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Tian K, Dangarh P, Zhang H, Hines CL, Bush A, Pybus HJ, Harker JA, Lloyd CM, Tanaka RJ, Saglani S. Role of epithelial barrier function in inducing type 2 immunity following early-life viral infection. Clin Exp Allergy 2024; 54:109-119. [PMID: 38011856 DOI: 10.1111/cea.14425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preschool wheeze attacks triggered by recurrent viral infections, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), are associated with an increased risk of childhood asthma. However, mechanisms that lead to asthma following early-life viral wheezing remain uncertain. METHODS To investigate a causal relationship between early-life RSV infections and onset of type 2 immunity, we developed a neonatal murine model of recurrent RSV infection, in vivo and in silico, and evaluated the dynamical changes of altered airway barrier function and downstream immune responses, including eosinophilia, mucus secretion and type 2 immunity. RESULTS RSV infection of neonatal BALB/c mice at 5 and 15 days of age induced robust airway eosinophilia, increased pulmonary CD4+ IL-13+ and CD4+ IL-5+ cells, elevated levels of IL-13 and IL-5 and increased airway mucus at 20 days of age. Increased bronchoalveolar lavage albumin levels, suggesting epithelial barrier damage, were present and persisted following the second RSV infection. Computational in silico simulations demonstrated that recurrent RSV infection resulted in severe damage of the airway barrier (epithelium), triggering the onset of type 2 immunity. The in silico results also demonstrated that recurrent infection is not always necessary for the development of type 2 immunity, which could also be triggered with single infection of high viral load or when the epithelial barrier repair is compromised. CONCLUSIONS The neonatal murine model demonstrated that recurrent RSV infection in early life alters airway barrier function and promotes type 2 immunity. A causal relationship between airway barrier function and type 2 immunity was suggested using in silico model simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyuan Tian
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Prakrati Dangarh
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Haina Zhang
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Andrew Bush
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Respiratory Paediatrics, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | - Hannah J Pybus
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - James A Harker
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Clare M Lloyd
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Reiko J Tanaka
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sejal Saglani
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Respiratory Paediatrics, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
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2
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Harker JA, Greene TT, Barnett BE, Bao P, Dolgoter A, Zuniga EI. IL-6 and IL-27 play both distinct and redundant roles in regulating CD4 T-cell responses during chronic viral infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1221562. [PMID: 37583704 PMCID: PMC10424726 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1221562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The IL-6 cytokine family signals through the common signal transduction molecule gp130 combined with a cytokine-specific receptor. Gp130 signaling on CD4 T cells is vital in controlling chronic infection of mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus clone 13 (LCMV Cl13), but the precise role of individual members of the IL-6 cytokine family is not fully understood. Transcriptional analysis highlighted the importance of gp130 signaling in promoting key processes in CD4 T cells after LCMV Cl13 infection, particularly genes associated with T follicular helper (Tfh) cell differentiation and IL-21 production. Further, Il27r-/-Il6ra-/- mice failed to generate antibody or CD8 T-cell immunity and to control LCMV Cl13. Transcriptomics and phenotypic analyses of Il27r-/-Il6ra-/- Tfh cells revealed that IL-6R and IL-27R signaling was required to activate key pathways within CD4 T cells. IL-6 and IL-27 signaling has distinct and overlapping roles, with IL-6 regulating Tfh differentiation, IL-27 regulating CD4 T cell survival, and both redundantly promoting IL-21.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Harker
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Trever T. Greene
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Burton E. Barnett
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Phuc Bao
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Aleksandr Dolgoter
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Elina I. Zuniga
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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3
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Abstract
Allergic asthma is among the most common immune-mediated diseases across the world, and type 2 immune responses are thought to be central to pathogenesis. The importance of T helper 2 (Th2) cells as central regulators of type 2 responses in asthma has, however, become less clear with the discovery of other potent innate sources of type 2 cytokines and innate mediators of inflammation such as the alarmins. This review provides an update of our current understanding of Th2 cells in human asthma, highlighting their many guises and functions in asthma, both pathogenic and regulatory, and how these are influenced by the tissue location and disease stage and severity. It also explores how biologics targeting type 2 immune pathways are impacting asthma, and how these have the potential to reveal hitherto underappreciated roles for Th2 cell in lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Harker
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London , London, UK
| | - Clare M Lloyd
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London , London, UK
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4
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Pyle CJ, Patel DF, Peiró T, Joulia R, Grabiec AM, Hussell T, Tavernier G, Simpson A, Pease J, Harker JA, Lloyd CM, Snelgrove RJ. Matrix Metalloproteinase-12 Supports Pulmonary B Cell Follicle Formation and Local Antibody Responses During Asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 206:1424-1428. [PMID: 35944138 PMCID: PMC9746859 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202109-2082le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Teresa Peiró
- Imperial College LondonLondon, United Kingdom,Universidad de ValenciaValencia, Spain
| | | | - Aleksander M. Grabiec
- University of ManchesterManchester, United Kingdom,Jagiellonian UniversityKraków, Poland
| | | | - Gael Tavernier
- University of ManchesterManchester, United Kingdom,Manchester University National Health Service (NHS) Foundation TrustManchester, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Simpson
- University of ManchesterManchester, United Kingdom,Manchester University National Health Service (NHS) Foundation TrustManchester, United Kingdom
| | - James Pease
- Imperial College LondonLondon, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Robert J. Snelgrove
- Imperial College LondonLondon, United Kingdom,Corresponding author (e-mail: )
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5
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Elliott T, Cheeseman HM, Evans AB, Day S, McFarlane LR, O’Hara J, Kalyan M, Amini F, Cole T, Winston A, Fidler S, Pollock KM, Harker JA, Shattock RJ. Enhanced immune responses following heterologous vaccination with self-amplifying RNA and mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010885. [PMID: 36194628 PMCID: PMC9565686 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The optimal vaccination strategy to boost responses in the context of pre-existing immune memory to the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein is an important question for global public health. To address this, we explored the SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immune responses to a novel self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) vaccine followed by a UK authorised mRNA vaccine (BNT162b2) in individuals with and without previous COVID-19, and compared these responses with those who received an authorised vaccine alone. 35 subjects receiving saRNA (saRNA group) as part of the COVAC1 clinical trial and an additional 40 participants receiving an authorised SARS-CoV-2 vaccine only (non-saRNA group) were recruited. Antibody responses were measured by ELISA and a pseudoneutralisation assay for wildtype, Delta and Omicron variants. Cellular responses were measured by IFN-ƴ ELISpot and an activation induced marker (AIM) assay. Approximately 50% in each group had previous COVID-19 prior to vaccination, confirmed by PCR or antibody positivity on ELISA. All of those who received saRNA subsequently received a full course of an authorised vaccine. The majority (83%) of those receiving saRNA who were COVID-19 naïve at baseline seroconverted following the second dose, and those with previous COVID-19 had an increase in antibody titres two weeks following saRNA vaccination (median 27-fold), however titres were lower when compared to mRNA vaccination. Two weeks following the 2nd authorised mRNA vaccine dose, binding and neutralising antibody titres were significantly higher in the saRNA participants with previous COVID-19, compared to non-saRNA, or COVID-19 naive saRNA participants. Cellular responses were again highest in this group, with a higher proportion of spike specific CD8+ than CD4+ T cells when compared to those receiving the mRNA vaccine only. These findings suggest an immunological benefit of increased antigen exposure, both from natural infection and vaccination, particularly evident in those receiving heterologous vaccination with saRNA and mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Elliott
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College NIHR BRC, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Abbey B. Evans
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Day
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Leon R. McFarlane
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica O’Hara
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Mohini Kalyan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Fahimah Amini
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Cole
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Winston
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Fidler
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College NIHR BRC, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katrina M. Pollock
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Robin J. Shattock
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
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6
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Mary R, Chalmin F, Accogli T, Bruchard M, Hibos C, Melin J, Truntzer C, Limagne E, Derangère V, Thibaudin M, Humblin E, Boidot R, Chevrier S, Arnould L, Richard C, Klopfenstein Q, Bernard A, Urade Y, Harker JA, Apetoh L, Ghiringhelli F, Végran F. Hematopoietic Prostaglandin D2 Synthase Controls Tfh/Th2 Communication and Limits Tfh Antitumor Effects. Cancer Immunol Res 2022; 10:900-916. [PMID: 35612500 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-21-0568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are a subset of CD4+ T cells essential in immunity and have a role in helping B cells produce antibodies against pathogens. However, their role during cancer progression remains unknown. The mechanism of action of Tfh cells remains elusive because contradictory data have been reported on their protumor or antitumor responses in human and murine tumors. Like Tfh cells, Th2 cells are also involved in humoral immunity and are regularly associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis, mainly through their secretion of IL4. Here, we showed that Tfh cells expressed hematopoietic prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) synthase in a pSTAT1/pSTAT3-dependent manner. Tfh cells produced PGD2, which led to recruitment of Th2 cells via the PGD2 receptor chemoattractant receptor homologous molecule expressed on Th type 2 cells (CRTH2) and increased their effector functions. This cross-talk between Tfh and Th2 cells promoted IL4-dependent tumor growth. Correlation between Th2 cells, Tfh cells, and hematopoietic PGD2 synthase was observed in different human cancers and associated with outcome. This study provides evidence that Tfh/Th2 cross-talk through PGD2 limits the antitumor effects of Tfh cells and, therefore, could serve as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Mary
- Faculté des Sciences de Santé, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,CRI INSERM UMR1231 "Lipids, Nutrition and Cancer", Dijon, France.,LipSTIC LabEx, Dijon, France
| | - Fanny Chalmin
- CRI INSERM UMR1231 "Lipids, Nutrition and Cancer", Dijon, France.,LipSTIC LabEx, Dijon, France
| | - Théo Accogli
- Faculté des Sciences de Santé, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,CRI INSERM UMR1231 "Lipids, Nutrition and Cancer", Dijon, France.,LipSTIC LabEx, Dijon, France
| | - Mélanie Bruchard
- Faculté des Sciences de Santé, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,CRI INSERM UMR1231 "Lipids, Nutrition and Cancer", Dijon, France.,LipSTIC LabEx, Dijon, France.,Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Christophe Hibos
- Faculté des Sciences de Santé, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,CRI INSERM UMR1231 "Lipids, Nutrition and Cancer", Dijon, France.,LipSTIC LabEx, Dijon, France
| | - Joséphine Melin
- LipSTIC LabEx, Dijon, France.,Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | | | | | - Valentin Derangère
- Faculté des Sciences de Santé, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | | | - Etienne Humblin
- CRI INSERM UMR1231 "Lipids, Nutrition and Cancer", Dijon, France.,Precision Immunology Institute, New York, New York
| | - Romain Boidot
- Faculté des Sciences de Santé, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | | | | | - Corentin Richard
- Faculté des Sciences de Santé, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | | | - Antoine Bernard
- Faculté des Sciences de Santé, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,CRI INSERM UMR1231 "Lipids, Nutrition and Cancer", Dijon, France.,LipSTIC LabEx, Dijon, France
| | - Yoshihiro Urade
- Intemational Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - James A Harker
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lionel Apetoh
- Faculté des Sciences de Santé, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,CRI INSERM UMR1231 "Lipids, Nutrition and Cancer", Dijon, France.,LipSTIC LabEx, Dijon, France
| | - François Ghiringhelli
- Faculté des Sciences de Santé, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,CRI INSERM UMR1231 "Lipids, Nutrition and Cancer", Dijon, France.,LipSTIC LabEx, Dijon, France.,Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Frédérique Végran
- Faculté des Sciences de Santé, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,CRI INSERM UMR1231 "Lipids, Nutrition and Cancer", Dijon, France.,LipSTIC LabEx, Dijon, France.,Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
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7
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Uwadiae FI, Harker JA. T Follicular Helper Cells in Asthma Through Murine Models of Allergic Airway Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2380:235-254. [PMID: 34802136 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1736-6_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of allergen-specific IgE is one of the hallmark symptoms of allergic diseases, including asthma. T follicular helper cells (TFH) are a subset of CD4+ T cells that play a critical role in T-dependent antibody responses, including the generation of allergen-specific IgE. However, the role that TFH play in the pathogenesis of allergic disease is not completely understood especially as TFH produce IL-4 and IL-21 which are known to promote and prevent class switch recombination to IgE respectively. Here we describe methods of investigating TFH biology in the context of allergic airway inflammation, including how to set up mouse models of allergic airway disease, flow cytometric analysis of mouse TFH and detection of allergic-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James A Harker
- The National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- The Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK.
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8
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Vijayakumar B, Boustani K, Ogger PP, Papadaki A, Tonkin J, Orton CM, Ghai P, Suveizdyte K, Hewitt RJ, Desai SR, Devaraj A, Snelgrove RJ, Molyneaux PL, Garner JL, Peters JE, Shah PL, Lloyd CM, Harker JA. Immuno-proteomic profiling reveals aberrant immune cell regulation in the airways of individuals with ongoing post-COVD-19 respiratory disease. Immunity 2022; 55:542-556.e5. [PMID: 35151371 PMCID: PMC8789571 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Some patients hospitalized with acute COVID-19 suffer respiratory symptoms that persist for many months. We delineated the immune-proteomic landscape in the airways and peripheral blood of healthy controls and post-COVID-19 patients 3 to 6 months after hospital discharge. Post-COVID-19 patients showed abnormal airway (but not plasma) proteomes, with an elevated concentration of proteins associated with apoptosis, tissue repair, and epithelial injury versus healthy individuals. Increased numbers of cytotoxic lymphocytes were observed in individuals with greater airway dysfunction, while increased B cell numbers and altered monocyte subsets were associated with more widespread lung abnormalities. A one-year follow-up of some post-COVID-19 patients indicated that these abnormalities resolved over time. In summary, COVID-19 causes a prolonged change to the airway immune landscape in those with persistent lung disease, with evidence of cell death and tissue repair linked to the ongoing activation of cytotoxic T cells. Post-COVID-19 airways, but not blood, show immune and proteomic changes Different post-COVID-19 lung abnormalities relate to distinct immunological features Increased BAL cytotoxic T cells are linked to epithelial damage and airway disease BAL myeloid and B cell numbers correlate with the degree of lung CT abnormality
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Affiliation(s)
- Bavithra Vijayakumar
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK; Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK; Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Karim Boustani
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK; Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, London, UK
| | - Patricia P Ogger
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Artemis Papadaki
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - James Tonkin
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK; Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Christopher M Orton
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK; Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Poonam Ghai
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Richard J Hewitt
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK; Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sujal R Desai
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK; Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Margaret Turner-Warwick Centre for Fibrosing Lung Diseases, London, UK
| | - Anand Devaraj
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK; Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Robert J Snelgrove
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK; Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, London, UK
| | - Philip L Molyneaux
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK; Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Justin L Garner
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK; Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - James E Peters
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Pallav L Shah
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK; Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK; Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Clare M Lloyd
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK; Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, London, UK
| | - James A Harker
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK; Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, London, UK.
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9
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Pyle CJ, Labeur-Iurman L, Groves HT, Puttur F, Lloyd CM, Tregoning JS, Harker JA. Enhanced IL-2 in early life limits the development of TFH and protective antiviral immunity. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20201555. [PMID: 34665220 PMCID: PMC8529914 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper cell (TFH)-dependent antibody responses are critical for long-term immunity. Antibody responses are diminished in early life, limiting long-term protective immunity and allowing prolonged or recurrent infection, which may be important for viral lung infections that are highly prevalent in infancy. In a murine model using respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), we show that TFH and the high-affinity antibody production they promote are vital for preventing disease on RSV reinfection. Following a secondary RSV infection, TFH-deficient mice had significantly exacerbated disease characterized by delayed viral clearance, increased weight loss, and immunopathology. TFH generation in early life was compromised by heightened IL-2 and STAT5 signaling in differentiating naive T cells. Neutralization of IL-2 during early-life RSV infection resulted in a TFH-dependent increase in antibody-mediated immunity and was sufficient to limit disease severity upon reinfection. These data demonstrate the importance of TFH in protection against recurrent RSV infection and highlight a mechanism by which this is suppressed in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe J. Pyle
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, UK
| | - Lucia Labeur-Iurman
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, UK
| | - Helen T. Groves
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, London, UK
| | - Franz Puttur
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, UK
| | - Clare M. Lloyd
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, UK
- Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms for Asthma, London, UK
| | - John S. Tregoning
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, London, UK
| | - James A. Harker
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, UK
- Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms for Asthma, London, UK
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10
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Boustani K, Ghai P, Invernizzi R, Hewitt RJ, Maher TM, Li QZ, Molyneaux PL, Harker JA. Autoantibodies are present in the bronchoalveolar lavage but not circulation in patients with fibrotic interstitial lung disease. ERJ Open Res 2021; 8:00481-2021. [PMID: 35174247 PMCID: PMC8841989 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00481-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fibrotic interstitial lung disease (fILD) has previously been associated with the presence of autoantibody. While studies have focused on systemic autoimmunity, the role of local autoantibodies in the airways remains unknown. We therefore extensively characterised the airway and peripheral autoantibody profiles in patients with fILD, and assessed association with disease severity and outcome. Methods Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was collected from a cohort of fILD patients and total BAL antibody concentrations were quantified. An autoantigen microarray was used to measure IgG and IgA autoantibodies against 122 autoantigens in BAL from 40 idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), 20 chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (CHP), 20 connective tissue disease-associated ILD (CTD-ILD) patients and 20 controls. Results A subset of patients with fILD but not healthy controls had a local autoimmune signature in their BAL that was not present systemically, regardless of disease. The proportion of patients with IPF with a local autoantibody signature was comparable to that of CTD-ILD, which has a known autoimmune pathology, identifying a potentially novel subset of patients. The presence of an airway autoimmune signature was not associated with reduced survival probability or changes in lung function in the cohort as a whole. Patients with IPF had increased BAL total IgA and IgG1 while subjects with CHP had increased BAL IgA, IgG1 and IgG4. In patients with CHP, increased BAL total IgA was associated with reduced survival probability. Conclusion Airway autoantibodies that are not present systemically identify a group of patients with fILD and the mechanisms by which these autoantibodies contribute to disease requires further investigation. Autoantibodies are present in the bronchoalveolar lavage but not circulation in patients with fibrotic interstitial lung diseasehttps://bit.ly/3CNvKjj
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11
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Juzenaite G, Secklehner J, Vuononvirta J, Helbawi Y, Mackey JBG, Dean C, Harker JA, Carlin LM, Rankin S, De Filippo K. Lung Marginated and Splenic Murine Resident Neutrophils Constitute Pioneers in Tissue-Defense During Systemic E. coli Challenge. Front Immunol 2021; 12:597595. [PMID: 33953706 PMCID: PMC8089477 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.597595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid response of neutrophils throughout the body to a systemic challenge is a critical first step in resolution of bacterial infection such as Escherichia coli (E. coli). Here we delineated the dynamics of this response, revealing novel insights into the molecular mechanisms using lung and spleen intravital microscopy and 3D ex vivo culture of living precision cut splenic slices in combination with fluorescent labelling of endogenous leukocytes. Within seconds after challenge, intravascular marginated neutrophils and lung endothelial cells (ECs) work cooperatively to capture pathogens. Neutrophils retained on lung ECs slow their velocity and aggregate in clusters that enlarge as circulating neutrophils carrying E. coli stop within the microvasculature. The absolute number of splenic neutrophils does not change following challenge; however, neutrophils increase their velocity, migrate to the marginal zone (MZ) and form clusters. Irrespective of their location all neutrophils capturing heat-inactivated E. coli take on an activated phenotype showing increasing surface CD11b. At a molecular level we show that neutralization of ICAM-1 results in splenic neutrophil redistribution to the MZ under homeostasis. Following challenge, splenic levels of CXCL12 and ICAM-1 are reduced allowing neutrophils to migrate to the MZ in a CD29-integrin dependent manner, where the enlargement of splenic neutrophil clusters is CXCR2-CXCL2 dependent. We show directly molecular mechanisms that allow tissue resident neutrophils to provide the first lines of antimicrobial defense by capturing circulating E. coli and forming clusters both in the microvessels of the lung and in the parenchyma of the spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goda Juzenaite
- National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Judith Secklehner
- National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Juho Vuononvirta
- National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- William Harvey Heart Centre, Barts & the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yoseph Helbawi
- National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John B. G. Mackey
- National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Dean
- National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James A. Harker
- National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leo M. Carlin
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Rankin
- National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katia De Filippo
- National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Harker JA, Lloyd CM. Overlapping and distinct features of viral and allergen immunity in the human lung. Immunity 2021; 54:617-631. [PMID: 33852829 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Immunity in the human respiratory tract is provided by a diverse range of tissue-resident cells, including specialized epithelial and macrophage populations and a network of innate and innate-like lymphocytes, such as natural killer cells, innate lymphoid cells, and invariant T cells. Lung-resident memory T and B cells contribute to this network following initial exposure to antigenic stimuli. This review explores how advances in the study of human immunology have shaped our understanding of this resident immune network and its response to two of the most commonly encountered inflammatory stimuli in the airways: viruses and allergens. It discusses the many ways in which pathogenic infection and allergic inflammation mirror each other, highlighting the key checkpoints at which they diverge and how this can result in a lifetime of allergic exacerbation versus protective anti-viral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Harker
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Clare M Lloyd
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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13
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Harker JA, Johansson C. Rapidly Deployable Mouse Models of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Add Flexibility to the COVID-19 Toolbox. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 64:7-9. [PMID: 33170734 PMCID: PMC7780994 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0456ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James A Harker
- National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College London London, United Kingdom
| | - Cecilia Johansson
- National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College London London, United Kingdom
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14
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Harker JA, Snelgrove RJ. A Not-So-Good Way to Die? Respiratory Syncytial Virus-induced Necroptotic Cell Death Promotes Inflammation and Type 2-mediated Pathology. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 201:1321-1323. [PMID: 32182121 PMCID: PMC7258638 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202003-0533ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James A Harker
- National Heart and Lung InstituteImperial College LondonLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Snelgrove
- National Heart and Lung InstituteImperial College LondonLondon, United Kingdom
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15
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Abstract
Our barrier surfaces are fundamental in protecting us from the outside world and segregating key biological processes. The immunological fortifications found at these sites therefore possess many distinct qualities, which are discussed in Immunology's series of reviews on Barrier Immunity. Together these reviews showcase novel biological processes identified through the use of state-of-the-art technologies, and specifically highlight how these change throughout our lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Harker
- Faculty of MedicineNational Heart and Lung InstituteImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Laura J. Pallett
- Division of Infection and ImmunityInstitute of Immunity and TransplantationUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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16
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Foster WS, Grime CJ, Tan H, Williams GS, Robinson MJ, Carlesso G, Saglani S, Lloyd CM, Harker JA. Enhanced frequency and function of follicular T cells in the tonsils of house dust mite-sensitized children. Allergy 2020; 75:1240-1243. [PMID: 31837235 DOI: 10.1111/all.14150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William S. Foster
- National Heart and Lung Institute Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London London UK
| | - Christopher J. Grime
- National Heart and Lung Institute Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London London UK
| | - Hui‐Leng Tan
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine Royal Brompton Hospital London UK
| | | | | | | | - Sejal Saglani
- National Heart and Lung Institute Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London London UK
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine Royal Brompton Hospital London UK
| | - Clare M. Lloyd
- National Heart and Lung Institute Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London London UK
- Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma London UK
| | - James A. Harker
- National Heart and Lung Institute Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London London UK
- Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma London UK
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17
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Beloueche-Babari M, Casals Galobart T, Delgado-Goni T, Wantuch S, Parkes HG, Tandy D, Harker JA, Leach MO. Monocarboxylate transporter 1 blockade with AZD3965 inhibits lipid biosynthesis and increases tumour immune cell infiltration. Br J Cancer 2020; 122:895-903. [PMID: 31937921 PMCID: PMC7078321 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0717-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) is a regulator of cell metabolism and a therapeutic target for cancer treatment. Understanding the changes in tumour function accompanying MCT1 inhibition will better characterise the anti-tumour effects of MCT1 inhibitors, potentially enabling the identification of pharmacodynamic biomarkers for the clinical development of these agents. METHODS We assessed the impact of the MCT1 inhibitor AZD3965 on tumour metabolism and immune cell infiltration as key determinants of tumour biological function in the MCT1-dependent Raji B cell lymphoma model. RESULTS Treatment of Raji xenograft-bearing severe combined immunodeficiency mice with AZD3965 led to inhibition of tumour growth paralleled with a decrease in tumour choline, as detected by non-invasive in vivo proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. This effect was attributed to inhibition of phosphocholine de novo synthesis following decreased choline kinase α protein and messenger RNA expression that correlated with the AZD3965-induced build-up in intracellular lactate. These changes were concomitant with increased tumour immune cell infiltration involving dendritic and natural killer cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide new insights into the metabolic and cellular changes that occur in the tumour microenvironment following MCT1 blockade, which may contribute to the anti-tumour activity of AZD3965 and could have potential as pharmacodynamic biomarkers of MCT1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounia Beloueche-Babari
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, SW7 3RP, UK.
| | - Teresa Casals Galobart
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Teresa Delgado-Goni
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Slawomir Wantuch
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Harold G Parkes
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Debbie Tandy
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, SW7 3RP, London, UK
| | - James A Harker
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| | - Martin O Leach
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, SW7 3RP, UK.
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18
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Wong KA, Harker JA, Dolgoter A, Marooki N, Zuniga EI. T Cell-Intrinsic IL-6R Signaling Is Required for Optimal ICOS Expression and Viral Control during Chronic Infection. J Immunol 2019; 203:1509-1520. [PMID: 31413107 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The pleiotropic cytokine IL-6 plays an integral role not only in innate inflammatory responses but also in the activation and differentiation of lymphocyte subsets. In this study, by using a conditional knockout (cKO) model with selective IL-6 receptor deletion in T cells (IL-6R-cKO), we demonstrated that T cell-specific IL-6R signaling is essential for viral control during persistent lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus clone 13 infection. Strikingly, we observed that in contrast to previous studies with ubiquitous IL-6 deletion or blockade, specific IL-6R deletion in T cells did not affect T follicular helper (Tfh) cell accumulation unless IL-6R-deficient T cells were competing with wild-type cells in mixed bone marrow chimeras. In contrast, Tfh cells from IL-6R-cKO-infected mice exhibited reduced ICOS expression in both chimeric and nonchimeric settings, and this sole identifiable Tfh defect was associated with reduced germinal centers, compromised Ig switch and low avidity of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-specific Abs despite intact IL-6R expression in B cells. We posit that IL-6R cis-signaling is absolutely required for appropriate ICOS expression in Tfh cells and provides a competitive advantage for Tfh accumulation, enabling generation of optimal B cell and Ab responses, and ultimately viral control during in vivo chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Wong
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - James A Harker
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Aleksandr Dolgoter
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Nuha Marooki
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Elina I Zuniga
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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19
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Uwadiae FI, Pyle CJ, Walker SA, Lloyd CM, Harker JA. Targeting the ICOS/ICOS-L pathway in a mouse model of established allergic asthma disrupts T follicular helper cell responses and ameliorates disease. Allergy 2019; 74:650-662. [PMID: 30220084 PMCID: PMC6492018 DOI: 10.1111/all.13602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Allergic asthma is characterized by chronic inflammation and remodelling of the airways, associated with dysregulated type 2 immune responses and allergen‐specific IgE. T follicular helper cells (TFH) are crucial in T‐dependent B‐cell responses and have been implicated in allergic airway disease (AAD). TFH, unlike other CD4+ T cells, are uniquely reliant on continuous ICOS signalling to maintain their phenotype after T‐cell priming; therefore, disrupting this signal can impair TFH responses. However, the contribution of TFH to disease during chronic aero‐allergen exposure and the therapeutic potential of targeting these cells have not been evaluated. Methods To establish AAD, female BALB/c mice were repeatedly exposed to house dust mite or Alternaria alternata three times a week for up to 5 weeks. To examine the impact of TFH on AAD, mice were allergen exposed for 5 weeks and co‐administered anti‐ICOS Ligand‐targeted antibodies, three times a week for the last 2 weeks. Results TFH were first observed in the lung‐draining lymph nodes and with further exposure were also found locally within the lungs. TFH accumulated with sustained allergen exposure, alongside germinal centre (GC) B cells. Blockade of ICOS signalling after AAD establishment successfully depleted TFH but did not affect the differentiation of other CD4+ T‐cell subsets. This reduced GC responses, allergen‐specific IgE, inflammation, pulmonary IL‐13 and airway hyper‐responsiveness. Conclusions TFH are crucial in the regulation of AAD and the ICOS/ICOS‐L pathway could represent a novel therapeutic target in allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith I. Uwadiae
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Section National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College London London UK
- MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma London UK
| | - Chloe J. Pyle
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Section National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College London London UK
| | - Simone A. Walker
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Section National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College London London UK
- MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma London UK
| | - Clare M. Lloyd
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Section National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College London London UK
- MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma London UK
| | - James A. Harker
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Section National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College London London UK
- MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma London UK
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20
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Ling GS, Crawford G, Buang N, Bartok I, Tian K, Thielens NM, Bally I, Harker JA, Ashton-Rickardt PG, Rutschmann S, Strid J, Botto M. C1q restrains autoimmunity and viral infection by regulating CD8 + T cell metabolism. Science 2018; 360:558-563. [PMID: 29724957 DOI: 10.1126/science.aao4555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Deficiency of C1q, the initiator of the complement classical pathway, is associated with the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Explaining this association in terms of abnormalities in the classical pathway alone remains problematic because C3 deficiency does not predispose to SLE. Here, using a mouse model of SLE, we demonstrate that C1q, but not C3, restrains the response to self-antigens by modulating the mitochondrial metabolism of CD8+ T cells, which can themselves propagate autoimmunity. C1q deficiency also triggers an exuberant effector CD8+ T cell response to chronic viral infection leading to lethal immunopathology. These data establish a link between C1q and CD8+ T cell metabolism and may explain how C1q protects against lupus, with implications for the role of viral infections in the perpetuation of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Sheng Ling
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 ONN, UK
| | - Greg Crawford
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 ONN, UK
| | - Norzawani Buang
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 ONN, UK
| | - Istvan Bartok
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 ONN, UK
| | - Kunyuan Tian
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 ONN, UK
| | | | - Isabelle Bally
- University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - James A Harker
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 ONN, UK
| | | | | | - Jessica Strid
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 ONN, UK
| | - Marina Botto
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 ONN, UK.
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare M Lloyd
- From the Section of Inflammation, Repair, and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, and the MRC-Asthma U.K. Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma - both in London
| | - James A Harker
- From the Section of Inflammation, Repair, and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, and the MRC-Asthma U.K. Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma - both in London
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22
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Peiró T, Patel DF, Akthar S, Gregory LG, Pyle CJ, Harker JA, Birrell MA, Lloyd CM, Snelgrove RJ. Neutrophils drive alveolar macrophage IL-1β release during respiratory viral infection. Thorax 2018; 73:546-556. [PMID: 29079611 PMCID: PMC5969338 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2017-210010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alveolar macrophages are sentinels of the airways that must exhibit immune restraint to innocuous antigens but elicit a robust inflammatory response to pathogenic threats. How distinction between these dichotomous functions is controlled is poorly defined.Neutrophils are the first responders to infection, and we hypothesised that they may free alveolar macrophages from their hyporesponsive state, promoting their activation. Activation of the inflammasome and interleukin (IL)-1β release is a key early inflammatory event that must be tightly regulated. Thus, the role of neutrophils in defining inflammasome activation in the alveolar macrophage was assessed. METHODS Mice were infected with the X31 strain of influenza virus and the role of neutrophils in alveolar macrophage activation established through administration of a neutrophil-depleting (1A8) antibody. RESULTS Influenza elicited a robust IL-1β release that correlated (r=0.6849; p<0.001) with neutrophil infiltrate and was ablated by neutrophil depletion. Alveolar macrophages were shown to be the prominent source of IL-1β during influenza infection, and virus triggered the expression of Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and pro-IL-1β in these cells. However, subsequent activation of the inflammasome complex and release of mature IL-1β from alveolar macrophages were critically dependent on the provision of a secondary signal, in the form of antimicrobial peptide mCRAMP, from infiltrating neutrophils. CONCLUSIONS Neutrophils are critical for the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in alveolar macrophages during respiratory viral infection. Accordingly, we rationalise that neutrophils are recruited to the lung to confront a viable pathogenic threat and subsequently commit alveolar macrophages to a pro-inflammatory phenotype to combat infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Peiró
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Dhiren F Patel
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Samia Akthar
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lisa G Gregory
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Chloe J Pyle
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - James A Harker
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mark A Birrell
- Respiratory Pharmacology, Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Clare M Lloyd
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Robert J Snelgrove
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill R Johnson
- 1 School of Life and Health Sciences Aston University Birmingham, United Kingdom and
| | - James A Harker
- 2 National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College London London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Chronic viral infections represent a unique challenge to the infected host. Persistently replicating viruses outcompete or subvert the initial antiviral response, allowing the establishment of chronic infections that result in continuous stimulation of both the innate and adaptive immune compartments. This causes a profound reprogramming of the host immune system, including attenuation and persistent low levels of type I interferons, progressive loss (or exhaustion) of CD8(+) T cell functions, and specialization of CD4(+) T cells to produce interleukin-21 and promote antibody-mediated immunity and immune regulation. Epigenetic, transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and metabolic changes underlie this adaptation or recalibration of immune cells to the emerging new environment in order to strike an often imperfect balance between the host and the infectious pathogen. In this review we discuss the common immunological hallmarks observed across a range of different persistently replicating viruses and host species, the underlying molecular mechanisms, and the biological and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina I Zuniga
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093;
| | - Monica Macal
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093;
| | - Gavin M Lewis
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093;
| | - James A Harker
- Section of Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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25
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Harker JA, Wong KA, Dolgoter A, Zuniga EI. Cell-Intrinsic gp130 Signaling on CD4+ T Cells Shapes Long-Lasting Antiviral Immunity. J Immunol 2015; 195:1071-81. [PMID: 26085685 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The IL-6 cytokine family utilizes the common signal transduction molecule gp130, which can mediate a diverse range of outcomes. To clarify the role of gp130 signaling in vivo during acute viral infection, we infected Cd4-cre Il6st(fl/fl) mice, in which gp130 is conditionally ablated in T cells, with acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. We found that by day 12, but not at day 8, after infection the number of virus-specific CD4(+) T cells was reduced in the absence of gp130, and this was sustained for up to 2 mo postinfection. Additionally, gp130-deficient T follicular helper cells had lower expression of Maf, IL-21, and ICOS, and this was accompanied by a reduction in the proportion of germinal center B cells and plasmablasts. Remarkably, at 2 mo postinfection the proportion of IgG2a/c(+) memory B cells and the systemic levels of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-specific IgG2 Abs were dramatically decreased, whereas there was a corresponding increase in IgG1(+) memory B cells and virus-specific IgG1 Abs. In the same animals gp130-deficient virus-specific CD8(+) T cells showed a reduced proportion of memory cells, which expressed lower levels of Tcf7, and displayed diminished recall responses on secondary infection. Mixed bone marrow chimeras revealed that the aforementioned gp130 effects on CD4(+) T cells were cell intrinsic. Overall, our data show that gp130 signaling in T cells influences the quantity and quality of long-lasting CD4(+) T cell responses as well as CD8(+) T cell- and Ab-mediated immunity after acute viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Harker
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Kurt A Wong
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Aleksandr Dolgoter
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Elina I Zuniga
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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26
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Harker JA, Dolgoter A, Zuniga EI. Cell-intrinsic IL-27 and gp130 cytokine receptor signaling regulates virus-specific CD4⁺ T cell responses and viral control during chronic infection. Immunity 2013; 39:548-59. [PMID: 23993651 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The outcome of chronic viral infections, which affect millions of people worldwide, is greatly dependent on CD4⁺ T cells. Here we showed that T cell-specific ablation of the common interleukin-6 (IL-6) family receptor, gp130, profoundly compromised virus-specific CD4⁺ T cell survival, T follicular helper responses, and IL-21 production at late stages of chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection. These effects were cell intrinsic for CD4⁺ T cells and were accompanied by a reduction of CD8⁺ T cells, antibodies, and a severe failure in viral control. We identified IL-27 as a gp130 cytokine that promoted antiviral CD4⁺ T cell accumulation in vivo and that rapidly induced IL-21 ex vivo. Furthermore, IL-27R was critical for control of persistent LCMV in vivo. These results reveal that gp130 cytokines (particularly IL-27) are key regulators of CD4⁺ T cell responses during an established chronic viral infection, empowering both humoral and cytotoxic immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Harker
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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Abstract
T-cell exhaustion is characterized by failure to respond to a persistent antigen and is a hallmark of chronic infections and cancer. Here, we discuss several recent reports on T-cell exhaustion, including one in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology where Richter et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 42:2290-2304] examine the importance of the amount of persistent antigen versus the cell type presenting it to induce CD8(+) T-cell exhaustion, and the consequences for host survival during chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina I Zuniga
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA.
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28
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Harker JA, Lewis GM, Mack L, Zuniga EI. Late interleukin-6 escalates T follicular helper cell responses and controls a chronic viral infection. Science 2011; 334:825-9. [PMID: 21960530 DOI: 10.1126/science.1208421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple inhibitory molecules create a profoundly immunuosuppressive environment during chronic viral infections in humans and mice. Therefore, eliciting effective immunity in this context represents a challenge. Here, we report that during a murine chronic viral infection, interleukin-6 (IL-6) was produced by irradiation-resistant cells in a biphasic manner, with late IL-6 being absolutely essential for viral control. The underlying mechanism involved IL-6 signaling on virus-specific CD4 T cells that caused up-regulation of the transcription factor Bcl6 and enhanced T follicular helper cell responses at late, but not early, stages of chronic viral infection. This resulted in escalation of germinal center reactions and improved antibody responses. Our results uncover an antiviral strategy that helps to safely resolve a persistent infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Harker
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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29
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Telcian AG, Laza-Stanca V, Edwards MR, Harker JA, Wang H, Bartlett NW, Mallia P, Zdrenghea MT, Kebadze T, Coyle AJ, Openshaw PJM, Stanciu LA, Johnston SL. RSV-induced bronchial epithelial cell PD-L1 expression inhibits CD8+ T cell nonspecific antiviral activity. J Infect Dis 2011; 203:85-94. [PMID: 21148500 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiq020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of bronchiolitis in infants. It is also responsible for high morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Programmed death ligands (PD-Ls) on antigen-presenting cells interact with receptors on T cells to regulate immune responses. The programmed death receptor-ligand 1/programmed death receptor 1 (PD-L1-PD-1) pathway is inhibitory in chronic viral infections, but its role in acute viral infections is unclear. We hypothesized that bronchial epithelial cell (BEC) expression of PD-Ls would inhibit local effector CD8(+) T cell function. We report that RSV infection of primary human BECs strongly induces PD-L1 expression. In a co-culture system of BECs with purified CD8(+) T cells, we demonstrated that RSV-infected BECs increased CD8(+) T cell activation, proliferation, and antiviral function. Blocking PD-L1 on RSV-infected BECs co-cultured with CD8(+) T cells enhanced CD8(+) T cell IFN-γ, IL-2, and granzyme B production. It also decreased the virus load of the BECs. Based on our findings, we believe therapeutic strategies that target the PD-L1-PD-1 pathway might increase antiviral immune responses to RSV and other acute virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurica G Telcian
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma and Centre for Respiratory Infection, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
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30
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Tregoning JS, Yamaguchi Y, Wang B, Mihm D, Harker JA, Bushell ESC, Zheng M, Liao G, Peltz G, Openshaw PJM. Genetic susceptibility to the delayed sequelae of neonatal respiratory syncytial virus infection is MHC dependent. J Immunol 2010; 185:5384-91. [PMID: 20921522 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of respiratory morbidity, resulting in hospitalization for bronchiolitis in some infected infants that is associated with wheeze in later life. Genetic factors are known to affect the severity of the sequelae after RSV infection, but the complexity of the temporal and genetic effects makes it difficult to analyze this response in studies in man. Therefore, we developed a murine genetic model to analyze the sequelae occurring after RSV infection in early life. Haplotype-based genetic analysis of interstrain differences in severity identified the MHC as an important genetic determinant. This was confirmed by analysis of responses in congenic mice with different MHC haplotypes. We also found that susceptible strains had high CD8 levels during secondary infection. Analysis of first filial generation, second filial generation, and back-cross progeny produced by intercrossing resistant (H-2(k), C3H/HeN) and sensitive (H-2(b), BALB/c) strains indicated that susceptibility to sequelae after RSV infection was dominantly inherited but also segregated in a non-MHC-dependent manner. Thus, MHC haplotype and its effect on CD8 cell response is an important determinant of the outcome of neonatal RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Tregoning
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Centre for Respiratory Infection, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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