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Yin L, Yang D, Jeon I, Seo J, Chen H, Kang MS, Park M, Cho CR. Enhancing Li-Ion Battery Anodes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrochemical Performance of Crystalline C 60 Nanorods with Controlled Morphology and Phase Transition. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:18800-18811. [PMID: 38587467 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c19450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Recently, C60 has emerged as a promising anode material for Li-ion batteries, attracting significant interest due to its excellent lithium storage capacity. The electrochemical performance of C60 as an anode is largely dependent on its internal crystal structure, which is significantly influenced by the synthesis method and corresponding conditions. However, there have been few reports on how the synthesis process affects the crystal structure and Li+ storage capacity of C60. This study used the liquid-liquid interface precipitation method and a low-temperature annealing process to fabricate one-dimensional C60 nanorods (NRs). We thoroughly investigated synthesis conditions, including the growth time, drying temperature, annealing time, and annealing atmosphere. The results demonstrate that these synthesis conditions directly impact the morphology, phase transition, and electrochemical efficiency of pure C60 NRs. Remarkably, the hexagonal close-packed structural C60 NRs-6012h, in a metastable form, exhibits a reversible Li+ storage capacity as an anode material in Li-ion batteries. Furthermore, the face-centered cubic C60 NRs-603001h electrode shows significantly enhanced rate performance and long-cycle stability. A discharge-specific capacity of 603 mAh g-1 was maintained after 2000 cycles at a current density of 2 A g-1. This study elucidates the effect of synthesis conditions on C60 crystals, offering an effective strategy for preparing high-performance C60 anode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghong Yin
- Department of Nano Fusion Technology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Dingcheng Yang
- Department of Nano Fusion Technology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Injun Jeon
- Department of Nano Fusion Technology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Division of Energy Technology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jangwon Seo
- Department of Nano Fusion Technology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Nano Fusion Technology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Seung Kang
- Department of Nano Fusion Technology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjoon Park
- Department of Nano Fusion Technology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanoenergy Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Ryong Cho
- Department of Nano Fusion Technology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanoenergy Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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Gianvittorio S, Tonelli D, Lesch A. Print-Light-Synthesis for Single-Step Metal Nanoparticle Synthesis and Patterned Electrode Production. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:1915. [PMID: 37446431 DOI: 10.3390/nano13131915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of thin-film electrodes, which contain metal nanoparticles and nanostructures for applications in electrochemical sensing as well as energy conversion and storage, is often based on multi-step procedures that include two main passages: (i) the synthesis and purification of nanomaterials and (ii) the fabrication of thin films by coating electrode supports with these nanomaterials. The patterning and miniaturization of thin film electrodes generally require masks or advanced patterning instrumentation. In recent years, various approaches have been presented to integrate the spatially resolved deposition of metal precursor solutions and the rapid conversion of the precursors into metal nanoparticles. To achieve the latter, high intensity light irradiation has, in particular, become suitable as it enables the photochemical, photocatalytical, and photothermal conversion of the precursors during or slightly after the precursor deposition. The conversion of the metal precursors directly on the target substrates can make the use of capping and stabilizing agents obsolete. This review focuses on hybrid platforms that comprise digital metal precursor ink printing and high intensity light irradiation for inducing metal precursor conversions into patterned metal and alloy nanoparticles. The combination of the two methods has recently been named Print-Light-Synthesis by a group of collaborators and is characterized by its sustainability in terms of low material consumption, low material waste, and reduced synthesis steps. It provides high control of precursor loading and light irradiation, both affecting and improving the fabrication of thin film electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Gianvittorio
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Center for Chemical Catalysis-C3, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Domenica Tonelli
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Center for Chemical Catalysis-C3, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andreas Lesch
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Center for Chemical Catalysis-C3, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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Lam NT, McCluskey JB, Glover DJ. Harnessing the Structural and Functional Diversity of Protein Filaments as Biomaterial Scaffolds. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2022; 5:4668-4686. [PMID: 35766918 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The natural ability of many proteins to polymerize into highly structured filaments has been harnessed as scaffolds to align functional molecules in a diverse range of biomaterials. Protein-engineering methodologies also enable the structural and physical properties of filaments to be tailored for specific biomaterial applications through genetic engineering or filaments built from the ground up using advances in the computational prediction of protein folding and assembly. Using these approaches, protein filament-based biomaterials have been engineered to accelerate enzymatic catalysis, provide routes for the biomineralization of inorganic materials, facilitate energy production and transfer, and provide support for mammalian cells for tissue engineering. In this review, we describe how the unique structural and functional diversity in natural and computationally designed protein filaments can be harnessed in biomaterials. In addition, we detail applications of these protein assemblies as material scaffolds with a particular emphasis on applications that exploit unique properties of specific filaments. Through the diversity of protein filaments, the biomaterial engineer's toolbox contains many modular protein filaments that will likely be incorporated as the main structural component of future biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nga T Lam
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Joshua B McCluskey
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Dominic J Glover
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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Naguib M, Barsoum MW, Gogotsi Y. Ten Years of Progress in the Synthesis and Development of MXenes. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2103393. [PMID: 34396592 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Since their discovery in 2011, the number of 2D transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) has steadily increased. Currently more than 40 MXene compositions exist. The ultimate number is far greater and in time they may develop into the largest family of 2D materials known. MXenes' unique properties, such as their metal-like electrical conductivity reaching ≈20 000 S cm-1 , render them quite useful in a large number of applications, including energy storage, optoelectronic, biomedical, communications, and environmental. The number of MXene papers and patents published has been growing quickly. The first MXene generation is synthesized using selective etching of metal layers from the MAX phases, layered transition metal carbides and carbonitrides using hydrofluoric acid. Since then, multiple synthesis approaches have been developed, including selective etching in a mixture of fluoride salts and various acids, non-aqueous etchants, halogens, and molten salts, allowing for the synthesis of new MXenes with better control over their surface chemistries. Herein, a brief historical overview of the first 10 years of MXene research and a perspective on their synthesis and future development are provided. The fact that their production is readily scalable in aqueous environments, with high yields bodes well for their commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Naguib
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Michel W Barsoum
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yury Gogotsi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- A.J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Uzair B, Akhtar N, Sajjad S, Bano A, Fasim F, Zafar N, Leghari SAK. Targeting microbial biofilms: by Arctium lappa l. synthesised biocompatible CeO 2-NPs encapsulated in nano-chitosan. IET Nanobiotechnol 2020; 14:217-223. [PMID: 32338630 PMCID: PMC8675978 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2019.0294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is planned to synthesise new biocompatible, nano antimicrobial formulation against biofilm producing strains. Aqueous root extract of Arctium lappa l. was used to synthesise ceria nanoparticles (CeO2-NPs). The synthesised nanoparticles were encapsulated with nano-chitosan by sol-gel method and characterised using standard techniques. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer of Arctium lappa l. revealed the presence of ethanol, acetone, 1- propanol, 2-methylethane, 1,1-di-ethoxy, 1-Butanol, and oleic acid acted as reducing and surface stabilising agents for tailoring morphology of CeO2-NPs. Erythrocyte integrity after treatment with synthesised nanomaterials was evaluated by spectrophotometer measurement of haemoglobin release having biocompatibility. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the formation of mono dispersed beads shaped particles with mean particle size of 26.2 nm. X-ray diffractometry revealed cubic crystalline structure having size of 28.0 nm. After encapsulation by nano-chitosan, the size of CeO2-NPs enhances to 48.8 nm making average coverage of about 22.6 nm. The synthesised nanomaterials were found effective to disrupt biofilm of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Interestingly, encapsulated CeO2-NPs revealed powerful antibacterial and biofilm disruption activity examined by fluorescent live/dead staining using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The superior antibacterial activities exposed by encapsulated CeO2-NPs lead to the conclusion that they could be useful for controlling biofilm producing multidrug resistance pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Uzair
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Nousheen Akhtar
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shamaila Sajjad
- Department of Physics, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Asma Bano
- Department of Microbiology, University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Fehmida Fasim
- Discipline of Biomedical Science, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Naheed Zafar
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Amini SM, Akbari A. Metal nanoparticles synthesis through natural phenolic acids. IET Nanobiotechnol 2019; 13:771-777. [PMID: 31625516 PMCID: PMC8676617 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2018.5386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
For being applied in medicine as therapeutic agents, nanostructures need to be biocompatible and eco-friendly. Plant-derived phenolic acids have been utilised for green synthesis of metallic or metallic oxide nanoparticles (NPs). The phenolic acids play role as both reducing agents and stabilisers in the process of NPs synthesis. Many experiments have been dedicated to develop efficient green synthesis techniques for producing metal NPs. Using phenolic acids represents a reproducible, simple, profitable, and cost-effective strategy to synthesise metal NPs. As a phytochemical for metal NPs synthesis, phenolic acids are antioxidants that represent many health benefits. However, limited studies have been dedicated to the synthesis and characterisation of NPs produced by phenolic acids. Thus, this review focused on phenolic acids mediated nanomaterial synthesis and its biomedical applications. It should be noted the mechanism of metal ion bioreduction, phenolic acids surface adsorption, characterisation, and toxicity of metal NPs made with different phenolic acids have been discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohammad Amini
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abolfazl Akbari
- Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Kaushik NK, Kaushik N, Linh NN, Ghimire B, Pengkit A, Sornsakdanuphap J, Lee SJ, Choi EH. Plasma and Nanomaterials: Fabrication and Biomedical Applications. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2019; 9:E98. [PMID: 30646530 PMCID: PMC6358811 DOI: 10.3390/nano9010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Application of plasma medicine has been actively explored during last several years. Treating every type of cancer remains a difficult task for medical personnel due to the wide variety of cancer cell selectivity. Research in advanced plasma physics has led to the development of different types of non-thermal plasma devices, such as plasma jets, and dielectric barrier discharges. Non-thermal plasma generates many charged particles and reactive species when brought into contact with biological samples. The main constituents include reactive nitrogen species, reactive oxygen species, and plasma ultra-violets. These species can be applied to synthesize biologically important nanomaterials or can be used with nanomaterials for various kinds of biomedical applications to improve human health. This review reports recent updates on plasma-based synthesis of biologically important nanomaterials and synergy of plasma with nanomaterials for various kind of biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagendra Kumar Kaushik
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea.
| | - Neha Kaushik
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea.
| | - Nguyen Nhat Linh
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea.
| | - Bhagirath Ghimire
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea.
| | - Anchalee Pengkit
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea.
| | - Jirapong Sornsakdanuphap
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea.
| | - Su-Jae Lee
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea.
| | - Eun Ha Choi
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea.
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Svechkarev D, Mohs AM. Organic Fluorescent Dye-based Nanomaterials: Advances in the Rational Design for Imaging and Sensing Applications. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:4042-4064. [PMID: 29484973 PMCID: PMC6703954 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180226111716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembled fluorescent nanomaterials based on small-molecule organic dyes are gaining increasing popularity in imaging and sensing applications over the past decade. This is primarily due to their ability to combine spectral properties tunability and biocompatibility of small molecule organic fluorophores with brightness, chemical and colloidal stability of inorganic materials. Such a unique combination of features comes with rich versatility of dye-based nanomaterials: from aggregates of small molecules to sophisticated core-shell nanoarchitectures involving hyperbranched polymers. Along with the ongoing discovery of new materials and better ways of their synthesis, it is very important to continue systematic studies of fundamental factors that regulate the key properties of fluorescent nanomaterials: their size, polydispersity, colloidal stability, chemical stability, absorption and emission maxima, biocompatibility, and interactions with biological interfaces. In this review, we focus on the systematic description of various types of organic fluorescent nanomaterials, approaches to their synthesis, and ways to optimize and control their characteristics. The discussion is built on examples from reports on recent advances in the design and applications of such materials. Conclusions made from this analysis allow a perspective on future development of fluorescent nanomaterials design for biomedical and related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Svechkarev
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, United States
| | - Aaron M. Mohs
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, United States
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Magro M, Baratella D, Bonaiuto E, de A Roger J, Vianello F. New Perspectives on Biomedical Applications of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles. Curr Med Chem 2018; 25:540-555. [PMID: 28618993 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170616102922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Iron oxide nanomaterials are considered promising tools for improved therapeutic efficacy and diagnostic applications in biomedicine. Accordingly, engineered iron oxide nanomaterials are increasingly proposed in biomedicine, and the interdisciplinary researches involving physics, chemistry, biology (nanotechnology) and medicine have led to exciting developments in the last decades. The progresses of the development of magnetic nanoparticles with tailored physico-chemical and surface properties produced a variety of clinically relevant applications, spanning from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), drug delivery, magnetic hyperthermia, to in vitro diagnostics. Notwithstanding the wellknown conventional synthetic procedures and their wide use, along with recent advances in the synthetic methods open the door to new generations of naked iron oxide nanoparticles possessing peculiar surface chemistries, suitable for other competitive biomedical applications. New abilities to rationally manipulate iron oxides and their physical, chemical, and biological properties, allow the emersion of additional possibilities for designing novel nanomaterials for theranostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Magro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Italy.,Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Palacky University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Davide Baratella
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Emanuela Bonaiuto
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Jessica de A Roger
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Fabio Vianello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Italy.,Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Palacky University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Abstract
The rapid expansion of nanotechnology requires scaled-up production rates to cope with increased nanomaterials demand. However, in many cases, the final uses of nanomaterials impose strict requisites on their physical and chemical characteristics including size, shape, chemical composition and type of functional groups on their surface. Frequently, additional features such as a limited degree of agglomeration are also demanded. These requisites represent a serious challenge to present-day synthesis methods when nanomaterials must be produced in large amounts. Some of the possible solutions from the reaction engineering perspective are discussed in this work for both gas and liquid phase production processes. Special attention will be devoted to enabling technologies, which allow the production of engineered nanoparticles with limited aggregation and with a good control on their nano-scale characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Sebastian
- Aragon Institute of Nanoscience (INA) and Department of Chemical Engineering University of Zaragoza 50018 Zaragoza, Spain, Networking Research Center in Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), E-50018, Zaragoza, Spain
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Zhang H, Ding W, He K, Li M. Synthesis and Characterization of Crystalline Silicon Carbide Nanoribbons. Nanoscale Res Lett 2010; 5:1264-1271. [PMID: 20676202 PMCID: PMC2897037 DOI: 10.1007/s11671-010-9635-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a simple method to synthesize silicon carbide (SiC) nanoribbons is presented. Silicon powder and carbon black powder placed in a horizontal tube furnace were exposed to temperatures ranging from 1,250 to 1,500°C for 5-12 h in an argon atmosphere at atmospheric pressure. The resulting SiC nanoribbons were tens to hundreds of microns in length, a few microns in width and tens of nanometers in thickness. The nanoribbons were characterized with electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and were found to be hexagonal wurtzite-type SiC (2H-SiC) with a growth direction of [101̄0]. The influence of the synthesis conditions such as the reaction temperature, reaction duration and chamber pressure on the growth of the SiC nanomaterial was investigated. A vapor-solid reaction dominated nanoribbon growth mechanism was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699-5725, USA
| | - Weiqiang Ding
- Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699-5725, USA
| | - Kai He
- School of Materials, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-8706, USA
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506-6106, USA
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