Wilhelm Wundt, Alfred Binet, and Ernst Meumann. Mann was closely connected to the international and contemporary advances and discussions of his time, despite the lack of infrastructure and difficulties in communication. Mann was the first psychologist to develop a long-term project in Chile that aimed to measure the individualities of Chilean students and their intellectual development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan David Millán
- Programa de Doctorado en Psicología, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Salas
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
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Tomczak J, Gordon A, Adams J, Pickering JS, Hodges N, Evershed JK. What over 1,000,000 participants tell us about online research protocols. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1228365. [PMID: 37484919 PMCID: PMC10357382 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1228365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
With the ever-increasing adoption of tools for online research, for the first time we have visibility on macro-level trends in research that were previously unattainable. However, until now this data has been siloed within company databases and unavailable to researchers. Between them, the online study creation and hosting tool Gorilla Experiment Builder and the recruitment platform Prolific hold metadata gleaned from millions of participants and over half a million studies. We analyzed a subset of this data (over 1 million participants and half a million studies) to reveal critical information about the current state of the online research landscape that researchers can use to inform their own study planning and execution. We analyzed this data to discover basic benchmarking statistics about online research that all researchers conducting their work online may be interested to know. In doing so, we identified insights related to: the typical study length, average completion rates within studies, the most frequent sample sizes, the most popular participant filters, and gross participant activity levels. We present this data in the hope that it can be used to inform research choices going forward and provide a snapshot of the current state of online research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Tomczak
- Gorilla Experiment Builder, Cauldron Science, St Johns Innovation Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jamie Adams
- Gorilla Experiment Builder, Cauldron Science, St Johns Innovation Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jade S. Pickering
- Gorilla Experiment Builder, Cauldron Science, St Johns Innovation Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Hodges
- Gorilla Experiment Builder, Cauldron Science, St Johns Innovation Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jo K. Evershed
- Gorilla Experiment Builder, Cauldron Science, St Johns Innovation Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Becker JM, Van Ryckeghem DML, Van Damme S, Crombez G, Schoot Y, Wiers RWHJ, Rippe RCA, van Laarhoven AIM. Subliminal attentional bias modification training for itch. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1104641. [PMID: 37275368 PMCID: PMC10232774 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1104641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Itch is unpleasant and induces the urge to scratch. This is adaptive to remove the itch-inducing stimulus from the skin. Accordingly, itch draws attention to protect our bodily integrity. Recent studies investigated whether attention is preferentially drawn towards its location, i.e., attentional bias (AB), and also whether this bias could be changed in healthy individuals. So far, results are mixed concerning the existance of an attentional bias towards itch stimuli in healthy individuals as well as the impact of modifications. However, available studies have typically focused on conscious processing and might miss preconscious aspects of attention and potential biases at these stages. Methods This study included 117 healthy individuals who underwent a subliminal Attentional Bias Modification (ABM)- training for itch based on a dot-probe paradigm with itch- related pictures. Participants were randomly assigned to a training towards itch group, a training away from itch group and a control group. This was done by manipulating the itch-target congruency of the dot-probe task during a training block. Pre- and post-training assessments were regular dot-probe tasks. Exploratorily, also attentional inhibition, cognitive flexibility and itch-related cognitions were assessed. Lastly, participants received an itchy stimulus on the inner forearm before and after the ABM-training to assess potential effects on itch sensitivity. Results Results showed no AB towards itch across groups at baseline, i.e., pre-training, but an AB away from itch, hence, avoidance of itch, post-training. Further analyses showed that this effect was driven by an attentional bias away from itch in the control group, while there were no significant effects in the experimental groups. There was no effect on itch sensitivity. Conclusion These findings are in line with recent studies on conscious ABM-training for itch and pain that also did not find significant training effects. Therefore, it is suggested that the field of AB might need to reconsider the current assessment of AB. Moreover, AB is probably a dynamic process that is highly dependent on current itch-related goals and relevance of itch in a specific situation. This suggests that processes probably differ in patients with chronic itch and that also ABM-training might work differently in these populations. Clinical trial registration https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=NTR7561, identifier NTR7561.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Becker
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Science, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Dimitri M. L. Van Ryckeghem
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Section Experimental Health Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Research Unit INSIDE, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Institute of Health and Behavior, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Stefaan Van Damme
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Crombez
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yalou Schoot
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Science, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Reinout W. H. J. Wiers
- Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT) Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ralph C. A. Rippe
- Research Methods and Statistics, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Antoinette I. M. van Laarhoven
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Science, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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van Swieten MMH, Bogacz R, Manohar SG. Gambling on an empty stomach: Hunger modulates preferences for learned but not described risks. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e2978. [PMID: 37016956 PMCID: PMC10176009 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We assess risks differently when they are explicitly described, compared to when we learn directly from experience, suggesting dissociable decision-making systems. Our needs, such as hunger, could globally affect our risk preferences, but do they affect described and learned risks equally? On one hand, decision-making from descriptions is often considered flexible and context sensitive, and might therefore be modulated by metabolic needs. On the other hand, preferences learned through reinforcement might be more strongly coupled to biological drives. METHOD Thirty-two healthy participants (females: 20, mean age: 25.6 ± 6.5 years) with a normal weight (Body Mass Index: 22.9 ± 3.2 kg/m2 ) were tested in a within-subjects counterbalanced, randomized crossover design for the effects of hunger on two separate risk-taking tasks. We asked participants to choose between two options with different risks to obtain monetary outcomes. In one task, the outcome probabilities were described numerically, whereas in a second task, they were learned. RESULT In agreement with previous studies, we found that rewarding contexts induced risk-aversion when risks were explicitly described (F1,31 = 55.01, p < .0001, ηp 2 = .64), but risk-seeking when they were learned through experience (F1,31 = 10.28, p < .003, ηp 2 = .25). Crucially, hunger attenuated these contextual biases, but only for learned risks (F1,31 = 8.38, p < .007, ηp 2 = .21). CONCLUSION The results suggest that our metabolic state determines risk-taking biases when we lack explicit descriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafal Bogacz
- Nuffield Department of Clinical NeuroscienceUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Sanjay G. Manohar
- Nuffield Department of Clinical NeuroscienceUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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Shuster A, Inzelberg L, Ossmy O, Izakson L, Hanein Y, Levy DJ. Lie to my face: An electromyography approach to the study of deceptive behavior. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e2386. [PMID: 34677007 PMCID: PMC8671780 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deception is present in all walks of life, from social interactions to matters of homeland security. Nevertheless, reliable indicators of deceptive behavior in real-life scenarios remain elusive. METHODS By integrating electrophysiological and communicative approaches, we demonstrate a new and objective detection approach to identify participant-specific indicators of deceptive behavior in an interactive scenario of a two-person deception task. We recorded participants' facial muscle activity using novel dry screen-printed electrode arrays and applied machine-learning algorithms to identify lies based on brief facial responses. RESULTS With an average accuracy of 73%, we identified two groups of participants: Those who revealed their lies by activating their cheek muscles and those who activated their eyebrows. We found that the participants lied more often with time, with some switching their telltale muscle groups. Moreover, while the automated classifier, reported here, outperformed untrained human detectors, their performance was correlated, suggesting reliance on shared features. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of using wearable electrode arrays in detecting human lies in a social setting and set the stage for future research on individual differences in deception expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Shuster
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Coller School of Management, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lilah Inzelberg
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ori Ossmy
- Department of Psychology and Center of Neural Science, New York University, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Liz Izakson
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Coller School of Management, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yael Hanein
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,School of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dino J Levy
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Coller School of Management, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Mayrhofer R, Kuhbandner C, Lindner C. The Practice of Experimental Psychology: An Inevitably Postmodern Endeavor. Front Psychol 2021; 11:612805. [PMID: 33584447 PMCID: PMC7874201 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.612805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of psychology is to understand the human mind and behavior. In contemporary psychology, the method of choice to accomplish this incredibly complex endeavor is the experiment. This dominance has shaped the whole discipline from the self-concept as an empirical science and its very epistemological and theoretical foundations, via research practice and the scientific discourse to teaching. Experimental psychology is grounded in the scientific method and positivism, and these principles, which are characteristic for modern thinking, are still upheld. Despite this apparently stalwart adherence to modern principles, experimental psychology exhibits a number of aspects which can best be described as facets of postmodern thinking although they are hardly acknowledged as such. Many psychologists take pride in being “real natural scientists” because they conduct experiments, but it is particularly difficult for psychologists to evade certain elements of postmodern thinking in view of the specific nature of their subject matter. Postmodernism as a philosophy emerged in the 20th century as a response to the perceived inadequacy of the modern approach and as a means to understand the complexities, ambiguities, and contradictions of the times. Therefore, postmodernism offers both valuable insights into the very nature of experimental psychology and fruitful ideas on improving experimental practice to better reflect the complexities and ambiguities of human mind and behavior. Analyzing experimental psychology along postmodern lines begins by discussing the implications of transferring the scientific method from fields with rather narrowly defined phenomena—the natural sciences—to a much broader and more heterogeneous class of complex phenomena, namely the human mind and behavior. This ostensibly modern experimental approach is, however, per se riddled with postmodern elements: (re-)creating phenomena in an experimental setting, including the hermeneutic processes of generating hypotheses and interpreting results, is no carbon copy of “reality” but rather an active construction which reflects irrevocably the pre-existing ideas of the investigator. These aspects, analyzed by using postmodern concepts like hyperreality and simulacra, did not seep in gradually but have been present since the very inception of experimental psychology, and they are necessarily inherent in its philosophy of science. We illustrate this theoretical analysis with the help of two examples, namely experiments on free will and visual working memory. The postmodern perspective reveals some pitfalls in the practice of experimental psychology. Furthermore, we suggest that accepting the inherently fuzzy nature of theoretical constructs in psychology and thinking more along postmodern lines would actually clarify many theoretical problems in experimental psychology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Mayrhofer
- Department of Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Corinna Lindner
- Department of Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Valenzuela J, Díaz-Andreu M, Escera C. Psychology Meets Archaeology: Psychoarchaeoacoustics for Understanding Ancient Minds and Their Relationship to the Sacred. Front Psychol 2020; 11:550794. [PMID: 33391069 PMCID: PMC7775382 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.550794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
How important is the influence of spatial acoustics on our mental processes related to sound perception and cognition? There is a large body of research in fields encompassing architecture, musicology, and psychology that analyzes human response, both subjective and objective, to different soundscapes. But what if we want to understand how acoustic environments influenced the human experience of sound in sacred ritual practices in premodern societies? Archaeoacoustics is the research field that investigates sound in the past. One of its branches delves into how sound was used in specific landscapes and at sites with rock art, and why past societies endowed a special significance to places with specific acoustical properties. Taking advantage of the advances made in sound recording and reproduction technologies, researchers are now exploring how ancient social and sacred ceremonies and practices related to the acoustic properties of their sound environment. Here, we advocate for the emergence of a new and innovative discipline, experimental psychoarchaeoacoustics. We also review underlying methodological approaches and discuss the limitations, challenges, and future directions for this new field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Valenzuela
- Brainlab ‐ Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margarita Díaz-Andreu
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of History and Geography, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Escera
- Brainlab ‐ Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute (IRSJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
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Zhang MWB, Heng S, Song G, Fung DSS, Smith HE. Development of a co-designed gamified attention bias modification app for individuals with opioid use disorder. Technol Health Care 2020; 29:521-526. [PMID: 33074203 DOI: 10.3233/thc-202522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The advances in experimental psychology in the last decade have led to a greater understanding of cognitive bias, and the investigation of cognitive bias modifications as a therapeutic option. Whilst conventionally such interventions are delivered in a laboratory, technological advances are changing the potential modes of delivery of these interventions. Whereas mobile delivery of interventions might seem to increase accessibility and encourage compliance, this might not be the case for cognitive bias modification interventions. To reduce boredom, researchers have investigated whether gamification of the task could help reduce repetitiveness, and the diminished motivation that participants had over time. In a prior review of cognitive bias modification interventions, a collaboration between academics and developers was recommended to ensure that the developed product is evidence-based. With the increased recognition of the importance of participatory action research, participants could better help conventional intervention to meet their needs. OBJECTIVE The aim of this article was to describe the iterative steps in the conceptualization of the co-designed gamified cognitive bias modification intervention for individuals with opioid use disorders. METHODS AND RESULTS A multidisciplinary team worked through the differences in the perspectives offered by healthcare professionals and patient participants, and jointly worked with a developer to conceptualize a new co-designed gamified attention bias modification intervention. The methods shared in this article could be considered and applied to future conceptualization of co-designed interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvyn W B Zhang
- National Addiction Management Service, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore.,Family Medicine and Primary Care, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sandor Heng
- National Addiction Management Service, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore
| | - Guo Song
- National Addiction Management Service, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore
| | | | - Helen E Smith
- Family Medicine and Primary Care, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore
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Sato H, Morimoto Y, Remijn GB, Seno T. Differences in Three Vection Indices (Latency, Duration, and Magnitude) Induced by "Camera-Moving" and "Object-Moving" in a Virtual Computer Graphics World, Despite Similarity in the Retinal Images. Iperception 2020; 11:2041669520958430. [PMID: 33149877 PMCID: PMC7580144 DOI: 10.1177/2041669520958430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To create a self-motion (vection) situation in three-dimensional computer graphics (CG), there are mainly two ways: moving a camera toward an object ("camera moving") or by moving the object and its surrounding environment toward the camera ("object moving"). As both methods vary considerably in the amount of computer calculations involved in generating CG, knowing how each method affects self-motion perception should be important to CG-creators and psychologists. Here, we simulated self-motion in a virtual three-dimensional CG-world, without stereoscopic disparity, which correctly reflected the lighting and glare. Self-motion was induced by "camera moving" or by "object moving," which in the present experiments was done by moving a tunnel surrounding the camera toward the camera. This produced two retinal images that were virtually identical in Experiment 1 and very similar in Experiments 2 and 3. The stimuli were presented on a large plasma display to 15 naive participants and induced substantial vection. Three experiments comparing vection strength between the two methods found weak but significant differences. The results suggest that when creating CG visual experiences, "camera-moving" induces stronger vection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaro Sato
- Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuki Morimoto
- Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Takeharu Seno
- Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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14
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Gentili C, Cristea IA. Challenges and Opportunities for Human Behavior Research in the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1786. [PMID: 32754106 PMCID: PMC7365873 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Gentili
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Ioana A. Cristea
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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15
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Nazareth ACDP, Escobar VS, DeCastro TG. Body Size Judgments at 17 ms: Evidence From Perceptual and Attitudinal Body Image Indexes. Front Psychol 2020; 10:3018. [PMID: 32010033 PMCID: PMC6978682 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.03018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence related to temporal control for stimuli presentation of whole-body image is generally associated with attentional bias to ideal thin bodies. Few studies present evidence concerning whole-body stimuli recognition during fast visual exposure intervals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and reaction times for the judgment of different sized body silhouettes presented at 17 ms in a non-clinical sample. Thirty-one participants were divided in attitudinal and perceptual body image groups based on Figure Rating Scale output and performed two experiments. First experiment assessed perception and the clarity of visual experience for human and non-human body stimuli at 17 ms. A general accuracy of 69.17% was registered with no differences between perceptual and attitudinal body image groups. These results indicated that the way participants perceive their own bodies does not influence the recognition of general visual silhouette stimuli. It was also observed that the clarity of visual experience is positively correlated to stimuli recognition accuracy. In the second experiment participants had to respond in a seven-point Likert scale if the presented image of body silhouettes were bigger, equal or thinner than their own bodies. Trials were divided in two blocks based on spatial rotation, half at 0° and half at 180°. General accuracy for body silhouettes recognition was 41.1%. Greater accuracy recognition for regular positioned stimuli was observed. Attitudinal dimension of body image was not a predictor of differential performance whereas perceptual body image groups recorded contrasting recognition performance. Distorted body image participants presented higher accuracy than undistorted body image participants, with greater accuracy to thinner silhouette figures. Women had significantly higher overall accuracy than men considering both experimental blocks. When comparing the cumulative accuracy curves across experimental trials, an exposure effect was registered only for the first experiment. Results showed that body silhouette stimuli were judged in a fast exposure interval with differential accuracy rates only for perceptual body image groups. Such evidence signals that conscious body image can be associated to implicit detection of visual human body stimuli. Future studies should further test how traditional explicit body image outputs perform within experimental approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Clara de Paula Nazareth
- Laboratory of Experimental Phenomenology and Cognition, Institute of Psychology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Spencer Escobar
- Laboratory of Experimental Phenomenology and Cognition, Institute of Psychology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Thiago Gomes DeCastro
- Laboratory of Experimental Phenomenology and Cognition, Institute of Psychology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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16
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Merson B, Pezdek K. Target-related autobiographical memories affect dietary intake intentions .. Memory 2019; 27:1438-1450. [PMID: 31587609 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2019.1674335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Although there is evidence that autobiographical memory (AM) recall impacts behaviour in multiple domains, the mechanisms for this effect are unclear. Two experiments examined how AM Frame and Relatedness to target behaviour affect intention to control future dietary intake. Participants completed an AM task where they recalled success or fail-framed memories of behaviour in the target domain (dietary intake), a related domain (exercise), and an unrelated domain (work). Next they completed questionnaires about attitudes, self-efficacy, and behavioural intention for controlling dietary intake. In Experiment 1, Frame and Relatedness of AMs recalled did not affect attitudes or self-efficacy ratings of controlling dietary intake. However, Related AMs resulted in higher intention ratings to control future dietary intake compared to Unrelated AMs. Experiment 2 replicated these results for attitude and self-efficacy, but showed no effect on behavioural intention. A mini-meta analysis was conducted to clarify the effect of AM recall on intention. This analysis confirmed a significant effect of AM Relatedness on intention ratings (meta-analysis Cohen's d = .25, Z = 2.54, p = .011). These results provide evidence that recalling related AM can affect dietary behaviour intentions directly, without changes attitudes or ratings of personal control regarding dietary intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Merson
- Department of Psychology, Claremont Graduate University , Claremont , USA
| | - Kathy Pezdek
- Department of Psychology, Claremont Graduate University , Claremont , USA
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Abstract
In experimental psychology, subjects are often confronted with computer-based experimental paradigms. Creating such paradigms can require a lot of effort. PyParadigm is a newly developed Python library to ease the development of such paradigms by employing a declarative approach to build user interfaces (UIs). Paradigm specifications in this approach requires much less code and training than in alternative libraries. Although PyParadigm was initially developed for the creation of experimental paradigms, it is generally suited to build UIs that display or interact with 2D objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix G Knorr
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Johannes Petzold
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Marxen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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18
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Nelson E. Confusion about confusion: Édouard Toulouse's dementia test, 1905-20. Hist Psychiatry 2019; 30:189-204. [PMID: 30702340 DOI: 10.1177/0957154x19825623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatrist Édouard Toulouse (1865-1947) is known today for his 1896 psychometric study of the novelist Émile Zola, and his contributions to mental hygiene, sexology, eugenics, and labour efficiency in inter-war France. This paper examines research undertaken in Toulouse's Laboratory of Experimental Psychology at the Villejuif asylum near Paris. In 1905, Toulouse created a test that could differentiate between dementia and mental confusion, a test that could aid in the classification of patients at the overcrowded Villejuif facility. By 1920, however, the test's early promise was undercut by unforeseen, 'machinic' resistance that emerged in the experimental process. This case study demonstrates the non-linear nature of scientific practice and limits of even the most innovative asylum reforms in this period.
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Holding BC, Sundelin T, Cairns P, Perrett DI, Axelsson J. The effect of sleep deprivation on objective and subjective measures of facial appearance. J Sleep Res 2019; 28:e12860. [PMID: 31006920 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The faces of people who are sleep deprived are perceived by others as looking paler, less healthy and less attractive compared to when well rested. However, there is little research using objective measures to investigate sleep-loss-related changes in facial appearance. We aimed to assess the effects of sleep deprivation on skin colour, eye openness, mouth curvature and periorbital darkness using objective measures, as well as to replicate previous findings for subjective ratings. We also investigated the extent to which these facial features predicted ratings of fatigue by others and could be used to classify the sleep condition of the person. Subjects (n = 181) were randomised to one night of total sleep deprivation or a night of normal sleep (8-9 hr in bed). The following day facial photographs were taken and, in a subset (n = 141), skin colour was measured using spectrophotometry. A separate set of participants (n = 63) later rated the photographs in terms of health, paleness and fatigue. The photographs were also digitally analysed with respect to eye openness, mouth curvature and periorbital darkness. The results showed that neither sleep deprivation nor the subjects' sleepiness was related to differences in any facial variable. Similarly, there was no difference in subjective ratings between the groups. Decreased skin yellowness, less eye openness, downward mouth curvature and periorbital darkness all predicted increased fatigue ratings by others. However, the combination of appearance variables could not be accurately used to classify sleep condition. These findings have implications for both face-to-face and computerised visual assessment of sleep loss and fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C Holding
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tina Sundelin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY.,Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrick Cairns
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - David I Perrett
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - John Axelsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Magezi DA. Corrigendum: Linear mixed-effects models for within-participant psychology experiments: an introductory tutorial and free, graphical user interface (LMMgui). Front Psychol 2019; 10:489. [PMID: 30914999 PMCID: PMC6422962 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David A Magezi
- Neurology Unit, Laboratory for Cognitive and Neurological Sciences, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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21
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Magezi DA. Linear mixed-effects models for within-participant psychology experiments: an introductory tutorial and free, graphical user interface (LMMgui). Front Psychol 2015; 6:2. [PMID: 25657634 PMCID: PMC4302710 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Linear mixed-effects models (LMMs) are increasingly being used for data analysis in cognitive neuroscience and experimental psychology, where within-participant designs are common. The current article provides an introductory review of the use of LMMs for within-participant data analysis and describes a free, simple, graphical user interface (LMMgui). LMMgui uses the package lme4 (Bates et al., 2014a,b) in the statistical environment R (R Core Team).
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Magezi
- Neurology Unit, Laboratory for Cognitive and Neurological Sciences, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Fribourg Fribourg, Switzerland
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22
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Martin B, Wittmann M, Franck N, Cermolacce M, Berna F, Giersch A. Temporal structure of consciousness and minimal self in schizophrenia. Front Psychol 2014; 5:1175. [PMID: 25400597 PMCID: PMC4212287 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of the minimal self refers to the consciousness of oneself as an immediate subject of experience. According to recent studies, disturbances of the minimal self may be a core feature of schizophrenia. They are emphasized in classical psychiatry literature and in phenomenological work. Impaired minimal self-experience may be defined as a distortion of one’s first-person experiential perspective as, for example, an “altered presence” during which the sense of the experienced self (“mineness”) is subtly affected, or “altered sense of demarcation,” i.e., a difficulty discriminating the self from the non-self. Little is known, however, about the cognitive basis of these disturbances. In fact, recent work indicates that disorders of the self are not correlated with cognitive impairments commonly found in schizophrenia such as working-memory and attention disorders. In addition, a major difficulty with exploring the minimal self experimentally lies in its definition as being non-self-reflexive, and distinct from the verbalized, explicit awareness of an “I.” In this paper, we shall discuss the possibility that disturbances of the minimal self observed in patients with schizophrenia are related to alterations in time processing. We shall review the literature on schizophrenia and time processing that lends support to this possibility. In particular we shall discuss the involvement of temporal integration windows on different time scales (implicit time processing) as well as duration perception disturbances (explicit time processing) in disorders of the minimal self. We argue that a better understanding of the relationship between time and the minimal self as well of issues of embodiment require research that looks more specifically at implicit time processing. Some methodological issues will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Martin
- Centre Référent Lyonnais en Réhabilitation et en Remédiation Cognitive - Service Universitaire de Réhabilitation, Hôpital du Vinatier, Université Lyon 1 and UMR 5229 (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) , Lyon, France
| | - Marc Wittmann
- Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health, Department of Empirical and Analytical Psychophysics , Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Franck
- Centre Référent Lyonnais en Réhabilitation et en Remédiation Cognitive - Service Universitaire de Réhabilitation, Hôpital du Vinatier, Université Lyon 1 and UMR 5229 (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) , Lyon, France
| | - Michel Cermolacce
- Département Universitaire de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte Marguerite and Aix-Marseille Université , Marseille, France ; Unité de Neurophysiologie, Psychophysiologie et Neurophénoménologie, UF 4817, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte Marguerite , Marseille, France ; Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, UMR CNRS 7291 and Aix-Marseille Université, Fédération 3C , Marseille, France
| | - Fabrice Berna
- INSERM U1114, Department of Psychiatry, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, University Hospital of Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg , Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne Giersch
- INSERM U1114, Department of Psychiatry, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, University Hospital of Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg , Strasbourg, France
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Woodward ND, Duffy B, Karbasforoushan H. Prefrontal cortex activity during response selection predicts processing speed impairment in schizophrenia. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2013; 19:782-91. [PMID: 23816240 DOI: 10.1017/S1355617713000532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Processing speed is the most impaired neuropsychological domain in schizophrenia and a robust predictor of functional outcome. Determining the specific cognitive operations underlying processing speed dysfunction and identifying their neural correlates may assist in developing pro-cognitive interventions. Response selection, the process of mapping stimuli onto motor responses, correlates with neuropsychological tests of processing speed and may contribute to processing speed impairment in schizophrenia. This study investigated the relationship between behavioral and neural measures of response selection, and a neuropsychological index of processing speed in schizophrenia. Twenty-six patients with schizophrenia and 21 healthy subjects underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning during performance of two- and four-choice reaction time (RT) tasks and completed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III (WAIS) Processing Speed Index (PSI). Response selection, defined as RT slowing between two- and four-choice RT, was impaired in schizophrenia and correlated with psychometric processing speed. Greater activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) was observed in schizophrenia and correlated with poorer WAIS PSI scores. Deficient response selection and abnormal recruitment of the dorsolateral PFC during response selection contribute to processing speed impairment in schizophrenia. Interventions that improve response selection and normalize dorsolateral PFC function may improve processing speed in schizophrenia.
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