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Luu-dam NA, Le CVC, Satyal P, Le TMH, Bui VH, Vo VH, Ngo GH, Bui TC, Nguyen HH, Setzer WN. Chemistry and Bioactivity of Croton Essential Oils: Literature Survey and Croton hirtus from Vietnam. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052361. [PMID: 36903605 PMCID: PMC10005233 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Using essential oils to control vectors, intermediate hosts, and disease-causing microorganisms is a promising approach. The genus Croton in the family Euphorbiaceae is a large genus, with many species containing large amounts of essential oils, however, essential oil studies are limited in terms of the number of Croton species investigated. In this work, the aerial parts of C. hirtus growing wild in Vietnam were collected and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). A total of 141 compounds were identified in C. hirtus essential oil, in which sesquiterpenoids dominated, comprising 95.4%, including the main components β-caryophyllene (32.8%), germacrene D (11.6%), β-elemene (9.1%), α-humulene (8.5%), and caryophyllene oxide (5.0%). The essential oil of C. hirtus showed very strong biological activities against the larvae of four mosquito species with 24 h LC50 values in the range of 15.38-78.27 μg/mL, against Physella acuta adults with a 48 h LC50 value of 10.09 μg/mL, and against ATCC microorganisms with MIC values in the range of 8-16 μg/mL. In order to provide a comparison with previous works, a literature survey on the chemical composition, mosquito larvicidal, molluscicidal, antiparasitic, and antimicrobial activities of essential oils of Croton species was conducted. Seventy-two references (seventy articles and one book) out of a total of two hundred and forty-four references related to the chemical composition and bioactivity of essential oils of Croton species were used for this paper. The essential oils of some Croton species were characterized by their phenylpropanoid compounds. The experimental results of this research and the survey of the literature showed that Croton essential oils have the potential to be used to control mosquito-borne and mollusk-borne diseases, as well as microbial infections. Research on unstudied Croton species is needed to search for species with high essential oil contents and excellent biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Anh Luu-dam
- Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), No. 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay District, Hanoi 100803, Vietnam
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Graduate University of Science and Technology, No. 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay District, Hanoi 100803, Vietnam
| | - Canh Viet Cuong Le
- Mientrung Institute for Scientific Research, Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 321 Huynh Thuc Khang, Hue 530000, Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam
| | - Prabodh Satyal
- Aromatic Plant Research Center, 230 N 1200 E, Suite 100, Lehi, UT 84043, USA
| | - Thi Mai Hoa Le
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Vinh Medical University, 161 Nguyen Phong Sac, Vinh 461150, Vietnam
| | - Van Huong Bui
- Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), No. 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay District, Hanoi 100803, Vietnam
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Graduate University of Science and Technology, No. 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay District, Hanoi 100803, Vietnam
| | - Van Hoa Vo
- Department of Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Gia Huy Ngo
- Department of Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
- Center for Advanced Chemistry, Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Da Nang 5000, Vietnam
| | - Thi Chinh Bui
- Faculty of Biology, University of Education, Hue University, 34 Le Loi St., Hue 530000, Vietnam
| | - Huy Hung Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
- Center for Advanced Chemistry, Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Da Nang 5000, Vietnam
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +84-967036828
| | - William N. Setzer
- Aromatic Plant Research Center, 230 N 1200 E, Suite 100, Lehi, UT 84043, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
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Hung NH, Quan PM, Dai DN, Satyal P, Huong LT, Giang LD, Hung LT, Setzer WN. Environmentally-Friendly Pesticidal Activities of Callicarpa and Karomia Essential Oils from Vietnam and Their Microemulsions. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202200210. [PMID: 36732885 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
There is an ongoing interest to identify alternative pesticidal agents to avoid the chronic problems associated with synthetic pesticides. Essential oils have shown promise as botanical pest control agents. In the present study, the essential oils of four members of the Lamiaceae (Callicarpa candicans, C. erioclona, C. macrophylla, and Karomia fragrans; Vietnamese names: Nàng nàng, Tu châu lông mem, Tu châu lá to and Cà diện, respectively), obtained from wild populations in Vietnam, have been obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The essential oils were formulated into microemulsions and the essential oils and their microemulsions were screened for mosquito larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Culex quinquefasciatus, and for molluscicidal activity against Pomacea canaliculata. Atractylone and (E)-caryophyllene dominated the volatiles of C. candicans (CCEO) and C. erioclona (CEEO), while the major component in C. macrophylla (CMEO) and K. fragrans (KFEO) was (E)-caryophyllene. The essential oils and microemulsions of both C. candicans and C. erioclona exhibited excellent larvicidal activity against all three mosquito species (Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus, and Cx. quinquefasciatus) with LC50 values <10 μg/mL. Additionally, the larvicidal activity of the microemulsions were significantly improved compared with their free essential oils, especially for C. candicans and C. erioclona. All four essential oils and their microemulsions showed excellent molluscicidal activity with LC50 <10 μg/mL. In most cases, the essential oils and microemulsions showed greater pesticidal activity against target organisms than the non-target freshwater fish, Oreochromis niloticus. The in silico studies on physicochemical and ADMET properties of the major components in the studied essential oils were also investigated and most of the compounds possessed a favorable ADMET profile. Computational modeling studies of the studied compounds demonstrated a favorable binding interaction with the mosquito odorant-binding protein target and support atractylone, β-selinene, and caryophyllene oxide as potential inhibitors. Based on the observed pesticidal activities of the essential oils and their microemulsions, the Callicarpa species and K. fragrans should be considered for potential cultivation and further exploration as botanical pesticidal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Huy Hung
- Center for Advanced Chemistry, Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Da Nang, 50000, Vietnam
- Department of Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Da Nang, 50000, Vietnam
| | - Pham Minh Quan
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Do Ngoc Dai
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery, Nghe An College of Economics, 51-Ly Tu Trong, Vinh City, 43000, Nghe An Province, Vietnam
| | - Prabodh Satyal
- Aromatic Plant Research Center, 230 N 1200 E, Suite 100, Lehi, UT 84043, USA
| | - Le Thi Huong
- School of Natural Science Education, Vinh University, 182 Le Duan, Vinh City, 43000, Nghe An Province, Vietnam
| | - Le Duc Giang
- School of Natural Science Education, Vinh University, 182 Le Duan, Vinh City, 43000, Nghe An Province, Vietnam
| | - Le Thanh Hung
- School of Natural Science Education, Vinh University, 182 Le Duan, Vinh City, 43000, Nghe An Province, Vietnam
| | - William N Setzer
- Aromatic Plant Research Center, 230 N 1200 E, Suite 100, Lehi, UT 84043, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
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Youssef DTA, Mufti SJ, Badiab AA, Shaala LA. Anti-Infective Secondary Metabolites of the Marine Cyanobacterium Lyngbya Morphotype between 1979 and 2022. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20120768. [PMID: 36547915 PMCID: PMC9788623 DOI: 10.3390/md20120768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria ascribed to the genus Lyngbya (Family Oscillatoriaceae) represent a potential therapeutic gold mine of chemically and biologically diverse natural products that exhibit a wide array of biological properties. Phylogenetic analyses have established the Lyngbya 'morpho-type' as a highly polyphyletic group and have resulted in taxonomic revision and description of an additional six new cyanobacterial genera in the same family to date. Among the most prolific marine cyanobacterial producers of biologically active compounds are the species Moorena producens (previously L. majuscula, then Moorea producens), M. bouillonii (previously L. bouillonii), and L. confervoides. Over the years, compounding evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies in support of the significant pharmaceutical potential of 'Lyngbya'-derived natural products has made the Lyngbya morphotype a significant target for biomedical research and novel drug leads development. This comprehensive review covers compounds with reported anti-infective activities through 2022 from the Lyngbya morphotype, including new genera arising from recent phylogenetic re-classification. So far, 72 anti-infective secondary metabolites have been isolated from various Dapis, Lyngbya, Moorea, and Okeania species. These compounds showed significant antibacterial, antiparasitic, antifungal, antiviral and molluscicidal effects. Herein, a comprehensive literature review covering the natural source, chemical structure, and biological/pharmacological properties will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diaa T. A. Youssef
- Department of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Natural Products Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-548535344
| | - Shatha J. Mufti
- Department of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer A. Badiab
- Department of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lamiaa A. Shaala
- Suez Canal University Hospital, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
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França WWM, da Silva AM, Diniz EGM, Silva HAMF, Pereira DR, De Melo AMMA, Coelho LCBB, de Azevedo Albuquerque MCP, de Araújo HDA, de Lima Aires A. Toxic, cytotoxic and genotoxic effect of plumbagin in the developmental stages of Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818-intermediate host) and cercaricidal activity against the infectious agent of schistosomiasis mansoni. Pest Manag Sci 2022; 78:5172-5183. [PMID: 36053991 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Snails of the genus Biomphalaria are intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni, the main etiological agent of schistosomiasis mansoni, which affects about 236.6 million people in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The World Health Organization recommends the population control of vector snails as one of the strategies to reduce the prevalence and incidence of schistosomiasis. In this study, molluscicidal and antiparasitic activities of plumbagin, a naturally sourced naphthoquinone with a range of biological effects, were evaluated against B. glabrata and cercariae of S. mansoni. RESULTS After 24 h of exposure, plumbagin demonstrated molluscicidal activity at low concentrations against embryos (LC50 of 0.56, 0.93, 0.68, 0.51 and 0.74 μg mL-1 for the blastula, gastrula, trochophore, veliger and hippo stage, respectively) and adult snails (LC50 of 3.56 μg mL-1 ). There were no changes in exposed snails' fecundity or fertility; however, plumbagin was able to increase the frequency of DNA damage and the number of hemocytes, with apoptosis and binucleation being the main hemocyte alterations. In addition, plumbagin showed death of S. mansoni cercariae in the concentration of 1.5 μg mL-1 in 60 min, while showing moderate toxicity to Artemia salina. CONCLUSION Plumbagin proved to be a promising substance for the control of B. glabrata population, intermediate host of S. mansoni, as well as the cercariae, infective stage for humans (definitive host), while being moderately toxic to A. salina, a crustacean widely used in ecotoxicity tests. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilza Wanessa Melo França
- Centro de Biociências, Programa de Pós-graduação em Morfotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami (LIKA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Adriana Maria da Silva
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami (LIKA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | | | - Dewson Rocha Pereira
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mônica Camelo Pessoa de Azevedo Albuquerque
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami (LIKA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- Departamento de Medicina Tropical, Centro de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Hallysson Douglas Andrade de Araújo
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - André de Lima Aires
- Centro de Biociências, Programa de Pós-graduação em Morfotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami (LIKA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- Departamento de Medicina Tropical, Centro de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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de Brito FC, Arenzon A, Reichert N, Lazzarotto M, Ávila S, Pacheco SDG, Kruger I, Rozino L, Vargas VMF. Ecotoxicological evaluation of fruit extracts from yerba mate progenies ( Ilex paraguariensis a St-Hil.): a natural biopesticide. J Environ Sci Health B 2021; 56:782-791. [PMID: 34279188 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2021.1949927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the biocidal activity of aqueous fruit extracts from Ilex paraguariensis progenies at different ripening stages in two ecotoxicity assays using Pomacea canaliculata juveniles and Danio rerio larvae. Mutagenicity was verified by the Salmonella/microsome assay (TA 98 and TA 100) in the presence and absence of hepatic metabolism in vitro. The results showed that the snails were more sensitive than the larvae to the P.1 progeny extracts in all three evaluated ripening stages. P.3 progeny extracts were the most toxic to Danio rerio larvae after 96 hours of exposure. The toxicity results indicate that the progenies' selection influenced the metabolic contents present in the fruits in all ripening stages over time, indicating high molluscicidal activity for the P.1 progeny. In the Salmonella/microsome assays, the semi-ripe and ripe extracts from progenies P.1 and P.3 showed mainly base pair substitution mutation in assays with metabolism, but at higher doses than the toxic concentrations detected for Danio rerio or Pomacea canaliculata. Therefore, the toxicological investigation of the progenies' extracts can be interesting, given the selection of plant materials influenced the response of the bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano Carvalho de Brito
- Environmental Mutagenesis Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Ecology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Arenzon
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Center of Ecology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Natalie Reichert
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Center of Ecology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Lazzarotto
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, EMBRAPA Florestas, Colombo-PR, Brazil
| | - Suelen Ávila
- Postgraduate Program in Food and Nutrition, Health Science Sector, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Ismael Kruger
- Environmental Mutagenesis Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Ecology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa Institucional de Bolsas de iniciação Científica, Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental, PIBIC/CNPq/FEPAM
| | - Livia Rozino
- Environmental Mutagenesis Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Ecology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa Institucional de Bolsas de iniciação Científica, Fundação Estadual de Proteção Ambiental, PIBIC/CNPq/FEPAM
| | - Vera Maria Ferrão Vargas
- Environmental Mutagenesis Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Ecology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Alsherbiny MA, El Badawy SA, Elbedewy H, Ezzat SM, Elsakhawy FS, Abdel-Kawy MA. Comparative Molluscicidal and Schistosomicidal Potentiality of Two Solanum Species and Its Isolated Glycoalkaloids. Pharmacognosy Res 2018; 10:113-117. [PMID: 29568198 PMCID: PMC5855367 DOI: 10.4103/pr.pr_71_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is the most noteworthy parasitic disease after malaria. Furthermore, the significant activity of the genus Solanum against Schistosoma worms and its intermediate host snails reinforced the study of Solanum seaforthianum Andr. (SS) and Solanum macrocarpon L. (SM) for their molluscicidal and schistosomicidal potentiality. In this study, different extracts, fractions and isolated compounds of both Solanum species are evaluated for the molluscicidal and schistosomicidal potentialities. The niclosamide was used as positive molluscicide control against Biomphalaria alexandrina snails. Different extracts, fractions, or isolated compounds were used at a concentration of 100 μg/ml and dead snails were counted in each case. On the other hand, washed and sterilized Schistosoma mansoni adult worms were used in three replicates, and three worm pairs were placed in each well with 2 ml test solution of 100 μg/ml concentration. Positive (praziquantel [PZQ] 0.2 ug/ml) and negative controls were concurrently used and examined daily for 3 days for viability. The mortality rate was calculated and then both LC50 and LC90 were determined in triplicates. Highest potency was indicated to total glycoalkaloid (TGA) fraction of SM followed by TGA of SS. On the other hand, TGA fractions of both species showed higher potency than other extracts and isolated compounds. Meanwhile, solasodine-free aglycone showed declined activity compared to its glycosides. Promising molluscicidal and schistosomicidal activities were displayed which are attributed to the glycoalkaloid content. Therefore, this study can efficiently contribute toward validation of the traditional use of SS and SM in schistosomiasis control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shymaa A El Badawy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hesham Elbedewy
- Institute for Biomolecular Research,, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, Hochschule Fresenius University of Applied Sciences, 65510 Idstein, Germany
| | - Shahira M Ezzat
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fatma S Elsakhawy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mostafa A Abdel-Kawy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Chawech R, Njeh F, Hamed N, Damak M, Ayadi A, Hammami H, Mezghani-Jarraya R. A study of the molluscicidal and larvicidal activities of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) leaf extract and its main cucurbitacins against the mollusc Galba truncatula, intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica. Pest Manag Sci 2017; 73:1473-1477. [PMID: 27862897 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The molluscicidal and larvicidal activities of the medicinal plant Citrullus colocynthis leaf extracts and its main cucurbitacins were tested against the mollusc gastropod Galba truncatula, the intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica. RESULTS Our findings proved for the first time that the molluscicidal activity was correlated with the presence of terpenoids. A significant molluscicidal value was found in the ethyl acetate extract (LC50 = 12.6 mg L-1 ). Further fractionation of this extract led to the isolation of two main compounds identified to cucurbitacin E 1 and 2-O-β-d-glucocucurbitacin E 2. Their molluscicidal activities were also investigated and they possessed close activities with LC50 = 9.55 and 10.61 mg L-1 for compounds 2 and 1, respectively. CONCLUSION The ethyl acetate extract and both pure compounds proved the highest larvicidal activities, with a deterioration rate exceeding 89.2% (89.2-100%) and with no toxic effects against associated fauna. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachid Chawech
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Substances, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Njeh
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Substances, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nejia Hamed
- Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Damak
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Substances, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ali Ayadi
- Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hayet Hammami
- Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Raoudha Mezghani-Jarraya
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Substances, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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