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Ciucci T, Vacchio MS, Chen T, Nie J, Chopp LB, McGavern DB, Kelly MC, Bosselut R. Dependence on Bcl6 and Blimp1 drive distinct differentiation of murine memory and follicular helper CD4+ T cells. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20202343. [PMID: 34792530 PMCID: PMC8605495 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20202343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During the immune response, CD4+ T cells differentiate into distinct effector subtypes, including follicular helper T (Tfh) cells that help B cells, and into memory cells. Tfh and memory cells are required for long-term immunity; both depend on the transcription factor Bcl6, raising the question whether they differentiate through similar mechanisms. Here, using single-cell RNA and ATAC sequencing, we show that virus-responding CD4+ T cells lacking both Bcl6 and Blimp1 can differentiate into cells with transcriptomic, chromatin accessibility, and functional attributes of memory cells but not of Tfh cells. Thus, Bcl6 promotes memory cell differentiation primarily through its repression of Blimp1. These findings demonstrate that distinct mechanisms underpin the differentiation of memory and Tfh CD4+ cells and define the Bcl6-Blimp1 axis as a potential target for promoting long-term memory T cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ciucci
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Melanie S. Vacchio
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ting Chen
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jia Nie
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Laura B. Chopp
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Dorian B. McGavern
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Michael C. Kelly
- Single Cell Analysis Facility, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Bethesda, MD
| | - Rémy Bosselut
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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2
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Pyle CJ, Labeur-Iurman L, Groves HT, Puttur F, Lloyd CM, Tregoning JS, Harker JA. Enhanced IL-2 in early life limits the development of TFH and protective antiviral immunity. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20201555. [PMID: 34665220 PMCID: PMC8529914 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper cell (TFH)-dependent antibody responses are critical for long-term immunity. Antibody responses are diminished in early life, limiting long-term protective immunity and allowing prolonged or recurrent infection, which may be important for viral lung infections that are highly prevalent in infancy. In a murine model using respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), we show that TFH and the high-affinity antibody production they promote are vital for preventing disease on RSV reinfection. Following a secondary RSV infection, TFH-deficient mice had significantly exacerbated disease characterized by delayed viral clearance, increased weight loss, and immunopathology. TFH generation in early life was compromised by heightened IL-2 and STAT5 signaling in differentiating naive T cells. Neutralization of IL-2 during early-life RSV infection resulted in a TFH-dependent increase in antibody-mediated immunity and was sufficient to limit disease severity upon reinfection. These data demonstrate the importance of TFH in protection against recurrent RSV infection and highlight a mechanism by which this is suppressed in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe J. Pyle
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, UK
| | - Lucia Labeur-Iurman
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, UK
| | - Helen T. Groves
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, London, UK
| | - Franz Puttur
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, UK
| | - Clare M. Lloyd
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, UK
- Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms for Asthma, London, UK
| | - John S. Tregoning
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, London, UK
| | - James A. Harker
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, UK
- Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms for Asthma, London, UK
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3
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Abstract
Abstract
Deubiquitinase Suppresses Th17 Differentiation See article p. 23
mIL-2/CD25 in Mouse Models of SLE See article p. 34
Bcl6-Independent cDC1 Development See article p. 125
STAT1-Deficient Phenotypes Revealed See article p. 133
Sepsis and COVID-19 See article p. 162
Innate Insights into TB See article p. 221
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4
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Kato Y, Abbott RK, Freeman BL, Haupt S, Groschel B, Silva M, Menis S, Irvine DJ, Schief WR, Crotty S. Multifaceted Effects of Antigen Valency on B Cell Response Composition and Differentiation In Vivo. Immunity 2020; 53:548-563.e8. [PMID: 32857950 PMCID: PMC7451196 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
How antigen valency affects B cells in vivo during immune responses is not well understood. Here, using HIV immunogens with defined valencies ranging from 1 to 60, we investigated the role of antigen valency during different phases of B cell responses in vivo. Highly multimerized immunogens preferentially rapidly activated cognate B cells, with little affinity discrimination. This led to strong early induction of the transcription factors IRF4 (interferon regulatory factor 4) and Bcl6, driving both early extrafollicular plasma cell and germinal center responses, in a CD4+ T-cell-dependent manner, involving B cells with a broad range of affinities. Low-valency antigens induced smaller effector B cell responses, with preferential recruitment of high-affinity B cells. Thus, antigen valency has multifaceted effects on B cell responses and can dictate affinity thresholds and competitive landscapes for B cells in vivo, with implications for vaccine design. Antigen valency dictates the magnitude and composition of B cell responses High valency enables robust activation and effector differentiation of B cells Antigen valency alters breadth of B cell affinities recruited
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kato
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robert K Abbott
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Brian L Freeman
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sonya Haupt
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bettina Groschel
- Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Murillo Silva
- Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
| | - Sergey Menis
- Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Darrell J Irvine
- Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - William R Schief
- Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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5
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Jia K, Zhang D, Wang Y, Liu Y, Kong X, Yang Q, Chen H, Xie C, Wang S. Generation and characterization of a monoclonal antibody against human BCL6 for immunohistochemical diagnosis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216470. [PMID: 31063496 PMCID: PMC6504089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) gene, usually coding protein of 706 amino acids, is closely associated with large B cell lymphoma. Researches showed that protein mutation or change of expression levels usually happened in the mounting non-hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Thus BCL6 is considered to be involved in germinal center (GC)-derived lymphoma. Results The BCL61-350 gene codons were optimized for prokaryotic system. After expression of BCL61-350 in E. coli, the BCL61-350 protein was purified with Ni column. Then the BCL61-350 protein, mixing with QuickAntibody-Mouse5W adjuvant, was injected into Balb/c mice. After immunization and cell fusion, a stable cell line named 1E6A4, which can secrete anti-BCL6 antibody, was obtained. The isotype of 1E6A4 mAb was determined as IgG2a, and the affinity constant reached 5.12×1010 L/mol. Furthermore, the specificity of the mAb was determined with ELISA, western blot and immunohistochemistry. Results indicated that the 1E6A4 mAb was able to detect BCL6 specifically and sensitively. Conclusions BCL61-350 antigen has been successfully generated with an effective and feasible method, and a highly specific antibody named 1E6A4 against BCL6 has been screened and characterized in this study, which was valuable in clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunzhi Jia
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Danping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | | | - Yaju Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiangzhu Kong
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | | | | | - Chengjie Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shihua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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6
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Meli AP, Fontés G, Avery DT, Leddon SA, Tam M, Elliot M, Ballesteros-Tato A, Miller J, Stevenson MM, Fowell DJ, Tangye SG, King IL. The Integrin LFA-1 Controls T Follicular Helper Cell Generation and Maintenance. Immunity 2017; 45:831-846. [PMID: 27760339 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are a CD4+ T cell subset critical for long-lived humoral immunity. We hypothesized that integrins play a decisive role in Tfh cell biology. Here we show that Tfh cells expressed a highly active form of leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) that was required for their survival within the germinal center niche. In addition, LFA-1 promoted expression of Bcl-6, a transcriptional repressor critical for Tfh cell differentiation, and inhibition of LFA-1 abolished Tfh cell generation and prevented protective humoral immunity to intestinal helminth infection. Furthermore, we demonstrated that expression of Talin-1, an adaptor protein that regulates LFA-1 affinity, dictated Tfh versus Th2 effector cell differentiation. Collectively, our results define unique functions for LFA-1 in the Tfh cell effector program and suggest that integrin activity is important in lineage decision-making events in the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre P Meli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Ghislaine Fontés
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Danielle T Avery
- The Immunology Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Scott A Leddon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Mifong Tam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Michael Elliot
- Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Andre Ballesteros-Tato
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jim Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Mary M Stevenson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Deborah J Fowell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Stuart G Tangye
- The Immunology Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Irah L King
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada.
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7
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Jandl C, Liu SM, Cañete PF, Warren J, Hughes WE, Vogelzang A, Webster K, Craig ME, Uzel G, Dent A, Stepensky P, Keller B, Warnatz K, Sprent J, King C. IL-21 restricts T follicular regulatory T cell proliferation through Bcl-6 mediated inhibition of responsiveness to IL-2. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14647. [PMID: 28303891 PMCID: PMC5357862 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells control the magnitude and specificity of the germinal centre reaction, but how regulation is contained to ensure generation of high-affinity antibody is unknown. Here we show that this balance is maintained by the reciprocal influence of interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-21. The number of IL-2-dependent FoxP3+ regulatory T cells is increased in the peripheral blood of human patients with loss-of-function mutations in the IL-21 receptor (IL-21R). In mice, IL-21:IL-21R interactions influence the phenotype of T follicular cells, reducing the expression of CXCR4 and inhibiting the expansion of Tfr cells after T-cell-dependent immunization. The negative effect of IL-21 on Tfr cells in mice is cell intrinsic and associated with decreased expression of the high affinity IL-2 receptor (CD25). Bcl-6, expressed in abundance in Tfr cells, inhibits CD25 expression and IL-21-mediated inhibition of CD25 is Bcl-6 dependent. These findings identify a mechanism by which IL-21 reinforces humoral immunity by restricting Tfr cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Jandl
- Department of Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, University of NSW, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Sue M. Liu
- Department of Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, University of NSW, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Pablo F. Cañete
- Division of Immunology and Genetics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Joanna Warren
- Department of Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - William E. Hughes
- Department of Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Alexis Vogelzang
- Department of Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Kylie Webster
- Department of Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, University of NSW, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Maria E. Craig
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
- School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, High Street, Randwick, Sydney, New South Wales 2031, Australia
| | - Gulbu Uzel
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9806, USA
| | - Alexander Dent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS 420, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Polina Stepensky
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Kiryat Hadassah, POB 12000, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Bärbel Keller
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center and University of Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 117, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Warnatz
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center and University of Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 117, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan Sprent
- Department of Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, University of NSW, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Cecile King
- Department of Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, University of NSW, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
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8
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Xie MM, Amet T, Liu H, Yu Q, Dent AL. AMP kinase promotes Bcl6 expression in both mouse and human T cells. Mol Immunol 2016; 81:67-75. [PMID: 27898346 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Bcl6 is a master regulator of follicular helper T (TFH) cells, and understanding the signaling pathway that induces Bcl6 and TFH cell differentiation is therefore critical. IL-2 produced during T cell activation inhibits Bcl6 expression but how TFH cells evade IL-2 inhibition is not completely understood. Here we show that Bcl6 is highly up-regulated in activated CD4 T cells following glucose deprivation (GD), and this pathway is insensitive to inhibition by IL-2. Similar to GD, the glucose analog 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) inhibits glycolysis, and 2DG induced Bcl6 expression in activated CD4 T cells. The metabolic sensor AMP kinase (AMPK) is activated when glycolysis is decreased, and the induction of Bcl6 by GD was inhibited by the AMPK antagonist compound C. Additionally, activation of AMPK by the drug AICAR caused Bcl6 up-regulation in activated CD4 T cells. When mice were immunized with KLH using AICAR as an adjuvant, there was a strong TFH-dependent enhancement of KLH-specific antibody (Ab) responses, and higher Bcl6 expression in TFH cells in vivo. Activation of AMPK strongly induced BCL6 and the up-regulation of TFH cell marker expression by human CD4 T cells. Our data reveal a major new pathway for TFH cell differentiation, conserved by both mouse and human T cells. Mature TFH cells are reported to have a lower metabolic state compared to TH1 cells. Our data indicates that decreased metabolism may be deterministic for TFH cell differentiation, and not simply a result of TFH cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus M Xie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Tohti Amet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Qigui Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alexander L Dent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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9
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Abstract
We are beginning to understand the function of 3D genome architecture in the immune system. In this issue, Bunting et al. (2016) reported massive multi-layer genome reorganization from naive B cells to germinal center B cells, centered on a locus control region of Bcl6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangqing Hu
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Keji Zhao
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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10
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Jackson SW, Jacobs HM, Arkatkar T, Dam EM, Scharping NE, Kolhatkar NS, Hou B, Buckner JH, Rawlings DJ. B cell IFN-γ receptor signaling promotes autoimmune germinal centers via cell-intrinsic induction of BCL-6. J Exp Med 2016; 213:733-50. [PMID: 27069113 PMCID: PMC4854732 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated germinal center (GC) responses are implicated in the pathogenesis of human autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Although both type 1 and type 2 interferons (IFNs) are involved in lupus pathogenesis, their respective impacts on the establishment of autoimmune GCs has not been addressed. In this study, using a chimeric model of B cell-driven autoimmunity, we demonstrate that B cell type 1 IFN receptor signals accelerate, but are not required for, lupus development. In contrast, B cells functioning as antigen-presenting cells initiate CD4(+) T cell activation and IFN-γ production, and strikingly, B cell-intrinsic deletion of the IFN-γ receptor (IFN-γR) abrogates autoimmune GCs, class-switched autoantibodies (auto-Abs), and systemic autoimmunity. Mechanistically, although IFN-γR signals increase B cell T-bet expression, B cell-intrinsic deletion of T-bet exerts an isolated impact on class-switch recombination to pathogenic auto-Ab subclasses without impacting GC development. Rather, in both mouse and human B cells, IFN-γ synergized with B cell receptor, toll-like receptor, and/or CD40 activation signals to promote cell-intrinsic expression of the GC master transcription factor, B cell lymphoma 6 protein. Our combined findings identify a novel B cell-intrinsic mechanism whereby IFN signals promote lupus pathogenesis, implicating this pathway as a potential therapeutic target in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun W Jackson
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98105 Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Holly M Jacobs
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98105
| | - Tanvi Arkatkar
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98105
| | | | | | - Nikita S Kolhatkar
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98105 Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Baidong Hou
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | | | - David J Rawlings
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98105 Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
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11
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Lee SK, Silva DG, Martin JL, Pratama A, Hu X, Chang PP, Walters G, Vinuesa CG. Interferon-γ excess leads to pathogenic accumulation of follicular helper T cells and germinal centers. Immunity 2012; 37:880-92. [PMID: 23159227 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Overactivity of the germinal center (GC) pathway resulting from accumulation of follicular helper T (Tfh) cells causes autoimmunity, underscoring the need to understand the factors that control Tfh cell homeostasis. Here we have identifed posttranscriptional repression of interferon-γ (Ifng) mRNA as a mechanism to limit Tfh cell formation. By using the sanroque lupus model, we have shown that decreased Ifng mRNA decay caused excessive IFN-γ signaling in T cells and led to accumulation of Tfh cells, spontaneous GC, autoantibody formation, and nephritis. Unlike ICOS and T-bet deficiency that failed to rescue several autoimmune manifestations, interferon-γ receptor (IFN-γR) deficiency prevented lupus development. IFN-γ blockade reduced Tfh cells and autoantibodies, demonstrating that IFN-γ overproduction was required to sustain lupus-associated pathology. Increased IFN-γR signaling caused Bcl-6 overexpression in Tfh cells and their precursors. This link between IFN-γ and aberrant Tfh cell formation provides a rationale for IFN-γ blockade in lupus patients with an overactive Tfh cell-associated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sau K Lee
- Department of Pathogens and Immunity, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
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Takahashi H, Feuerhake F, Kutok JL, Monti S, Dal Cin P, Neuberg D, Aster JC, Shipp MA. FAS death domain deletions and cellular FADD-like interleukin 1beta converting enzyme inhibitory protein (long) overexpression: alternative mechanisms for deregulating the extrinsic apoptotic pathway in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma subtypes. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 12:3265-71. [PMID: 16740746 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Large B-cell lymphomas (LBCL) arise from normal antigen-exposed B cells at germinal center (GC) or post-GC stages of differentiation. Negative selection of normal low-affinity or self-reactive GC B-cells depends on CD95 (FAS)-mediated apoptosis. FAS mutations that result in deletion of the cytoplasmic death domain destabilize the trimeric receptor and inhibit FAS-mediated apoptosis. This apoptotic pathway is also inhibited when the nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) target, cellular FADD-like interleukin 1beta converting enzyme inhibitory protein (cFLIP), interacts with the death-inducing signaling complex, assembled around the FAS death domain. Herein, we ask whether FAS death domain mutations and NFkappaB-mediated overexpression of cFLIP represent alternative mechanisms for deregulating the extrinsic apoptotic pathway in LBCL subtypes defined by gene expression profiling [oxidative phosphorylation, B-cell receptor/proliferation, and host response diffuse LBCLs and primary mediastinal LBCLs]. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The FAS receptor was sequenced, FAS death domain mutations identified, and cFLIP expression assessed in a series of primary LBCLs with gene expression profiling-defined subtype designations and additional genetic analyses [t(14;18) and t(3;v)]. RESULTS FAS death domain deletions were significantly more common in oxidative phosphorylation tumors, which also have more frequent t(14;18), implicating structural abnormalities of either the extrinsic or intrinsic pathway in this diffuse LBCL subtype. In marked contrast, host response tumors, which have up-regulation of multiple NFkappaB target genes and increased NFkappaB activity, express significantly higher levels of cFLIP(long). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the gene expression profiling-defined LBCL subtypes have different mechanisms for deregulating FAS-mediated cell death and, more generally, that these tumor groups differ with respect to their underlying genetic abnormalities.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis/immunology
- CASP8 and FADD-Like Apoptosis Regulating Protein/genetics
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18/genetics
- DNA Mutational Analysis/methods
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Humans
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/classification
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/classification
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/immunology
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Point Mutation
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/immunology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-6/immunology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
- fas Receptor/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenobu Takahashi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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