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Lyalin E, Il’ina E, Pankratov A, Kuznetsova T, Kalinina E. Effect of Substrates on the Physicochemical Properties of Li 7La 3Zr 2O 12 Films Obtained by Electrophoretic Deposition. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:2153. [PMID: 38138322 PMCID: PMC10744885 DOI: 10.3390/mi14122153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Thin film technology of lithium-ion solid electrolytes should be developed for the creation of all-solid-state power sources. Solid electrolytes of the Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZ) family are one of the promising membranes for all-solid-state batteries. LLZ films were obtained by electrophoretic deposition on Ti, Ni and steel substrates. The influence of different metal substrates on microstructure, phase composition and conductivity of the LLZ films after their heat treatment was studied. It was shown that the annealing of dried LLZ films in an Ar atmosphere leads to the transition from tetragonal modification to a low-temperature cubic structure. It was established that an impurity phase (Li2CO3) was not observed for LLZ films deposited on Ti foil after heat treatment, in contrast to films deposited on Ni and steel substrates. The highest lithium-ion conductivity values were achieved for the LLZ films annealed at 300 °C, 1.1 × 10-8 S cm-1 (at 100 °C) and 1.0 × 10-6 S cm-1 (at 200 °C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Efim Lyalin
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Power Sources, Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620990 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (E.L.); (E.I.); (A.P.); (T.K.)
| | - Evgeniya Il’ina
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Power Sources, Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620990 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (E.L.); (E.I.); (A.P.); (T.K.)
| | - Alexander Pankratov
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Power Sources, Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620990 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (E.L.); (E.I.); (A.P.); (T.K.)
| | - Tamara Kuznetsova
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Power Sources, Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620990 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (E.L.); (E.I.); (A.P.); (T.K.)
| | - Elena Kalinina
- Laboratory of Complex Electrophysic Investigations, Institute of Electrophysics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620016 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- Department of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
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Il'ina E. Recent Strategies for Lithium-Ion Conductivity Improvement in Li 7La 3Zr 2O 12 Solid Electrolytes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12905. [PMID: 37629085 PMCID: PMC10454846 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of solid electrolytes with high conductivity is one of the key factors in the creation of new power-generation sources. Lithium-ion solid electrolytes based on Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZ) with a garnet structure are in great demand for all-solid-state battery production. Li7La3Zr2O12 has two structural modifications: tetragonal (I41/acd) and cubic (Ia3d). A doping strategy is proposed for the stabilization of highly conductive cubic Li7La3Zr2O12. The structure features, density, and microstructure of the ceramic membrane are caused by the doping strategy and synthesis method of the solid electrolyte. The influence of different dopants on the stabilization of the cubic phase and conductivity improvement of solid electrolytes based on Li7La3Zr2O12 is discussed in the presented review. For mono-doping, the highest values of lithium-ion conductivity (~10-3 S/cm at room temperature) are achieved for solid electrolytes with the partial substitution of Li+ by Ga3+, and Zr4+ by Te6+. Moreover, the positive effect of double elements doping on the Zr site in Li7La3Zr2O12 is established. There is an increase in the popularity of dual- and multi-doping on several Li7La3Zr2O12 sublattices. Such a strategy leads not only to lithium-ion conductivity improvement but also to the reduction of annealing temperature and the amount of some high-cost dopant. Al and Ga proved to be effective co-doping elements for the simultaneous substitution in Li/Zr and Li/La sublattices of Li7La3Zr2O12 for improving the lithium-ion conductivity of solid electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya Il'ina
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Power Sources, Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg 620990, Russia
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Lyalin E, Il'ina E, Kalinina E, Antonov B, Pankratov A, Pereverzev D. Electrophoretic Deposition and Characterization of Thin-Film Membranes Li 7La 3Zr 2O 12. Membranes (Basel) 2023; 13:membranes13050468. [PMID: 37233529 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13050468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In the presented study, films from tetragonal Li7La3Zr2O12 were obtained by electrophoretic deposition (EPD) for the first time. To obtain a continuous and homogeneous coating on Ni and Ti substrates, iodine was added to the Li7La3Zr2O12 suspension. The EPD regime was developed to carry out the stable process of deposition. The influence of annealing temperature on phase composition, microstructure, and conductivity of membranes obtained was studied. It was established that the phase transition from tetragonal to low-temperature cubic modification of solid electrolyte was observed after its heat treatment at 400 °C. This phase transition was also confirmed by high-temperature X-ray diffraction analysis of Li7La3Zr2O12 powder. Increasing the annealing temperature leads to the formation of additional phases in the form of fibers and their growth from 32 (dried film) to 104 μm (annealed at 500 °C). The formation of this phase occurred due to the chemical reaction of Li7La3Zr2O12 films obtained by electrophoretic deposition with air components during heat treatment. The total conductivity of Li7La3Zr2O12 films obtained has values of ~10-10 and ~10-7 S cm-1 at 100 and 200 °C, respectively. The method of EPD can be used to obtain solid electrolyte membranes based on Li7La3Zr2O12 for all-solid-state batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efim Lyalin
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Power Sources, Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620990 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Evgeniya Il'ina
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Power Sources, Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620990 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Elena Kalinina
- Laboratory of Complex Electrophysic Investigations, Institute of Electrophysics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620016 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- Department of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Boris Antonov
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Power Sources, Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620990 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Alexander Pankratov
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Power Sources, Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620990 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Danil Pereverzev
- Laboratory of Solid State Ionics, Institute of Solid State Chemistry, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620108 Yekaterinburg, Russia
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Hoang HA, Kim D. High Performance Solid-State Lithium-Sulfur Battery Enabled by Multi-Functional Cathode and Flexible Hybrid Solid Electrolyte. Small 2022; 18:e2202963. [PMID: 35908157 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202202963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With its superior theoretical energy density as well as abundance and environment-friendliness, the lithium-sulfur battery (LiSB) is a potential candidate to replace the traditional energy storage and generation systems. An innovative design is proposed for the high-performance solid-state LiSB system by combining the multi-functional cathode comprising the sulfur-loaded Al2 O3 -modified carbon nanotubes (S@ACNTs) and the flexible hybrid solid electrolyte (HSE). Assembled with S@ACNTs active material, the polycation poly(diallyldimethylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide) (PDATFSI) binder exhibits high Li+ conductivity of 0.45 mS cm-1 at room temperature, good thermal stability up to 450 °C, high adhesive strength with aluminum current collector up to 24 MPa, sustainable non-flammability, and desirable flexibility. When assembled with HSE membrane, the S@ACNTs/PDATFSI-60IL cathode layer demonstrates effective polysulfide trapping behavior and superior compatibility (65 Ω), resulting in high discharge capacity of 1203 mAh g-1 at 0.2 C in the 1st cycle, and long-term stability up to 91.69% of the discharge capacity after 200 cycles of charge/discharge process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Anh Hoang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dukjoon Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16419, Republic of Korea
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Badi N, Theodore AM, Alghamdi SA, Al-Aoh HA, Lakhouit A, Singh PK, Norrrahim MNF, Nath G. The Impact of Polymer Electrolyte Properties on Lithium-Ion Batteries. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:3101. [PMID: 35956616 PMCID: PMC9371197 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the enhancement of the properties of electrolytes and electrodes resulted in the development of efficient electrochemical energy storage devices. We herein reported the impact of the different polymer electrolytes in terms of physicochemical, thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Since LIBs use many groups of electrolytes, such as liquid electrolytes, quasi-solid electrolytes, and solid electrolytes, the efficiency of the full device relies on the type of electrolyte used. A good electrolyte is the one that, when used in Li-ion batteries, exhibits high Li+ diffusion between electrodes, the lowest resistance during cycling at the interfaces, a high capacity of retention, a very good cycle-life, high thermal stability, high specific capacitance, and high energy density. The impact of various polymer electrolytes and their components has been reported in this work, which helps to understand their effect on battery performance. Although, single-electrolyte material cannot be sufficient to fulfill the requirements of a good LIB. This review is aimed to lead toward an appropriate choice of polymer electrolyte for LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nacer Badi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia;
- Nanotechnology Research Unit, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
- Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency Center, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azemtsop Manfo Theodore
- Center of Excellence on Solar Cells & Renewable Energy, School of Basic Science and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India
| | - Saleh A. Alghamdi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia;
- Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency Center, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hatem A. Al-Aoh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abderrahim Lakhouit
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Pramod K. Singh
- Center of Excellence on Solar Cells & Renewable Energy, School of Basic Science and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India
| | - Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - Gaurav Nath
- Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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Zhong J, Zhang B, Pan F, Lin Z. Thiotetrelates Li 2ZnXS 4 (X = Si, Ge, and Sn) As Potential Li-Ion Solid-State Electrolytes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:9203-9211. [PMID: 35133149 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel inorganic solid-state electrolyte (ISSE) with high ionic conductivity is a crucial part of all-solid-state lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries (ASSLBs). Herein, we first report on Li2ZnXS4 (LZXS, X = Si, Ge, and Sn) semiconductor-based ISSEs, crystallizing in the corner-sharing tetrahedron orthorhombic space group, to provide valuable insights into the structure, defect chemistry, phase stability, electrochemical stability, H2O/CO2 chemical stability, and Li-ion conduction mechanisms. A key feature for the Li-ion transport and low migration barrier is the interconnected and corner-shared [LiS4] units along the a-axis, which allows Li-ion transport via empty or occupied tetrahedron sites. A major finding is the first indication that Li-ion migration in Li2ZnSiS4 (LZSiS) has lower energy barriers (∼0.24 eV) compared to Li2ZnGeS4 (LZGS) and Li2ZnSnS4 (LZSnS), whether through vacancy migration or interstitial migration. However, LZGS and LZSnS exhibit greater H2O/CO2 stability compared to LZSiS. The novel framework of LZXS with relatively low Li-ion migration barriers and moderate electrochemical stability could benefit the ASSLB communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Zhong
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Clean Transportation Energy Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Bingkai Zhang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Clean Transportation Energy Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Feng Pan
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhan Lin
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Clean Transportation Energy Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Park YS, Lee JM, Yi EJ, Moon JW, Hwang H. All-Solid-State Lithium-Ion Batteries with Oxide/Sulfide Composite Electrolytes. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:1998. [PMID: 33923542 DOI: 10.3390/ma14081998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Li6.3La3Zr1.65W0.35O12 (LLZO)-Li6PS5Cl (LPSC) composite electrolytes and all-solid-state cells containing LLZO-LPSC were fabricated by cold pressing at room temperature. The LPSC:LLZO ratio was varied, and the microstructure, ionic conductivity, and electrochemical performance of the corresponding composite electrolytes were investigated; the ionic conductivity of the composite electrolytes was three or four orders of magnitude higher than that of LLZO. The high conductivity of the composite electrolytes was attributed to the enhanced relative density and the rule of mixture for soft LPSC particles with high lithium-ion conductivity (~10−4 S·cm−1). The specific capacities of all-solid-state cells (ASSCs) consisting of a LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811) cathode and the composite electrolytes of LLZO:LPSC = 7:3 and 6:4 were 163 and 167 mAh·g−1, respectively, at 0.1 C and room temperature. Moreover, the charge–discharge curves of the ASSCs with the composite electrolytes revealed that a good interfacial contact was successfully formed between the NCM811 cathode and the LLZO-LPSC composite electrolyte.
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Ji Y, Zhou C, Lin F, Li B, Yang F, Zhu H, Duan J, Chen Z. Submicron-Sized Nb-Doped Lithium Garnet for High Ionic Conductivity Solid Electrolyte and Performance of Quasi-Solid-State Lithium Battery. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:E560. [PMID: 31991551 DOI: 10.3390/ma13030560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The garnet Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) has been widely investigated because of its high conductivity, wide electrochemical window, and chemical stability with regards to lithium metal. However, the usual preparation process of LLZO requires high-temperature sintering for a long time and a lot of mother powder to compensate for lithium evaporation. In this study submicron Li6.6La3Zr1.6Nb0.4O12 (LLZNO) powder―which has a stable cubic phase and high sintering activity―was prepared using the conventional solid-state reaction and the attrition milling process, and Li stoichiometric LLZNO ceramics were obtained by sintering this powder―which is difficult to control under high sintering temperatures and when sintered for a long time―at a relatively low temperature or for a short amount of time. The particle-size distribution, phase structure, microstructure, distribution of elements, total ionic conductivity, relative density, and activation energy of the submicron LLZNO powder and the LLZNO ceramics were tested and analyzed using laser diffraction particle-size analyzer (LD), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), and the Archimedean method. The total ionic conductivity of samples sintered at 1200 °C for 30 min was 5.09 × 10−4 S·cm−1, the activation energy was 0.311 eV, and the relative density was 87.3%. When the samples were sintered at 1150 °C for 60 min the total ionic conductivity was 3.49 × 10−4 S·cm−1, the activation energy was 0.316 eV, and the relative density was 90.4%. At the same time, quasi-solid-state batteries were assembled with LiMn2O4 as the positive electrode and submicron LLZNO powder as the solid-state electrolyte. After 50 cycles, the discharge specific capacity was 105.5 mAh/g and the columbic efficiency was above 95%.
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Wu JF, Pang WK, Peterson VK, Wei L, Guo X. Garnet-Type Fast Li-Ion Conductors with High Ionic Conductivities for All-Solid-State Batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:12461-12468. [PMID: 28332828 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
All-solid-state Li-ion batteries with metallic Li anodes and solid electrolytes could offer superior energy density and safety over conventional Li-ion batteries. However, compared with organic liquid electrolytes, the low conductivity of solid electrolytes and large electrolyte/electrode interfacial resistance impede their practical application. Garnet-type Li-ion conducting oxides are among the most promising electrolytes for all-solid-state Li-ion batteries. In this work, the large-radius Rb is doped at the La site of cubic Li6.10Ga0.30La3Zr2O12 to enhance the Li-ion conductivity for the first time. The Li6.20Ga0.30La2.95Rb0.05Zr2O12 electrolyte exhibits a Li-ion conductivity of 1.62 mS cm-1 at room temperature, which is the highest conductivity reported until now. All-solid-state Li-ion batteries are constructed from the electrolyte, metallic Li anode, and LiFePO4 active cathode. The addition of Li(CF3SO2)2N electrolytic salt in the cathode effectively reduces the interfacial resistance, allowing for a high initial discharge capacity of 152 mAh g-1 and good cycling stability with 110 mAh g-1 retained after 20 cycles at a charge/discharge rate of 0.05 C at 60 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Fang Wu
- Laboratory of Solid State Ionics, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Kong Pang
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation , Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, New South Wales 2232, Australia
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Wollongong , Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Vanessa K Peterson
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation , Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, New South Wales 2232, Australia
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Wollongong , Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Lu Wei
- Laboratory of Solid State Ionics, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Guo
- Laboratory of Solid State Ionics, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
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Du Y, Yang H, Whiteley JM, Wan S, Jin Y, Lee SH, Zhang W. Ionic Covalent Organic Frameworks with Spiroborate Linkage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:1737-41. [PMID: 26696304 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201509014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A novel type of ionic covalent organic framework (ICOF), which contains sp(3) hybridized boron anionic centers and tunable countercations, was constructed by formation of spiroborate linkages. These ICOFs exhibit high BET surface areas up to 1259 m(2) g(-1) and adsorb a significant amount of H2 (up to 3.11 wt %, 77 K, 1 bar) and CH4 (up to 4.62 wt %, 273 K, 1 bar). Importantly, the materials show good thermal stabilities and excellent resistance to hydrolysis, remaining nearly intact when immersed in water or basic solution for two days. The presence of permanently immobilized ion centers in ICOFs enables the transportation of lithium ions with room-temperature lithium-ion conductivity of 3.05×10(-5) S cm(-1) and an average Li(+) transference number value of 0.80±0.02. Our approach thus provides a convenient route to highly stable COFs with ionic linkages, which can potentially serve as absorbents for alternative energy sources such as H2, CH4, and also as solid lithium electrolytes/separators for the next-generation lithium batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Du
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Haishen Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | | | - Shun Wan
- Storagenergy Technologies, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, 84120, USA
| | - Yinghua Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Se-Hee Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
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