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Hesen N, Anany M, Freidel A, Baker M, Siegmund D, Zaitseva O, Wajant H, Lang I. Genetically engineered IgG1 and nanobody oligomers acquire strong intrinsic CD40 agonism. Bioengineered 2024; 15:2302246. [PMID: 38214443 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2024.2302246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Most anti-CD40 antibodies show robust agonism only upon binding to FcγR+ cells, such as B cells, macrophages, or DCs, but a few anti-CD40 antibodies display also strong intrinsic agonism dependent on the recognized epitope and/or isotype. It is worth mentioning, however, that also the anti-CD40 antibodies with intrinsic agonism can show a further increase in agonistic activity when bound by FcγR-expressing cells. Thus, conventional antibodies appear not to be sufficient to trigger the maximum possible CD40 activation independent from FcγR-binding. We proved here the hypothesis that oligomeric and oligovalent anti-CD40 antibody variants generated by genetic engineering display high intrinsic, thus FcγR-independent, agonistic activity. We generated tetra-, hexa- and dodecavalent variants of six anti-CD40 antibodies and a CD40-specific nanobody. All these oligovalent variants, even when derived of bivalent antagonistic anti-CD40 antibodies, showed strongly enhanced CD40 agonism compared to their conventional counterparts. In most cases, the CD40 agonism reached the maximum response induced by FcγR-bound anti-CD40 antibodies or membrane CD40L, the natural engager of CD40. In sum, our data show that increasing the valency of anti-CD40 antibody constructs by genetic engineering regularly results in molecules with high intrinsic agonism and level out the specific limitations of the parental antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke Hesen
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg Germany
| | - Mohamed Anany
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg Germany
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Andre Freidel
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg Germany
| | - Mediya Baker
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg Germany
| | - Daniela Siegmund
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg Germany
| | - Olena Zaitseva
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg Germany
| | - Harald Wajant
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg Germany
| | - Isabell Lang
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg Germany
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Boje AS, Pekar L, Koep K, Lipinski B, Rabinovich B, Evers A, Gehlert CL, Krohn S, Xiao Y, Krah S, Zaynagetdinov R, Toleikis L, Poetzsch S, Peipp M, Zielonka S, Klausz K. Impact of antibody architecture and paratope valency on effector functions of bispecific NKp30 x EGFR natural killer cell engagers. MAbs 2024; 16:2315640. [PMID: 38372053 PMCID: PMC10877975 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2024.2315640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells emerged as a promising effector population that can be harnessed for anti-tumor therapy. In this work, we constructed NK cell engagers (NKCEs) based on NKp30-targeting single domain antibodies (sdAbs) that redirect the cytotoxic potential of NK cells toward epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-expressing tumor cells. We investigated the impact of crucial parameters such as sdAb location, binding valencies, the targeted epitope on NKp30, and the overall antibody architecture on the redirection capacity. Our study exploited two NKp30-specific sdAbs, one of which binds a similar epitope on NKp30 as its natural ligand B7-H6, while the other sdAb addresses a non-competing epitope. For EGFR-positive tumor targeting, humanized antigen-binding domains of therapeutic antibody cetuximab were used. We demonstrate that NKCEs bivalently targeting EGFR and bivalently engaging NKp30 are superior to monovalent NKCEs in promoting NK cell-mediated tumor cell lysis and that the architecture of the NKCE can substantially influence killing capacities depending on the NKp30-targeting sdAb utilized. While having a pronounced impact on NK cell killing efficacy, the capabilities of triggering antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis or complement-dependent cytotoxicity were not significantly affected comparing the bivalent IgG-like NKCEs with cetuximab. However, the fusion of sdAbs can have a slight impact on the NK cell release of immunomodulatory cytokines, as well as on the pharmacokinetic profile of the NKCE due to unfavorable spatial orientation within the molecule architecture. Ultimately, our findings reveal novel insights for the engineering of potent NKCEs triggering the NKp30 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammelie Svea Boje
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein and University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lukas Pekar
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Katharina Koep
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Britta Lipinski
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Brian Rabinovich
- Department of Oncology and Immuno-Oncology, EMD Serono Research & Development Institute Inc, 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA, USA
| | - Andreas Evers
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Carina Lynn Gehlert
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein and University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Steffen Krohn
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein and University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Yanping Xiao
- Department of Oncology and Immuno-Oncology, EMD Serono Research & Development Institute Inc, 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA, USA
| | - Simon Krah
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Rinat Zaynagetdinov
- Department of Oncology and Immuno-Oncology, EMD Serono Research & Development Institute Inc, 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA, USA
| | - Lars Toleikis
- Early Protein Supply & Characterization, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sven Poetzsch
- Strategic Innovation, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein and University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Zielonka
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Katja Klausz
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein and University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Ols S, Lenart K, Arcoverde Cerveira R, Miranda MC, Brunette N, Kochmann J, Corcoran M, Skotheim R, Philomin A, Cagigi A, Fiala B, Wrenn S, Marcandalli J, Hellgren F, Thompson EA, Lin A, Gegenfurtner F, Kumar A, Chen M, Phad GE, Graham BS, Perez L, Borst AJ, Karlsson Hedestam GB, Ruckwardt TJ, King NP, Loré K. Multivalent antigen display on nanoparticle immunogens increases B cell clonotype diversity and neutralization breadth to pneumoviruses. Immunity 2023; 56:2425-2441.e14. [PMID: 37689061 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles for multivalent display and delivery of vaccine antigens have emerged as a promising avenue for enhancing B cell responses to protein subunit vaccines. Here, we evaluated B cell responses in rhesus macaques immunized with prefusion-stabilized respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) F glycoprotein trimer compared with nanoparticles displaying 10 or 20 copies of the same antigen. We show that multivalent display skews antibody specificities and drives epitope-focusing of responding B cells. Antibody cloning and repertoire sequencing revealed that focusing was driven by the expansion of clonally distinct B cells through recruitment of diverse precursors. We identified two antibody lineages that developed either ultrapotent neutralization or pneumovirus cross-neutralization from precursor B cells with low initial affinity for the RSV-F immunogen. This suggests that increased avidity by multivalent display facilitates the activation and recruitment of these cells. Diversification of the B cell response by multivalent nanoparticle immunogens has broad implications for vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ols
- Division of Immunology & Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klara Lenart
- Division of Immunology & Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rodrigo Arcoverde Cerveira
- Division of Immunology & Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcos C Miranda
- Division of Immunology & Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Natalie Brunette
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jana Kochmann
- Division of Immunology & Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Corcoran
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Skotheim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Annika Philomin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alberto Cagigi
- Division of Immunology & Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brooke Fiala
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Samuel Wrenn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jessica Marcandalli
- Università della Svizzera italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Fredrika Hellgren
- Division of Immunology & Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth A Thompson
- Division of Immunology & Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ang Lin
- Division of Immunology & Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Florian Gegenfurtner
- Division of Immunology & Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Azad Kumar
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Man Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ganesh E Phad
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Università della Svizzera italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laurent Perez
- University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Department of Medicine, Service of Immunology and Allergy, and Center for Human Immunology (CHIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrew J Borst
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Tracy J Ruckwardt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Neil P King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karin Loré
- Division of Immunology & Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Xu M, Antonova M, Salavei P, Illek K, Meléndez AV, Omidvar R, Thuenauer R, Makshakova O, Römer W. Dimeric Lectin Chimeras as Novel Candidates for Gb3-Mediated Transcytotic Drug Delivery through Cellular Barriers. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15. [PMID: 36678854 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor-mediated transcytosis is an elegant and promising strategy for drug delivery across biological barriers. Here, we describe a novel ligand-receptor pair based on a dimeric, engineered derivative of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa lectin LecA, here termed Di-LecA, and the host cell glycosphingolipid Gb3. We characterized the trafficking kinetics and transcytosis efficiencies in polarized Gb3-positive and -negative MDCK cells using mainly immunofluorescence in combination with confocal microscopy. To evaluate the delivery capacity of dimeric LecA chimeras, EGFP was chosen as a fluorescent model protein representing macromolecules, such as antibody fragments, and fused to either the N- or C-terminus of monomeric LecA using recombinant DNA technology. Both LecA/EGFP fusion proteins crossed cellular monolayers in vitro. Of note, the conjugate with EGFP at the N-terminus of LecA (EGFP-LecA) showed a higher release rate than the conjugate with EGFP at the C-terminus (LecA-EGFP). Based on molecular dynamics simulations and cross-linking studies of giant unilamellar vesicles, we speculate that EGFP-LecA tends to be a dimer while LecA-EGFP forms a tetramer. Overall, we confidently propose the dimeric LecA chimeras as transcytotic drug delivery tools through Gb3-positive cellular barriers for future in vivo tests.
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Kühl L, Schäfer AK, Kraft S, Aschmoneit N, Kontermann RE, Seifert O. eIg-based bispecific T-cell engagers targeting EGFR: Format matters. MAbs 2023; 15:2183540. [PMID: 36864566 PMCID: PMC9988351 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2183540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies are molecules with versatile modes of action and applications for therapy. They are commonly developed as T-cell engagers (TCE), which simultaneously target an antigen expressed by tumor cells and CD3 expressed by T-cells, thereby inducing T-cell-mediated target cell killing. There is growing evidence that the molecular composition and valency for the target antigen influence the activity of TCEs. Here, the eIg platform technology was used to generate a set of bispecific TCEs targeting epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) and CD3. These molecules either included or lacked an Fc region and exhibited one binding site for CD3 and either one or two binding sites for EGFR (1 + 1 or 2 + 1 formats) utilizing different molecular arrangements of the binding sites. In total, 11 different TCE formats were analyzed for binding to target cells and T cells, T cell-mediated killing of tumor cells, and for the activation of T cells (release of cytokines and proliferation of T-cells). Bivalent binding to EGFR strongly increased binding and T cell-mediated killing. However, the molecular composition and position of the CD3-binding arm also affected target cell killing, cytokine release, and T-cell proliferation. Our findings support that screening of a panel of formats is beneficial to identify the most potent bispecific TCE, and that format matters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Kühl
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Annelie K Schäfer
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kraft
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nadine Aschmoneit
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Roland E Kontermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.,Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology (SRCSB), University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Oliver Seifert
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.,Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology (SRCSB), University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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Wakefield DL, Golfetto O, Jorand R, Biswas S, Meyer K, Avery KN, Zer C, Cacao EE, Tobin SJ, Talisman IJ, Williams JC, Jovanovic-Talisman T. Using quantitative single molecule localization microscopy to optimize multivalent HER2-targeting ligands. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1064242. [PMID: 37138747 PMCID: PMC10149953 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1064242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The progression-free survival of patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer is significantly extended by a combination of two monoclonal antibodies, trastuzumab and pertuzumab, which target independent epitopes of the extracellular domain of HER2. The improved efficacy of the combination over individual antibody therapies targeting HER2 is still being investigated, and several molecular mechanisms may be in play: the combination downregulates HER2, improves antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity, and/or affects the organization of surface-expressed antigens, which may attenuate downstream signaling. Methods By combining protein engineering and quantitative single molecule localization microscopy (qSMLM), here we both assessed and optimized clustering of HER2 in cultured breast cancer cells. Results We detected marked changes to the cellular membrane organization of HER2 when cells were treated with therapeutic antibodies. When we compared untreated samples to four treatment scenarios, we observed the following HER2 membrane features: (1) the monovalent Fab domain of trastuzumab did not significantly affect HER2 clustering; (2) individual therapy with either trastuzumab or (3) pertuzumab produced significantly higher levels of HER2 clustering; (4) a combination of trastuzumab plus pertuzumab produced the highest level of HER2 clustering. To further enhance this last effect, we created multivalent ligands using meditope technology. Treatment with a tetravalent meditope ligand combined with meditope-enabled trastuzumab resulted in pronounced HER2 clustering. Moreover, compared to pertuzumab plus trastuzumab, at early time points this meditope-based combination was more effective at inhibiting epidermal growth factor (EGF) dependent activation of several downstream protein kinases. Discussion Collectively, mAbs and multivalent ligands can efficiently alter the organization and activation of the HER2 receptors. We expect this approach could be used in the future to develop new therapeutics.
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Huang L, Shah K, Barat B, Lam CYK, Gorlatov S, Ciccarone V, Tamura J, Moore PA, Diedrich G. Multispecific, Multivalent Antibody-Based Molecules Engineered on the DART® and TRIDENT TM Platforms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 129:e95. [PMID: 32294319 DOI: 10.1002/cpim.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Multispecific antibodies bind two or more different antigens and enable new therapeutic applications that cannot be replicated with conventional monoclonal antibodies, such as bridging different cells or bringing soluble proteins in close proximity. The DART and TRIDENT platforms enable the engineering of such antibodies. A DART molecule combines two independent antigen-binding sites in a stabilized, diabody-like structure. A DART molecule can be expressed with or without an Fc domain and thus can be tailored to have a long or short half-life in vivo and to induce or ablate effector function. Linking two DART units or a DART unit and a Fab domain (the latter structure is called TRIDENT format) via an Fc domain creates a monospecific, bispecific, trispecific, or tetraspecific molecule with up to tetravalent targeting of antigens. This article focuses on the design of DART and TRIDENT molecules that target two or three different antigens. © 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Basic Protocol 1: Design and generation of expression plasmids encoding DART and TRIDENT molecules Basic Protocol 2: Expression of DART and TRIDENT molecules by transient transfection of CHO cells Basic Protocol 3: Purification of DART and TRIDENT molecules from CHO cell supernatants.
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Kato Y, Abbott RK, Freeman BL, Haupt S, Groschel B, Silva M, Menis S, Irvine DJ, Schief WR, Crotty S. Multifaceted Effects of Antigen Valency on B Cell Response Composition and Differentiation In Vivo. Immunity 2020; 53:548-563.e8. [PMID: 32857950 PMCID: PMC7451196 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
How antigen valency affects B cells in vivo during immune responses is not well understood. Here, using HIV immunogens with defined valencies ranging from 1 to 60, we investigated the role of antigen valency during different phases of B cell responses in vivo. Highly multimerized immunogens preferentially rapidly activated cognate B cells, with little affinity discrimination. This led to strong early induction of the transcription factors IRF4 (interferon regulatory factor 4) and Bcl6, driving both early extrafollicular plasma cell and germinal center responses, in a CD4+ T-cell-dependent manner, involving B cells with a broad range of affinities. Low-valency antigens induced smaller effector B cell responses, with preferential recruitment of high-affinity B cells. Thus, antigen valency has multifaceted effects on B cell responses and can dictate affinity thresholds and competitive landscapes for B cells in vivo, with implications for vaccine design. Antigen valency dictates the magnitude and composition of B cell responses High valency enables robust activation and effector differentiation of B cells Antigen valency alters breadth of B cell affinities recruited
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kato
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robert K Abbott
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Brian L Freeman
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sonya Haupt
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bettina Groschel
- Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Murillo Silva
- Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
| | - Sergey Menis
- Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Darrell J Irvine
- Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - William R Schief
- Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Matsumoto T, Yamamoto R, Wakizaka M, Nakada A, Chang HC. Molecular Insights into the Ligand-Based Six-Proton- and Six-Electron-Transfer Processes Between Tris-ortho-Phenylenediamines and Tris-ortho-Benzoquinodiimines. Chemistry 2020; 26:9609-9619. [PMID: 32483884 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The global demand for energy and the concerns over climate issues renders the development of alternative renewable energy sources such as hydrogen (H2 ) important. A high-spin (hs) FeII complex with o-phenylenediamine (opda) ligands, [FeII (opda)3 ]2+ (hs-[6R]2+ ), was reported showing photochemical H2 evolution. In addition, a low-spin (ls) [FeII (bqdi)3 ]2+ (bqdi: o-benzoquinodiimine) (ls-[0R]2+ ) formation by O2 oxidation of hs-[6R]2+ , accompanied by ligand-based six-proton and six-electron transfer, revealed the potential of the complex with redox-active ligands as a novel multiple-proton and -electron storage material, albeit that the mechanism has not yet been understood. This paper reports that the oxidized ls-[0R][PF6 ]2 can be reduced by hydrazine giving ls-[FeII (opda)(bqdi)2 ][PF6 ]2 (ls-[2R][PF6 ]2 ) and ls-[FeII (opda)2 (bqdi)][PF6 ]2 (ls-[4R][PF6 ]2 ) with localized ligand-based proton-coupled mixed-valence (LPMV) states. The first isolation and characterization of the key intermediates with LPMV states offer unprecedented molecular insights into the design of photoresponsive molecule-based hydrogen-storage materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Risa Yamamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Masanori Wakizaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Akinobu Nakada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Ho-Chol Chang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
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10
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Constable EC, Housecroft CE. Chemical Bonding: The Journey from Miniature Hooks to Density Functional Theory. Molecules 2020; 25:E2623. [PMID: 32516906 PMCID: PMC7321411 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Our modern understanding of chemistry is predicated upon bonding interactions between atoms and ions resulting in the assembly of all of the forms of matter that we encounter in our daily life. It was not always so. This review article traces the development of our understanding of bonding from prehistory, through the debates in the 19th century C.E. bearing on valence, to modern quantum chemical models and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin C. Constable
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland;
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11
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Samir P, Kanneganti TD. Hidden Aspects of Valency in Immune System Regulation. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:1082-94. [PMID: 31734148 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Valency can be defined as the number of discrete interactions a biomolecule can engage in. Valency can be critical for function, such as determining whether a molecule acts as a scaffold for assembling large supramolecular complexes or forms a functional dimer. Here, we highlight the importance of the role of valency in regulating immune responses, with a focus on innate immunity. We discuss some of the ways in which valency itself is regulated through transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational modifications. Finally, we propose that the valency model can be applied at the whole cell level to study differences in individual cell responses with relevance to putative therapeutic applications.
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12
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Abstract
We describe a genetically encoded micelle for targeted delivery consisting of a diblock polypeptide with segments derived from repetitive protein motifs inspired by Drosophila melanogaster Rec-1 resilin and human tropoelastin with a C-terminal fusion of an integrin-targeting fibronectin type III domain. By systematically varying the weight fraction of the hydrophilic elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) block and molecular weight of the diblock polypeptide, we designed micelles of different morphologies that modulate the binding avidity of the human wild-type 10th fibronectin domain (Fn3) as a function of shape. We show that wormlike micelles that present the Fn3 domain have a 1000-fold greater avidity for the αvβ3 receptor compared to the monomer ligand and an avidity that is greater than a clinically relevant antibody that is driven by their multivalency. The amplified avidity of these micelles leads to significantly increased cellular internalization, a feature that may have utility for the intracellular delivery of drugs that are loaded into the core of these micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dzuricky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , United States
| | - Sinan Xiong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , United States
| | - Patrick Weber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , United States
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute , University of Basel , Basel 4056 , Switzerland
| | - Ashutosh Chilkoti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , United States
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13
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Leon MA, Wemlinger SM, Larson NR, Ruffalo JK, Sestak JO, Middaugh CR, Cambier JC, Berkland C. Soluble Antigen Arrays for Selective Desensitization of Insulin-Reactive B Cells. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:1563-1572. [PMID: 30681867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are believed to be highly dependent on loss of immune tolerance to self-antigens. Currently, no treatments have been successful clinically in inducing autoantigen-specific tolerance, including efforts to utilize antigen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) to selectively correct the aberrant autoimmunity. Soluble antigen arrays (SAgAs) represent a novel autoantigen delivery system composed of a linear polymer, hyaluronic acid (HA), displaying multiple copies of conjugated autoantigen. We have previously reported that soluble antigen arrays displaying proteolipid peptide (SAgAPLP) induced tolerance to this specific multiple sclerosis (MS) autoantigen. Utilizing SAgA technology, we have developed a new ASIT as a possible type 1 diabetes (T1D) therapeutic by conjugating human insulin to HA, known as soluble antigen array insulin (SAgAIns). Three types were synthesized, low valency lvSAgAIns (2 insulins per HA), medium valency mvSAgAIns (4 insulins per HA), and, high valency hvSAgAIns (9 insulins per HA), to determine if valency differentially modulates the ex vivo activity of insulin-binding B cells (IBCs). Extensive biophysical characterization was performed for the SAgA molecules. SAgAIns molecules were successfully used to affect the biologic activity of IBCs by inducing desensitization of the B cell antigen receptors (BCR). SAgAIns bound specifically to insulin-reactive B cells without blocking epitopes recognized by antibodies against the Fc regions of membrane immunoglobulin or CD79 transducer components of the BCR. Preincubation of IBCs (125Tg) with SAgAIns, but not HA alone, rendered the IBCs refractory to restimulation. SAgAIns induced a decrease in BCR expression and IP3R-mediated intracellular calcium release. Surprisingly, SAgAIns binding to BCR on the surface of IBCs induced the observed effects at both high and low SAgAIns valency. Future studies aim to test the effects of SAgAIns on disease progression in the VH125.NOD mouse model of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Leon
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kansas , 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States
| | - Scott M Wemlinger
- Department Immunology & Microbiology , University of Colorado Denver AMC , 12800 E. 19th Ave. , Aurora , Colorado 80045 , United States
| | - Nicholas R Larson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of Kansas , 2095 Constant Avenue , Lawrence , Kansas 66047 , United States
| | - Justin K Ruffalo
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering , University of Kansas , 1530 West 15th Street , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States
| | - Joshua O Sestak
- Orion BioScience , 986099 Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska 68198 , United States
| | - C Russell Middaugh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of Kansas , 2095 Constant Avenue , Lawrence , Kansas 66047 , United States
| | - John C Cambier
- Department Immunology & Microbiology , University of Colorado Denver AMC , 12800 E. 19th Ave. , Aurora , Colorado 80045 , United States
| | - Cory Berkland
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kansas , 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of Kansas , 2095 Constant Avenue , Lawrence , Kansas 66047 , United States.,Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering , University of Kansas , 1530 West 15th Street , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States
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Krysiak S, Wei Q, Rischka K, Hartwig A, Haag R, Hugel T. Adsorption mechanism and valency of catechol-functionalized hyperbranched polyglycerols. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:828-36. [PMID: 26150898 PMCID: PMC4463490 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nature often serves as a model system for developing new adhesives. In aqueous environments, mussel-inspired adhesives are promising candidates. Understanding the mechanism of the extraordinarily strong adhesive bonds of the catechol group will likely aid in the development of adhesives. With this aim, we study the adhesion of catechol-based adhesives to metal oxides on the molecular level using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The comparison of single catechols (dopamine) with multiple catechols on hyperbranched polyglycerols (hPG) at various pH and dwell times allowed us to further increase our understanding. In particular, we were able to elucidate how to achieve strong bonds of different valency. It was concluded that hyperbranched polyglycerols with added catechol end groups are promising candidates for durable surface coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Krysiak
- Physik Department and IMETUM, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Qiang Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Rischka
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials (FhG IFAM), 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hartwig
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials (FhG IFAM), 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Hugel
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 23a, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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15
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Peng G, Chappell H. Ya33 'give' as a valency increaser in Jinghpo nuclear serialization: from benefactive to malefactive. Stud Lang 2011; 35:128-167. [PMID: 24159251 PMCID: PMC3804722 DOI: 10.1075/sl.35.1.05pen] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper analyzes serial verb constructions in Jinghpo formed by ya33 'give', arguing that it has the function of a valency-increasing device in nuclear serialization: the use of ya33 allows the licensing of an additional beneficiary argument as a core argument to the lexical verb. In a new twist, however, on the evolution of give verbs, we demonstrate that the benefactive usage is extended to malefactive semantics in a distinct, derived structure, conditioned via the expression of possession, a type of malefactive that is not well-documented in current literature on this domain. Furthermore, the existence of two distinct constructions for the benefactive and the malefactive in Jinghpo conforms to Radetzky & Smith's claim (2010: 116) that this is an areal feature comprising the Indian subcontinent, Southeast and East Asia, and thus contrasts strongly with the conflation of both types of construction in many European languages. Finally, we propose that the nuclear type of serialization, integral to the typological profile of Jinghpo, a SOV language, is a determining factor in the reanalysis of ya33 . This feature is subsequently invoked to explain why the malefactive usage of ya33 constitutes a separate development from the well-attested pathway for give verbs leading to permissive causative verbs and adversative passive markers, which, while blocked in Jinghpo, is commonly found in many other East and Southeast Asian languages with core serialization. The present analysis is based on the variety of Jinghpo spoken in Luxi county, Yunnan province, China, using in the main natural discourse data collected in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhen Peng
- Centre de recherches linguistiques sur l’Asie orientale (CRLAO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 131 boulevard Saint-Michel, 75005 Paris, France AND College of Foreign Languages, Zhejiang University of Technology, Liuhe Road 286, Xihu District, 310023 Hangzhou, China,
| | - Hilary Chappell
- Centre de recherches linguistiques sur l’Asie orientale (CRLAO), Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS) / Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ERC « Sinotype » project, EHESS, 131 boulevard Saint-Michel, 75005 Paris, France,
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Ruddon RW, Weisenthal LM, Lundeen DE, Bessler W, Goldstein IJ. Stimulation of mitogenesis in normal and leukemic human lymphocytes by divalent and tetravalent lima bean lectins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1974; 71:1848-51. [PMID: 4525297 PMCID: PMC388339 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.71.5.1848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Two hemagglutinating components purified from the lima bean and composed of identical 62,000-molecular-weight subunits have mitogenic activity in normal and leukemic human lymphocyte cultures. Component II (247,000 molecular weight), a tetramer with four saccharide binding sites, is severalfold more active than component III (124,000 molecular weight), a dimer with two binding sites per molecule, as a mitogen for normal lymphocytes. Component II also stimulates mitogenesis in populations of cultured leukemic lymphocytes and appears to have greater activity than phytohemagglutinin-P in leukemic lymphocyte cultures obtained from some patients. Lima bean component III has minimal mitogenic activity toward leukemic lymphocytes. Components II and III appear to compete for the same cell-surface binding sites, but component II has a much greater capacity than component III to trigger DNA synthesis at low concentrations (2.5-25 mug/ml) in normal lymphocyte cultures. These results suggest that the mitogenic activity of lima bean lectin components is directly related to their valence.
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