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Phan O. [Addictive behavior among teenagers: new trends]. Soins Psychiatr 2024; 45:20-25. [PMID: 38527868 DOI: 10.1016/j.spsy.2024.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The majority of teenagers benefit from scientific advances, whether pharmacological or technological, but the most vulnerable use them to their detriment. While only certain substances or activities are potentially "addictive", the psyche, personality and environment play a major role in the onset of an addiction. Pleasure-seeking motivates gambling and drug use. Suffering will drive the adolescent to pursue this practice, which provides pleasure and relief, to the detriment of any other activity. It becomes exclusive, toxic and alienating. The therapist must rise to the challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Phan
- Consultation jeunes consommateurs Saint-Jacques, CSAPA Pierre-Nicole, Croix-Rouge française, 247 rue Saint-Jacques, 75005 Paris, France; Unité d'addictologie, Fondation santé des étudiants de France, 30 avenue du Président-Franklin-Roosevelt, 92330 Sceaux, France; Unité Inserm, Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations, 16 avenue Paul-Vaillant-Couturier, 94800 Villejuif, France; Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Paris-Saclay, 55 avenue de Paris, 78000 Versailles, France.
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2
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Strika-Bruneau L. [Chemsex: Harm reduction and support for users]. Rev Infirm 2024; 73:20-21. [PMID: 38346824 DOI: 10.1016/j.revinf.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
The phenomenon of chemsex, or the use of psychoactive substances in a sexual context, is increasing in communities of men who have sex with men (MSM), and carry along significant risks and consequences. No specific treatment approach has yet been established, but risk and harm reduction strategies are at the forefront. Multi-disciplinary treatment, care and support need to be based on a non-judgmental attitude, offered by trained professionals who take into account the cultural specificities of users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Strika-Bruneau
- Département de psychiatrie et d'addictologie Certa, Hôpital Paul-Brousse, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 12 avenue Paul- Vaillant-Couturier, 94800 Villejuif, France; Unité de recherche Psychiatrie-comorbidités-addictions - Psycomadd, Faculté de médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, 63 rue Gabriel-Péri, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
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Więckiewicz G, Florczyk I, Stokłosa M, Jurga M, Gorczyca P, Kotlicka-Antczak M. Intensity of Psychoactive Substance Use Affects the Occurrence of Prodromal Symptoms of Psychosis. J Clin Med 2024; 13:760. [PMID: 38337454 PMCID: PMC10856773 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13030760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychosis is defined as a series of symptoms that impair the mind and lead to a kind of loss of reference to reality. Development of psychosis is usually preceded by the appearance of prodromal symptoms. Numerous attempts have been made to find out how psychoactive substances can influence the onset and development of psychotic disorders, but to date there are no studies that show a link between the onset of prodromal symptoms and the use of psychoactive substances. METHODS A survey consisting of epidemiological and demographic questions, the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test (DUDIT), and the Prodromal Questionnaire Brief Version (PQ-B) was conducted on social media among users of illegal psychoactive substances, covering 703 study participants. RESULTS A total of 39.8% of the respondents had been treated by a psychiatrist, and the most popular drugs used by respondents in their lifetime were tetrahydrocannabinol-containing products, MDMA, amphetamines, and LSD. A significant correlation was found between the DUDIT and the PQ-B values. CONCLUSIONS Intensity of psychoactive substance use correlated positively with the risk of appearance and intensity of prodromal symptoms of psychosis. Early exposure to psychoactive substances increased the risk of heavy substance use in adulthood and led to more frequent prodromal states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gniewko Więckiewicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 42-612 Tarnowskie Góry, Poland
| | - Iga Florczyk
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 42-612 Tarnowskie Góry, Poland
| | - Maciej Stokłosa
- Department of Psychoprophylaxis, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 42-612 Tarnowskie Góry, Poland
| | - Marta Jurga
- 4th Military Teaching Hospital, 50-981 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Gorczyca
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 42-612 Tarnowskie Góry, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kotlicka-Antczak
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland
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Okobi OE, Akueme NT, Ugwu AO, Ebong IL, Osagwu N, Opiegbe L, Folorunsho IL, Mbah LA, Ude GI, Khan A, Leszkowitz D. Epidemiological Trends and Factors Associated With Mortality Rate in Psychoactive Substance Use-Related Mental and Behavioral Disorders: A CDC-WONDER Database Analysis. Cureus 2023; 15:e49647. [PMID: 38161954 PMCID: PMC10756164 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The persisting challenge of substance use disorder's impact on society prompts the need for insights into its mortality trends. This study examines epidemiological patterns and factors tied to mortality rates in individuals with psychoactive substance-related mental and behavioral disorders from 1999 to 2020. Methodology This study used a retrospective observational design. The study analyzed the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (WONDER) database information, encompassing mortality and population-based data. Data extraction focused on specific criteria such as age, sex, race/ethnicity, and geographic location. Descriptive statistics were employed to depict the study population and reveal epidemiological trends. Results The study encompassed data from 239,573 individuals who died due to psychoactive substance use-related mental and behavioral disorders between 1999 and 2020. The overall mortality rate was 3.55 per 100,000 individuals (95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.55-3.54) across the study period. Noticeable discrepancies in mortality rates emerged among various geographic regions, genders, races, and age groups. Males (5.32 per 100,000 individuals) experienced notably higher mortality rates than females (1.80 per 100,000 individuals), while the 55-64 age group faced elevated mortality risks (8.24 per 100,000 individuals) compared to the 25-34 age group (1.71 per 100,000 individuals). Significant variations in mortality rates were also evident across different racial and ethnic groups. Conclusions Between 1999 and 2020, the study explored mortality rates in individuals with psychoactive substance use-related mental and behavioral disorders. This analysis revealed variations in mortality across genders, ages (with the 55-64 age group facing higher risks compared to the 25-34 age group), and ethnicities. Notably, males exhibited higher mortality than females. Additionally, divergent rates were observed among different geographic regions. These insights can inform public health initiatives and support the development of targeted strategies to reduce mortality rates and improve the well-being of affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okelue E Okobi
- Family Medicine, Larkin Community Hospital Palm Springs Campus, Hialeah, USA
- Family Medicine, Medficient Health Systems, Laurel, USA
- Family Medicine, Lakeside Medical Center, Belle Glade, USA
| | - Ngozi T Akueme
- Dermatology, University of Medical Sciences (UNIMED), Ondo State, NGA
| | | | - Imoh L Ebong
- Internal Medicine, University of Ghana School of Medicine and Dentistry, Accra, GHA
| | - Nnena Osagwu
- Department of Medicine, All Saints University School of Medicine, Roseau, DMA
| | | | | | - Linda A Mbah
- Internal Medicine, International American University College of Medicine, Vieux Fort, LCA
| | - Gabriel I Ude
- Family Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Jabi Abuja, Abuja, NGA
| | - Ambar Khan
- Family Medicine, Larkin Community Hospital Palm Springs Campus, Hialeah, USA
| | - David Leszkowitz
- Substance Use and Addiction, Larkin Community Hospital Palm Springs Campus, Hialeah, USA
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Alharbi OF, Alharbi AS, Alsubhi AA, Baalaraj FS, Alharbi AE, Basulayman SB, Fatani BZ, Babateen O, Tawakul A. Patterns and Sociodemographic Characteristics of Substance Abuse Among the Adult Population in Makkah City, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e46573. [PMID: 37936995 PMCID: PMC10626198 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance abuse is a term that refers to the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, including alcohol and illicit drugs. One of the key impacts of illicit drug use on society is the negative health consequences experienced by its members. OBJECTIVE This study recorded the pattern of substance abuse and the sociodemographic characteristics of adult substance abusers in Makkah City. METHODS An online self-administered survey was provided to the general population through social media platforms between March 2023 and August 2023. Males and females living in Makkah over the age of 18 were included in it. The participants who refused to take part or those who were younger than 18 were not included in the study. RESULTS The number of participants in this study was 720; 73.5% were under the age of 30 and 424 were females (58.9%). The significant variables between substance abuse and sociodemographic data were gender (P=0.001), depression (P≤0.000), anxiety (P≤0.000), stress (P=0.025), and bad/shocking experience during childhood (P=0.004). CONCLUSION Substance abuse positively correlates with sociodemographic data, with males having a higher risk, and psychiatric neurosis is associated with childhood trauma and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar F Alharbi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, SAU
| | - Abdullah S Alharbi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, SAU
| | - Abdullah A Alsubhi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, SAU
| | - Fawaz S Baalaraj
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, SAU
| | - Abdullah E Alharbi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, SAU
| | - Salem B Basulayman
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, SAU
| | - Bayan Z Fatani
- Mental Health Department, Neuroscience Center, King Abdullah Medical City, Makkah, SAU
| | - Omar Babateen
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, SAU
| | - Abdullah Tawakul
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, SAU
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Amanollahi A, Shadnia S, Mehrabi Y, Etemad K. Association between intoxication with psychoactive substances and adverse effects occurrence in consumers. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1228854. [PMID: 37822541 PMCID: PMC10563510 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1228854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of psychoactive substance use is increasing worldwide and identifying adverse effects of these types of drugs is necessary in intoxicated patients. Objective We aimed to investigate the association of psychoactive substance intoxication with their adverse effects on the functioning of the bodily organs. Methods This was a single-center study between March 2019 and April 2022 on intoxicated patients with psychoactive substances. Inclusion criteria were intoxication with alcohol, opioids, and stimulants, and having available results of laboratory biomarkers. Demographic and clinical data of patients at the time of admission as well as during hospitalization were reviewed, retrospectively. Data were analyzed using a generalized linear mixed model in R software and the Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) was estimated. Results A total of 800 hospitalized patients in the ICU (n = 400) and general ward (n = 400) were divided into two groups of intoxicated with alcohol (n = 200) and opioids or stimulants (n = 200). Liver (AOR = 0.15, p = 0.033; AOR = 0.13, p = 0.007) and kidney (AOR = 0.46, p = 0.004; AOR = 0.24, p = 0.021) dysfunction occurred less in the ICU and general ward, respectively, in opioids or stimulants intoxication compared to alcohol. Cardiovascular dysfunctions occurred more in opioids or stimulants intoxication compared to alcohol in both ICU (AOR = 10.32, p < 0.0001) and general ward (AOR = 4.74, p < 0.0001). Conclusion Kidney dysfunctions had a greater effect on mortality compared to other dysfunctions. During the follow-up, the incidence of dysfunctions increased in those intoxicated with opioids or stimulants. Men experienced more liver and kidney dysfunctions as well as mortality, but psychoactive substance experience was a protective factor in cardiovascular dysfunctions and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Amanollahi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Shadnia
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, Toxicological Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yadollah Mehrabi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Koorosh Etemad
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Amara A, Omri N, Sahli J, Zedini C, El Ouni T, Mtiraoui A, Mallouli M, Ghardalou M. Prevalence and predictors of tobacco, alcohol and illicit drug experimentation among Tunisian middle and high school-adolescents. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2023; 35:363-373. [PMID: 37561158 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh-2022-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Psychoactive substance experimentation among Tunisian adolescents remains one of the most threatening public health concerns. In spite of this, little is known about the prevalence and predictors of these behaviors in the Tunisian context. This study aims to assess the prevalence of tobacco, alcohol and illicit drug experimentation and its predictive factors among adolescents in the delegation of Nfidha, Sousse governorate, Tunisia. METHODS We conducted a cross sectional study in middle and high schools in the delegation of Nfidha, Sousse governorate, Tunisia, during the first trimester of the 2019-2020 school year using an anonymous questionnaire self-administered to a randomly drawn representative sample of 1,352 pupils. Data collected included socio-demographic characteristics, substance experimentation among school-adolescents, academic performance as well as family and peer' factors. RESULTS Tobacco was the most commonly experimented substance with a prevalence rate of 17.5 % (CI 95 %: 14.8-18.8 %). The prevalence of alcohol and illicit drugs use were 3.3 % [CI 95 %: (2.1-3.9 %)] and 2 % [CI 95 %: (1.1-2.6 %)] respectively. Being male (Adjusted (AOR)=4.09, p<0.001), being a high school pupil (AOR=2.81, p<0.001), having experiencing academic failure (AOR=1.60, p=0.007) and having a father and siblings who use tobacco (AOR=1.72, p=0.002; AOR=2.03, p=0.001 respectively) were the predictors of tobacco experimentation in the multivariate logistic regression analysis. Additionally, being male (AOR=8.40, p<0.001), having experienced academic failure (AOR=2.76, p=0.017) as well as having a father and siblings who use alcohol (AOR=5.90, p<0.001; AOR=3.03, p=0.045 respectively) and having experienced tobacco (AOR=4.28, p<0.001) were the determinants of alcohol experimentation. Similarly, having a history of academic failure (AOR=3.44, p=0.041), having peers who use illicit drugs (AOR=3.22, p=0.028), having a history of tobacco and alcohol experimentation (AOR=6.52, p<0.001; AOR=3.49, p=0.046 respectively) were the predictors of illicit drug experimentation among adolescents. CONCLUSIONS A substantial number of socio-demographic and environmental factors have been identified as being involved in experimentation with psychoactive substance during adolescence. Therefore, further prevention programs targeting not only adolescents, but also all risk factors are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Amara
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Sousse, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory LR12ES03, Sousse, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Nihel Omri
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Sousse, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Jihene Sahli
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Sousse, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory LR12ES03, Sousse, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Chakib Zedini
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Sousse, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory LR12ES03, Sousse, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Tasnim El Ouni
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Sousse, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Ali Mtiraoui
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Sousse, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory LR12ES03, Sousse, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Manel Mallouli
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Sousse, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory LR12ES03, Sousse, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Mariem Ghardalou
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Sousse, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory LR12ES03, Sousse, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
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Więckiewicz G, Stokłosa I, Stokłosa M, Więckiewicz W, Gorczyca P, Gondek TM. Psychoactive substance use in patients diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an exploratory study. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1184023. [PMID: 37496681 PMCID: PMC10366592 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1184023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was originally treated as a neurodevelopmental disorder that occurs mainly in children and tends to diminish or disappear with age, but we now know that symptoms persist into adulthood in over 50% of ADHD patients. Undiagnosed individuals often turn to psychoactive substance to minimize the negative aspects of functioning and improve quality of life. Methods The study was conducted online using random sampling through a Facebook group administered by physicians and targeted to patients diagnosed with ADHD. The study was naturalistic and exploratory, therefore no hypothesis was made. 438 correctly completed questionnaires were received. Analysis of the results showed that people with ADHD turn to psychoactive substances relatively frequently. Results The most commonly used stimulants include alcohol, marijuana, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), amphetamine/methamphetamine, and psilocybin. In the study population, methylphenidate is the most commonly used drug among patients. After treatment with psychostimulants, the majority of respondents note a decrease in symptoms of hyperactivity disorder, especially in male patients. Conclusion It is necessary to perform proper diagnostics and actively look for ADHD symptoms in patients who tend to use psychoactive substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gniewko Więckiewicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Iga Stokłosa
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Maciej Stokłosa
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Włodzimierz Więckiewicz
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Gorczyca
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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Serrano-Jiménez E, de Lucas-Moreno MG. [Use of psychoactive substances as a treatment for psychosis]. Rev Neurol 2023; 76:361-370. [PMID: 37231549 PMCID: PMC10478129 DOI: 10.33588/rn.7611.2023077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Psychotic disorders are considered chronic mental health issues. Although it has been demonstrated that these disorders can present with a wide range of symptoms, pharmacological treatment is based on the use of typical and atypical antipsychotics, whose main mechanism of action is dopaminergic blockade, limiting their effect to the improvement of positive symptoms, without improving the rest of the symptoms and giving rise to a large number of serious adverse effects. For this reason, new therapeutic targets other than the dopaminergic system are being studied. The main objective of this review is to test whether these psychoactive substances used in clinical practice could provide additional benefits as an adjunctive treatment for people with psychotic disorders. DEVELOPMENT For this systematic review, a literature search was conducted in the databases PsycINFO, Medline, Psicodoc, PubMed and Google Scholar. Altogether 28 articles were included in the review. One of the main findings is that cannabidiol is more effective for improving positive symptoms and psychopathology; modafinil, for cognitive symptoms, motor and emotional functioning and quality of life; and ketamine, for negative symptoms. In addition, all the substances showed a good tolerability and safety profile, especially in comparison to antipsychotics. CONCLUSION The results obtained open up the possibility of having a guideline for clinicians/health professionals on the use of cannabidiol, modafinil and ketamine as adjunctive treatment for patients with psychotic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Serrano-Jiménez
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur, Vigo, España
- CT Madrid. Fundación FAER, Madrid, España
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10
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Ji JJ, Xu DQ, Xiang P, Yan H, Shen M. Analysis of Forty-Two Psychoactive Substances in a Single Hair by Micro-Segmental Technique. Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi 2023; 39:151-160. [PMID: 37277378 DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2022.321101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To establish an LC-MS/MS method based on single hair micro-segmental technique, and verify the detection of 42 psychoactive substances in 0.4 mm hair segments. METHODS Each piece of single hair was cut into 0.4 mm segments and extracted by sonication and the segments were immersed in dithiothreitol-containing extraction medium. Mobile phase A was the aqueous solution containing 20 mmol/L ammonium acetate, 0.1% formic acid, and 5% acetonitrile. Mobile phase B was acetonitrile. An electrospray ionization source in positive ion mode was used for data acquisition in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. RESULTS The 42 psychoactive substances in hair had a good linear relationship within their respective linear ranges (r>0.99), the limits of detection were 0.2-10 pg/mm, the limits of quantification were 0.5-20 pg/mm, the intra-day and inter-day precisions were 1.5%-12.7%, the intra-day and inter-day accuracies were 86.5%-109.2%, the recovery rates were 68.1%-98.2%, and the matrix effects were 71.3%-111.7%. The method was applied to hair samples collected from one volunteer at 28 d after a single dose of zolpidem, with zolpidem detected in 5 hairs was 1.08-1.60 cm near the root tip, and the concentration range was 0.62-20.5 pg/mm. CONCLUSIONS The micro-segmental technique of single hair analysis can be applied to the investigation of drug-facilitated sexual assault cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Jiao Ji
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Duo-Qi Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China
| | - Min Shen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai 200063, China
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11
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Liu C, Li W, Zhang W, Zhao H, He G, Li C, Wang C, Li G. AIE-doped Poly(Ionic Liquid) Photonic Spheres for the Discrimination of Psychoactive Substances. Chemistry 2022; 29:e202203616. [PMID: 36576302 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Drugs of abuse has drawn intense attention due to increasing concerns to public health and safety. The construction of a sensing platform with the capability to identify them remains a big challenge because of the limitations of synthetic complexity, sensing scope and receptor extendibility. Here a kind of poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) photonic crystal spheres doped with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) luminogens was developed. As diverse noncovalent interactions involve in PIL moieties, the single sphere shows different binding affinity to a broad range of psychoactive substances. Furthermore, the dual-channel signals arising from photonic crystal structures and sensitive AIE-luminogens provide high-dimensional information for discriminative detection of targets, even for molecules with slight structural differences. More importantly, such single sphere sensing platform could be flexibly customized through ion-exchange, showing great extendibility to fabricate high-efficiency/high-throughput sensing arrays without tedious synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Liu
- Department of Chemistry Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.,Xingzhi Academy, The Affiliated High School of Peking University, Beijing, 100086, P. R. China
| | - Wenyun Li
- Department of Chemistry Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Wanlin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- Department of Chemistry Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Guokang He
- Department of Chemistry Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Chi Li
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Chen Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Guangtao Li
- Department of Chemistry Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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du Sartz de Vigneulles B, Carrouel F, Verot E, Michel C, Barthelme T, Pere JC, Salamon R, Dussart C. Alcohol Consumption in the Specific Socio-Professional Context of the French Public Service: Qualitative Study Protocol. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:15915. [PMID: 36497988 PMCID: PMC9741064 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol, a psychoactive substance with addictive potential, has major consequences on the population and public health. In France, alcohol use disorder affects approximately 3.5 million people, and 41,000 persons died in 2015. Alcohol consumption is significantly correlated to the workplace. Thus, the workplace is an area of opportunity to change risky behaviors and must play a key role in the prevention of alcohol misuse. To do this, it is essential to understand the consumption framework and to identify specific environmental risk factors. This qualitative study aims to describe the framework of alcohol consumption in the French public service. A focus group will be organized in France from November to January 2023. The participants will be: (i) representatives of the Local Health Insurance; (ii) over 18 years old; (iii) active or retired civil servants; (iv) mutualist activists; and (v) representatives of the Union of Health Prevention for the Obligatory System of the Public Service. The exclusion criteria for the study will be: (i) lack of consent form; (ii) inability to participate in the focus group, and (iii) early departure during the focus group. The focus groups will be supervised by two researchers following an interview guide. The data will be analyzed using the methodological framework, which consists in carrying out a thematic analysis. This will allow for an understanding of the sources of usage behaviors, and the identification of the most appropriate intervention functions for suitable prevention actions in order to reduce the risk of a transition to alcohol use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin du Sartz de Vigneulles
- Laboratory “Health, Systemic, Process” (P2S), UR4129, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Florence Carrouel
- Laboratory “Health, Systemic, Process” (P2S), UR4129, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Elise Verot
- Laboratory “Health, Systemic, Process” (P2S), UR4129, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
- University Jean Monnet, 42270 Saint-Etienne, France
- Equipe PREDUCAN, CIC Inserm 1408 Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Christian Michel
- Practice for Addiction Medicine-Association for Prevention and Rehabilitation (gGmbH), 77694 Kehl, Germany
| | - Thierry Barthelme
- French Society of Officinal Pharmaceutical Sciences (SFSPO), 91570 Bièvres, France
| | - Jean-Charles Pere
- Institute of Public Health, Epidemiology and Development (ISPED), Inserm U1219, University of Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Roger Salamon
- Institute of Public Health, Epidemiology and Development (ISPED), Inserm U1219, University of Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Claude Dussart
- Laboratory “Health, Systemic, Process” (P2S), UR4129, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69002 Lyon, France
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Jin H, Yang D, Wu P, Zhao M. Environmental occurrence and ecological risks of psychoactive substances. Environ Int 2022; 158:106970. [PMID: 34753034 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Psychoactive substances are ubiquitous in the environment at low concentrations, and tobacco, cannabis, etc. are all widely-existing examples. Given their potent biological activity, psychoactive substances are suspected to be harmful to the environment, and reports of their ecological risks are gradually increasing. Since the 1990s, the investigations into psychoactive substances have made remarkable progress, yet some research fields still need to be modernised. For example, the unification of standardised analytical methods as well as the supplementation of occurrence literature. In addition, a relatively lagging risk evaluation system caused by a lack of toxicity data is particularly in need of improvement. The purpose of this article is to develop a review of current research on psychoactive substances, including analytical methods, distribution in environmental compartments, and ecological risk assessment, as well as to point out deficiencies and development prospects and to offer motivation for enhancing the research level in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangbiao Jin
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China
| | - Dan Yang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China
| | - Pengfei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China.
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López-Velázquez K, Villanueva-Rodríguez M, Mejía-González G, Herrera-López D. Removal of 17α-ethinylestradiol and caffeine from wastewater by UASB-Fenton coupled system. Environ Technol 2021; 42:3771-3782. [PMID: 32155103 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2020.1740799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In aquatic systems, some substances considered as endocrine disruptors have been detected, which can be due to their incomplete elimination in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and inadequate disposal of pharmaceuticals. Among these contaminants are 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) and caffeine (CAF). Moreover, it has been reported that this kind of contaminants may provoke different adverse effects in many aquatic organisms. Because of that, in the present study, up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors (UASB) coupled with the Fenton process was evaluated for EE2 and CAF removal spiked in wastewater samples. First, the best reaction conditions were established in each process. For UASB reactor, two hydraulic retention times (HRT 8 and 24 h) were evaluated, achieving the highest chemical organic demand (COD) removal (70 %) and drug elimination (84 %-86 %) with HRT 24 h. Subsequently, Fenton process was conducted at pH 3 with different levels of Fe2+ (0.05-0.5 mmol/L) and molar ratios Fe2+:H2O2 (1:1-1:10). Better results were obtained with 0.5 mmol Fe2+/L, and 1:10 ratio molar Fe2+:H2O2. Finally, UASB-Fenton coupled system allowed 80 % of COD decrease, almost complete removal of drugs and the toxicity of samples on Vibrio fischeri was reduced from 73 % to 30 %, demonstrating that this coupled system is a promising and efficient system for pharmaceutical compounds removal from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Minerva Villanueva-Rodríguez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
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Pundhir A, Shukla A, Goel AD, Pundhir P, Gupta MK, Parashar P, Varshney AM. Exploring unsafe sexual practices among truck drivers at Meerut District, India: a cross-sectional study. Afr Health Sci 2021; 21:547-556. [PMID: 34795707 PMCID: PMC8568232 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v21i2.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite implementation of HIV prevention programmes for truck drivers in India, unsafe sex behavior among truck drivers has been documented. Objective The objective of this study was to assess knowledge about HIV Transmission and modes of prevention, pattern of condom use with high risk partners and explore the practice of unsafe sex and its risk factors among truck drivers. Methods This exploratory cross-sectional study design was conducted on a recruited convenient sample of 100 truck drivers above 18 years from March to May 2015. Binary logistic regression was used to compute unadjusted odds ratio [95% Confidence Interval] for establishing association of risk factors with unsafe sex. Results Overall, only 7% had complete knowledge about HIV/AIDS transmission and prevention. 54% of truck drivers have sex with a high risk partner (commercial sexual worker or men having sex with men) and thirty-eight percent reported unsafe sexual practices due to inconsistent condom use with them. The various risk factors found significantly associated with unsafe sex were mean age of first intercourse (OR= 0.92, 95% CI: 0.75 – 0.97), access to pornography (OR = 4.4, 95% CI: 1.8 – 10.7) and conuming psychoactive substance before sex (OR = 4.06, 95% CI: 1.09 – 15.02). Conclusion Socio-demographic, occupational factors, pornography access and consuming psychoactive substances seems to influence the sexual behaviour of truckers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Pundhir
- Department of Community Medicine Rama Medical College, Kanpur ,Uttar Pradesh India - 209217
| | - Arvind Shukla
- Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine All India Institute of Medical Sciences-Raipur Raipur, Chattisgarh
| | - Akhil Dhanesh Goel
- Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Pooja Pundhir
- Department of Internal Medicine Memorial Hermann Hospital Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Manoj Kumar Gupta
- Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Pawan Parashar
- Department of Community Medicine Subharti Medical College Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Mohan Varshney
- Department of Community Medicine Maharani Laxmibai Medical College Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh
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16
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Bebbington E, Lawson J, Nafees S, Robinson C, Poole R. Evaluation of a framework for safe and appropriate prescribing of psychoactive medications in a UK prison. Crim Behav Ment Health 2021; 31:131-142. [PMID: 33306258 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The widespread use of drugs in prisons leads to avoidable deaths, poorer health and a poor living environment. The contribution of psychoactive prescription drugs to this problem has received little attention in prison policy or at individual prescriber level. AIMS To determine the extent of unsafe and inappropriate prescribing of psychoactive medications in one UK prison using a newly developed medicines optimisation framework. METHOD A medicines optimisation framework was developed based on principles of good prescribing. It was initiated on the opening of a new prison-HMP Berwyn-in February 2017. During the study period, all prisoners at HMP Berwyn were transferred from other prisons. The safety and appropriateness of psychoactive medications were evaluated de novo on reception at HMP Berwyn and during follow up, using the medicines optimisation framework. RESULTS About 1941 sentenced men arrived at HMP Berwyn between February 2017 and November 2018. Nearly one-third (634, 33%) were on a prescribed psychoactive medication. Seventy-five percent of these (474/634) required a prescription change due to appropriateness or safety concerns. Nearly half (295, 46.5%) received changes at reception despite having already undergone medicines reconciliation at their previous prison. Forty-three percent (275/634) received changes at follow up, most commonly those who had no prior risks identified at reception. CONCLUSIONS Inappropriate and unsafe prescribing of psychoactive medications is occurring in prisons despite mandatory medication reviews. Ongoing monitoring is required to reduce the risk from these medications. A medicines optimisation framework such as this could be adopted across other prisons, worldwide, to help contribute to risk reduction from drug use in prisons. Appropriately modified, a similar framework might help reduce inappropriate and harmful prescribing in hospitals and in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Bebbington
- Centre for Mental Health and Society, Bangor University, Wrexham, Wales, UK
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ysbyty Gwynedd, Bangor, Wales, UK
| | | | - Sadia Nafees
- Centre for Mental Health and Society, Bangor University, Wrexham, Wales, UK
| | - Catherine Robinson
- Social Care and Society, School of Health Sciences, Manchester University, Manchester, UK
| | - Rob Poole
- Centre for Mental Health and Society, Bangor University, Wrexham, Wales, UK
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Randhawa A, Brar MS, Kumari B, Chaudhary N. Sociodemographic profile and pattern of substance abusers: A retrospective study to unveil the public health problem of Punjab. J Family Med Prim Care 2020; 9:3338-3342. [PMID: 33102293 PMCID: PMC7567195 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_499_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Substance abuse refers to the harmful or hazardous use of any psychoactive substance including licit and illicit drugs, other than when medically indicated. According to a UN report, 1 million heroin addicts are registered in India, and unofficially, there are as many as 5 million. Among all the states Punjab stood third in substance abuse and also injectable drug use. The present study was thus conducted to assess the sociodemographic profile and pattern of substance abuse among patients attending a Drug de-addiction centre. MATERIAL AND METHODS A record-based analysis from March 2015 to March 2019 was done. Substance dependence was diagnosed post detailed clinical interview by a consultant psychiatrist at the center using DSM -10. For the 966 registered patients admitted in the last four years, the record was checked for completeness of data and relevant information on socio-demographic profile, substance abused, duration of hospital stays, drop out and relapse rates was extracted. RESULTS Of the total admitted patients (n= 966) 100% addicts were of male gender and natives of Punjab. 514 (53.21%) were married followed by 434(44.93%) never married. Maximum patients 456(47.20%) were self-employed. Heroin was the most abused drug. The injecting route of drug abuse was used by most of the abusers i.e. 51.66%. Only 173 (17.90%) patients dropped out of the treatment followed by relapse in 192 (19.88%). CONCLUSION In this paper we demonstrated the vulnerability of young population towards drug addiction. Easy accessibility of drugs, peer pressure and difficult family circumstances raises the fragility to restore for substance use. However, community-based studies are imperative in order to estimate how big is the problem at the bottom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avneet Randhawa
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Manmohan S Brar
- Department of Community Medicine, Deputy Assistant Director of Health, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
| | - Bandana Kumari
- Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS, Phulwarisharif, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Neha Chaudhary
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, AIIMS, Phulwarisharif, Patna, Bihar, India
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Saeed M, Ashraf S, Alsanosi R, Alhazmi HA, AlBratty M, Najmi A, Khalid A, Ul-Haq Z. Exploring the Molecular Mechanisms of 17β-HSD5-induced Carcinogenicity of Catha edulis via Molecular Modeling Approach. Med Chem 2020; 17:418-428. [PMID: 33019937 DOI: 10.2174/1573406416666201005142522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tradition of khat chewing has been deep-rooted in the African and Arabian Peninsula for centuries. Due to its amphetamine-like psycho-stimulant or euphoric effect, khat has been used by millions in Somalia, Ethiopia, Saudi Arabia and Yemen. The long-term use of khat can induce many major health outcomes, which may be serious and irreversible. OBJECTIVE Prolonged use of khat constituents has been associated with different types of cancers such as prostatic, breast and ovarian cancer. However, it has been very difficult to identify the molecular targets involved in khat carcinogenesis that interact with the Khat constituents by in vitro/in vivo experimental tools. METHODS In silico tools were used to predict potential targets involved in the carcinogenesis of khat. Pass on-line prediction server was used for the prediction of a potential molecular target for khat constituents. Molecular Dynamics simulation and MM-GBSA calculation of the predicted target were carried out. RESULTS Molecular Dynamics simulation and MM-GBSA calculation revealed that among khat constituents, β-sitosterol showed a high binding affinity towards 17β-HSD5. On the other hand, this study highlights for the first time some new interactions, which were observed in the case of cathine, cathinone and nerol during the simulation. CONCLUSION In silico molecular dynamic simulation tools were used for the first time to investigate the molecular mechanism of widely used leaves of psychoactive khat (Catha edulis) constituent. The present study provides deep insight to understand the effect of khat constituents involved in the impairment of the reproductive system and its binding to 17β-HSD5. ADMET profiling also suggested that few khat constituents do not fulfill the requirements of the Lipinski rule of five i.e. poor absorption and blood-brain barrier impermeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Saeed
- Dr. Pajwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, ICCBS, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| | - Sajda Ashraf
- Dr. Pajwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, ICCBS, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| | - Rashad Alsanosi
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Postal Code: 45142, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A Alhazmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed AlBratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asim Najmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asaad Khalid
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Postal Code: 45142, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zaheer Ul-Haq
- Dr. Pajwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, ICCBS, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
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Dapap DD, Okpataku CI, Audu MD. Use of psychoactive substances among patients presenting at the emergency department of a tertiary hospital. Niger Postgrad Med J 2020; 27:230-236. [PMID: 32687124 DOI: 10.4103/npmj.npmj_5_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Psychoactive substance use is frequently encountered in hospitals' emergency departments (EDs). It accounts for major health-care problems frequently leading to accident and ED admissions, yet it is frequently unidentified. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and pattern of psychoactive substance use among patients presenting in the Accident and EDs and to compare the case detection rate of psychoactive substance use between self-report questionnaire and biochemical markers (e.g., urine toxicology). Methods To achieve this, 200 consenting participants attending the accident and emergency unit of a tertiary hospital were consecutively enlisted into the study within 2 weeks. They were screened for psychoactive substance use with the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) and the urine drug test (UDT). Results The lifetime prevalence of psychoactive substance use was 45.5%, while the past 3 months (recent use) prevalence was 27.0%. The pattern of psychoactive substance use revealed that alcohol was the predominant psychoactive substance use with a lifetime prevalence of 13.0% and recent use of 12.0%. The UDT significantly detected more patients who used psychoactive substance compared to self-report (P < 0.001). Conclusion The prevalence of drug use recorded among attendees of the accident and emergency unit was high in this study. The UDT significantly detected more patients who used psychoactive substances compared to self-report (P < 0.001). Several patients with major health problems as a result of psychoactive substance use were identified with the aid of these screening tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Datak Delashik Dapap
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Bingham University, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | | | - Moses David Audu
- Department of Psychiatry, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria
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Goujat R. [The place of the psychologist in an addiction care]. Soins Psychiatr 2020; 41:20-23. [PMID: 32718522 DOI: 10.1016/s0241-6972(20)30016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Psychologists occupy a specific position in the care process in addictology. The basic notions of care are considered from the perspective of a professional experience in an addiction care, support and prevention unit in the Paris region. These fundamental notions offer insights into how the psychologist's psychotherapeutic methods can be integrated into the care process, as well as the potential pitfalls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaele Goujat
- CSAPA d'Orsay, Groupe hospitalier Nord Essonne, Pôle de psychiatrie adulte, Maison de l'Yvette, 2 rue Guy-Môquet, 91400 Orsay, France.
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Galindo MN, Navarro JF, Cavas M. The Influence of Placebo Effect on Craving and Cognitive Performance in Alcohol, Caffeine, or Nicotine Consumers: A Systematic Review. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:849. [PMID: 33005155 PMCID: PMC7479236 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present systematic review aims to analyze the evidence about the influence of placebo effect on craving and cognitive performance in alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine consumers. METHODS Relevant studies were identified via Pubmed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases (up to March 2020). Only those papers published between 2009 and 2019 were searched. RESULTS Of the 115 preliminary papers, 8 studies of database search and 9 of the manual search were finally included in this review. Findings showed that while alcohol expectancies increased craving, caffeine and nicotine expectancies tend to decrease it. Alcohol expectancies caused similar or slower reaction time when alcohol was not consumed, impairments on inhibitory control (especially after alcohol consumption) and similar post-error slowing. The effect of caffeine and nicotine on reaction time has not been elucidated yet, however, caffeine expectancies have been shown to improve accuracy and the attentional filtering of distracting stimuli. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine expectancies play an important role on craving. Although expectancies produce an effect on cognitive performance, caffeine and nicotine beliefs show an ambiguous impact on reaction time. Only the influence of alcohol expectancies on reaction time has been clarified. Furthermore, caffeine beliefs enhance accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Nerea Galindo
- Department of Psychobiology, School of Psychology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - María Cavas
- Department of Psychobiology, School of Psychology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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Afolaranmi TO, Hassan ZI, Ugwu OJ, Onche MA, Obasi JC, Stephen OG, Ugwu KG, Bupwatda PW. Psychoactive substance use and its predictors among commercial tricycle operators in Jos north local government area of Plateau State. J Med Trop 2020; 22:51-56. [PMID: 34095005 PMCID: PMC8177076 DOI: 10.4103/jomt.jomt_44_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) around 243 million people, aged 15-64 consumed an illicit substance making this a public health problem of global dimensions with attendant physical, social, and psychological problems. Studies have shown that 59.5% of road traffic accident among commercial tricycle operator has been associated with the use of psychoactive substances. Hence, this study was conducted to assess the prevalence and pattern of psychoactive substance use and its predictors among tricycle operators in Jos north local government area of Plateau State. METHODOLOGY This was a cross sectional study conducted among 220 commercial tricycle operators selected from a cluster of five operational units of Tricycle Riders Union using quantitative data collection instrument consisted of three sections through an interviewer's administration method. RESULTS The mean age of the respondents in the study was 34 ± 10 years with the prevalence of current use of psychoactive substance being 43.2%. The predictors of psychoactive substance use were tertiary level of education (AOR = 0.06; 95% CI = 0.0074-0.4806) and family history of use of psychoactive substance (AOR = 3.30; 95% CI = 1.7164-6.3611). CONCLUSION This study has demonstrated a high level of illicit psychoactive substance use among commercial tricycle operators with higher level of education negatively influence its use and a positive family history potentiating it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolulope O Afolaranmi
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Jos and Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Z I Hassan
- Department of Community Medicine, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Bauchi State, Nigeria
| | - O J Ugwu
- Ginza Medical Centre, Jos Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - M A Onche
- College of Health Sciences, University of Jos, Jos Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - J C Obasi
- College of Health Sciences, University of Jos, Jos Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - O G Stephen
- College of Health Sciences, University of Jos, Jos Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - K G Ugwu
- Ginza Medical Centre, Jos Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - P W Bupwatda
- Department of Community Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos Plateau State, Nigeria
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Bulut H. A New Psychoactive Substance, Gamma Hydroxybutyrate (GHB): A Case Report. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 56:229-231. [PMID: 31523153 DOI: 10.29399/npa.23198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Gamma Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a central nervous system depressant effecting GABA-B receptors. GHB is taken along with other psychoactive substances like alcohol, cocaine, ecstasy, and amphetamines especially during parties. Due to the fact that it has been linked to sexual assault, GHB has drawn attention in recent years. This substance is often taken by youngsters and results in euphoric states of mind, signs of relief, easiness in communication, increases in sexual appetite, and experiences of different states of mind. Dizziness, hypotension, bradycardia, nauseation, and vomiting are typical toxication symptoms of GHB. Also, epileptic seizures, respirotary depression, and deaths have been reported as a result of taking GHB. It is widely known that the use of GHB in our country has increased gradually. This case report is important as it summarizes the anamnesis, penetration, and clinical symptoms of GHB. In order to prevent the use of GHB, it would be appropriate to develop psycho-education methodologies, establish legislative regulations, and include GHB tests in substance screening analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hüseyin Bulut
- SBÜ Kanuni Sultan Süleyman Training and Research Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, İstanbul, Turkey
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Bilici R, Beker Şanlı D, Süner Ö, Çıtak S, İzci F. Sociodemographic characteristics of Turkish patients who violated a supervised probation program. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2016; 17:335-344. [PMID: 27594380 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2016.1209145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate sociodemographic characteristics of individuals under a supervised probation program used in Turkey and to compare characteristics of noncompliant versus no-need-to-treat individuals in order to determine the effect of sociodemographic characteristics on success of the supervised probation program. In total, 4,006 individuals who submitted to the supervised probation program of our hospital were evaluated retrospectively from patient data and follow-up records. The mean age of patients was 28.4 ± 8.0 years. We compared the sociodemographic characteristics of "no-need-to-treat" patients (n = 2,205) and "noncompliant" patients (n = 391). We found differences between sociodemographic characteristics of no need to treat and noncompliant groups. We conclude that age, education, presence of self-mutilation, starting age of smoking or substance use, and family history are important factors affecting treatment compliance and success. Therefore, more detailed programs for noncompliant patients should be developed to increase treatment performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Bilici
- a Psychiatry Department , Erenköy Mental Health and Neurology Training and Research Hospital , İstanbul , Tukey
| | - Dilek Beker Şanlı
- b Biochemistry Department , Ümraniye Training and Research Hospital , İstanbul , Turkey
| | - Özgür Süner
- a Psychiatry Department , Erenköy Mental Health and Neurology Training and Research Hospital , İstanbul , Tukey
| | - Serhat Çıtak
- a Psychiatry Department , Erenköy Mental Health and Neurology Training and Research Hospital , İstanbul , Tukey
| | - Filiz İzci
- a Psychiatry Department , Erenköy Mental Health and Neurology Training and Research Hospital , İstanbul , Tukey
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Bilici R, Beker Şanlı D, Süner Ö, Çıtak S, İzci F. Sociodemographic characteristics of Turkish patients who violated a supervised probation program. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2016. [PMID: 27594380 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2016.1209145)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate sociodemographic characteristics of individuals under a supervised probation program used in Turkey and to compare characteristics of noncompliant versus no-need-to-treat individuals in order to determine the effect of sociodemographic characteristics on success of the supervised probation program. In total, 4,006 individuals who submitted to the supervised probation program of our hospital were evaluated retrospectively from patient data and follow-up records. The mean age of patients was 28.4 ± 8.0 years. We compared the sociodemographic characteristics of "no-need-to-treat" patients (n = 2,205) and "noncompliant" patients (n = 391). We found differences between sociodemographic characteristics of no need to treat and noncompliant groups. We conclude that age, education, presence of self-mutilation, starting age of smoking or substance use, and family history are important factors affecting treatment compliance and success. Therefore, more detailed programs for noncompliant patients should be developed to increase treatment performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Bilici
- a Psychiatry Department , Erenköy Mental Health and Neurology Training and Research Hospital , İstanbul , Tukey
| | - Dilek Beker Şanlı
- b Biochemistry Department , Ümraniye Training and Research Hospital , İstanbul , Turkey
| | - Özgür Süner
- a Psychiatry Department , Erenköy Mental Health and Neurology Training and Research Hospital , İstanbul , Tukey
| | - Serhat Çıtak
- a Psychiatry Department , Erenköy Mental Health and Neurology Training and Research Hospital , İstanbul , Tukey
| | - Filiz İzci
- a Psychiatry Department , Erenköy Mental Health and Neurology Training and Research Hospital , İstanbul , Tukey
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Young MM, Stevens A, Galipeau J, Pirie T, Garritty C, Singh K, Yazdi F, Golfam M, Pratt M, Turner L, Porath-Waller A, Arratoon C, Haley N, Leslie K, Reardon R, Sproule B, Grimshaw J, Moher D. Effectiveness of brief interventions as part of the Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) model for reducing the nonmedical use of psychoactive substances: a systematic review. Syst Rev 2014; 3:50. [PMID: 24887418 PMCID: PMC4042132 DOI: 10.1186/2046-4053-3-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this systematic review is to assess the effectiveness of brief interventions (BIs) as part of the Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) model for reducing the nonmedical use of psychoactive substances. METHODS Bibliographic databases (including MEDLINE, Embase, The Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and PsycINFO to April 2012) and gray literature sources were searched. We included randomized controlled trials that opportunistically screened adolescents or adults and then provided a one-to-one, verbal BI to those at risk of substance-use harm. Of interest was the nonmedical use of psychoactive substances (for example, drugs prohibited by international law), excluding alcohol, nicotine, and caffeine. Interventions comprised four or fewer sessions and were compared with no/delayed intervention or provision of information only. Studies were assessed for bias using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Results were synthesized narratively. Evidence was interpreted according to the GRADE framework. RESULTS We identified 8,836 records. Of these, five studies met our inclusion criteria. Two studies compared BI with no BI, and three studies compared BI with information only. Studies varied in characteristics such as substances targeted, screening procedures, and BI administered. Outcomes were mostly reported by a single study, leading to limited or uncertain confidence in effect estimates. CONCLUSIONS Insufficient evidence exists as to whether BIs, as part of SBIRT, are effective or ineffective for reducing the use of, or harms associated with nonmedical use of, psychoactive substances when these interventions are administered to nontreatment-seeking, screen-detected populations. Updating this review with emerging evidence will be important. TRIAL REGISTRATION CRD42012002414.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Young
- Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse (CCSA), 75 Albert Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5E7, Canada.
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Gebreslassie M, Feleke A, Melese T. Psychoactive substances use and associated factors among Axum University students, Axum Town, North Ethiopia. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:693. [PMID: 23895376 PMCID: PMC3733602 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of substances such as alcohol, khat leaves and tobacco have long been recognized as one of the leading causes of human suffering and become one of the rising major public health and socio-economic problems worldwide. Even though substances use occurs in all segments of all societies, it is more spreading in an alarming rate among the young generation. This study aimed to establish the prevalence and associated factors of substances use among undergraduate students in Axum University. METHODS Institution based quantitative cross sectional study design was conducted among Axum University students in April 2012. A sample of 764 students was selected by using multi- stage sampling technique. Data were collected using pre- tested self- administered questionnaires. The data were cleaned, coded, entered into EPI-INFO version 3.5.1 and transferred and analysed using SPSS computer soft ware package version 20. RESULTS The lifetime prevalence of khat chewing, alcohol drinking and cigarette smoking among the study participants were 28.7%, 34.5% and 9.5% respectively. Similarly, the current prevalence of khat chewing, alcohol drinking and cigarette smoking were 27.9%, 32.8% and 9.3% respectively. The commonest reasons for khat, alcohol and cigarette using were to keep alert while reading 40.6%, for relaxation 65.5% and to relief stress 37.7% respectively. Having peer friends who chew khat was strongly and positively associated with khat use [AOR: 10.18, 95%CI: (5.59, 18.54)].Family members and peer friends alcohol use were strongly associated with alcohol drinking [AOR: 2.61, 95%CI: (1.56, 4.34) and [AOR: 14, 95%CI: (8.09, 24.24)] respectively. Ever alcohol use was strongly associated with cigarette smoking [AOR: 6.54, 95%CI: (2.66, 16.05)]. CONCLUSION This study revealed that psychoactive substances use became an urgent problem among undergraduate university students. Universities need to monitor and teach their students with special focus on fresh man students, about the health risks and socioeconomic problems associated with psychoactive substances use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Measho Gebreslassie
- Department of Health Service Management and Health Economics, Institute
of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Amsalu Feleke
- Department of Health Service Management and Health Economics, Institute
of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfahun Melese
- Department of Health Informatics, Institute of
Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Young MM, Stevens A, Porath-Waller A, Pirie T, Garritty C, Skidmore B, Turner L, Arratoon C, Haley N, Leslie K, Reardon R, Sproule B, Grimshaw J, Moher D. Effectiveness of brief interventions as part of the screening, brief intervention and referral to treatment (SBIRT) model for reducing the non-medical use of psychoactive substances: a systematic review protocol. Syst Rev 2012; 1:22. [PMID: 22587894 PMCID: PMC3433383 DOI: 10.1186/2046-4053-1-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a significant public health burden associated with substance use in Canada. The early detection and/or treatment of risky substance use has the potential to dramatically improve outcomes for those who experience harms from the non-medical use of psychoactive substances, particularly adolescents whose brains are still undergoing development. The Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment model is a comprehensive, integrated approach for the delivery of early intervention and treatment services for individuals experiencing substance use-related harms, as well as those who are at risk of experiencing such harm. METHODS This article describes the protocol for a systematic review of the effectiveness of brief interventions as part of the Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment model for reducing the non-medical use of psychoactive substances. Studies will be selected in which brief interventions target non-medical psychoactive substance use (excluding alcohol, nicotine, or caffeine) among those 12 years and older who are opportunistically screened and deemed at risk of harms related to psychoactive substance use. We will include one-on-one verbal interventions and exclude non-verbal brief interventions (for example, the provision of information such as a pamphlet or online interventions) and group interventions. Primary, secondary and adverse outcomes of interest are prespecified. Randomized controlled trials will be included; non-randomized controlled trials, controlled before-after studies and interrupted time series designs will be considered in the absence of randomized controlled trials. We will search several bibliographic databases (for example, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, CORK) and search sources for grey literature. We will meta-analyze studies where possible. We will conduct subgroup analyses, if possible, according to drug class and intervention setting. DISCUSSION This review will provide evidence on the effectiveness of brief interventions as part of the Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment protocol aimed at the non-medical use of psychoactive substances and may provide guidance as to where future research might be most beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Young
- Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse (CCSA), 75 Albert Street, Ottawa, ON, K1P 5E7, Canada.
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