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Lopez K, Irwin P, Bron GM, Paskewitz S, Bartholomay L. Ultra-low volume (ULV) adulticide treatment impacts age structure of Culex species (Diptera: Culicidae) in a West Nile virus hotspot. J Med Entomol 2023; 60:1108-1116. [PMID: 37473814 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) invaded the continental United States over 20 years ago and continues to cause yearly seasonal outbreaks of human and veterinary disease. In the suburbs of Chicago, Illinois, ultra-low volume (ULV) truck-mounted adulticide spraying frequently is performed to reduce populations of Culex restuans Theobald and Cx. pipiens L. mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in an effort to lower the risk of WNV transmission. The effectiveness of this control method has not been rigorously evaluated, and evidence for Culex population reduction after ULV adulticide spraying has been inconclusive. Therefore, we evaluated the results of 5 sequential weekly truck-mounted adulticide applications of Zenivex® E20 (etofenprox) in 2 paired sites located in Cook County, IL, during the summer of 2018. Mosquito population abundance, age structure, and WNV infection prevalence were monitored and compared between paired treatment and nearby control sites. Adulticide treatment did not result in consistent short-term or long-term reductions in target WNV vector Culex abundance. However, there was a significant increase in the proportion of nulliparous females in the treated sites compared to control sites and a decrease in Cx. pipiens WNV infection rates at one of the treated sites. This evidence that ULV adulticide spraying altered the age structure and WNV infection prevalence in a vector population has important implications for WNV transmission risk management. Our findings also underscore the importance of measuring these important indicators in addition to abundance metrics when evaluating the efficacy of control methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Lopez
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Patrick Irwin
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Northwest Mosquito Abatement District, Wheeling, IL, USA
| | - Gebienna M Bron
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology Animal Science Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, NL, USA
| | - Susan Paskewitz
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lyric Bartholomay
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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2
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Al-Ghafli H, Barribeau SM. Double trouble: trypanosomatids with two hosts have lower infection prevalence than single host trypanosomatids. Evol Med Public Health 2023; 11:202-218. [PMID: 37404250 PMCID: PMC10317189 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoad014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomatids are a diverse family of protozoan parasites, some of which cause devastating human and livestock diseases. There are two distinct infection life cycles in trypanosomatids; some species complete their entire life cycle in a single host (monoxenous) while others infect two hosts (dixenous). Dixenous trypanosomatids are mostly vectored by insects, and the human trypanosomatid diseases are caused mainly by vectored parasites. While infection prevalence has been described for subsets of hosts and trypanosomatids, little is known about whether monoxenous and dixenous trypanosomatids differ in infection prevalence. Here, we use meta-analyses to synthesise all published evidence of trypanosomatid infection prevalence for the last two decades, encompassing 931 unique host-trypansomatid systems. In examining 584 studies that describe infection prevalence, we find, strikingly, that monoxenous species are two-fold more prevalent than dixenous species across all hosts. We also find that dixenous trypanosomatids have significantly lower infection prevalence in insects than their non-insect hosts. To our knowledge, these results reveal for the first time, a fundamental difference in infection prevalence according to host specificity where vectored species might have lower infection prevalence as a result of a potential 'jack of all trades, master of none' style trade-off between the vector and subsequent hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hawra Al-Ghafli
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Seth M Barribeau
- Corresponding author. Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. E-mail:
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Kurnosova OP, Panova OA, Arisov MV. The prevalence of potentially zoonotic intestinal parasites in dogs and cats in Moscow, Russia. Helminthologia 2023; 60:44-51. [PMID: 37305673 PMCID: PMC10251758 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2023-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of Toxocara canis/cati, Strongyloides stercoralis, Giardia spp., and Cryptosporidium spp., which occur and are potentially zoonotic to humans in domestic dogs and cats in Moscow (Russia). The fecal flotation method and larvae detection by microscopy of a direct feces smear were performed to detect Toxocara, Giardia spp., and Cryptosporidium spp. The total parasitic prevalence in dogs was as follows: Giardia spp.: 10.2 % (226/2208), Cryptosporidium spp.: 2.7 % (60/2208), T. canis: 2 % (45/2208), S. stercoralis larvae: 1.1 % (25/2208). The younger animals under were infected more than those over 12 months of age (p<0.001). The preva lence rates were along these lines: Giardia spp. (18.2 %), Cryptosporidium spp. (5.7 %), T.canis (3 %), S. stercoralis larvae (2.3 %). The overall prevalence in cats was as follows: Giardia spp. - 5.2 % (71/1350), Cryptosporidium spp. - 4.8 % (65/1350), T. cati - 4.1 % (56/1350). Similarly to dogs, the infection rates were higher in cats under 12 months of age Giardia spp. (8.2 %), Cryptosporidium spp. (8.6 %), T. cati (7.5 %. Analysis of combined infections in dogs revealed the following combinations: Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. (35.5 %) larvae of S. stercoralis sp. and Giardia spp. (32.3 %), T.canis and Giardia spp. (22.6 %), T.canis and Cryptosporidium spp. (6.6 %), T.canis and S.stercoralis and (3.2 %), respectively. In cats, only two coinfections by Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. (58.3 %), and T.cati with Giardia spp. (41.7 %) were noticed. Further research is needed to study the spread of parasitic diseases in pet animals. The data will improve countermeasures to prevent these diseases' spread among animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. P. Kurnosova
- Federal State Budget Scientific Institution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - O. A. Panova
- Federal State Budget Scientific Institution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - M. V. Arisov
- Federal State Budget Scientific Institution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Tran T, Prusinski MA, White JL, Falco RC, Kokas J, Vinci V, Gall WK, Tober KJ, Haight J, Oliver J, Sporn LA, Meehan L, Banker E, Backenson PB, Jensen ST, Brisson D. Predicting spatio-temporal population patterns of Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme disease pathogen. J Appl Ecol 2022; 59:2779-2789. [PMID: 36632519 PMCID: PMC9826398 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The causative bacterium of Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi, expanded from an undetected human pathogen into the etiologic agent of the most common vector-borne disease in the United States over the last several decades. Systematic field collections of the tick vector reveal increases in the geographic range and prevalence of B. burgdorferi-infected ticks that coincided with increases in human Lyme disease incidence across New York State.We investigate the impact of environmental features on the population dynamics of B. burgdorferi. Analytical models developed using field collections of nearly 19,000 nymphal Ixodes scapularis and spatially and temporally explicit environmental features accurately explained the variation in the nymphal infection prevalence of B. burgdorferi across space and time.Importantly, the model identified environmental features reflecting landscape ecology, vertebrate hosts, climatic metrics, climate anomalies and surveillance efforts that can be used to predict the biogeographical patterns of B. burgdorferi-infected ticks into future years and in previously unsampled areas.Forecasting the distribution and prevalence of a pathogen at fine geographic scales offers a powerful strategy to mitigate a serious public health threat. Synthesis and applications. A decade of environmental and tick data was collected to create a model that accurately predicts the infection prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi over space and time. This predictive model can be extrapolated to create a high-resolution risk map of the Lyme disease pathogen for future years that offers an inexpensive approach to improve both ecological management and public health strategies to mitigate disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tam Tran
- Biology Department University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Melissa A Prusinski
- New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) Bureau of Communicable Disease Control Albany NY USA
| | - Jennifer L White
- New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) Bureau of Communicable Disease Control Albany NY USA
| | | | - John Kokas
- NYSDOH Fordham University Louis Calder Center Armonk NY USA
| | - Vanessa Vinci
- NYSDOH Fordham University Louis Calder Center Armonk NY USA
| | - Wayne K Gall
- US Department of Agriculture Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service Buffalo NY USA
| | - Keith J Tober
- US Department of Agriculture Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service Buffalo NY USA
| | - Jamie Haight
- NYSDOH Bureau of Communicable Disease Control Falconer NY USA
| | - JoAnne Oliver
- NYSDOH Central New York Regional Office Syracuse NY USA
| | - Lee Ann Sporn
- Paul Smith's College Natural Sciences Division Paul Smiths NY USA
| | - Lisa Meehan
- NYSDOH Division of Environmental Health Sciences Albany NY USA
| | - Elyse Banker
- NYSDOH Division of Infectious Disease Guilderland NY USA
| | - P Bryon Backenson
- New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) Bureau of Communicable Disease Control Albany NY USA
| | - Shane T Jensen
- Wharton Business School University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Dustin Brisson
- Biology Department University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
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Spagnolello O, Fabris S, Portella G, Raafat Shafig Saber D, Giovanella E, Badr Saad M, Langer M, Ciccozzi M, d’Ettorre G, Ceccarelli G. Rates and Determinants of Hospital-Acquired Infection among ICU Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery in Developing Countries: Results from EMERGENCY'NGO's Hospital in Sudan. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11091227. [PMID: 36140005 PMCID: PMC9494959 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11091227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Knowledge of local and regional antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is crucial in clinical decision-making, especially with critically ill patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the rate and pattern of infections in valvular heart disease patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) at the Salam Centre for Cardiac Surgery in Khartoum, Sudan (run by EMERGENCY NGO). Methods. This is a retrospective, observational study from a single, large international referral centre (part of a Regional Programme), which enrolled patients admitted to the ICU between 1 January and 31 December 2019. Data collected for each patient included demographic data, operating theatre/ICU data and microbiological cultures. Results. Over the study period, 611 patients were enrolled (elective surgery n = 491, urgent surgery n = 34 and urgent medical care n = 86). The infection rate was 14.2% and turned out to be higher in medical than in surgical patients (25.6% vs. 12.4%; p = 0.002; OR = 2.43) and higher in those undergoing urgent surgery than those undergoing elective (29.4% vs. 11.2%; p = 0.004; OR = 3.3). Infection was related to (a) SOFA score (p < 0.001), (b) ICU length of stay (p < 0.001) and (c) days from ICU admission to OT (p = 0.003). A significant relationship between the type of admission (elective, urgent surgery or medical) and the presence of infections was found (p < 0.001). The mortality rate was higher among infected patients (infected vs. infection-free: 10.3% vs. 2.1%; p < 0.001; OR = 5.38; 95% CI: 2.16−13.4; p < 0.001). Conclusions. Hospital-acquired infections remain a relevant preventable cause of mortality in our particular population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Spagnolello
- Intensive Care Unit, Salam Centre for Cardiac Surgery, EMERGENCY’NGO, Khartoum, Sudan
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (O.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Silvia Fabris
- National Centre for Control and Emergency Against Animal Diseases and Central Crisis Unit—Unit III, Directorate General for Animal Health and Veterinary Medicinal Products, Italian Ministry of Health, 00153 Rome, Italy
- Medical Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Gina Portella
- Intensive Care Unit, Salam Centre for Cardiac Surgery, EMERGENCY’NGO, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Elena Giovanella
- Intensive Care Unit, Salam Centre for Cardiac Surgery, EMERGENCY’NGO, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Manahel Badr Saad
- Intensive Care Unit, Salam Centre for Cardiac Surgery, EMERGENCY’NGO, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Martin Langer
- Intensive Care Unit, Salam Centre for Cardiac Surgery, EMERGENCY’NGO, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Medical Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella d’Ettorre
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Ceccarelli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Migrant and Global Health Research Organization (Mi-HeRO), Rome 00176, Italy
- Correspondence: (O.S.); (G.C.)
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Nhinh DT, Le DV, Van KV, Huong Giang NT, Dang LT, Hoai TD. Prevalence, Virulence Gene Distribution and Alarming the Multidrug Resistance of Aeromonas hydrophila Associated with Disease Outbreaks in Freshwater Aquaculture. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:532. [PMID: 34064504 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10050532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aims to evaluate the infection prevalence, virulence gene distribution and antimicrobial resistance of Aeromonas hydrophila associated in diseased outbreaks of cultured freshwater fish in Northern Vietnam. The confirmed A. hydrophila were screened for the presence of the five pitutative-virulence genes including aerolysin (aerA), hemolysin (hlyA), cytotonic enterotoxin (act), heat-labile cytotonic enterotoxin (alt), and heat-stable enterotoxin (ast), and examined the susceptibility to 16 antibiotics. A total of 236 A. hydrophila isolates were recovered and confirmed from 506 diseased fish by phenotypic tests, PCR assays, and gyrB, rpoB sequenced analyses, corresponding to the infection prevalence at 46.4%. A total of 88.9% of A. hydrophila isolates harbored at least one of the tested virulence genes. The genes aerA and act were most frequently found (80.5% and 80.1%, respectively) while the ast gene was absent in all isolates. The resistance to oxacillin, amoxicillin and vancomycin exhibited the highest frequencies (>70%), followed by erythromycin, oxytetracycline, florfenicol, and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (9.3–47.2%). The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index ranged between 0.13–0.88 with 74.7% of the isolates having MAR values higher than 0.2. The results present a warning for aquaculture farmers and managers in preventing the spread of A. hydrophila and minimizing antibiotic resistance of this pathogen in fish farming systems.
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Lewnard JA, Mora AM, Nkwocha O, Kogut K, Rauch SA, Morga N, Hernandez S, Wong MP, Huen K, Andrejko K, Jewell NP, Parra KL, Holland N, Harris E, Cuevas M, Eskenazi B. Prevalence and Clinical Profile of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection among Farmworkers, California, USA, June-November 2020. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:1330-1342. [PMID: 33657340 DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.27.20248894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
During the ongoing coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, farmworkers in the United States are considered essential personnel and continue in-person work. We conducted prospective surveillance for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and antibody prevalence among farmworkers in Salinas Valley, California, during June 15-November 30, 2020. We observed 22.1% (1,514/6,864) positivity for SARS-CoV-2 infection among farmworkers compared with 17.2% (1,255/7,305) among other adults from the same communities (risk ratio 1.29, 95% CI 1.20-1.37). In a nested study enrolling 1,115 farmworkers, prevalence of current infection was 27.7% among farmworkers reporting >1 COVID-19 symptom and 7.2% among farmworkers without symptoms (adjusted odds ratio 4.16, 95% CI 2.85-6.06). Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies increased from 10.5% (95% CI 6.0%-18.4%) during July 16-August 31 to 21.2% (95% CI 16.6%-27.4%) during November 1-30. High SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence among farmworkers underscores the need for vaccination and other preventive interventions.
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Lewnard JA, Mora AM, Nkwocha O, Kogut K, Rauch SA, Morga N, Hernandez S, Wong MP, Huen K, Andrejko K, Jewell NP, Parra KL, Holland N, Harris E, Cuevas M, Eskenazi B. Prevalence and Clinical Profile of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection among Farmworkers, California, USA, June-November 2020. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:1330-1342. [PMID: 33657340 PMCID: PMC8084509 DOI: 10.3201/eid2705.204949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During the ongoing coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, farmworkers in the United States are considered essential personnel and continue in-person work. We conducted prospective surveillance for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and antibody prevalence among farmworkers in Salinas Valley, California, during June 15-November 30, 2020. We observed 22.1% (1,514/6,864) positivity for SARS-CoV-2 infection among farmworkers compared with 17.2% (1,255/7,305) among other adults from the same communities (risk ratio 1.29, 95% CI 1.20-1.37). In a nested study enrolling 1,115 farmworkers, prevalence of current infection was 27.7% among farmworkers reporting >1 COVID-19 symptom and 7.2% among farmworkers without symptoms (adjusted odds ratio 4.16, 95% CI 2.85-6.06). Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies increased from 10.5% (95% CI 6.0%-18.4%) during July 16-August 31 to 21.2% (95% CI 16.6%-27.4%) during November 1-30. High SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence among farmworkers underscores the need for vaccination and other preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oguchi Nkwocha
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA (J.A. Lewnard, A.M. Mora, K. Kogut, S.A. Rauch, S. Hernandez, M.P. Wong, K. Huen, K. Andrejko, N.P. Jewell, N. Holland, E. Harris, B. Eskenazi)
- Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica (A.M. Mora)
- Clínica de Salud del Valle de Salinas, Salinas, California, USA (O. Nkwocha, N. Morga, M. Cuevas)
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (N.P. Jewell)
- University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA (K.L. Parra)
| | - Katherine Kogut
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA (J.A. Lewnard, A.M. Mora, K. Kogut, S.A. Rauch, S. Hernandez, M.P. Wong, K. Huen, K. Andrejko, N.P. Jewell, N. Holland, E. Harris, B. Eskenazi)
- Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica (A.M. Mora)
- Clínica de Salud del Valle de Salinas, Salinas, California, USA (O. Nkwocha, N. Morga, M. Cuevas)
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (N.P. Jewell)
- University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA (K.L. Parra)
| | - Stephen A. Rauch
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA (J.A. Lewnard, A.M. Mora, K. Kogut, S.A. Rauch, S. Hernandez, M.P. Wong, K. Huen, K. Andrejko, N.P. Jewell, N. Holland, E. Harris, B. Eskenazi)
- Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica (A.M. Mora)
- Clínica de Salud del Valle de Salinas, Salinas, California, USA (O. Nkwocha, N. Morga, M. Cuevas)
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (N.P. Jewell)
- University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA (K.L. Parra)
| | - Norma Morga
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA (J.A. Lewnard, A.M. Mora, K. Kogut, S.A. Rauch, S. Hernandez, M.P. Wong, K. Huen, K. Andrejko, N.P. Jewell, N. Holland, E. Harris, B. Eskenazi)
- Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica (A.M. Mora)
- Clínica de Salud del Valle de Salinas, Salinas, California, USA (O. Nkwocha, N. Morga, M. Cuevas)
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (N.P. Jewell)
- University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA (K.L. Parra)
| | - Samantha Hernandez
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA (J.A. Lewnard, A.M. Mora, K. Kogut, S.A. Rauch, S. Hernandez, M.P. Wong, K. Huen, K. Andrejko, N.P. Jewell, N. Holland, E. Harris, B. Eskenazi)
- Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica (A.M. Mora)
- Clínica de Salud del Valle de Salinas, Salinas, California, USA (O. Nkwocha, N. Morga, M. Cuevas)
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (N.P. Jewell)
- University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA (K.L. Parra)
| | - Marcus P. Wong
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA (J.A. Lewnard, A.M. Mora, K. Kogut, S.A. Rauch, S. Hernandez, M.P. Wong, K. Huen, K. Andrejko, N.P. Jewell, N. Holland, E. Harris, B. Eskenazi)
- Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica (A.M. Mora)
- Clínica de Salud del Valle de Salinas, Salinas, California, USA (O. Nkwocha, N. Morga, M. Cuevas)
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (N.P. Jewell)
- University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA (K.L. Parra)
| | - Karen Huen
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA (J.A. Lewnard, A.M. Mora, K. Kogut, S.A. Rauch, S. Hernandez, M.P. Wong, K. Huen, K. Andrejko, N.P. Jewell, N. Holland, E. Harris, B. Eskenazi)
- Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica (A.M. Mora)
- Clínica de Salud del Valle de Salinas, Salinas, California, USA (O. Nkwocha, N. Morga, M. Cuevas)
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (N.P. Jewell)
- University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA (K.L. Parra)
| | - Kristin Andrejko
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA (J.A. Lewnard, A.M. Mora, K. Kogut, S.A. Rauch, S. Hernandez, M.P. Wong, K. Huen, K. Andrejko, N.P. Jewell, N. Holland, E. Harris, B. Eskenazi)
- Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica (A.M. Mora)
- Clínica de Salud del Valle de Salinas, Salinas, California, USA (O. Nkwocha, N. Morga, M. Cuevas)
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (N.P. Jewell)
- University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA (K.L. Parra)
| | - Nicholas P. Jewell
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA (J.A. Lewnard, A.M. Mora, K. Kogut, S.A. Rauch, S. Hernandez, M.P. Wong, K. Huen, K. Andrejko, N.P. Jewell, N. Holland, E. Harris, B. Eskenazi)
- Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica (A.M. Mora)
- Clínica de Salud del Valle de Salinas, Salinas, California, USA (O. Nkwocha, N. Morga, M. Cuevas)
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (N.P. Jewell)
- University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA (K.L. Parra)
| | - Kimberly L. Parra
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA (J.A. Lewnard, A.M. Mora, K. Kogut, S.A. Rauch, S. Hernandez, M.P. Wong, K. Huen, K. Andrejko, N.P. Jewell, N. Holland, E. Harris, B. Eskenazi)
- Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica (A.M. Mora)
- Clínica de Salud del Valle de Salinas, Salinas, California, USA (O. Nkwocha, N. Morga, M. Cuevas)
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (N.P. Jewell)
- University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA (K.L. Parra)
| | - Nina Holland
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA (J.A. Lewnard, A.M. Mora, K. Kogut, S.A. Rauch, S. Hernandez, M.P. Wong, K. Huen, K. Andrejko, N.P. Jewell, N. Holland, E. Harris, B. Eskenazi)
- Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica (A.M. Mora)
- Clínica de Salud del Valle de Salinas, Salinas, California, USA (O. Nkwocha, N. Morga, M. Cuevas)
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (N.P. Jewell)
- University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA (K.L. Parra)
| | - Eva Harris
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA (J.A. Lewnard, A.M. Mora, K. Kogut, S.A. Rauch, S. Hernandez, M.P. Wong, K. Huen, K. Andrejko, N.P. Jewell, N. Holland, E. Harris, B. Eskenazi)
- Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica (A.M. Mora)
- Clínica de Salud del Valle de Salinas, Salinas, California, USA (O. Nkwocha, N. Morga, M. Cuevas)
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (N.P. Jewell)
- University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA (K.L. Parra)
| | - Maximiliano Cuevas
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA (J.A. Lewnard, A.M. Mora, K. Kogut, S.A. Rauch, S. Hernandez, M.P. Wong, K. Huen, K. Andrejko, N.P. Jewell, N. Holland, E. Harris, B. Eskenazi)
- Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica (A.M. Mora)
- Clínica de Salud del Valle de Salinas, Salinas, California, USA (O. Nkwocha, N. Morga, M. Cuevas)
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (N.P. Jewell)
- University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA (K.L. Parra)
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA (J.A. Lewnard, A.M. Mora, K. Kogut, S.A. Rauch, S. Hernandez, M.P. Wong, K. Huen, K. Andrejko, N.P. Jewell, N. Holland, E. Harris, B. Eskenazi)
- Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica (A.M. Mora)
- Clínica de Salud del Valle de Salinas, Salinas, California, USA (O. Nkwocha, N. Morga, M. Cuevas)
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (N.P. Jewell)
- University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA (K.L. Parra)
| | - on behalf of the CHAMACOS-Project-19 Study Team2
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA (J.A. Lewnard, A.M. Mora, K. Kogut, S.A. Rauch, S. Hernandez, M.P. Wong, K. Huen, K. Andrejko, N.P. Jewell, N. Holland, E. Harris, B. Eskenazi)
- Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica (A.M. Mora)
- Clínica de Salud del Valle de Salinas, Salinas, California, USA (O. Nkwocha, N. Morga, M. Cuevas)
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK (N.P. Jewell)
- University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA (K.L. Parra)
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9
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Kozyra I, Jabłoński A, Bigoraj E, Rzeżutka A. Wild Boar as a Sylvatic Reservoir of Hepatitis E Virus in Poland: A Cross-Sectional Population Study. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101113. [PMID: 33008103 PMCID: PMC7600272 DOI: 10.3390/v12101113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The most important wildlife species in the epidemiology of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections are wild boars, which are also the main reservoir of the virus in a sylvatic environment. The aim of the study was a serological and molecular assessment of the prevalence of HEV infections in wild boars in Poland. In total, 470 pairs of samples (wild boar blood and livers) and 433 samples of faeces were tested. An ELISA (ID.vet, France) was used for serological analysis. For the detection of HEV RNA, real-time (RT)-qPCR was employed. The presence of specific anti-HEV IgG antibodies was found in 232 (49.4%; 95%CI: 44.7–54%) sera, with regional differences observed in the seroprevalence of infections. HEV RNA was detected in 57 (12.1%, 95%CI: 9.3–15.4%) livers and in 27 (6.2%, 95%CI: 4.1–8.9%) faecal samples, with the viral load ranging from 1.4 to 1.7 × 1011 G.C./g and 38 to 9.3 × 107 G.C./mL, respectively. A correlation between serological and molecular results of testing of wild boars infected with HEV was shown. HEV infections in wild boars appeared to be common in Poland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Kozyra
- Department of Food and Environmental Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (I.K.); (E.B.)
| | - Artur Jabłoński
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska Street 100, 02-797 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Ewelina Bigoraj
- Department of Food and Environmental Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (I.K.); (E.B.)
| | - Artur Rzeżutka
- Department of Food and Environmental Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (I.K.); (E.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48–081-889–3036
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10
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Okamura B, Hartigan A, Long PF, Ruggeri P, Smith-Easter K, Schooley JD. Epidemiology of Polypodium hydriforme in American Paddlefish. J Fish Dis 2020; 43:979-989. [PMID: 32627208 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polypodium hydriforme is a parasitic cnidarian that develops within the eggs of acipenseriform fish in the Old and New Worlds. Currently regarded as monotypic, P. hydriforme has been studied largely in the context of caviar production in Russian sturgeon species. We report the first robust epidemiological study of P. hydriforme in North American acipenseriform fish. We sampled infection prevalences (in 2017 and 2018) and intensities (in 2017) during annual surveys of American Paddlefish, Polyodon spathula, caught during spawning migration in north-eastern Oklahoma. Egg masses were characterized for the presence and intensity of P. hydriforme infection. Prevalences were similar in 2017 and 2018 (49% and 45%, respectively). Generally, a small number of eggs were infected per egg mass, but a few were heavily infected. Longer, heavier and older fish are more likely to be infected and to harbour more severe infections. In addition, infection is linked to decreases in roe fat weight independently of fish length, weight, age or roe weight. Infection thus diminishes Paddlefish energy reserves (roe fat) which could in turn impact host fitness. Our results raise questions about the impacts of infection on caviar production and Paddlefish conservation and suggest insights on infection dynamics and parasite strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Okamura
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Ashlie Hartigan
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Paul F Long
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, UK
| | - Paolo Ruggeri
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
- Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
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11
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Jacob SS, Sengupta PP, Paramanandham K, Suresh KP, Chamuah JK, Rudramurthy GR, Roy P. Bovine babesiosis: An insight into the global perspective on the disease distribution by systematic review and meta-analysis. Vet Parasitol 2020; 283:109136. [PMID: 32574977 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bovine babesiosis is continuing as a great threat to the livestock sector causing havoc production losses with significant morbidity and mortality. Being a tick-borne disease, the great complexity in the agent-host- vector relationship has severely hampered the sincere efforts towards the development of an effective vaccine against bovine babesiosis. In these circumstances, assessing the global scenario of disease prevalence is a prerequisite to strategize the available control measures. Keeping this in view, the objective of this study was to estimate the pooled prevalence of bovine babesiosis globally. The literature search was conducted to identify all relevant published articles reporting the prevalence of bovine babesiosis and a total of 163 studies were found eligible for final systematic review and meta-analysis. Meta-analysis was conducted using meta package of R software and summary estimates of the prevalence were calculated. Meta analysis of 81099 samples from 62 countires representing six continents revealed pooled global prevalence of bovine babesiosis as 29% (95% CI = 24%-34%) with estimated prevalence of active infection as 16% (95% CI = 13%-20%) and seroprevalence as 50% (95% CI = 45%-56%) using random effects model. Continent wise highest prevalence of bovine babesiosis in South America 64% (95% CI = 49%-77%) and lowest in Asia 19% (95% CI = 14%-25%). Highest prevalence was estimated with B. bigemina 22% (95% CI = 18%-27%) and least prevalence was recorded with B. divergens 12% (95% CI = 2%-46%). The pooled prevalence estimates generated in the study is revealing an increase in disease trend and the need for immediate planning of mitigation strategies paralleled with the development of early diagnostic methods to reduce the impact of disease throughout the world.
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12
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Hammond TT, Liebman KA, Payne R, Pigage HK, Padgett KA. Plague Epizootic Dynamics in Chipmunk Fleas, Sierra Nevada Mountains, California, USA, 2013-2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:801-804. [PMID: 31922951 PMCID: PMC7101107 DOI: 10.3201/eid2604.190733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe Yersinia pestis minimum infection prevalence in fleas collected from Tamias spp. chipmunks in the Sierra Nevadas (California, USA) during 2013–2015. Y. pestis–positive fleas were detected only in 2015 (year of plague epizootic), mostly in T. speciosus chipmunks at high-elevation sites. Plague surveillance should include testing vectors for Y. pestis.
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13
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Higgitt RL, Louis van Schalkwyk O, de Klerk-Lorist LM, Buss PE, Caldwell P, Rossouw L, Manamela T, Hausler GA, Hewlett J, Mitchell EP, van Helden PD, Parsons SD, Miller MA. Mycobacterium bovis Infection in African Wild Dogs, Kruger National Park, South Africa. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:1425-1427. [PMID: 31211936 PMCID: PMC6590757 DOI: 10.3201/eid2507.181653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We screened African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) in Kruger National Park, South Africa, for Mycobacterium bovis infection using an interferon-gamma release assay. We detected M. bovis sensitization in 20 of 21 packs; overall apparent infection prevalence was 83%. These animals experience high infection pressure, which may affect long-term survival and conservation strategies.
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14
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Khan PY, Glynn JR, Mzembe T, Mulawa D, Chiumya R, Crampin AC, Kranzer K, Fielding KL. Challenges in the Estimation of the Annual Risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Children Aged Less Than 5 Years. Am J Epidemiol 2017; 186:1015-1022. [PMID: 28525582 PMCID: PMC5784799 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwx153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate estimates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in young children provide a critical indicator of ongoing community transmission of M. tuberculosis. Cross-reactions due to infection with environmental mycobacteria and/or bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination compromise the estimates derived from population-level tuberculin skin-test surveys using traditional cutoff methods. Newer statistical approaches are prone to failure of model convergence, especially in settings where the prevalence of M. tuberculosis infection is low and environmental sensitization is high. We conducted a tuberculin skin-test survey in 5,119 preschool children in the general population and among household contacts of tuberculosis cases in 2012-2014 in a district in northern Malawi where sensitization to environmental mycobacteria is common and almost all children are BCG-vaccinated. We compared different proposed methods of estimating M. tuberculosis prevalence, including a method described by Rust and Thomas more than 40 years ago. With the different methods, estimated prevalence in the general population was 0.7%-11.5% at ages <2 years and 0.8%-3.3% at ages 2-4 years. The Rust and Thomas method was the only method to give a lower estimate in the younger age group (0.7% vs 0.8%), suggesting that it was the only method that adjusted appropriately for the marked effect of BCG-attributable induration in the very young.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Y Khan
- Correspondence to Dr. Palwasha Yousafzai Khan, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WD1E 7HT, United Kingdom (e-mail: )
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15
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Abstract
The prevalence of infection varies dramatically on a fine spatial scale. Many evolutionary hypotheses are founded on the assumption that this variation is due to host genetics, such that sites with a high frequency of alleles conferring susceptibility are associated with higher infection prevalence. This assumption is largely untested and may be compromised at finer spatial scales where gene flow between sites is high. We put this assumption to the test in a natural snail-trematode interaction in which host susceptibility is known to have a strong genetic basis. A decade of field sampling revealed substantial spatial variation in infection prevalence between 13 sites around a small lake. Laboratory assays replicated over 3 years demonstrate striking variation in host susceptibility among sites in spite of high levels of gene flow between sites. We find that mean susceptibility can explain more than one-third of the observed variation in mean infection prevalence among sites. We estimate that variation in susceptibility and exposure together can explain the majority of variation in prevalence. Overall, our findings in this natural host-parasite system argue that spatial variation in infection prevalence covaries strongly with variation in the distribution of genetically based susceptibility, even at a fine spatial scale.
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16
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Huang ZY, VAN Langevelde F, Estrada-Peña A, Suzán G, DE Boer WF. The diversity-disease relationship: evidence for and criticisms of the dilution effect. Parasitology 2016; 143:1075-86. [PMID: 27041655 DOI: 10.1017/S0031182016000536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The dilution effect, that high host species diversity can reduce disease risk, has attracted much attention in the context of global biodiversity decline and increasing disease emergence. Recent studies have criticized the generality of the dilution effect and argued that it only occurs under certain circumstances. Nevertheless, evidence for the existence of a dilution effect was reported in about 80% of the studies that addressed the diversity-disease relationship, and a recent meta-analysis found that the dilution effect is widespread. We here review supporting and critical studies, point out the causes underlying the current disputes. The dilution is expected to be strong when the competent host species tend to remain when species diversity declines, characterized as a negative relationship between species' reservoir competence and local extinction risk. We here conclude that most studies support a negative competence-extinction relationship. We then synthesize the current knowledge on how the diversity-disease relationship can be modified by particular species in community, by the scales of analyses, and by the disease risk measures. We also highlight the complex role of habitat fragmentation in the diversity-disease relationship from epidemiological, evolutionary and ecological perspectives, and construct a synthetic framework integrating these three perspectives. We suggest that future studies should test the diversity-disease relationship across different scales and consider the multiple effects of landscape fragmentation.
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17
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Scott JD, Foley JE, Clark KL, Anderson JF, Durden LA, Manord JM, Smith ML. Established Population of Blacklegged Ticks with High Infection Prevalence for the Lyme Disease Bacterium, Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato, on Corkscrew Island, Kenora District, Ontario. Int J Med Sci 2016; 13:881-891. [PMID: 27877080 PMCID: PMC5118759 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.16922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We document an established population of blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis, on Corkscrew Island, Kenora District, Ontario, Canada. Primers of the outer surface protein A (OspA) gene, the flagellin (fla) gene, and the flagellin B (flaB) gene were used in the PCR assays to detect Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.), the Lyme disease bacterium. In all, 60 (73%) of 82 adult I. scapularis, were infected with B. burgdorferi s.l. As well, 6 (43%) of 14 unfed I. scapularis nymphs were positive for B. burgdorferi s.l. An I. scapularis larva was also collected from a deer mouse, and several unfed larvae were gathered by flagging leaf litter. Based on DNA sequencing of randomly selected Borrelia amplicons from six nymphal and adult I. scapularis ticks, primers for the flagellin (fla) and flagellin B (flaB) genes reveal the presence of B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.), a genospecies pathogenic to humans and certain domestic animals. We collected all 3 host-feeding life stages of I. scapularis in a single year, and report the northernmost established population of I. scapularis in Ontario. Corkscrew Island is hyperendemic for Lyme disease and has the highest prevalence of B. burgdorferi s.l. for any established population in Canada. Because of this very high infection prevalence, this population of I. scapularis has likely been established for decades. Of epidemiological significance, cottage owners, island visitors, outdoors enthusiasts, and medical professionals must be vigilant that B. burgdorferi s.l.-infected I. scapularis on Corkscrew Island pose a serious public health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Scott
- Lyme Ontario, Research Division, 365 St. David St. South, Fergus, Ontario, Canada N1M 2L7
| | - Janet E Foley
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States of America
| | - Kerry L Clark
- Epidemiology & Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, United States of America
| | - John F Anderson
- Department of Entomology and Center for Vector Ecology and Zoonotic Diseases. The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, P.O. Box 1106, New Haven, Connecticut 06504-1106, United States of America
| | - Lance A Durden
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, 4324 Old Register Road, Statesboro, Georgia 30458, United States of America
| | - Jodi M Manord
- Epidemiology & Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, United States of America
| | - Morgan L Smith
- Epidemiology & Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, United States of America
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18
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Burkett-Cadena ND, Bingham AM, Unnasch TR. Sex-biased avian host use by arbovirus vectors. R Soc Open Sci 2014; 1:140262. [PMID: 26064562 PMCID: PMC4448840 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.140262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Prevalence of arthropod-borne parasites often differs drastically between host sexes. This sex-related disparity may be related to physiological (primarily hormonal) differences that facilitate or suppress replication of the pathogen in host tissues. Alternately, differences in pathogen prevalence between host sexes may be owing to differential exposure to infected vectors. Here, we report on the use of PCR-based assays recognizing bird sex chromosomes to investigate sex-related patterns of avian host use from field-collected female mosquitoes from Florida, USA. Mosquitoes took more bloodmeals from male birds (64.0% of 308 sexed samples) than female birds (36.0%), deviating significantly from a hypothetical 1:1 sex ratio. In addition, male-biased host use was consistent across mosquito species (Culex erraticus (64.4%); Culex nigripalpus (61.0%) and Culiseta melanura (64.9%)). Our findings support the hypothesis that sex-biased exposure to vector-borne pathogens contributes to disparities in parasite/pathogen prevalence between the sexes. While few studies have yet to investigate sex-biased host use by mosquitoes, the methods used here could be applied to a variety of mosquito-borne disease systems, including those that affect health of humans, domestic animals and wildlife. Understanding the mechanisms that drive sex-based disparities in host use may lead to novel strategies for interrupting pathogen/parasite transmission.
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19
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Diuk-Wasser MA, Liu Y, Steeves TK, Folsom-O'Keefe C, Dardick KR, Lepore T, Bent SJ, Usmani-Brown S, Telford SR, Fish D, Krause PJ. Monitoring human babesiosis emergence through vector surveillance New England, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 20:225-31. [PMID: 24447577 PMCID: PMC3901474 DOI: 10.3201/eid2002.130644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human babesiosis is an emerging tick-borne disease caused by the intraerythrocytic protozoan Babesia microti. Its geographic distribution is more limited than that of Lyme disease, despite sharing the same tick vector and reservoir hosts. The geographic range of babesiosis is expanding, but knowledge of its range is incomplete and relies exclusively on reports of human cases. We evaluated the utility of tick-based surveillance for monitoring disease expansion by comparing the ratios of the 2 infections in humans and ticks in areas with varying B. microti endemicity. We found a close association between human disease and tick infection ratios in long-established babesiosis-endemic areas but a lower than expected incidence of human babesiosis on the basis of tick infection rates in new disease-endemic areas. This finding suggests that babesiosis at emerging sites is underreported. Vector-based surveillance can provide an early warning system for the emergence of human babesiosis.
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20
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Zélé F, Nicot A, Berthomieu A, Weill M, Duron O, Rivero A. Wolbachia increases susceptibility to Plasmodium infection in a natural system. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20132837. [PMID: 24500167 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Current views about the impact of Wolbachia on Plasmodium infections are almost entirely based on data regarding artificially transfected mosquitoes. This work has shown that Wolbachia reduces the intensity of Plasmodium infections in mosquitoes, raising the exciting possibility of using Wolbachia to control or limit the spread of malaria. Whether natural Wolbachia infections have the same parasite-inhibiting properties is not yet clear. Wolbachia-mosquito combinations with a long evolutionary history are, however, key for understanding what may happen with Wolbachia-transfected mosquitoes after several generations of coevolution. We investigate this issue using an entirely natural mosquito-Wolbachia-Plasmodium combination. In contrast to most previous studies, which have been centred on the quantification of the midgut stages of Plasmodium, we obtain a measurement of parasitaemia that relates directly to transmission by following infections to the salivary gland stages. We show that Wolbachia increases the susceptibility of Culex pipiens mosquitoes to Plasmodium relictum, significantly increasing the prevalence of salivary gland stage infections. This effect is independent of the density of Wolbachia in the mosquito. These results suggest that naturally Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes may, in fact, be better vectors of malaria than Wolbachia-free ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zélé
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, CNRS (UMR CNRS-UM1-UM2 5290, IRD 224), Centre de Recherche IRD, 911 Avenue Agropolis, Montpellier 34394, France, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, CNRS (UMR 5554), Université de Montpellier II, , Montpellier 34095, France, Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS (UMR 5175), 1919 Route de Mende, Montpellier 34293, France
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