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Agues-Barbosa T, de Souza AM, de Lima JNG, Luchiari AC. Long-term behavioral alterations following embryonic alcohol exposure in three zebrafish populations. Neurotoxicology 2023; 96:174-183. [PMID: 37120037 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2023.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Fetal alcohol exposure may lead to a condition known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), which comprises a set of consequences, including cognitive and behavioral impairments. Although zebrafish has been applied as a reliable model for studying FASD, there is no approach to the disorder's ontogeny and population differences. Here, we evaluated the behavioral outcomes of AB, Outbred (OB), and Tübingen (TU) zebrafish populations embryonically exposed to alcohol throughout the development to the adult stage. We exposed 24hpf eggs to 0%, 0.5%, or 1.0% alcohol for 2h. Fish were let grow and locomotor and anxiety-like behaviors were tested in a novel tank at larval - 6dpf, juvenile - 45dpf, and adult- 90dpf stages. At 6dpf, both AB and OB treated with 1.0% alcohol showed hyperactivity, while 0.5% and 1.0% TU fish exhibited hypolocomotion. At 45dpf, AB and TU fish maintained the larval pattern of locomotion. At the adult stage - 90dpf, both AB and TU populations showed increased locomotor activity and anxiogenic responses, while the OB population did not show altered behavior. Our results show for the first time that zebrafish populations exhibit behavioral differences in response to embryonic alcohol exposure and that it varies along animals' ontogeny. AB fish showed the most consistent behavioral pattern through developmental stages, TU fish showed behavioral changes only in adulthood, and OB population showed high interindividual variability. These data reinforce that different populations of zebrafish are better adapted to translational studies, offering reliable results in contrast to domesticated OB populations obtained from farms, which exhibit more variable genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Agues-Barbosa
- Department of Physiology & Behavior, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Augusto Monteiro de Souza
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Carolina Luchiari
- Department of Physiology & Behavior, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
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2
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Martinez-Leiva L, Landeira JM, Fatira E, Díaz-Pérez J, Hernández-León S, Roo J, Tuset VM. Energetic Implications of Morphological Changes between Fish Larval and Juvenile Stages Using Geometric Morphometrics of Body Shape. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:370. [PMID: 36766259 PMCID: PMC9913231 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The fish body shape is a key factor that influences multiple traits such as swimming, foraging, mating, migrations, and predator avoidance. The present study describes the body morphological changes and the growth trajectories during the transformation from 24 to 54 days post-hatching in the golden grey mullet, Chelon auratus, using geometric morphometric analysis (GMA). The results revealed a decrease in morphological variability (i.e., morphological disparity) with the somatic growth. The main changes affected head size, elongation, and widening of the body. Given that this variability could affect the metabolism, some individuals with different morphologies and in different ontogenetic developmental stages were selected to estimate their potential respiration rate using the Electron Transport System (ETS) analysis. Differences were detected depending on the developmental stage, and being significantly smaller after 54 days post-hatching. Finally, a multivariate linear regression indicated that the specific ETS activity was partially related to the fish length and body shape. Thus, our findings emphasized the relevance of larval morphological variability for understanding the physiological processes that occur during the development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Martinez-Leiva
- Unidad Asociada ULPGC-CSIC, Instituto de Oceanografía y Cambio Global (IOCAG), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35214 Telde, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - José M. Landeira
- Unidad Asociada ULPGC-CSIC, Instituto de Oceanografía y Cambio Global (IOCAG), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35214 Telde, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Effrosyni Fatira
- Unidad Asociada ULPGC-CSIC, Instituto de Oceanografía y Cambio Global (IOCAG), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35214 Telde, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Javier Díaz-Pérez
- Unidad Asociada ULPGC-CSIC, Instituto de Oceanografía y Cambio Global (IOCAG), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35214 Telde, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Santiago Hernández-León
- Unidad Asociada ULPGC-CSIC, Instituto de Oceanografía y Cambio Global (IOCAG), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35214 Telde, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Javier Roo
- Instituto Universitario ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35214 Telde, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Víctor M. Tuset
- Unidad Asociada ULPGC-CSIC, Instituto de Oceanografía y Cambio Global (IOCAG), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35214 Telde, Canary Islands, Spain
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3
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Boyd DC, Cheek KG, Boyd CC. Fatal non-accidental pediatric cranial fracture risk and three-layered cranial architecture development. J Forensic Sci 2023; 68:46-58. [PMID: 36529468 PMCID: PMC10108079 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the influence of three-layered cranial architecture development upon blunt force trauma (BFT) cranial outcomes associated with pediatric non-accidental injury (NAI). Macroscopic and microscopic metric and morphological comparisons of subadult crania ranging from perinatal to 17 years of age chronicle the ontogenetic development and spatial and temporal variability in the emergence of a mature cranial architecture. Cranial vault thickness increases with subadult age, accelerating in the first 2 years of life due to rapid brain growth during this period. Three-layer differentiation of the cranial tables and diploë initiates by 3-6 months but is not consistently observed until 18 months to 2 years; diploë formation is not well developed until after age 4 and does not manifest a mature appearance until after age 8. These results allow topographic documentation of cortical and diploic development and temporal and spatial variability across the growing cranium. The lateral cranial vault is identified as expressing delayed development and reduced expression of the three-layer architecture, a pattern that continues into adulthood. Comparison of fracture locations from known BFT pediatric cases with identified cranial fracture high-risk impact regions shows a concordance and suggests the presence of a higher fracture risk associated with non-accidental BFT in the lateral vault region in subadults below the age of 2. The absence or lesser development of a three-layered architecture in subadults leaves their cranial bones, particularly in the lateral vault, thin and vulnerable to the effects of BFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna C Boyd
- Department of Anthropological Sciences, Radford University Forensic Science Institute, Radford, Virginia, USA.,Department of Basic Science, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Kimber G Cheek
- Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - C Clifford Boyd
- Department of Anthropological Sciences, Radford University Forensic Science Institute, Radford, Virginia, USA
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Pan X, Ochoa R, Jin D, Yi T. Review on the Genus Stylophoronychus (Acari: Tetranychidae), with Description of a New Species. Insects 2022; 13:1176. [PMID: 36555086 PMCID: PMC9784220 DOI: 10.3390/insects13121176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Only two species of the genus Stylophoronychus, S. baghensis (Prasad, 1975) and S. guangzhouensis (Ma and Yuan, 1980), have been recorded in China. Herein we describe a new species Stylophoronychus wangaePan, Jin & Yi sp. nov. based on characteristics of the deutonymphs and adults. The synonym of S. guangzhouensis (Ma and Yuan, 1980) and S. lalli (Prasad, 1975) with S. vannus (Rimando, 1968) is proposed. A redescription of S. vannus (Rimando, 1968) based on the adults of both sexes, deutonymphs and a protonymph is given. The ontogenetic changes of leg chaetotaxy in two species are given and discussed. The updated key to the species of Stylophoronychus of the world is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Pan
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Pest Management of Mountainous Region, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture P. R. China, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ronald Ochoa
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Daochao Jin
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Pest Management of Mountainous Region, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture P. R. China, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Tianci Yi
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Pest Management of Mountainous Region, Guiyang 550025, China
- The Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture P. R. China, Guiyang 550025, China
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Hernández MA, Butler JB, Ammitzboll H, Weller JL, Vaillancourt RE, Potts BM. Genetic control of the operculum and capsule morphology of Eucalyptus globulus. Ann Bot 2022; 130:97-108. [PMID: 35652517 PMCID: PMC9295918 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The petaline operculum that covers the inner whorls until anthesis and the woody capsule that develops after fertilization are reproductive structures of eucalypts that protect the flower and seeds. Although they are distinct organs, they both develop from flower buds and this common ontogeny suggests shared genetic control. In Eucalyptus globulus their morphology is variable and we aimed to identify the quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying this variation and determine whether there is common genetic control of these ecologically and taxonomically important reproductive structures. METHODS Samples of opercula and capsules were collected from 206 trees that belong to a large outcrossed F2E. globulus mapping population. The morphological variation in these structures was characterized by measuring six operculum and five capsule traits. QTL analysis was performed using these data and a linkage map consisting of 480 markers. KEY RESULTS A total of 27 QTL were detected for operculum traits and 28 for capsule traits, with the logarithm of odds ranging from 2.8 to 11.8. There were many co-located QTL associated with operculum or capsule traits, generally reflecting allometric relationships. A key finding was five genomic regions where co-located QTL affected both operculum and capsule morphology, and the overall trend for these QTL was to affect elongation of both organs. Some of these QTL appear to have a significant effect on the phenotype, with the strongest QTL explaining 26.4 % of the variation in operculum shape and 16.4 % in capsule shape. Flower bud measurements suggest the expression of these QTL starts during bud development. Several candidate genes were found associated with the QTL and their putative function is discussed. CONCLUSIONS Variation in both operculum and capsule traits in E. globulus is under strong genetic control. Our results suggest that these reproductive structures share a common genetic pathway during flower bud development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano A Hernández
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Route 27 - Km 38.3, Bella Vista, Corrientes 3432, Argentina
| | | | - Hans Ammitzboll
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - James L Weller
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture
| | - René E Vaillancourt
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Brad M Potts
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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Liu YC, Chung WS, Yu CC, Hsu ST, Chan FL, Liu TH, Su CH, Hwu Y, Marshall NJ, Chiao CC. Morphological changes of the optic lobe from late embryonic to adult stages in oval squids Sepioteuthis lessoniana. J Morphol 2017; 279:75-85. [PMID: 29044653 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The optic lobe is the largest brain area within the central nervous system of cephalopods and it plays important roles in the processing of visual information, the regulation of body patterning, and locomotive behavior. The oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana has relatively large optic lobes that are responsible for visual communication via dynamic body patterning. It has been observed that the visual behaviors of oval squids change as the animals mature, yet little is known about how the structure of the optic lobes changes during development. The aim of the present study was to characterize the ontogenetic changes in neural organization of the optic lobes of S. lessoniana from late embryonic stage to adulthood. Magnetic resonance imaging and micro-CT scans were acquired to reconstruct the 3D-structure of the optic lobes and examine the external morphology at different developmental stages. In addition, optic lobe slices with nuclear staining were used to reveal changes in the internal morphology throughout development. As oval squids mature, the proportion of the brain making up the optic lobes increases continuously, and the optic lobes appear to have a prominent dent on the ventrolateral side. Inside the optic lobe, the cortex and the medulla expand steadily from the late embryonic stage to adulthood, but the cell islands in the tangential zone of the optic lobe decrease continuously in parallel. Interestingly, the size of the nuclei of cells within the medulla of the optic lobe increases throughout development. These findings suggest that the optic lobe undergoes continuous external morphological change and internal neural reorganization throughout the oval squid's development. These morphological changes in the optic lobe are likely to be responsible for changes in the visuomotor behavior of oval squids from hatching to adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chieh Liu
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.,Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Sung Chung
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Chun-Chieh Yu
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan
| | - Su-Ting Hsu
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Fung-Lan Chan
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Han Liu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hao Su
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan
| | - Yeukuang Hwu
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - N Justin Marshall
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Chuan-Chin Chiao
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.,Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
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7
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Laughlin DC, Lusk CH, Bellingham PJ, Burslem DFRP, Simpson AH, Kramer-Walter KR. Intraspecific trait variation can weaken interspecific trait correlations when assessing the whole-plant economic spectrum. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:8936-8949. [PMID: 29152189 PMCID: PMC5677476 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide plant economic spectrum hypothesis predicts that leaf, stem, and root traits are correlated across vascular plant species because carbon gain depends on leaves being adequately supplied with water and nutrients, and because construction of each organ involves a trade-off between performance and persistence. Despite its logical and intuitive appeal, this hypothesis has received mixed empirical support. If traits within species diverge in their responses to an environmental gradient, then interspecific trait correlations could be weakened when measured in natural ecosystems. To test this prediction, we measured relative growth rates (RGR) and seven functional traits that have been shown to be related to fluxes of water, nutrients, and carbon across 56 functionally diverse tree species on (1) juveniles in a controlled environment, (2) juveniles in forest understories, and (3) mature trees in forests. Leaf, stem, and fine root traits of juveniles grown in a controlled environment were closely correlated with each other, and with RGR. Remarkably, the seven leaf, stem, and fine root tissue traits spanned a single dimension of variation when measured in the controlled environment. Forest-grown juveniles expressed lower leaf mass per area, but higher wood and fine root tissue density, than greenhouse-grown juveniles. Traits and growth rates were decoupled in forest-grown juveniles and mature trees. Our results indicate that constraints exist on the covariation, not just the variation, among vegetative plant organs; however, divergent responses of traits within species to environmental gradients can mask interspecific trait correlations in natural environments. Correlations among organs and relationships between traits and RGR were strong when plants were compared in a standardized environment. Our results may reconcile the discrepancies seen among studies, by showing that if traits and growth rates of species are compared across varied environments, then the interorgan trait correlations observed in controlled conditions can weaken or disappear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Laughlin
- Department of Botany University of Wyoming Laramie WY USA.,Environmental Research Institute School of Science University of Waikato Hamilton New Zealand
| | - Christopher H Lusk
- Environmental Research Institute School of Science University of Waikato Hamilton New Zealand
| | | | | | - Angela H Simpson
- Environmental Research Institute School of Science University of Waikato Hamilton New Zealand
| | - Kris R Kramer-Walter
- Environmental Research Institute School of Science University of Waikato Hamilton New Zealand
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8
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Liu YC, Liu TH, Su CH, Chiao CC. Neural Organization of the Optic Lobe Changes Steadily from Late Embryonic Stage to Adulthood in Cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis. Front Physiol 2017; 8:538. [PMID: 28798695 PMCID: PMC5529416 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The optic lobe is the largest structure in the cuttlefish brain. While the general morphology of the optic lobe in adult cuttlefish has been well described, the 3D structure and ontogenetic development of its neural organization have not been characterized. To correlate observed behavioral changes within the brain structure along the development of this animal, optic lobes from the late embryonic stage to adulthood were examined systematically in the present study. The MRI scan revealed that the so called "cell islands" in the medulla of the cephalopod's optic lobe (Young, 1962, 1974) are in fact a contiguous tree-like structure. Quantification of the neural organizational development of optic lobes showed that structural features of the cortex and radial column zone were established earlier than those of the tangential zone during embryonic and post-hatching stages. Within the cell islands, the density of nuclei was decreased while the size of nuclei was increased during the development. Furthermore, the visual processing area in the optic lobe showed a significant variation in lateralization during embryonic and juvenile stages. Our observation of a continuous increase in neural fibers and nucleus size in the tangential zone of the optic lobe from late embryonic stage to adulthood indicates that the neural organization of the optic lobe is modified along the development of cuttlefish. These findings thus support that the ontogenetic change of the optic lobe is responsible for their continuously increased complexity in body patterning and visuomotor behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chieh Liu
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, National Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Han Liu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hao Su
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial HospitalKaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Chin Chiao
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, National Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu, Taiwan
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Solomon FN, Rodrigues D, Gonçalves EJ, Serrão EA, Borges R. Larval development and allometric growth of the black-faced blenny Tripterygion delaisi. J Fish Biol 2017; 90:2239-2254. [PMID: 28369894 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Larval development and allometric growth patterns of the black-faced blenny Tripterygion delaisi are described from a larval series (body length, LB = 3·30-12·10 mm) caught by light traps at the Arrábida Marine Park, Portugal. Larvae of T. delaisi possess distinctive morphometric and meristic characteristics which can be used to identify this species from related taxa. Pigmentation is sparse but characteristic, consisting of pigmented eyes, gas bladder pigmentation in the dorsal region, anal pigmentation and a row of regularly spaced postanal ventral melanophores. This pattern is present from as early as the yolk-sac stage and persists throughout all stages with just the addition of head and caudal pigmentation during the flexion and postflexion stages, respectively. The majority of fin development (with the exception of the caudal fin), occurs in the later stages of development. Myomere counts range between 37 and 45 for all stages. Growth is allometric during larval development. When inflexion points of growth were detected, growth was found to be biphasic with the inflexion points occurring within a very narrow range of LB (8·70-8·90 mm) close to the mean ± s.d. (9·44 ± 1·48 mm LB ) of postflexion larvae. Considering allometric growth patterns and ontogenetic descriptions together, the first developmental phase includes the preflexion and flexion stage larvae, while the second phase characterises the postflexion larvae prior to the transition from larvae to juvenile.
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Affiliation(s)
- F N Solomon
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - D Rodrigues
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ISPA - Instituto Universitário, R. Jardim do Tabaco 34, 1149-041, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - E J Gonçalves
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ISPA - Instituto Universitário, R. Jardim do Tabaco 34, 1149-041, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - E A Serrão
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - R Borges
- CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ISPA - Instituto Universitário, R. Jardim do Tabaco 34, 1149-041, Lisboa, Portugal
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10
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Schiestl-Aalto P, Kulmala L, Mäkinen H, Nikinmaa E, Mäkelä A. CASSIA--a dynamic model for predicting intra-annual sink demand and interannual growth variation in Scots pine. New Phytol 2015; 206:647-59. [PMID: 25616175 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The control of tree growth vs environment by carbon sources or sinks remains unresolved although it is widely studied. This study investigates growth of tree components and carbon sink-source dynamics at different temporal scales. We constructed a dynamic growth model 'carbon allocation sink source interaction' (CASSIA) that calculates tree-level carbon balance from photosynthesis, respiration, phenology and temperature-driven potential structural growth of tree organs and dynamics of stored nonstructural carbon (NSC) and their modifying influence on growth. With the model, we tested hypotheses that sink demand explains the intra-annual growth dynamics of the meristems, and that the source supply is further needed to explain year-to-year growth variation. The predicted intra-annual dimensional growth of shoots and needles and the number of cells in xylogenesis phases corresponded with measurements, whereas NSC hardly limited the growth, supporting the first hypothesis. Delayed GPP influence on potential growth was necessary for simulating the yearly growth variation, indicating also at least an indirect source limitation. CASSIA combines seasonal growth and carbon balance dynamics with long-term source dynamics affecting growth and thus provides a first step to understanding the complex processes regulating intra- and interannual growth and sink-source dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauliina Schiestl-Aalto
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
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Mrak P, Znidaršič N, Tušek-Žnidarič M, Klepal W, Gruber D, Strus J. Egg envelopes and cuticle renewal in Porcellio embryos and marsupial mancas. Zookeys 2012:55-72. [PMID: 22536099 PMCID: PMC3335405 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.176.2418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An important adaptation to land habitats in terrestrial isopod crustaceans is development of embryos in a fluid-filled female brood pouch, marsupium. The study brings insight into the structure and protective role of egg envelopes and cuticle renewal during ontogenetic development of Porcellio embryos and marsupial mancas. Egg envelopes cover embryos, the outer chorion until late-stage embryo and the inner vitelline membrane throughout the whole embryonic development. Egg envelopes of Porcellio have relatively simple ultrastuctural architecture compared to Drosophila egg envelopes. Exoskeletal cuticle is produced in late embryonic development by hypodermal cells of the embryo and is renewed in further development in relation to growth of developing embryos and mancas. Cuticle structure and renewal in prehatching late-stage embryos and marsupial mancas exhibit main features of cuticle in adults. Epicuticle is thin and homogenous. The characteristic arrangement of chitin-protein fibers and the dense distal layer in exocuticle are hardly discernible in prehatching embryo and distinct in marsupial mancas. Endocuticle consists of alternating electron dense and electron lucent sublayers and is perforated by pore canals in both stages. Differences from adult cuticle are evident in cuticle thickness, ultrastructure and mineralization. Signs of cuticle renewal in prehatching embryo and marsupial mancas such as detachment of cuticle from hypodermis, partial disintegration of endocuticle and assembly of new cuticle are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polona Mrak
- Department of Biology, Biotehnical faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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