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Loiko N, Kanunnikov O, Tereshkina K, Pankratov T, Belova S, Botchkova E, Vishnyakova A, Litti Y. Biocides with Controlled Degradation for Environmentally Friendly and Cost-Effective Fecal Sludge Management. Biology (Basel) 2022; 12. [PMID: 36671737 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) and polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) exhibit high antimicrobial activity and are widely used as biocidal agents in chemical toilet additives for the management of fecal sludge (FS). Disposal of such biocide-treated FS to a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is a major environmental problem. It is possible to reduce environmental damage through the use of biocidal agents, which easily decompose after performing their main biocidal functions. In this work, it is proposed to use the fact of a gradual increase in pH of FS from the initial 7.5 to 9.0-10.0 due to the decomposition of urea. Six biocidal compounds were selected that are capable of rapidly degrading in an alkaline environment and one that naturally degrades upon prolonged incubation. Four of them: bronopol (30 mg/L), DBNPA (500 mg/L), Sharomix (500 mg/L), and sodium percarbonate (6000 mg/L) have shown promise for environmentally friendly management of FS. In selected dosage, they successfully reduced microbial activity under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions and are cost-effective. After 10 days of incubation, degradation of the biocide occurred as measured by biological oxygen demand (BOD5) in biocide-treated FS. Such FS can be discharged to WWTP without severe damage to the activated sludge process, the need for dilution and additional procedures to neutralize toxicity.
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Moshynets OV, Baranovskyi TP, Iungin OS, Kysil NP, Metelytsia LO, Pokholenko I, Potochilova VV, Potters G, Rudnieva KL, Rymar SY, Semenyuta IV, Spiers AJ, Tarasyuk OP, Rogalsky SP. eDNA Inactivation and Biofilm Inhibition by the PolymericBiocide Polyhexamethylene Guanidine Hydrochloride (PHMG-Cl). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020731. [PMID: 35054915 PMCID: PMC8775615 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The choice of effective biocides used for routine hospital practice should consider the role of disinfectants in the maintenance and development of local resistome and how they might affect antibiotic resistance gene transfer within the hospital microbial population. Currently, there is little understanding of how different biocides contribute to eDNA release that may contribute to gene transfer and subsequent environmental retention. Here, we investigated how different biocides affect the release of eDNA from mature biofilms of two opportunistic model strains Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 (PA) and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 (SA) and contribute to the hospital resistome in the form of surface and water contaminants and dust particles. The effect of four groups of biocides, alcohols, hydrogen peroxide, quaternary ammonium compounds, and the polymeric biocide polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PHMG-Cl), was evaluated using PA and SA biofilms. Most biocides, except for PHMG-Cl and 70% ethanol, caused substantial eDNA release, and PHMG-Cl was found to block biofilm development when used at concentrations of 0.5% and 0.1%. This might be associated with the formation of DNA–PHMG-Cl complexes as PHMG-Cl is predicted to bind to AT base pairs by molecular docking assays. PHMG-Cl was found to bind high-molecular DNA and plasmid DNA and continued to inactivate DNA on surfaces even after 4 weeks. PHMG-Cl also effectively inactivated biofilm-associated antibiotic resistance gene eDNA released by a pan-drug-resistant Klebsiella strain, which demonstrates the potential of a polymeric biocide as a new surface-active agent to combat the spread of antibiotic resistance in hospital settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena V. Moshynets
- Biofilm Study Group, Department of Cell Regulatory Mechanisms, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 150 Zabolotnoho Str., 03680 Kiev, Ukraine; (O.S.I.); (I.P.); (S.Y.R.)
- Correspondence: (O.V.M.); (S.P.R.)
| | - Taras P. Baranovskyi
- Department of Dermatovenerology, Allergology, Clinical and Laboratory Immunology, Shupyk National Healthcare University of Ukraine, 9 Dorohozhytska Str., 03680 Kiev, Ukraine;
- Kyiv Regional Clinical Hospital, 1 Baggovutivska Street, 04107 Kiev, Ukraine; (V.V.P.); (K.L.R.)
| | - Olga S. Iungin
- Biofilm Study Group, Department of Cell Regulatory Mechanisms, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 150 Zabolotnoho Str., 03680 Kiev, Ukraine; (O.S.I.); (I.P.); (S.Y.R.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Leather and Fur, Faculty of Chemical and Biopharmaceutical Technologies, Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design, Nemyrovycha-Danchenka Street, 2, 01011 Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Nadiia P. Kysil
- National Children’s Specialized Hospital “Okhmatdyt”, 28/1 Chornovola Str., 01135 Kiev, Ukraine;
| | - Larysa O. Metelytsia
- V. P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 50 Kharkivske Schose, 01135 Kiev, Ukraine; (L.O.M.); (I.V.S.); (O.P.T.)
| | - Ianina Pokholenko
- Biofilm Study Group, Department of Cell Regulatory Mechanisms, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 150 Zabolotnoho Str., 03680 Kiev, Ukraine; (O.S.I.); (I.P.); (S.Y.R.)
| | - Viktoria V. Potochilova
- Kyiv Regional Clinical Hospital, 1 Baggovutivska Street, 04107 Kiev, Ukraine; (V.V.P.); (K.L.R.)
| | - Geert Potters
- Antwerp Maritime Academy, Noordkasteel Oost 6, 2030 Antwerp, Belgium;
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kateryna L. Rudnieva
- Kyiv Regional Clinical Hospital, 1 Baggovutivska Street, 04107 Kiev, Ukraine; (V.V.P.); (K.L.R.)
| | - Svitlana Y. Rymar
- Biofilm Study Group, Department of Cell Regulatory Mechanisms, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 150 Zabolotnoho Str., 03680 Kiev, Ukraine; (O.S.I.); (I.P.); (S.Y.R.)
| | - Ivan V. Semenyuta
- V. P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 50 Kharkivske Schose, 01135 Kiev, Ukraine; (L.O.M.); (I.V.S.); (O.P.T.)
| | - Andrew J. Spiers
- School of Applied Sciences, Abertay University, Bell Street, Dundee DD1 1HG, UK;
| | - Oksana P. Tarasyuk
- V. P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 50 Kharkivske Schose, 01135 Kiev, Ukraine; (L.O.M.); (I.V.S.); (O.P.T.)
| | - Sergiy P. Rogalsky
- V. P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 50 Kharkivske Schose, 01135 Kiev, Ukraine; (L.O.M.); (I.V.S.); (O.P.T.)
- Correspondence: (O.V.M.); (S.P.R.)
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Jeong SH, Kim C, Kim J, Nam YJ, Lee H, Togloom A, Kang JY, Choi JY, Lee H, Song MO, Park EK, Baek YW, Lee JH, Lee KY. MTF1 Is Essential for the Expression of MT1B, MT1F, MT1G, and MT1H Induced by PHMG, but Not CMIT, in the Human Pulmonary Alveolar Epithelial Cells. Toxics 2021; 9:203. [PMID: 34564354 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9090203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The inhalation of humidifier disinfectants (HDs) is linked to HD-associated lung injury (HDLI). Polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) is significantly involved in HDLI, but the correlation between chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT) and HDLI remains ambiguous. Additionally, the differences in the molecular responses to PHMG and CMIT are poorly understood. In this study, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data showed that the expression levels of metallothionein-1 (MT1) isoforms, including MT1B, MT1E, MT1F, MT1G, MT1H, MT1M, and MT1X, were increased in human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells (HPAEpiCs) that were treated with PHMG but not in those treated with CMIT. Moreover, upregulation of MT1B, MT1F, MT1G, and MT1H was observed only in PHMG-treated HPAEpiCs. The protein expression level of metal regulatory transcription factor 1 (MTF1), which binds to the promoters of MT1 isoforms, was increased in PHMG-treated HPAEpiCs but not in CMIT-treated HPAEpiCs. However, the expression of early growth response 1 (EGR1) and nuclear receptor superfamily 3, group C, member 1 (NR3C1), other transcriptional regulators involved in MT1 isomers, were increased regardless of treatment with PHMG or CMIT. These results suggest that MTF1 is an essential transcription factor for the induction of MT1B, MT1F, MT1G, and MT1H by PHMG but not by CMIT.
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Yang S, Heo Y, Gautam R, Lee J, Maharjan A, Jo J, Acharya M, Kim C, Kim H. Prediction of the skin sensitization potential of polyhexamethylene guanidine and triclosan and mixtures of these compounds with the excipient propylene glycol through the human Cell Line Activation Test. Toxicol Ind Health 2020; 37:1-8. [PMID: 33295265 DOI: 10.1177/0748233720974131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Household products often contain an antimicrobial agent such as biocides, polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG), triclosan (TCS), and propylene glycol (PG) as an excipient to dissolve the active ingredients. The skin sensitization (SS) potentials of each of these substances or mixtures of PHMG or TCS with PG have not been investigated through in vitro alternative test methods. The in vitro alternative assay called human Cell Line Activation Test (h-CLAT) served to address these issues. The h-CLAT assay was conducted in accordance with OECD TG 442E. On three independent runs, all the three substances were predicted to be sensitizers according to the SS positivity with relative fluorescence intensity of CD86 ≥ 150% and/or CD54 ≥ 200% at any tested concentrations. Mixtures of PHMG or TCS with PG at ratios of 9:1, 4:1, or 1:4 weight/volume were all positive in terms of SS potential. Since humans can be occupationally or environmentally exposed to mixtures of excipients with active ingredients of biocides, the present study may give insights into further investigations of the SS potentials of various chemical mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- SuJeong Yang
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Heo
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea.,Department of Toxicology, Graduate School of 37981Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Ravi Gautam
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - JaeHee Lee
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Anju Maharjan
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - JiHun Jo
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Manju Acharya
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - ChangYul Kim
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio-Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea.,Department of Toxicology, Graduate School of 37981Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - HyoungAh Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The 37128Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Oh SY, Kim YH, Kang MK, Lee EJ, Kim DY, Oh H, Kim SI, Na W, Kang YH. Aesculetin Attenuates Alveolar Injury and Fibrosis Induced by Close Contact of Alveolar Epithelial Cells with Blood-Derived Macrophages via IL-8 Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5518. [PMID: 32752252 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a disease in which lung tissues become fibrous and thereby causes severe respiratory disturbances. Various stimuli induce infiltration of macrophages to the respiratory tract, secreting inflammatory cytokines, which subsequently leads to the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Aesculetin, a major component of the sancho tree and chicory, is known to biologically have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Human alveolar epithelial A549 cells were cultured for 24 h in conditioned media of THP-1 monocyte-derived macrophages (mCM) with 1–20 μM aesculetin. Micromolar aesculetin attenuated the cytotoxicity of mCM containing inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-8 as major cytokines. Aesculetin inhibited alveolar epithelial induction of the mesenchymal markers in mCM-exposed/IL-8-loaded A549 cells (≈47–51% inhibition), while epithelial markers were induced in aesculetin-treated cells subject to mCM/IL-8 (≈1.5–2.3-fold induction). Aesculetin added to mCM-stimulated A549 cells abrogated the collagen production and alveolar epithelial CXC-chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) induction. The production of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) proteins in mCM-loaded A549 cells was reduced by aesculetin (≈52% reduction), in parallel with its increase in tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP) proteins (≈1.8-fold increase). In addition, aesculetin enhanced epithelial induction of tight junction proteins in mCM-/IL-8-exposed cells (≈2.3–2.5-fold induction). The inhalation of polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) in mice accompanied neutrophil predominance in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and macrophage infiltration in alveoli, which was inhibited by orally administrating aesculetin to mice. Treating aesculetin to mice alleviated PHMG-induced IL-8-mediated subepithelial fibrosis and airway barrier disruption. Taken together, aesculetin may antagonize pulmonary fibrosis and alveolar epithelial barrier disruption stimulated by the infiltration of monocyte-derived macrophages, which is typical of PHMG toxicity, involving interaction of IL-8 and CXCR2. Aesculetin maybe a promising agent counteracting macrophage-mediated inflammation-associated pulmonary disorders.
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Lee E, Kang MJ, Kim JH, Lee SH, Lee SY, Cho HJ, Yoon J, Jung S, Park Y, Oh DK, Hong SB, Hong SJ. NOTCH1 Pathway is Involved in Polyhexamethylene Guanidine-Induced Humidifier Disinfectant Lung Injuries. Yonsei Med J 2020; 61:186-191. [PMID: 31997628 PMCID: PMC6992453 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2020.61.2.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of fatal humidifier disinfectant lung injuries (HDLI) occurred in Korea. Human studies on mechanisms underlying HDLI have yet to be conducted. This study aimed to investigate methylation changes and their potential role in HDLI after exposure to HDs containing polyhexamethylene guanidine-phosphate. DNA methylation analysis was performed in blood samples from 10 children with HDLI and 10 healthy children using Infinium Human MethylationEPIC BeadChip. Transcriptome analysis was performed using lung tissues from 5 children with HDLI and 5 controls. Compared to healthy controls, 92 hypo-methylated and 79 hyper-methylated CpG sites were identified in children with HDLI at the statistical significance level of |Δβ|>0.2 and p<0.05. NOTCH1 was identified as a candidate network hub gene in cases. NOTCH1 transcripts significantly increased in lung tissues from HDLI cases compared to unexposed controls (p=0.05). NOTCH1 may play an important role in pulmonary fibrosis of HDLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Mi Jin Kang
- Asan Medical Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Environmental Health Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Ulsan Collage of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hwa Lee
- Asan Medical Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Environmental Health Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Yeon Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Childhood Asthma Atopy Center, Environmental Health Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, International St. Mary's hospital, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jisun Yoon
- Department of Pediatrics, Mediplex Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sungsu Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Yangsoon Park
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Kyu Oh
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Bum Hong
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Jong Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Childhood Asthma Atopy Center, Environmental Health Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Ryu SH, Park DU, Lee E, Park S, Lee SY, Jung S, Hong SB, Park J, Hong SJ. Humidifier disinfectant and use characteristics associated with lung injury in Korea. Indoor Air 2019; 29:735-747. [PMID: 31278778 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Since around the year 2000, hundreds of people in Korea have developed humidifier disinfectant-associated lung injury (HDLI). We collected all HD exposure-related information from the field investigations into the locations in which the 1199 registered patients had used HD. Among the people who registered, 38% (1st round = 214, 2nd = 73, 3rd = 166) were confirmed as HDLI patients. Children aged under eight years old made up the highest proportion of HDLI cases (N = 279, 62%), followed by pregnant women (N = 31, 7%). One hundred thirty-three (29%) of the confirmed HDLI patients died. Fifty-seven percent of HDLI patients (N = 259) developed HDLI after <1 year of HD use. The number of HDLI patients who used only the Oxy Saksak HD brand was found to be 176 (39%), followed by the brands Cefu (N = 27, 6%) and Aekyung (N = 22, 5%). HD products containing only polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG-P) were the most frequently used among HDLI patients (N = 234, 52%), followed by oligo (2-(2-ethoxy)ethoxyethyl) guanidinium (PGH) (N = 27, 6%) and a mixture of chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT) and methylisothiazolinone (MIT) (N = 26, 6%). The average PHMG-P inhalation level estimated from the patient group classified as suffering lung injury definitely associated with HD use was 145.1 μg/m3 (N = 91, SD = 395.1 μg/m3 ), higher than levels estimated from both the probable and possible HDLI patient groups. In conclusion, HD exposure-related variables, including type of HD brand and estimated inhalation HD level, were associated with the risk of HDLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hun Ryu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Uk Park
- Department of Environmental Health, Korea National Open University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Soyoung Park
- Total Health Care Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, School of Medicine, Sungkyungkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - So-Yeon Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Childhood Asthma Atopy Center, Environmental Health Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sungsu Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, Childhood Asthma Atopy Center, Environmental Health Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Bum Hong
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jihoon Park
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo-Jong Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Childhood Asthma Atopy Center, Environmental Health Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Jargin S. Questionable information on poisonings by alcohol surrogates. Interdiscip Toxicol 2017; 9:83-84. [PMID: 28652850 PMCID: PMC5464682 DOI: 10.1515/intox-2016-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Jargin
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
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Abstract
Polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PHMGH) is used worldwide as an antimicrobial agent with broad spectra of activity and also for treating pool water. This non-GLP preliminary study aims at investigating in a subchronic toxicity study possible effects at supra-optimal doses of this biocide. Both acute and subchronic toxicity studies were conducted. LD(50) for PHMGH was estimated to be 600 mg/kg (ie LC(50) 2 ml of 7.5% solution) when administered as a single dose by gavage via a stomach tube in accordance with the expected route of administration. The acute studies showed that the median lethal dose (LD(50)) of 600 mg/kg was accompanied by signs of neurotoxicity. Haematological and biochemical parameters of subchronic toxicity studies were non-significant. Subchronic doses of 0.006 mg/kg, 0.012 mg/kg and 0.036 mg/kg were administered. 20% of the animals at a dose of 0.006 mg/kg and 0.036 mg/kg showed mild degrees of hydropic changes in proximal tubules while 10% of animals at all the doses had their liver tissues showing local areas of mild pericentral hepatocytes degeneration. PHMGH did not produce any major organ defect with regard to the kidney, heart, and liver. The LD(50) was much higher than the recommended dosage by a factor of about 50,000. The recommended residual concentration is far less than the median lethal dose using rats as test subjects. These results could serve as a basis for investigating the full toxicological profile if it is to be used for the treatment of raw water to make it potable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Charles Awortwe
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alexander Kwadwo Nyarko
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ghana School of Pharmacy, Accra, Ghana
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