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Bednash JS, Kagan VE, Englert JA, Farkas D, Tyurina YY, Tyurin VA, Samovich SN, Farkas L, Elhance A, Johns F, Lee H, Cheng L, Majumdar A, Jones D, Mejia OR, Ruane-Foster M, Londino JD, Mallampalli RK, Robinson RT. Syrian hamsters as a model of lung injury with SARS-CoV-2 infection: Pathologic, physiologic, and detailed molecular profiling. Transl Res 2022; 240:1-16. [PMID: 34740873 PMCID: PMC8562047 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common complication of severe COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) caused by SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) infection. Knowledge of molecular mechanisms driving host responses to SARS-CoV-2 is limited by the lack of reliable preclinical models of COVID-19 that recapitulate human illness. Further, existing COVID-19 animal models are not characterized as models of experimental acute lung injury (ALI) or ARDS. Acknowledging differences in experimental lung injury in animal models and human ARDS, here we systematically evaluate a model of experimental acute lung injury as a result of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Syrian golden hamsters. Following intranasal inoculation, hamsters demonstrate acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, viral pneumonia, and systemic illness but survive infection with clearance of virus. Hamsters exposed to SARS-CoV-2 exhibited key features of experimental ALI, including histologic evidence of lung injury, increased pulmonary permeability, acute inflammation, and hypoxemia. RNA sequencing of lungs indicated upregulation of inflammatory mediators that persisted after infection clearance. Lipidomic analysis demonstrated significant differences in hamster phospholipidome with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Lungs infected with SARS-CoV-2 showed increased apoptosis and ferroptosis. Thus, SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters exhibit key features of experimental lung injury supporting their use as a preclinical model of COVID-19 ARDS.
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Key Words
- ards, acute respiratory distress syndrome
- ali, acute lung injury
- covid-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- sars-cov-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2
- ace2, angiotensin converting enzyme 2
- bal, bronchoalveolar lavage
- ifit, inf-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats
- ifn, interferon
- ihc, immunohistochemistry
- il, interleukin
- mpo, myeloperoxidase
- ngs, next generation sequencing
- opls-da, orthogonal projection of latent structures - discriminate analysis
- pc, phosphatidylcholine
- pe, phosphatidylethanolamine
- pfu, plaque forming unit
- pla2, phospholipase a2
- tfrc, transferrin receptor protein 1
- vip, variable importance in projection
- voc, variant of concern
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Bednash
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Joshua A Englert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Daniela Farkas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Yulia Y Tyurina
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Vladimir A Tyurin
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Svetlana N Samovich
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Laszlo Farkas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ajit Elhance
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Finny Johns
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Hyunwook Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Lijun Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Abhishek Majumdar
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Daniel Jones
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Oscar Rosas Mejia
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Marisa Ruane-Foster
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - James D Londino
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Rama K Mallampalli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Richard T Robinson
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
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Sarker SA, Sultana S, Reuteler G, Moine D, Descombes P, Charton F, Bourdin G, McCallin S, Ngom-Bru C, Neville T, Akter M, Huq S, Qadri F, Talukdar K, Kassam M, Delley M, Loiseau C, Deng Y, El Aidy S, Berger B, Brüssow H. Oral Phage Therapy of Acute Bacterial Diarrhea With Two Coliphage Preparations: A Randomized Trial in Children From Bangladesh. EBioMedicine 2016; 4:124-37. [PMID: 26981577 PMCID: PMC4776075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antibiotic resistance is rising in important bacterial pathogens. Phage therapy (PT), the use of bacterial viruses infecting the pathogen in a species-specific way, is a potential alternative. Method T4-like coliphages or a commercial Russian coliphage product or placebo was orally given over 4 days to Bangladeshi children hospitalized with acute bacterial diarrhea. Safety of oral phage was assessed clinically and by functional tests; coliphage and Escherichia coli titers and enteropathogens were determined in stool and quantitative diarrhea parameters (stool output, stool frequency) were measured. Stool microbiota was studied by 16S rRNA gene sequencing; the genomes of four fecal Streptococcus isolates were sequenced. Findings No adverse events attributable to oral phage application were observed (primary safety outcome). Fecal coliphage was increased in treated over control children, but the titers did not show substantial intestinal phage replication (secondary microbiology outcome). 60% of the children suffered from a microbiologically proven E. coli diarrhea; the most frequent diagnosis was ETEC infections. Bacterial co-pathogens were also detected. Half of the patients contained phage-susceptible E. coli colonies in the stool. E. coli represented less than 5% of fecal bacteria. Stool ETEC titers showed only a short-lived peak and were otherwise close to the replication threshold determined for T4 phage in vitro. An interim analysis after the enrollment of 120 patients showed no amelioration in quantitative diarrhea parameter by PT over standard care (tertiary clinical outcome). Stool microbiota was characterized by an overgrowth with Streptococcus belonging to the Streptococcus gallolyticus and Streptococcus salivarius species groups, their abundance correlated with quantitative diarrhea outcome, but genome sequencing did not identify virulence genes. Interpretation Oral coliphages showed a safe gut transit in children, but failed to achieve intestinal amplification and to improve diarrhea outcome, possibly due to insufficient phage coverage and too low E. coli pathogen titers requiring higher oral phage doses. More knowledge is needed on in vivo phage–bacterium interaction and the role of E. coli in childhood diarrhea for successful PT. Funding The study was supported by a grant from Nestlé Nutrition and Nestlé Health Science. The trial was registered with Identifier NCT00937274 at ClinicalTrials.gov. Coliphages given orally to children with bacterial diarrhea appeared in the stool, but did not improve clinical outcome. In microbiologically diagnosed E. coli diarrhea, pathogen titers were close to the replication threshold of coliphages. Acute bacterial diarrhea displayed a marked dysbiosis with fecal streptococci that stabilized with recovery from diarrhea.
Antibiotic resistance of bacterial infections reached alarming levels. Phage therapy is a potential alternative antimicrobial. We demonstrated that two different oral phage preparations did not improve acute bacterial diarrhea in children from Bangladesh. We observed fecal excretion of the oral phage, but no major phage amplification in the gut. E. coli pathogen levels were low and the fecal microbiota showed a transient overgrowth with streptococci. Future phage trials should first verify the titer and association of the targeted pathogen with the disease.
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Key Words
- Bacteriophages
- Bangladesh
- Bifidobacterium
- Cfu, colony forming unit
- Children
- Diarrhea
- EAEC, enteroaggregative E. coli
- EPEC, enteropathogenic E. coli
- ETEC, enterotoxigenic E. coli
- Escherichia coli
- M, ColiProteus phage cocktail from Microgen
- ORS, oral rehydration solution
- P, placebo
- PT, phage therapy
- RCT, randomized controlled trial
- Streptococcus
- T, T4 phage cocktail from NRC
- pfu, plaque forming unit
- qPCR, quantitative polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafiqul Alam Sarker
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Shamima Sultana
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Gloria Reuteler
- Nestlé Research Centre, Nestec Ltd., Vers-chez-les-Blanc, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Deborah Moine
- Nestlé Institute of Health Science, EPFL Innovation Park, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Descombes
- Nestlé Institute of Health Science, EPFL Innovation Park, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florence Charton
- Nestlé Research Centre, Nestec Ltd., Vers-chez-les-Blanc, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Gilles Bourdin
- Nestlé Research Centre, Nestec Ltd., Vers-chez-les-Blanc, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Shawna McCallin
- Nestlé Research Centre, Nestec Ltd., Vers-chez-les-Blanc, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Ngom-Bru
- Nestlé Research Centre, Nestec Ltd., Vers-chez-les-Blanc, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Tara Neville
- Nestlé Research Centre, Nestec Ltd., Vers-chez-les-Blanc, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Mahmuda Akter
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Sayeeda Huq
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Kaisar Talukdar
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mohamed Kassam
- Nestlé Institute of Health Science, EPFL Innovation Park, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michèle Delley
- Nestlé Research Centre, Nestec Ltd., Vers-chez-les-Blanc, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Chloe Loiseau
- Nestlé Research Centre, Nestec Ltd., Vers-chez-les-Blanc, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Ying Deng
- Nestlé Research Centre, Nestec Ltd., Vers-chez-les-Blanc, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Sahar El Aidy
- Nestlé Research Centre, Nestec Ltd., Vers-chez-les-Blanc, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Bernard Berger
- Nestlé Research Centre, Nestec Ltd., Vers-chez-les-Blanc, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Harald Brüssow
- Nestlé Research Centre, Nestec Ltd., Vers-chez-les-Blanc, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
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Feng Yeh C, Wang KC, Chiang LC, Shieh DE, Yen MH, San Chang J. Water extract of licorice had anti-viral activity against human respiratory syncytial virus in human respiratory tract cell lines. J Ethnopharmacol 2013; 148:466-73. [PMID: 23643542 PMCID: PMC7126896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., Leguminosae) has been used in herbal medicine and food supplement worldwide for centuries. Licorice is a common ingredient of several prescriptions of traditional Chinese medicine which have been proved to inhibit infection of human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV). There are two preparations of licorice, Radix Glycyrrhizae and Radix Glycyrrhizae Preparata. However, it is unknown whether licorice or which preparation of licorice is effective against HRSV, nor is its active constituent. AIM OF THE STUDY We tested the hypothesis that Radix Glycyrrhizae can effectively decrease HRSV-induced plaque formation in respiratory mucosal cell lines. We also tried to find out the active constituent. MATERIALS AND METHODS Anti-HRSV activities of hot water extracts of preparations of licorice, glycyrrhizin and 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (18β-GA), the active constituents of licorice, were examined by plaque reduction assay in both human upper (HEp-2) and low (A549) respiratory tract cell lines. Abilities of crude licorice to inhibit viral replication and to stimulate IFN-β were evaluated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. RESULTS Radix Glycyrrhizae and Radix Glycyrrhizae Preparata dose-dependently inhibited HRSV-induced plaque formation in both HEp-2 and A549 cell lines (p<0.0001). The effect of Radix Glycyrrhizae was better than that of Radix Glycyrrhizae Preparata on HEp-2 cells. However, there was no difference of their anti-HRSV effects on A549 cells. Besides, glycyrrhizin was ineffective at all. Nevertheless, 18β-GA showed a potent anti-HRSV activity. Radix Glycyrrhizae was more effective when given before viral inoculation (p<0.0001) which may be due to its inhibition of viral attachment on (p<0.0001) and penetration (p<0.0001) into the host cells. The anti-HRSV activity of Radix Glycyrrhizae was further confirmed by RT-PCR and qRT-PCR. 300 μg/ml Radix Glycyrrhizae markedly decreased the viral amounts within the cells and in the suspension. Radix Glycyrrhizae might further stimulate mucosal cells to secrete IFN-β to counteract viral infection. CONCLUSIONS Both Radix Glycyrrhizae and Radix Glycyrrhizae Preparata are effective against HRSV infection on airway epithelial cells. Radix Glycyrrhizae inhibited HRSV mainly by preventing viral attachment, internalization, and by stimulating IFN secretion. 18β-GA may be one of its active constituents.
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Key Words
- 18β-ga, 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid
- a549, human lung carcinoma cell
- atcc, the american type culture collection
- cc50, 50% cytotoxic concentration
- elisa, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- fcs, fetal calf serum
- fda, food and drug administration
- hep-2, human larynx epidermoid carcinoma cell
- ic50, minimal concentration required to inhibit 50% cytopathic effect
- ifn, interferon
- dmem, dulbecco’s modified eagle’s medium
- pbs, phosphate-buffered saline
- pfu, plaque forming unit
- hrsv, human respiratory syncytial virus
- glycyrrhiza uralensis
- respiratory tract infection
- rsv
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia Feng Yeh
- Department of Renal Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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4
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Barnett EM, Cassell MD, Perlman S. Two neurotropic viruses, herpes simplex virus type 1 and mouse hepatitis virus, spread along different neural pathways from the main olfactory bulb. Neuroscience 1993; 57:1007-25. [PMID: 8309541 PMCID: PMC7131965 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(93)90045-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Several neurotropic viruses enter the brain after peripheral inoculation and spread transneuronally along pathways known to be connected to the initial site of entry. In this study, the pathways utilized by two such viruses, herpes simplex virus type 1 and mouse hepatitis virus strain JHM, were compared using in situ hybridization following inoculation into either the nasal cavity or the main olfactory bulb of the mouse. The results indicate that both viruses spread to infect a unique and only partially overlapping set of connections of the main olfactory bulb. Both quantitative and qualitative differences were observed in the patterns of infection of known primary and secondary main olfactory bulb connections. Using immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase combined with in situ hybridization, it was shown that only herpes simplex virus infected noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus. In contrast, both viruses infected dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area, although mouse hepatitis virus produced a more widespread infection in the A10 group, as well as infecting A8 and A9. The results suggest that differential virus uptake in specific neurotransmitter systems contributes to the pattern of viral spread, although other factors, such as differences in access to particular synapses on infected cells and differences in the distribution of the cellular receptor for the two viruses, are also likely to be important. The data show that neural tracing with different viruses may define unique neural pathways from a site of inoculation. The data also demonstrate that two viruses can enter the brain via the olfactory system and localize to different structures, suggesting that neurological diseases involving disparate regions of the brain could be caused by different viruses, even if entry occurred at a common site.
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Key Words
- hsv-1, herpes simplex virus, type 1
- lc, locus coeruleus
- mhv-jhm, mouse hepatitis virus, strain jhm
- mob, main olfactory bulb
- pfu, plaque forming unit
- p.i., post-inoculation
- th, tyrosine hydroxylase
- th+, tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive
- th−, tyrosine hydroxylase immunonegative
- vta, ventral tegmental area
- wga-hrp, wheatgerm agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Barnett
- Neuroscience Program, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242
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Mochizuki M, Furukawa H. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using canine coronavirus-infected CRFK cells as antigen for detection of anti-coronavirus antibody in cat. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1989; 12:139-46. [PMID: 2558837 PMCID: PMC7134073 DOI: 10.1016/0147-9571(89)90062-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
From the reasons that canine coronavirus (CCV) grows more efficiently than feline coronavirus in a cell culture and they are mutually related in their antigenicities, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using CCV-infected feline kidney (CRFK) cells as substrate antigens was developed for detection of anti-coronavirus antibodies in cats. It was indispensable for generating coronavirus-specific ELISA antibody activities that the sample was applied to the mock-infected, normal CRFK cells in parallel with the CCV-infected cells and then the optical density values given by the mock-infected cell antigen were subtracted from those given by the virus-infected cell antigen. On the basis of ELISA antibody titers obtained in sera from the cats experimentally infected with CCV and from the spontaneous feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) cases, the ELISA described in the present study was found to be applicable as a simple and easy serologic test which was able to detect anti-coronavirus antibodies as efficiently as the indirect immunofluorescence assay with homologous FIP virus.
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Key Words
- coronavirus
- feline infectious peritonitis virus
- canine coronavirus
- enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- elisa
- virus de la péritonite infectieuse féline
- coronavirus canin
- test immunopenzymatique
- ccv, canine coronavirus
- crfk, crandell feline kidney
- dk/p, primary dog kidney
- eagle's mem, eagle's minimal essential medium
- elisa, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- fecv, feline enteric coronavirus
- fip, feline infectious peritonitis
- fipv, fip virus
- ifa, indirect immunofluorescence assay
- mab, monoclonal antibody
- mnt, micro-neutralization test
- nus, nu-serum
- od, optical density
- pfu, plaque forming unit
- pbs, phosphate buffered saline solution
- tgev, transmissible gastroenteritis virus
- vnt, virus neutralization test
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mochizuki
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Japan
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