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Holmes S, Jain P, Rodriguez KG, Williams J, Yu Z, Cerda-Smith C, Samuel ELG, Campbell J, Hakenjos JM, Monsivais D, Li F, Chamakuri S, Matzuk MM, Santini C, MacKenzie KR, Young DW. Chemical Catalysis Guides Structural Identification for the Major In Vivo Metabolite of the BET Inhibitor JQ1. ACS Med Chem Lett 2024; 15:107-115. [PMID: 38229743 PMCID: PMC10788937 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The bromodomain inhibitor (+)-JQ1 is a highly validated chemical probe; however, it exhibits poor in vivo pharmacokinetics. To guide efforts toward improving its pharmacological properties, we identified the (+)-JQ1 primary metabolite using chemical catalysis methods. Treatment of (+)-JQ1 with tetrabutylammonium decatungstate under photochemical conditions resulted in selective formation of an aldehyde at the 2-position of the thiophene ring [(+)-JQ1-CHO], which was further reduced to the 2-hydroxymethyl analog [(+)-JQ1-OH]. Comparative LC/MS analysis of (+)-JQ1-OH to the product obtained from liver microsomes suggested (+)-JQ1-OH as the major metabolite of (+)-JQ1. The 2-thienyl position was then substituted to generate a trideuterated (-CD3, (+)-JQ1-D) analog having half-lives that were 1.8- and 2.8-fold longer in mouse and human liver microsomes, respectively. This result unambiguously confirmed (+)-JQ1-OH as the major metabolite of (+)-JQ1. These studies demonstrate an efficient process for studying drug metabolism and identifying the metabolic soft spots of bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Secondra Holmes
- Center
for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- Verna
and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Prashi Jain
- Center
for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- Verna
and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Kenneth Guzman Rodriguez
- Center
for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- Verna
and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Jade Williams
- Center
for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- Verna
and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Zhifeng Yu
- Center
for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- Verna
and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Christian Cerda-Smith
- Center
for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Errol L. G. Samuel
- Center
for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - James Campbell
- Center
for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - John Michael Hakenjos
- Center
for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Diana Monsivais
- Center
for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Feng Li
- Center
for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Srinivas Chamakuri
- Center
for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Martin M. Matzuk
- Center
for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Conrad Santini
- Center
for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Kevin R. MacKenzie
- Center
for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- Verna
and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Damian W. Young
- Center
for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- Verna
and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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Mao F, Li J, Luo Q, Wang R, Kong Y, Carlock C, Liu Z, Elzey BD, Liu X. Plk1 Inhibition Enhances the Efficacy of BET Epigenetic Reader Blockade in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:1554-1565. [PMID: 29716963 PMCID: PMC6030429 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1), a crucial regulator of cell-cycle progression, is overexpressed in multiple types of cancers and has been proven to be a potent and promising target for cancer treatment. In case of prostate cancer, we once showed that antineoplastic activity of Plk1 inhibitor is largely due to inhibition of androgen receptor (AR) signaling. However, we also discovered that Plk1 inhibition causes activation of the β-catenin pathway and increased expression of c-MYC, eventually resulting in resistance to Plk1 inhibition. JQ1, a selective small-molecule inhibitor targeting the amino-terminal bromodomains of BRD4, has been shown to dramatically inhibit c-MYC expression and AR signaling, exhibiting antiproliferative effects in a range of cancers. Because c-MYC and AR signaling are essential for prostate cancer initiation and progression, we aim to test whether targeting Plk1 and BRD4 at the same time is an effective approach to treat prostate cancer. Herein, we show that a combination of Plk1 inhibitor GSK461364A and BRD4 inhibitor JQ1 had a strong synergistic effect on castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cell lines, as well as in CRPC xenograft tumors. Mechanistically, the synergistic effect is likely due to two reasons: (i) Plk1 inhibition results in the accumulation of β-catenin in the nucleus, thus elevation of c-MYC expression, whereas JQ1 treatment directly suppresses c-MYC transcription; (ii) Plk1 and BRD4 dual inhibition acts synergistically in inhibition of AR signaling. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(7); 1554-65. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyi Mao
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Qian Luo
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Ruixin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Yifan Kong
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Colin Carlock
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Zian Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Bennet D Elzey
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Xiaoqi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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Zhu XH, Li QG, Wang J, Hu GZ, Liu ZQ, Hu QH, Wu G. [Mechanism of action of BET bromodomain inhibitor JQ1 in treating airway remodeling in asthmatic mice]. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 2017; 19:1278-1284. [PMID: 29237530 PMCID: PMC7389801 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the molecular mechanism of action of BET bromodomain inhibitor JQ1 in treating airway remodeling in asthmatic mice. METHODS A total of 24 mice were randomly divided into control group, ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma group (OVA group), and JQ1 intervention group (JQ1+OVA group), with 8 mice in each group. OVA sensitization/challenge was performed to establish a mouse model of asthma. At 1 hour before challenge, the mice in the JQ1+OVA group were given intraperitoneal injection of JQ1 solution (50 μg/g). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue samples were collected at 24 hours after the last challenge, and the total number of cells and percentage of eosinophils in BALF were calculated. Pathological staining was performed to observe histopathological changes in lung tissue. RT-PCR and Western blot were used to measure the mRNA and protein expression of E-cadherin and vimentin during epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). RESULTS Compared with the control group, the OVA group had marked infiltration of inflammatory cells in the airway, thickening of the airway wall, increased secretion of mucus, and increases in the total number of cells and percentage of eosinophils in BALF (P<0.01). Compared with the OVA group, the JQ1+OVA group had significantly alleviated airway inflammatory response and significant reductions in the total number of cells and percentage of eosinophils in BALF (P<0.01). Compared with the control group, the OVA group had significant reductions in the mRNA and protein expression of E-cadherin and significant increases in the mRNA and protein expression of vimentin (P<0.01); compared with the OVA group, the JQ1+OVA group had significant increases in the mRNA and protein expression of E-cadherin and significant reductions in the mRNA and protein expression of vimentin (P<0.01); there were no significant differences in these indices between the JQ1+OVA group and the control group (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Mice with OVA-induced asthma have airway remodeling during EMT. BET bromodomain inhibitor JQ1 can reduce airway inflammation, inhibit EMT, and alleviate airway remodeling, which provides a new direction for the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hua Zhu
- School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
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Zhu X, Enomoto K, Zhao L, Zhu YJ, Willingham MC, Meltzer P, Qi J, Cheng SY. Bromodomain and Extraterminal Protein Inhibitor JQ1 Suppresses Thyroid Tumor Growth in a Mouse Model. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:430-440. [PMID: 27440272 PMCID: PMC5241246 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE New therapeutic approaches are needed for patients with thyroid cancer refractory to radioiodine treatment. An inhibitor of bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) proteins, JQ1, shows potent antitumor effects in hematological cancers and solid tumors. To evaluate whether JQ1 is effective against thyroid cancer, we examined antitumor efficacy of JQ1 using the ThrbPV/PVKrasG12D mouse, a model of anaplastic thyroid cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We treated ThrbPV/PVKrasG12D mice with vehicle or JQ1 at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight/day starting at the age of 8 weeks for a 10-week period and monitored thyroid tumor progression. RESULTS JQ1 markedly inhibited thyroid tumor growth and prolonged survival of these mice. Global differential gene expression analysis showed that JQ1 suppressed the cMyc (hereafter referred to as Myc) transcription program by inhibiting mRNA expression of Myc, ccnd1, and other related genes. JQ1-suppressed Myc expression was accompanied by chromatin remodeling as evidenced by increased expression of histones and hexamethylene bis-acetamide inducible 1, a suppressor of RNA polymerase II transcription elongation. Analyses showed that JQ1 decreased MYC abundance in thyroid tumors and attenuated the cyclin D1-CDK4-Rb-E2F3 signaling to decrease tumor growth. Further analysis indicated that JQ1 inhibited the recruitment of BDR4 to the promoter complex of the Myc and Ccnd1 genes in rat thyroid follicular PCCL3 cells, resulting in decreased MYC expression at the mRNA and protein levels to inhibit tumor cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS These preclinical findings suggest that BET inhibitors may be an effective agent to reduce thyroid tumor burden for the treatment of refractory thyroid cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 23(2); 430-40. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuguang Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Keisuke Enomoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Li Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yuelin J Zhu
- Laboratory Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mark C Willingham
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Paul Meltzer
- Laboratory Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jun Qi
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sheue-Yann Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
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Lee S, Rellinger EJ, Kim KW, Craig BT, Romain CV, Qiao J, Chung DH. Bromodomain and extraterminal inhibition blocks tumor progression and promotes differentiation in neuroblastoma. Surgery 2015; 158:819-26. [PMID: 26067464 PMCID: PMC4536146 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MYCN amplification is a key molecular hallmark of high-risk neuroblastoma. Previously considered an "undruggable" target, MYCN transcription can be disrupted by inhibiting the bromodomain and the extraterminal (BET) domain family of proteins that regulates MYCN transcription epigenetically. JQ1 is a potent, small-molecule BET inhibitor that induces cell-cycle arrest and initiates apoptosis in neuroblastoma. Here, we sought to validate the antitumorigenic effects of JQ1 in neuroblastoma and to evaluate whether blocking N-myc expression with JQ1 promotes neural differentiation. METHODS We determined the effects in vitro of JQ1 treatment on human neuroblastoma cell growth in both monolayer and sphere-forming conditions. Subcutaneous neuroblastoma xenografts were used for an in vivo study. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were performed to evaluate the effects on neural differentiation and stem cell markers. RESULTS JQ1 treatment blocked neuroblastoma cell growth in both monolayer and sphere-forming conditions; JQ1 also attenuated the growth of neuroblastoma xenograft in athymic nude mice. Neurofilament expression was enhanced with JQ1 treatment, indicating that JQ1 induces neuronal differentiation. Sphere forming conditions resulted in increased expression of multiple stem cell markers; these effects were reversed with JQ1 treatment. CONCLUSION BET inhibition attenuates progression and promotes neural differentiation of neuroblastoma in vitro and in vivo in mice, providing insight into potential clinical applications of BET inhibitors in the treatment of patients with neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sora Lee
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Eric J Rellinger
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Kwang Woon Kim
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Brian T Craig
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Carmelle V Romain
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Jingbo Qiao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Dai H Chung
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.
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Bandopadhayay P, Bergthold G, Nguyen B, Schubert S, Gholamin S, Tang Y, Bolin S, Schumacher SE, Zeid R, Masoud S, Yu F, Vue N, Gibson WJ, Paolella BR, Mitra S, Cheshier S, Qi J, Liu KW, Wechsler-Reya R, Weiss WA, Swartling FJ, Kieran MW, Bradner JE, Beroukhim R, Cho YJ. BET bromodomain inhibition of MYC-amplified medulloblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:912-25. [PMID: 24297863 PMCID: PMC4198154 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE MYC-amplified medulloblastomas are highly lethal tumors. Bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) bromodomain inhibition has recently been shown to suppress MYC-associated transcriptional activity in other cancers. The compound JQ1 inhibits BET bromodomain-containing proteins, including BRD4. Here, we investigate BET bromodomain targeting for the treatment of MYC-amplified medulloblastoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We evaluated the effects of genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of BET bromodomains on proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis in established and newly generated patient- and genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM)-derived medulloblastoma cell lines and xenografts that harbored amplifications of MYC or MYCN. We also assessed the effect of JQ1 on MYC expression and global MYC-associated transcriptional activity. We assessed the in vivo efficacy of JQ1 in orthotopic xenografts established in immunocompromised mice. RESULTS Treatment of MYC-amplified medulloblastoma cells with JQ1 decreased cell viability associated with arrest at G1 and apoptosis. We observed downregulation of MYC expression and confirmed the inhibition of MYC-associated transcriptional targets. The exogenous expression of MYC from a retroviral promoter reduced the effect of JQ1 on cell viability, suggesting that attenuated levels of MYC contribute to the functional effects of JQ1. JQ1 significantly prolonged the survival of orthotopic xenograft models of MYC-amplified medulloblastoma (P < 0.001). Xenografts harvested from mice after five doses of JQ1 had reduced the expression of MYC mRNA and a reduced proliferative index. CONCLUSION JQ1 suppresses MYC expression and MYC-associated transcriptional activity in medulloblastomas, resulting in an overall decrease in medulloblastoma cell viability. These preclinical findings highlight the promise of BET bromodomain inhibitors as novel agents for MYC-amplified medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratiti Bandopadhayay
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Guillaume Bergthold
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Brian Nguyen
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Simone Schubert
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Sharareh Gholamin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Yujie Tang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Sara Bolin
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Steven E Schumacher
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Rhamy Zeid
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Sabran Masoud
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Furong Yu
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Nujsaubnusi Vue
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - William J Gibson
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Brenton R Paolella
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Siddharta Mitra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Samuel Cheshier
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Jun Qi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Kun-Wei Liu
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Robert Wechsler-Reya
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - William A Weiss
- Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Fredrik J Swartling
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mark W Kieran
- Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - James E Bradner
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Rameen Beroukhim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- Center for Cancer Genome Characterization, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Yoon-Jae Cho
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA USA
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