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Zhang H, Lv JL, Zheng QS, Li J. Active components of Solanum nigrum and their antitumor effects: a literature review. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1329957. [PMID: 38192621 PMCID: PMC10773844 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1329957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer poses a serious threat to human health and overall well-being. Conventional cancer treatments predominantly encompass surgical procedures and radiotherapy. Nevertheless, the substantial side effects and the emergence of drug resistance in patients significantly diminish their quality of life and overall prognosis. There is an acute need for innovative, efficient therapeutic agents to address these challenges. Plant-based herbal medicines and their derived compounds offer promising potential for cancer research and treatment due to their numerous advantages. Solanum nigrum (S. nigrum), a traditional Chinese medicine, finds extensive use in clinical settings. The steroidal compounds within S. nigrum, particularly steroidal alkaloids, exhibit robust antitumor properties either independently or when combined with other drugs. Many researchers have delved into unraveling the antitumor mechanisms of the active components present in S. nigrum, yielding notable progress. This literature review provides a comprehensive analysis of the research advancements concerning the active constituents of S. nigrum. Furthermore, it outlines the action mechanisms of select monomeric anticancer ingredients. Overall, the insights derived from this review offer a new perspective on the development of clinical anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
- College of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Jun-lin Lv
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Qiu-sheng Zheng
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
- College of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
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2
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Huang S, Sun M, Ren Y, Luo T, Wang X, Weng G, Cen D. Solamargine induces apoptosis of human renal carcinoma cells via downregulating phosphorylated STAT3 expression. Oncol Lett 2023; 26:493. [PMID: 37854861 PMCID: PMC10579987 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2023.14080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Solamargine (SM), an active compound derived from Solanum nigrum, triggers apoptosis and inhibits the metastatic and oxidative activities of various types of tumor cells. However, the effect of SM on human renal carcinoma cells remains unknown. In the present study, the molecular mechanisms underlying the antitumor effects of SM on ACHN and 786-O cells were elucidated. Specifically, MTT and colony formation assays were conducted to evaluate the impact of SM treatment on the proliferation of ACHN and 786-O cells, and flow cytometry was conducted to determine the influence of SM on the apoptosis rates of these cells. In addition, the expression of target proteins was determined by western blotting. The results revealed that SM not only inhibited cell viability but also promoted the apoptosis of ACHN and 786-O cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Moreover, treatment of ACHN and 786-O cells with SM significantly enhanced the caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9 activities. Furthermore, SM downregulated the expression of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (p-STAT3) and Bcl-2 but increased the expression of cleaved caspase-3, -8, -9 and Bax. BAY2353, a p-STAT3 inhibitor, inhibited the viability of ACHN and 786-O cells, increased the expression of cleaved caspase-9 and Bax and decreased the expression of p-STAT3 and Bcl-2. Further experiments demonstrated that SM inhibited tumor growth in xenograft nude mice without causing specific toxicity to the major organs. Collectively, these findings indicated that SM not only inhibited the viability but also promoted the apoptosis of ACHN and 786-O cells, through a mechanism involving downregulation of p-STAT3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Huang
- Laboratory of Renal Carcinoma, Ningbo Yinzhou No. 2 Hospital, Urology and Nephrology Institute of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, P.R. China
| | - Minyi Sun
- Laboratory of Renal Carcinoma, Ningbo Yinzhou No. 2 Hospital, Urology and Nephrology Institute of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, P.R. China
| | - Yu Ren
- Laboratory of Renal Carcinoma, Ningbo Yinzhou No. 2 Hospital, Urology and Nephrology Institute of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, P.R. China
| | - Ting Luo
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Ningbo Yinzhou No. 2 Hospital, Urology and Nephrology Institute of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, P.R. China
| | - Xue Wang
- Laboratory of Renal Carcinoma, Ningbo Yinzhou No. 2 Hospital, Urology and Nephrology Institute of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, P.R. China
| | - Guobin Weng
- Laboratory of Renal Carcinoma, Ningbo Yinzhou No. 2 Hospital, Urology and Nephrology Institute of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, P.R. China
| | - Dong Cen
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Ningbo Yinzhou No. 2 Hospital, Urology and Nephrology Institute of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, P.R. China
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Szajko K, Smyda-Dajmund P, Ciekot J, Marczewski W, Sołtys-Kalina D. Glycoalkaloid Composition and Flavonoid Content as Driving Forces of Phytotoxicity in Diploid Potato. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24. [PMID: 36675181 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite their advantages, biotechnological and omic techniques have not been applied often to characterize phytotoxicity in depth. Here, we show the distribution of phytotoxicity and glycoalkaloid content in a diploid potato population and try to clarify the source of variability of phytotoxicity among plants whose leaf extracts have a high glycoalkaloid content against the test plant species, mustard. Six glycoalkaloids were recognized in the potato leaf extracts: solasonine, solamargine, α-solanine, α-chaconine, leptinine I, and leptine II. The glycoalkaloid profiles of the progeny of the group with high phytotoxicity differed from those of the progeny of the group with low phytotoxicity, which stimulated mustard growth. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that the upregulated flavonol synthase/flavonone 3-hydroxylase-like gene was expressed in the progeny of the low phytotoxicity group, stimulating plant growth. We concluded that the metabolic shift among potato progeny may be a source of different physiological responses in mustard. The composition of glycoalkaloids, rather than the total glycoalkaloid content itself, in potato leaf extracts, may be a driving force of phytotoxicity. We suggest that, in addition to glycoalkaloids, other metabolites may shape phytotoxicity, and we assume that these metabolites may be flavonoids.
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Han Q, Bai H, Xu Y, Zhou M, Zhou H, Dong X, Chen B. Solamargine induces autophagy-mediated apoptosis and enhances bortezomib activity in multiple myeloma. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2022; 49:674-685. [PMID: 35294057 PMCID: PMC9310729 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable plasma cell malignancy with a poor survival rate. Conventional chemotherapeutic agent‐induced adverse events, including toxicity, neuropathy or drug resistance, significantly decrease the patients' quality of life and can even lead to interruption of treatment. Therefore, novel therapeutic drugs and strategies are urgently needed to improve MM therapy and patient outcomes. Here, we show that solamargine (SM), a steroidal alkaloid glycoside isolated from a Chinese herb Solanum nigrum L., exhibits promising anti‐MM activity. In particular, SM suppressed the viability of MM cell lines (ARP‐1 and NCI‐H929) in a concentration‐ and time‐dependent manner, inducing apoptosis in these cells. RNA‐seq analysis showed that treatment with SM led to the upregulation of genes associated with cell death and autophagy in H929 cells. Further, we found that treatment with SM activated autophagy in the MM cells, as incubation with 3‐Methyladenine, an inhibitor of autophagy, significantly alleviated SM‐triggered apoptosis and inhibition of viability in MM cells. Interestingly, we also observed a synergistic effect between SM and bortezomib (BTZ), a common chemotherapeutic agent for MM, in both MM cells and human bone marrow CD138+ primary myeloma cells. We also confirmed the single‐agent efficacy of SM and the synergistic effects between SM and BTZ in an MM xenograft mouse model. Collectively, these findings indicate that SM exerts an anti‐MM effect, at least in part, by activating cell autophagy and reveal that SM alone or in combination with BTZ is a potential therapeutic strategy for treating MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyan Han
- Department of Hematology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Hematology, Jingjiang People's Hospital, Jingjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hua Bai
- Department of Hematology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Hematology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - He Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoqing Dong
- Department of Hematology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Hematology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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5
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Tang Q, Li X, Chen Y, Long S, Yu Y, Sheng H, Wang S, Han L, Wu W. Solamargine inhibits the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma and enhances the anticancer effect of sorafenib by regulating HOTTIP-TUG1/miR-4726-5p/MUC1 pathway. Mol Carcinog 2022; 61:417-432. [PMID: 35040191 PMCID: PMC9302658 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common primary malignancies. Drug resistance has significantly prevented the clinical application of sorafenib (SF), a first‐line targeted medicine for the treatment of HCC. Solamargine (SM), a natural alkaloid, has shown potential antitumor activity, but studies about antitumor effect of SM are obviously insufficient in HCC. In the present study, we found that SM significantly inhibited the growth of HCC and enhanced the anticancer effect of SF. In brief, SM significantly inhibited the growth of HepG2 and Huh‐7 cells. The combination of SM and SF showed a synergistic antitumor effect. Mechanistically, SM downregulated the expression of long noncoding RNA HOTTIP and TUG1, followed by increasing the expression of miR‐4726‐5p. Moreover, miR‐4726‐5p directly bound to the 3′‐UTR region of MUC1 and decreased the expression of MUC1 protein. Overexpression of MUC1 partially reversed the inhibitory effect of SM on HepG2 and Huh‐7 cells viability, which suggested that MUC1 may be the key target in SM‐induced growth inhibition of HCC. More importantly, the combination of SM and SF synergistically restrained the expression of MUC1 protein. Taken together, our study revealed that SM inhibited the growth of HCC and enhanced the anticancer effect of SF through HOTTIP‐TUG1/miR‐4726‐5p/MUC1 signaling pathway. These findings will provide potential therapeutic targets and strategies for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Tang
- Department of Oncology, Clinical and Basic Research Team of TCM Prevention and Treatment of NSCLC, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Shunqin Long
- Department of Oncology, Clinical and Basic Research Team of TCM Prevention and Treatment of NSCLC, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yaya Yu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Honghao Sheng
- Department of Oncology, Clinical and Basic Research Team of TCM Prevention and Treatment of NSCLC, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Sumei Wang
- Department of Oncology, Clinical and Basic Research Team of TCM Prevention and Treatment of NSCLC, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Ling Han
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China.,The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Wanyin Wu
- Department of Oncology, Clinical and Basic Research Team of TCM Prevention and Treatment of NSCLC, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
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6
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Li J, Tang W, Yang Y, Shen Q, Yu Y, Wang X, Fu Y, Li C. A Programmed Cell-Mimicking Nanoparticle Driven by Potato Alkaloid for Targeted Cancer Chemoimmunotherapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100311. [PMID: 33963820 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Membrane camouflaged-nanoparticles (CM-NPs) have been exploited to inherit desired functionalities from source cells. Despite those advantages, membrane cloak may play a "double-edged sword" role in tumor-targeting therapy, as the intact membrane coating may hinder function-exertion of loaded drugs after reaching predetermined site. Therefore, further optimization of CM-NPs is still needed to enhance their delivery efficiency. Herein, natural product, Solamargine (SM), a cholesterol-affiliative amphiphilic potato alkaloid is first applied as core component of "inner core," to design a cell-mimicking "core-shell" nanoparticle (RBC-SLip) with acid-responsive off-coating properties for tumor-targeted therapy. Owing to red blood cell membrane (RBCm)-derived outer coating, it circulates stably in physiological conditions. While it would undergo an off-coating morphological change in response to acid stimuli in tumor microenvironment (TME), afterwards, the resulting off-coating liposome (SLip) shows active tumor-targeting and endosomal escape abilities, thus contributing to superior antitumor efficacy. In addition, SM also possesses natural TME-modulating ability; therefore, RBC-SLip can synergize with the PD1/PD-L1 blockade immunotherapy when encapsulated with PTX to achieve enhanced chemoimmunotherapy. The off-coating strategy developed by natural products SM, provide a brand-new perspective to optimize CM-NPs, and it also embodies application value of "unification of medicines and excipients" of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Medical Research Institute College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Southwest University Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Wei Tang
- Medical Research Institute College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Southwest University Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Yi Yang
- Medical Research Institute College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Southwest University Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Qing Shen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence for Medical Image and Knowledge Graph Shanghai 200336 China
- YITU AI Research Institute for Healthcare Hangzhou Zhejiang 310000 China
| | - Yang Yu
- Medical Research Institute College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Southwest University Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Xiaoyou Wang
- Medical Research Institute College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Southwest University Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Yu Fu
- Medical Research Institute College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Southwest University Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Chong Li
- Medical Research Institute College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Southwest University Chongqing 400715 China
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7
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Yang CC, Wu CH, Wong TW, Lai FJ, Wei KC, Lin TK, Lin CS, Zhao J, Xiang L, Kao CH, Wang YJ, Lan CCE, Sheu HM. Effects of Solanum undatum extract (SR-T100) on photocarcinogenesis and photoaging of actinic keratosis. J Dermatol 2021; 48:344-352. [PMID: 33458860 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.15703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
SR-T100 gel, containing solamargine extracted from Solanum undatum (synonym: Solanum incanum), had good therapeutic effects on actinic keratosis (AK) in human and ultraviolet B-induced papilloma in mice. This study aimed to investigate the immunohistochemical changes in the human skin after SR-T100 treatment. An immunohistochemical study was performed and the changes in photocarcinogenesis and photoaging markers after 16-week SR-T100 gel treatment were documented. SR-T100 gel treatment for 16 weeks resulted in complete remission in nine AK lesions and partial remission in four AK lesions. SR-T100 gel abolished the expression of mutant p53 and SOX2 and restored the expression of NOTCH1. Additionally, SR-T100 gel improved wrinkling in human skin, while restoring the expression of lamin B1 and increasing synthesis of new elastic fibers. SR-T100 gel had therapeutic effects on photocarcinogenesis and photoaging of photodamaged skin with AK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Chun Yang
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Han Wu
- Department of Dental Technology, Shu Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tak-Wah Wong
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Jie Lai
- Department of Dermatology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Che Wei
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Kai Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Buddist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chrang-Shi Lin
- Department of Dermatology and Family Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Juemin Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Leihong Xiang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Ying-Jan Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Che Eric Lan
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine and Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Wu J, Tang X, Ma C, Shi Y, Wu W, Hann SS. The regulation and interaction of colon cancer-associated transcript-1 and miR7-5p contribute to the inhibition of SP1 expression by solamargine in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Phytother Res 2020; 34:201-213. [PMID: 31823440 PMCID: PMC7004045 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a common head and neck malignancy with higher incidence in Southern China and Southeast Asia. Solamargine (SM), a steroidal alkaloid glycoside, has been shown to have anticancer properties. However, the underlying mechanism involved remains undetermined. In this study, we showed that SM inhibited the growth of NPC cells. Mechanistically, we found that solamargine decreased lncRNA colon cancer-associated transcript-1 (CCAT1) and increased miR7-5p expression. There was a reciprocal interaction of CCAT1 and miR7-5p. In addition, SM inhibited the expression of SP1 protein and promoter activity, which was strengthened by miR7-5p mimics and inhibited by overexpressed CCAT1. MiR7-5p could bind to 3'-UTR of SP1 and attenuated SP1 gene expression. Exogenously expressed SP1 feedback resisted SM-increased miR7-5p expression and more importantly reversed SM-inhibited growth of NPC cells. Finally, SM inhibited NPC tumor growth in vivo. Collectively, our results show that SM inhibits the growth of NPC cells through reciprocal regulation of CCAT1 and miR7-5p, followed by inhibition of SP1 gene expression in vitro and in vivo. The interregulation and correlation among CCAT1, miR7-5p and SP1, and the feedback regulatory loop unveil the novel molecular mechanism underlying the overall responses of SM in anti-NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- JingJing Wu
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Medical OncologyGuangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - XiaoJuan Tang
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Medical OncologyGuangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - ChangJu Ma
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Medical OncologyGuangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - Yao Shi
- Department of Cerebrovascular DiseaseGuangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - WanYin Wu
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Medical OncologyGuangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - Swei Sunny Hann
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Medical OncologyGuangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
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Tang Q, Zheng F, Liu Z, Wu J, Chai X, He C, Li L, Hann SS. Novel reciprocal interaction of lncRNA HOTAIR and miR-214-3p contribute to the solamargine-inhibited PDPK1 gene expression in human lung cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:7749-7761. [PMID: 31475459 PMCID: PMC6815775 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Solamargine (SM) has been shown to have anti‐cancer properties. However, the underlying mechanism involved remains undetermined. We showed that SM inhibited the growth of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, which was enhanced in cells with silencing of long non‐coding RNA (lncRNA) HOX transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR), while it overcame by overexpression of HOTAIR. In addition, SM increased the expression of miR‐214‐3p and inhibited 3‐phosphoinositide‐dependent protein kinase‐1 (PDPK1) gene expression, which was strengthened by miR‐214‐3p mimics. Intriguingly, HOTAIR could directly bind to miR‐214‐3p and sequestered miR‐214‐3p from the target gene PDPK1. Intriguingly, overexpression of PDPK1 overcame the effects of SM on miR‐214‐3p expressions and neutralized the SM‐inhibited cell growth. Similar results were observed in vivo. In summary, our results showed that SM‐inhibited NSCLC cell growth through the reciprocal interaction between HOTAIR and miR‐214‐3p, which ultimately suppressed PDPK1 gene expression. HOTAIR effectively acted as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to stimulate the expression of target gene PDPK1. These complex interactions and feedback mechanisms contribute to the overall effect of SM. This unveils a novel molecular mechanism underlying the anti‐cancer effect of SM in human lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Tang
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, The Second Clinical Collage of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Zheng
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, The Second Clinical Collage of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, The Second Clinical Collage of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - JingJing Wu
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, The Second Clinical Collage of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - XiaoSu Chai
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Clinical Collage of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - CuenXa He
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Clinical Collage of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liuning Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Clinical Collage of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Swei Sunny Hann
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, The Second Clinical Collage of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, The Second Clinical Collage of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Miranda MA, Marcato PD, Carvalho IPS, Silva LB, Ribeiro DL, Amaral R, Swiech K, Bastos JK, Paschoal JAR, Dos Reis RB, Bentley MVLB. Assessing the cytotoxic potential of glycoalkaloidic extract in nanoparticles against bladder cancer cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 71:1520-1531. [PMID: 31385306 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study proposed to use the nanotechnology to deliver glycoalkaloidic extract (AE) to bladder cancer cells, evaluating their activity in 2D and 3D models and the biological mechanism of cell death. METHODS NPs were prepared by nanoprecipitation method using polylactic acid (PLA) and characterized considering their size, charge, particle concentration and stability. The cytotoxicity was evaluated in 2D and 3D model, and the apoptosis and cell cycle were investigated using flow cytometry. KEY FINDINGS NPs loading AE (NP-AE) had diameter around 125 ± 6 nm (PdI <0.1) and negative charge. The encapsulation efficiency of SM and SS was higher than 85% for both compounds. The obtained formulation showed a significant in-vitro cytotoxic effect against RT4 cells in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 two fold lower than the free AE. The cytotoxic effect of NP-AE was mediated by apoptosis and cell cycle arrested in the S phase. RT4 cells cultured under 3D conditions exhibited a higher resistance to the treatments (IC50 ~ three fold higher than in 2D cell culture). CONCLUSION The NP-AE might be a promising nanocarrier to load and deliver glycoalkaloids against bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariza A Miranda
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscyla D Marcato
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ivana P S Carvalho
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Letícia B Silva
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diego L Ribeiro
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Robson Amaral
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kamilla Swiech
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jairo K Bastos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jonas A R Paschoal
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo B Dos Reis
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria V L B Bentley
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Lelario F, De Maria S, Rivelli AR, Russo D, Milella L, Bufo SA, Scrano L. A Complete Survey of Glycoalkaloids Using LC-FTICR-MS and IRMPD in a Commercial Variety and a Local Landrace of Eggplant ( Solanum melongena L.) and their Anticholinesterase and Antioxidant Activities. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E230. [PMID: 31010145 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11040230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Eggplant contains glycoalkaloids (GAs), a class of nitrogen-containing secondary metabolites of great structural variety that may have both adverse and beneficial biological effects. In this study, we performed a complete survey of GAs and their malonylated form, in two genotypes of eggplants: A commercial cultivated type, Mirabella (Mir), with purple peel and bitter taste and a local landrace, named Melanzana Bianca di Senise (Sen), characterized by white peel with purple strip and a typical sweet aroma. Besides the analysis of their morphological traits, nineteen glycoalkaloids were tentatively identified in eggplant berry extracts based upon LC-ESI-FTICR-MS analysis using retention times, elution orders, high-resolution mass spectra, as well as high-resolution fragmentation by IRMPD. The relative signal intensities (i.e., ion counts) of the GAs identified in Mir and Sen pulp extracts showed as solamargine, and its isomers are the most abundant. In addition, anticholinesterase and antioxidant activities of the extracts were evaluated. Pulp tissue was found to be more active in inhibiting acetylcholinesterase enzyme than peel showing an inhibitory effect higher than 20% for Mir pulp. The identification of new malonylated GAs in eggplant is proposed.
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12
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Alsherbiny MA, El Badawy SA, Elbedewy H, Ezzat SM, Elsakhawy FS, Abdel-Kawy MA. Comparative Molluscicidal and Schistosomicidal Potentiality of Two Solanum Species and Its Isolated Glycoalkaloids. Pharmacognosy Res 2018; 10:113-117. [PMID: 29568198 PMCID: PMC5855367 DOI: 10.4103/pr.pr_71_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is the most noteworthy parasitic disease after malaria. Furthermore, the significant activity of the genus Solanum against Schistosoma worms and its intermediate host snails reinforced the study of Solanum seaforthianum Andr. (SS) and Solanum macrocarpon L. (SM) for their molluscicidal and schistosomicidal potentiality. In this study, different extracts, fractions and isolated compounds of both Solanum species are evaluated for the molluscicidal and schistosomicidal potentialities. The niclosamide was used as positive molluscicide control against Biomphalaria alexandrina snails. Different extracts, fractions, or isolated compounds were used at a concentration of 100 μg/ml and dead snails were counted in each case. On the other hand, washed and sterilized Schistosoma mansoni adult worms were used in three replicates, and three worm pairs were placed in each well with 2 ml test solution of 100 μg/ml concentration. Positive (praziquantel [PZQ] 0.2 ug/ml) and negative controls were concurrently used and examined daily for 3 days for viability. The mortality rate was calculated and then both LC50 and LC90 were determined in triplicates. Highest potency was indicated to total glycoalkaloid (TGA) fraction of SM followed by TGA of SS. On the other hand, TGA fractions of both species showed higher potency than other extracts and isolated compounds. Meanwhile, solasodine-free aglycone showed declined activity compared to its glycosides. Promising molluscicidal and schistosomicidal activities were displayed which are attributed to the glycoalkaloid content. Therefore, this study can efficiently contribute toward validation of the traditional use of SS and SM in schistosomiasis control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shymaa A El Badawy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hesham Elbedewy
- Institute for Biomolecular Research,, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, Hochschule Fresenius University of Applied Sciences, 65510 Idstein, Germany
| | - Shahira M Ezzat
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fatma S Elsakhawy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mostafa A Abdel-Kawy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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13
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Zhang X, Yan Z, Xu T, An Z, Chen W, Wang X, Huang M, Zhu F. Solamargine derived from Solanum nigrum induces apoptosis of human cholangiocarcinoma QBC939 cells. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:6329-6335. [PMID: 29731848 PMCID: PMC5920861 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Solamargine, an active ingredient of Solanum nigrum, has been previously revealed to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells. However, the effect of solamargine on human cholangiocarcinoma cells and the underlying molecular mechanism remain unknown. In the present study, the molecular mechanism underlying the anti-cancer effect of solamargine was assessed in human cholangiocarcinoma QBC939 cells. The results of the present study revealed that solamargine inhibited the viability of QBC939 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, solamargine significantly induced the apoptosis of QBC939 cells and altered the mitochondrial membrane potential of cells. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that solamargine decreased the mRNA level of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-extra-large and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein but increased the mRNA level of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax). In addition, western blot analysis demonstrated that solamargine inhibited the protein expression of Bcl-2 and poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP), and promoted the protein expression of Bax, cleaved PARP, caspase 3, cleaved caspase 3 and caspase 7. Therefore, the results of the present study revealed that solamargine may induce apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway and alter the level of apoptosis-associated proteins in human cholangiocarcinoma QBC939 cells. This in vitro study demonstrated that solamargine may be an effective chemotherapeutic agent against cholangiocarcinoma in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhua Zhang
- Clinical Research Department of Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, P.R. China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, P.R. China
| | - Zhanpeng Yan
- Clinical Research Department of Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, P.R. China.,Clinical Research Department of Chinese and Western Medicine, Jiangsu Province Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Xu
- Clinical Research Department of Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, P.R. China.,Clinical Research Department of Chinese and Western Medicine, Jiangsu Province Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, P.R. China
| | - Zhentao An
- Clinical Research Department of Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, P.R. China
| | - Wanzhen Chen
- Clinical Research Department of Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, P.R. China
| | - Xiaosong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, P.R. China
| | - Mengmeng Huang
- Clinical Research Department of Chinese and Western Medicine, Jiangsu Province Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, P.R. China
| | - Fangshi Zhu
- Clinical Research Department of Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, P.R. China.,Clinical Research Department of Chinese and Western Medicine, Jiangsu Province Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210028, P.R. China
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14
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Yu S, Sheu HM, Lee CH. Solanum incanum extract (SR-T100) induces melanoma cell apoptosis and inhibits established lung metastasis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:103509-17. [PMID: 29262580 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma, a cancer derived from melanocytes, is one of the most chemoresistant cancers and tends to metastasize. Once it metastasizes, the prognosis is poor. Even with the recent advancement of targeted therapy and immunotherapy, the prognosis remains discouraging. SR-T100, a Solanum incanum extract, shows anticancer effects against several cancers; however, its therapeutic efficacy against melanoma and established metastasis remains unknown. In this study, we showed that SR-T100 induces apoptosis, DNA damage, and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in murine B16 melanoma cells in vitro. In vivo, intralesional injection of SR-T100 decreased the tumor size of the regional melanoma in the foot pad. Moreover, intraperitoneal injection of SR-T100 inhibited the growth and the number of established melanoma metastases in the lungs. Our study highlights SR-T100 as a potential novel treatment for established tumors from regional and metastatic melanoma.
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15
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Xie X, Zhu H, Zhang J, Wang M, Zhu L, Guo Z, Shen W, Wang D. Solamargine inhibits the migration and invasion of HepG2 cells by blocking epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:447-452. [PMID: 28693190 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Solamargine (SM), a steroidal alkaloid glycoside purified from the Chinese traditional herb Solanum incanum, is known to possess various biological activities. However, only a few previous studies have reported the anti-metastatic activity of SM. In the present study, the inhibitory effects of SM on metastatic action were investigated in human HepG2 cells. The proliferation effects of SM on the HepG2 cells was evaluated by MTT and colony formation assays. Wound-healing and Transwell assays were performed to examine the migration and invasion effects on SM-treated HepG2 cells. The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated markers (E-cadherin, Vimentin and N-cadherin) were detected by western blotting analysis. In the present study, MTT and colony formation assays indicated that SM suppressed HepG2 cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. The wound-healing and Transwell assays revealed that the migration and invasion activities were significantly inhibited following exposure to SM. EMT has been demonstrated to be essential for promoting migration and invasion in tumor cells and has often been characterized with a loss of epithelial markers (E-cadherin) and an increase of mesenchymal markers (Vimentin and N-cadherin). In the western blotting analysis, the expression level of E-cadherin was significantly upregulated compared with that in the control group, whereas the expression levels of N-cadherin and Vimentin were downregulated. Thus, it was suggested that the underlying mechanism of SM inhibits migration and invasion in HepG2 cells and is associated with suppression of EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Xie
- Department of Radiology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China
| | - Haitao Zhu
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China
| | - Meiqin Wang
- Department of Radiology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Guo
- Department of Radiology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China
| | - Wenrong Shen
- Department of Radiology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China
| | - Dongqing Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
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Chen Y, Tang Q, Xiao Q, Yang L, Hann SS. Targeting EP4 downstream c-Jun through ERK1/2-mediated reduction of DNMT1 reveals novel mechanism of solamargine-inhibited growth of lung cancer cells. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 21:222-233. [PMID: 27620163 PMCID: PMC5264151 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. We previously showed that solamargine, one natural phytochemicals from traditional plants, inhibited the growth of lung cancer cells through inhibition of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) receptor EP4. However, the potential downstream effectors of EP4 involving in the anti-lung cancer effects of solamargine still remained to be determined. In this study, we further verified that solamargine inhibited growth of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells in multiple cell lines. Mechanistically, solamargine increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Moreover, solamargine inhibited the protein expression of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) and c-Jun, which were abrogated in cells treated with MEK/ERK1/2 inhibitor (PD98059) and transfected with exogenously expressed DNMT1 gene, respectively. Interestingly, overexpressed DNMT1 gene antagonized the effect of solamargine on c-Jun protein expression. Intriguingly, overexpressed c-Jun blocked solamargine-inhibited lung cancer cell growth, and feedback resisted the solamargine-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2. A nude mouse xenograft model implanted with lung cancer cells in vivo confirmed the results in vitro. Collectively, our results show that solamargine inhibits the growth of human lung cancer cells through reduction of EP4 protein expression, followed by increasing ERK1/2 phosphorylation. This results in decrease in DNMT1 and c-Jun protein expressions. The inter-correlations between EP4, DNMT1 and c-Jun and feedback regulation of ERK1/2 by c-Jun contribute to the overall responses of solamargine in this process. This study uncovers an additional novel mechanism by which solamargine inhibits growth of human lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Chen
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Medical Oncology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical Collage, University of Guangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Tang
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Medical Oncology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical Collage, University of Guangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Xiao
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Medical Oncology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical Collage, University of Guangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - LiJun Yang
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Medical Oncology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical Collage, University of Guangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Swei S Hann
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Medical Oncology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical Collage, University of Guangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Chen Y, Tang Q, Wu J, Zheng F, Yang L, Hann SS. Inactivation of PI3-K/Akt and reduction of SP1 and p65 expression increase the effect of solamargine on suppressing EP4 expression in human lung cancer cells. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2015; 34:154. [PMID: 26689593 PMCID: PMC4687355 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-015-0272-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Natural phytochemicals from traditional medicinal plants such as solamargine have been shown to have anticancer properties. The prostaglandin E2 receptor EP4 is highly expressed in human cancer, however, the functional role of EP4 in the occurrence and progression of non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remained to be elucidated. METHODS Cell viability was measured by MTT assays. Western blot was performed to measure the phosphorylation and protein expression of PI3-K downstream effector Akt, transcription factors SP1, p65, and EP4. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to examine the mRNA levels of EP4 gene. Exogenous expression of SP1, p65, and EP4 genes was carried out by transient transfection assays. EP4 promoter activity was measured by Dual Luciferase Reporter Kit. RESULTS We showed that solamargine inhibited the growth of lung cancer cells. Mechanistically, we found that solamargine decreased the phosphorylation of Akt, the protein, mRNA expression, and promoter activity of EP4. Moreover, solamargine inhibited protein expression of SP1 and NF-κB subunit p65, all of which were abrogated in cells transfected with exogenous expressed Akt. Intriguingly, exogenous expressed SP1 overcame the effect of solamargine on inhibition of p65 protein expression, and EP4 protein expression and promoter activity. Finally, exogenous expressed EP4 feedback reversed the effect of solamargine on phosphorylation of Akt and cell growth inhibition. CONCLUSION Our results show that solamargine inhibits the growth of human lung cancer cells through inactivation of Akt signaling, followed by reduction of SP1 and p65 protein expression. This results in the inhibition of EP4 gene expression. The cross-talk between SP1 and p65, and the positive feedback regulatory loop of PI3-K/Akt signaling by EP4 contribute to the overall responses of solamargine in this process. This study unveils a novel mechanism by which solamargine inhibits growth of human lung cancer cells.
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MESH Headings
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Oncogene Protein v-akt/biosynthesis
- Oncogene Protein v-akt/genetics
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/biosynthesis
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/genetics
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype/genetics
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Solanaceous Alkaloids/administration & dosage
- Sp1 Transcription Factor/biosynthesis
- Sp1 Transcription Factor/genetics
- Transcription Factor RelA/biosynthesis
- Transcription Factor RelA/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- YuQing Chen
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Medical Oncology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical Collage, University of Guangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510120, China.
| | - Qing Tang
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Medical Oncology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical Collage, University of Guangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510120, China.
| | - JingJing Wu
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Medical Oncology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical Collage, University of Guangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510120, China.
| | - Fang Zheng
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Medical Oncology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical Collage, University of Guangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510120, China.
| | - LiJun Yang
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Medical Oncology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical Collage, University of Guangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510120, China.
| | - Swei Sunny Hann
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Medical Oncology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical Collage, University of Guangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510120, China.
- Higher Education Mega Center, No. 55, Neihuan West Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, PR China.
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Martins GZ, Moreira RRD, Planeta CS, Almeida AE, Bastos JK, Salgueiro L, Cavaleiro C, do Céu Sousa M. Effects of the extract and glycoalkaloids of Solanum lycocarpum St. Hill on Giardia lamblia trophozoites. Pharmacogn Mag 2015; 11:S161-5. [PMID: 26109762 PMCID: PMC4461956 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.157721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Solanum lycocarpum has great importance for food and medicinal traditional use. Recently, it was also evidenced that extracts of S. lycocarpum St. Hill (Solanaceae) and its glycoalkaloids, solamargine (Sg) and solasonine (Sn), are active against flagellated protozoa. Objective: The aim was to assess the effects of the extract of S. lycocarpum and its glycoalkaloids, Sn, and Sg, on Giardia lamblia trophozoites. Materials and Methods: A crude extract (96%ethanol) (EB) of fruits of S. lycocarpum was prepared and fractionated by partition with 40%ethanol and n-hexane: Ethyl acetate. Glycoalkaloids, Sn, and Sg were recognized in the ethanol fraction (EF) and further isolated by column chromatography. EB, EF, the isolated Sn and Sg and a mixture (1:1) of both glycoalkaloids were tested on cultures of G. lamblia trophozoites and macrophages. Results: EB, EF and glycoalkaloids of S. lycocarpum showed activity against Giardia (95.0 < Inhibitory concentration 50 [IC50] ≤120.3 μg/mL). The mixture of glycoalkaloids (1:1) was more active (IC50 = 13.23 μg/mL) than each one individually, suggesting a synergic effect. Moreover, the mixture is nontoxic to macrophage cells. Conclusion: Results are optimistic concerning the anti-Giardia potential of the mixture Sn + Sg. Further studies, in vitro and in vivo, will be required to consolidate the usefulness of the mixture of Sn + Sg in view of a new therapeutic strategy for giardiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilmarcio Z Martins
- UNIFEB, University Center of the Educational Foundation of Barretos, Avenida Professor Roberto Monte Frade, Barretos, São Paulo state, Brazil ; Department of Principles Natural Actives and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP - Estadual Paulista University, Araraquara, São Paulo state, Brazil
| | - Raquel R D Moreira
- Department of Principles Natural Actives and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP - Estadual Paulista University, Araraquara, São Paulo state, Brazil ; Center of Pharmaceutical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga of Santa Comba, Health Science Campus, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cleopatra S Planeta
- Department of Principles Natural Actives and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP - Estadual Paulista University, Araraquara, São Paulo state, Brazil
| | - Adélia E Almeida
- Departament of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP - Estadual Paulista University, Araraquara, São Paulo state, Brazil
| | - Jairo K Bastos
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo state, Brazil
| | - Lígia Salgueiro
- Center of Pharmaceutical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga of Santa Comba, Health Science Campus, Coimbra, Portugal ; Center of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marques de Pombal, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos Cavaleiro
- Center of Pharmaceutical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga of Santa Comba, Health Science Campus, Coimbra, Portugal ; Center of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marques de Pombal, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria do Céu Sousa
- Center of Pharmaceutical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga of Santa Comba, Health Science Campus, Coimbra, Portugal ; Center of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marques de Pombal, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Xie X, Zhu H, Yang H, Huang W, Wu Y, Wang Y, Luo Y, Wang D, Shao G. Solamargine triggers hepatoma cell death through apoptosis. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:168-174. [PMID: 26170994 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Solamargine (SM), a steroidal alkaloid glycoside extracted from the traditional Chinese herb Solanum incanum, has been evidenced to inhibit the growth and induce apoptosis in a number of human cancer cell lines. In the present study, the anticancer effect of SM and underlying molecular mechanism of SM-induced apoptosis were investigated on the human hepatocellular carcinoma cells, SMMC7721 and HepG2. The proliferation effects of SM on the SMMC7721 and HepG2 cell lines were evaluated using MTT and colony formation assays. In addition, the percentage of apoptosis was measured using an Annexin V/propidium iodide staining method and the cell cycle distribution mediated by SM was analyzed using flow cytometry. The expression levels of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3, caspase-9, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (pcna) and Ki67 proteins were examined to further demonstrate the proliferate and apoptosis effects of SM on the hepatoma cells. The results indicated that SM effectively inhibited hepatoma cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis. SM resulted in cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase in the two cell lines. In addition, SM downregulated the levels of proliferation-associated (Ki67 and pcna) and anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) proteins, and promoted the activity of apoptosis-associated proteins (Bax, caspase-3 and caspase-9). Therefore, the activation of the Bcl-2/Bax and caspase signaling pathways may be involved in the SM-induced apoptosis of hepatoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Xie
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Haitao Zhu
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Huijian Yang
- Department of Immunology, Center of Clinical Medicine and Laboratory, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Wensi Huang
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Yingying Wu
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Yanling Luo
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Dongqing Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Genbao Shao
- Department of Biology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
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